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24 - Works of Tacitus by Thomas Gordon, Publius Cornelius Tacitus · Works of Tacitus

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Speaker 1: Section twenty three of the Complete Works of Tacitus, edited
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Speaker 1: by Thomas Gordon. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
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Speaker 1: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
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Speaker 1: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Lizzie Driver.
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Speaker 1: The Complete Works of Tacitus, to which are prefixed political
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Speaker 1: discourses upon that author, edited and translated by Thomas Gordon,
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Speaker 1: with introductory essays by Thomas Gordon, Volume one, The Annals,
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Speaker 1: Book two, Part five, The African Conflicts. About this time
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Speaker 1: Tiberius finished and consecrated what Augustus began, the Temples of
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Speaker 1: the Gods, consumed by age or fire. It is near
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Speaker 1: the Great Circus vowed by Allus Posthumius, the dictator, Tobaccus, Proserpina,
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Speaker 1: and series in the same place the Temple of Flora,
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Speaker 1: founded by Lucius Pablasius and Marcus Publsius while they were
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Speaker 1: ed alls. The Temple of Janus, built in the herb
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Speaker 1: Market by CAUs Duilius, who first signalized the Roman power
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Speaker 1: at sea and merited a naval triumph over the Carthaginians.
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Speaker 1: That of Hope was dedicated by Germanicus. This temple Attilius
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Speaker 1: had vowed in the same war. The law of violated
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Speaker 1: majesty in the meantime waxed intense, and by it an
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Speaker 1: accuser impleaded a purelya Ailia, grand niece to Augustus by
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Speaker 1: his sister, for that, with approbrious words, she had revived
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Speaker 1: the defied Augustus, Tiberius and his mother, and being nearly
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Speaker 1: allied to the emperor, had stained by adultery the cesarean blood.
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Speaker 1: Concerning the adultery, sufficient provision was thought already made by
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Speaker 1: the Julian law, and the crimes of state Tiberius desired
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Speaker 1: might be separated. If she had uttered impious speeches of Augustus,
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Speaker 1: she must be condemned, But for invictives against himself, he
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Speaker 1: would not have called her to any account. The council
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Speaker 1: asked him what would be his sentiments if she were
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Speaker 1: convicted of defaming his mother. To this he made no answer,
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Speaker 1: But next sitting of the Senate he prayed too in
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Speaker 1: her name, that no word spoken against her might to
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Speaker 1: any one be imputed for crimes, and acquitted Apulier of
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Speaker 1: her treason. Of her punishment too for adultery. He begged
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Speaker 1: a mitigation and prevailed that, by the example of our ancestors,
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Speaker 1: she should be removed by a kindred two hundred miles
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Speaker 1: from Rome, Manlius, her adulterer, was interdirected Italy and Africa.
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Speaker 1: A debate at this time arose about substituting a preetur
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Speaker 1: in the room of Vipsanius Gallus removed by death. Germanicus
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Speaker 1: and Drusus, for they were yet at Rome, espoused Herterius Agrippa,
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Speaker 1: kinsmen to Germanicus. Many, on the contrary, insisted that the
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Speaker 1: number of children should decide it, and the candidate who
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Speaker 1: had most to be preferred for this was the voice
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Speaker 1: of the law. Tiberius rejoiced to see the Senate engage
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Speaker 1: in a contention between his sons and the laws. The law,
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Speaker 1: without doubt was vanquished, yet not instantly, and by a
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Speaker 1: small majority, but with the same struggle that laws were
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Speaker 1: vanquished when laws were in force. This year a war
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Speaker 1: began in Africa, conducted by Tacfarinas. He was a native
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Speaker 1: of Numidia and had served amongst the auxiliaries in the
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Speaker 1: Roman armies, but deserting the service, gathered together by the
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Speaker 1: allurements of booty and rapin. At first a herd of
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Speaker 1: vagabonds and men inured to robberies, then formed them like
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Speaker 1: an army, into regular companies of foot and troops of horse,
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Speaker 1: under distinct standards and colors. At length he was no
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Speaker 1: longer esteemed the leader of a disorderly gang, but considered
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Speaker 1: as general of the Mussolanians. This powerful people, borderers upon
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Speaker 1: the deserts of Africa, still wild and without towns, took
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Speaker 1: arms and drew into the war the neighboring Moors. These
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Speaker 1: too had a general of their own, his name Azipah,
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Speaker 1: and between the two leaders the army was divided. That
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Speaker 1: whilst attacked Forarenus, encamped with the best men, armed after
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Speaker 1: the fashions of Romans and accustomed then to discipline and command, Mazippa,
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Speaker 1: with a flying band, might make excursions on every side
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Speaker 1: with fire, slaughter and alarms. They had likewise forced the
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Speaker 1: Synthians into their measures, a nation no wise despicable. When furious, Camalius,
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Speaker 1: pro Consul of Africa, marched against the enemy with one legion,
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Speaker 1: and what troops of the allies were under his command
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Speaker 1: a handful of men at most, when compared to the
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Speaker 1: multitude of Numidians and Moors. But it was his first
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Speaker 1: care not to intimidate them with numbers, and thence tempt
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Speaker 1: them to elude fighting and prolong the war. Indeed, he
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Speaker 1: gave them hopes of victory only to enable himself to
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Speaker 1: vanquish them. The legion was placed in the center, the
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Speaker 1: light cohorts, and two wings of on the right and left.
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Speaker 1: Nor did tac Farinus declined the combat. The Numidians were routed,
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Speaker 1: and after a long series of years, military renown recovered
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Speaker 1: to the name of Furious. For since Camalus the restorer
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Speaker 1: of Rome and his son, the glory of command and
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Speaker 1: victories continued in other families. Even he whom I have
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Speaker 1: mentioned passed Roman destitute of military abilities and experience in war.
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Speaker 1: Hence Tiberius magnified with the more unfeigned alacrity his exploits
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Speaker 1: to the Senate and to him the father's decreed the
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Speaker 1: ensigns of triumph. Yet to Camalus, all the merit and
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Speaker 1: distinction proved to snare, protected as he was by a
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Speaker 1: life singularly modest and retired. The councils for the following
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Speaker 1: year were Tiberius the third time, Germanicus the second. This
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Speaker 1: dignity overtook Germanicus at Nicapolis, a city of Achia, whither
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Speaker 1: he arrived by the coast of a Llirichrum, from visiting
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Speaker 1: his brother Drusus, then abiding in Dalmatia, and had suffered
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Speaker 1: a tempestuous passage both in the Adriatic and Ionian Sea.
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Speaker 1: He therefore spent a few days to repair his fleet
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Speaker 1: and viewed the while the Bay of Actium, renowned for
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Speaker 1: the naval victory. There as also the spoils consecrated by Augustus,
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Speaker 1: and the camp of Antony, with an affecting remembrance of
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Speaker 1: these his ancestors. For Antony, as I have said, was
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Speaker 1: his great ucle Augustus his father. Hence this scene proved
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Speaker 1: to Germanicus a mighty source of images, pleasing and sad.
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Speaker 1: Next he proceeded to Athens, where, in concession to that
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Speaker 1: ancient city allied to Rome, he would use but one
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Speaker 1: lictor weeks received him with the most elaborate honors, and
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Speaker 1: to dignify their personal flattery, carried before him tabulators of
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Speaker 1: the signal, deeds and sayings of his ancestors. Hence he
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Speaker 1: sailed to Ubosia, then to Lesbos, where Agropana was delivered
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Speaker 1: of Julia, who proved her last child. Then he kept
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Speaker 1: the coast of Asia and visited Parentthus and Byzantium, cities
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Speaker 1: of Thrace, and entered the straits of Propontis and the
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Speaker 1: mouth of the Euxin fond of beholding ancient places long
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Speaker 1: celebrated by fame, he relieved. At the same time the
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Speaker 1: provinces were ever distracted with intestine factions or aggravated with
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Speaker 1: the oppressions of their magistrates. In return, he strove to
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Speaker 1: see the religious rites of the Samothracians, but by the
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Speaker 1: violence of the north wind, was repulsed from the shore.
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Speaker 1: As he passed, he saw Troy and her remains, venerable
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Speaker 1: for the vicisitude of her fate and for the birth
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Speaker 1: of Rome. Regaining the coast of Asia, he pulled in
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Speaker 1: a colophon to consult there the oracle of the Clarion Apollo.
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Speaker 1: It is known pythoness that represents the god here as
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Speaker 1: at Delphos. But a priest, one chosen from certain families,
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Speaker 1: chiefly of Militus, neither requires he more than just to
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Speaker 1: hear the names and numbers of the queeriests, and then
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Speaker 1: descends into the Auricular cave, where after a draft of
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Speaker 1: water from a secret spring. Though ignorant for the most
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Speaker 1: part of letters and poetry, he yet utters his answers
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Speaker 1: in verse, which has for its subject the conceptions and
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Speaker 1: wishes of cash consultant. He was even said to have
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Speaker 1: sung to Germanicus his hastening fate. But as oracles are
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Speaker 1: wont in turns dark and doubt. Now Seneus Paiso, hurrying
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Speaker 1: to the execution of his purposes, terrified the city of
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Speaker 1: Athens by a tempestuous entry, and reproached them in a
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Speaker 1: severe speech with the bleak censure of Germanicus, that, debating
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Speaker 1: the dignity of the Roman name, he had paid excessive court,
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Speaker 1: not to the Athenians, by so many slaughterers long since extinct,
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Speaker 1: but to the then mixed scum of nations there For
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Speaker 1: that these were they, he would league with Mithridates against Scylla,
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Speaker 1: and with Antony against Augustus. He even charged them with
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Speaker 1: the errors and misfortunes of ancient Athens, her impotent attempts
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Speaker 1: against the Macedonians, her violence and ingratitude to her own citizens.
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Speaker 1: He was also an enemy to their city from personal anger,
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Speaker 1: because they would not pardon at his request. One Theophilis
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Speaker 1: condemned by the Aripagus for forgery. From thence, sailing hastily
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Speaker 1: through the Cyclades, and taken the shortest course, he overtook
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Speaker 1: Germanicus at Rhodes, but was there driven by a sudden
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Speaker 1: tempest upon the rocks. And Germanicus, who was not ignorant
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Speaker 1: with what malignity and invictives he was pursued, yet acted
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Speaker 1: with so much humanity that, when he might have left
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Speaker 1: him to perish and referred to casualty the destruction of
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Speaker 1: his enemy, he despatched galleys to rescue him from the wreck.
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Speaker 1: This generous kindness, however, as swayed not the animosity of
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Speaker 1: Paiso Scarce, could he brook a day's delay with Germanicus,
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Speaker 1: but left him in haste to arrive in Syria before him.
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Speaker 1: Nor was he sooner there, and found himself amongst the legions.
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Speaker 1: Then he began to court the common men by bounties
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Speaker 1: and caresses, to assist them with his countenance and credit,
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Speaker 1: to form factions, to remove all the ancient centurions and
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Speaker 1: every tribune of remarkable discipline and severity, and in their places,
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Speaker 1: to put dependence of his own or men recommended only
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Speaker 1: by their crimes. He permitted sloth in the camp licentiousness
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Speaker 1: in the towns, a rambling and disorderly soldiery, and carried
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Speaker 1: the corruptions so high that in the discourses of the
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Speaker 1: herd he was styled farther of the legions. Nor did
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Speaker 1: Plancina restrain herself to a conduct seemly in her sex,
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Speaker 1: but frequented the exercises of the cavalry, and attended the
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Speaker 1: decursions of the cohorts everywhere in weighing against Agropana, everywhere
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Speaker 1: against Germanicus, and some even of the most deserving soldiers
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Speaker 1: became prompt to base obedience from a rumor whispered abroad
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Speaker 1: that all this was not unacceptable to Tiberius. These doings
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Speaker 1: were all known to Germanicus, but his more instant care
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Speaker 1: was to visit Armenia, an inconstant and restless nation from
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Speaker 1: the beginning from the genius of the people, as well
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Speaker 1: as from the situation of their country, which, bordering with
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Speaker 1: a large frontier in our provinces and stretching thence quite
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Speaker 1: to Medea, is inclosed between the two great empires, and
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Speaker 1: often at variance with them, with the Romans through antipity
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Speaker 1: and hatred, with the Parthians through competition and envy. At
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Speaker 1: this time, and ever since the removal of Anonys, they
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Speaker 1: had no king, but the affections of the nations leaned
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Speaker 1: towards Zeno, son of Polmon, king of Pontus, because by
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Speaker 1: an attachment from its infancy to the fashions and customs
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Speaker 1: of the Armenians. By hunting, feasting, and other usages practiced
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Speaker 1: and renown amongst the barbarians, he had equally won the
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Speaker 1: nobles and people upon his head. Therefore, at the city
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Speaker 1: of Artaxata, with the approbation of the nobles, in a
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Speaker 1: great assembly, Germanicus put the regal diadem, and the Armenians,
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Speaker 1: doing homage to their king, saluted him Artaxius, a name
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Speaker 1: which from that of their city they gave him. The Cappadocians,
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Speaker 1: at this time, reduced into the form of a province,
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Speaker 1: received for their governor Quintus Varenius, and to raise their
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Speaker 1: hopes of the gentler dominion of Rome, several of the
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Speaker 1: royal taxes were lessened. Quintus Servius was set over. The
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Speaker 1: Comagenians then first objected to the jurisdiction of a praetor
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Speaker 1: from the affairs of the allies. Thus all successfully settled.
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Speaker 1: Germanicus reaped no pleasure through the perverseness and pride of Piso,
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Speaker 1: who was ordered to lead by himself or his son
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Speaker 1: part of the legions into Armenia, but contemptuously neglected to
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Speaker 1: do either. They at last met at Syrium, the winter
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Speaker 1: quarters of the tenth Legion, Whither each came with a
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Speaker 1: prepared countenance. Paiso to betray no fear, and Germanicus would
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Speaker 1: not be thought to threaten. He was, indeed, as I
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Speaker 1: have observed, of a humane and reconcilable spirit. But officious
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Speaker 1: friends experted in flaming animosities, aggravated real offenses, added fictitious,
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Speaker 1: and with manifold imputations, charged Piso, Placinia and their sons
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Speaker 1: to this interview. Germanicus admitted a few intimates and began
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Speaker 1: his complaints in such words as dissembled resentment usually dictates.
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Speaker 1: Piso replied with disdainful submissions, and they parted open enmity.
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Speaker 1: Piso hereafter came rarely to the tribunal of Germanicus, or
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Speaker 1: if he did sate sternly there and in manifest opposition.
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Speaker 1: He likewise published his spite at a feast of the
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Speaker 1: Nabathean kings, where golden crowns of great weight were presented
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Speaker 1: to Germanicus and Agropania, but to Piso and the rest
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Speaker 1: such as were light. This banquet, he said, was made
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Speaker 1: for the son of a Roman prince, not a Parthian monarch.
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Speaker 1: With these words, he cast away his crown and uttered
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Speaker 1: many invictives against luxury, sharp insults upon Germanicus, yet he
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Speaker 1: bore them. At this time arrived ambassadors from Aratabanus, king
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Speaker 1: of the Parthians. He sent them to represent the state
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Speaker 1: of the mutual league and friendship between the two empires.
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Speaker 1: How desirous he was to renew it that in honor
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Speaker 1: to Germanicus, he would come to receive him as far
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Speaker 1: as the banks of the Euphrates, and requested in the
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Speaker 1: meantime that vernones might not be continued in Syria, lest
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Speaker 1: taking the advantage of so near a neighborhood, he should,
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Speaker 1: by corresponding with the grandees of Parthia, engage in civil
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Speaker 1: dissension and rebellion. The answer given by Germanicus, as far
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Speaker 1: as related to the alliance of the Romans and the Parthians,
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Speaker 1: was conceived in terms of dignity and grandeur, but of
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Speaker 1: the coming of the king and the court in veneration
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Speaker 1: intended to himself. He spoke with becoming complaisance and modesty.
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Speaker 1: Nones was removed to Pompeopolis, a maritime city of Cilicia,
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Speaker 1: a concession made not the request of Aratabanus only, but
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Speaker 1: in contumerly to Paiso, with whom Vernonas was in high favor,
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Speaker 1: for the assiduous court and many presents by which he
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Speaker 1: had won Planzena. In the consulship of Marcus Illanus and
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Speaker 1: Lucius Norbanus, Germanicus traveled to Egypt to view the famous
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Speaker 1: antiquities of the country, though for the motives of the journey,
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Speaker 1: the care and inspection of the province were publicly alleged,
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Speaker 1: and indeed, by opening the granaries he mitigated the price
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Speaker 1: of corn, and practiced many things grateful to the people,
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Speaker 1: walking without guards, his feet bare, and his habit the
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Speaker 1: same with that of the Greeks, after the example of
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Speaker 1: Publios Scipio, who we are told was constant in the
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Speaker 1: same practices in Sicily even during the rage of the
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Speaker 1: Punic War. There. For these he assumed manners and foreign habit.
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Speaker 1: Tiberius blamed him in a gentle style, but censured him
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Speaker 1: with great asperity for violating an establishment of Augustus and
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Speaker 1: entering Alexandria without consent of the Prince, for Augustus, amongst
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Speaker 1: other secrets of power, had set apart and appropriated Egypt,
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Speaker 1: and restrained the senators and dignified Roman knights from going
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Speaker 1: thither without license. As he apprehended that Italy might be
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Speaker 1: distressed with famine by any who sees that province the
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Speaker 1: key to the Empire by sea and land, and defensible
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Speaker 1: by a light band of men against potent armies. Germanicus,
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Speaker 1: not yet informed that his journey was censured, sailed up
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Speaker 1: the Nile, beginning at Cannopus, one of its mouths built
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Speaker 1: by the Spartans as a monument to Canopus, a pilot
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Speaker 1: buried there at the time. When Menelaeus returned into Greece,
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Speaker 1: was driven to different seas in the Liberian continent. Hence
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Speaker 1: he visited the next mouth of the river sacred to Hercules,
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Speaker 1: him the natives aver to have been born amongst them,
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Speaker 1: that he was the most ancient of the name, and
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Speaker 1: that all the rest, who with equal virtues followed his example,
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Speaker 1: were in honor called after him. Next, he visited the
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Speaker 1: mighty antiquities of ancient Thebes, where upon huge obelisks yet remained.
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Speaker 1: Egyptian characters describing its former opulency. One of the oldest
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Speaker 1: priests was ordered to interpret them. He said, they related
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Speaker 1: that it once contained seven hundred thousand fighting men, that
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Speaker 1: with that army King Rameses had conquered Libya, Ethiopia, the
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Speaker 1: Medes and Persians, the back Trains and Scythians, and to
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Speaker 1: his empire had added the territories of the Syrians, Armenians,
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Speaker 1: and the neighbors the Cappadocians, a tract of countries, reaching
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Speaker 1: from them the sea of Bithania to that of Lycia.
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Speaker 1: Here also was read the assessment of tribute laid on
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Speaker 1: the several nations. What weight of silver and gold, what
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Speaker 1: number of horses and arms? What ivory and perfumes as
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Speaker 1: give to the temples? What measures of grain? What quantities
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Speaker 1: of all necessaries were by each people paid revenues equally
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Speaker 1: grand with those extracted by the domination of the Parthians
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Speaker 1: or by the power of the Romans. Germanicus was intent
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Speaker 1: upon seeing other wonders. The chiefs were the effigies of Memnon,
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Speaker 1: a colossus of stone yielding when struck by the solar
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Speaker 1: rays a vocal found the pyramids rising like mountains, amongst
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Speaker 1: rolling and almost impassable waves of sand, proud monuments of
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Speaker 1: the emulation and opulency of Egyptian kings, the artificial Lake
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Speaker 1: a receptacle of the overflowing nigh, and elsewhere abysses of
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Speaker 1: such immense death that those who tried could never fathom.
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Speaker 1: Thence he proceeded to Elfontina and Cyane, two islands formerly
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Speaker 1: frontiers of the Roman Empire, which is now widened to
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Speaker 1: the Red Sea. While Germanicus spent this summer in several provinces,
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Speaker 1: Drusus was sowing feuds among the Germans and thence reaped
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Speaker 1: no light reward, and as a power from a Roobodus
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Speaker 1: was already broken, he engaged them to persist and complete
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Speaker 1: his ruin. Amongst the Gaetonis was a young man of
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Speaker 1: quality his name Catualda, a fugitive long since from the
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Speaker 1: violence of Marbodous, but now in his distress, resolved on revenge. Hence,
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Speaker 1: with a stout hand, he entered the borders of the Marcomannians, and,
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Speaker 1: corrupting them chiefs into his alliance, stormed the regal palace
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Speaker 1: and the castle situate near it. In the pillage were
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Speaker 1: found the ancient stores of prey accumulated by the Swervieans,
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Speaker 1: as also many victuellas and traders from our provinces, men
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Speaker 1: who were drawn hither from their several homes, first by
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Speaker 1: privilege of traffic, then retained by a passion to multipi gain,
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Speaker 1: and at last through utter oblivion of their own country,
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Speaker 1: fixed like natives in a hostile soil, to merobodus on
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Speaker 1: every side forsaken, no other refuge remained but the mercy
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Speaker 1: of Caesar. He therefore passed the Danube, where it washes
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Speaker 1: the province of Norica, and wrote to Tiberius, not however,
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Speaker 1: in the language of a fugitive or supplicant, but with
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Speaker 1: a spirit suitable to his late grandeur, that many nations
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Speaker 1: invited him to them as a king once so glorious,
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Speaker 1: but he preferred to all the friendship or Rome. The
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Speaker 1: Emperor answered that in Italy he should have a safe
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Speaker 1: and honorable retreat, and when his affairs required his presence,
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Speaker 1: the same security to return. But to the Senate he
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Speaker 1: declined that never had Philip of Macedon been so terrible
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Speaker 1: to the Athenians, nor Pyrus, nor Antiochus. To the Roman people.
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Speaker 1: The speech is extinct. In it he magnifies the greatness
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Speaker 1: of the man, the fierceness and bravery of the nations
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Speaker 1: his subjects, the alarming nearness was such an enemy to Italy,
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Speaker 1: and his own art will measures to destroy him. Morobodus
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Speaker 1: was kept at Ravna for a check and terror to
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Speaker 1: the Swerthans, as if when at any time they grew turbulent,
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Speaker 1: he were there in readiness to recover their subjugation. Yet
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Speaker 1: in eighteen years he left not Italy, but grew old
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Speaker 1: in exile. There his renown, too became eminently diminished. Such
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Speaker 1: was the price he paid for an overpassionate love of life.
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Speaker 1: The same state had Catuelda and no other sanctuary. He
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Speaker 1: was soon after expulsed by the forces of the Hermandurians
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Speaker 1: led by Bibelius, and, being received under the Roman protection,
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Speaker 1: was conveyed to Forum Julian, a colony in Narbonne. Gaul.
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Speaker 1: The Barbarians their followers, lest had they been mixed with
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Speaker 1: the provinces they might have disturbed their present quiet, were
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Speaker 1: placed beyond the Danube, between the rivers Marius and Causus,
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Speaker 1: and for their king had assigned them Thanius by Nation
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Speaker 1: Aquadian and of Section twenty three