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02 - New Discoveries at Jamestown by John L. Cotter, J. Paul Hudson · New Discoveries at Jamestown

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  Speaker 1: visit LibriVox dot org. This recording is by Mark Smith
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  Speaker 1: of Simpsonville, South Carolina. New Discoveries at Jamestown by John L.
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  Speaker 1: Cotter and J. Paul Hudson. Part one Exploration the Ground
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  Speaker 1: yields many things. Now during the course of this reading,
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  Speaker 1: I will tell you where an illustration has been inserted.
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  Speaker 1: Part one begins with a quotation by Lord Bacon as follows.
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  Speaker 1: As in the arts and sciences, the first invention is
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  Speaker 1: of more consequence than all the improvements afterward. So in kingdoms,
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  Speaker 1: the first foundation or plantation is of more noble, dignity
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  Speaker 1: and merit than all that followeth end. In the summer
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  Speaker 1: of nineteen thirty four, a group of archaeologists set to
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  Speaker 1: work to explore the site of the first permanent English
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  Speaker 1: settlement at Jamestown Island, Virginia. For the next twenty two years,
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  Speaker 1: the National Park Service strove, with time out for wars
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  Speaker 1: and intervals between financial allotments, to wrest from the soil
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  Speaker 1: of Jamestown the physical evidence of seventeenth century life. The
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  Speaker 1: job is not yet complete. Only twenty four out of
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  Speaker 1: sixty acres estimated to comprise James City have been explored.
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  Speaker 1: Yet a significant amount of information has been revealed by
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  Speaker 1: trowel and whisk, broom and careful recording. By nineteen fifty six,
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  Speaker 1: its total of one hundred and forty structures, brick houses,
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  Speaker 1: frame houses with brick footings, out buildings, workshops, wells, kilns,
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  Speaker 1: and even a nice storage pit have been recorded. To
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  Speaker 1: help unravel the mystery of land holdings sometimes marked by distis.
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  Speaker 1: Ninety six ditches of all kinds were located, and hundreds
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  Speaker 1: of miscellaneous features from post tolls to brick walls were uncovered.
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  Speaker 1: Refuse pits were explored meticulously. Since before the dawn of history,
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  Speaker 1: man has left his story and the objects he discarded.
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  Speaker 1: When archaeology at Jamestown is mentioned, the question is often asked,
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  Speaker 1: why was it necessary to treat so famous a historic
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  Speaker 1: site as an archaeological problem at all? Isn't the story
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  Speaker 1: finished with the accounts of John Smith's adventures, The Romance
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  Speaker 1: of John Rolfe and Pocahontas, The Starving Time, the Indian
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  Speaker 1: Massacre of sixteen twenty two, Nathaniel Bacon's rebellion against Governor
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  Speaker 1: Berkeley and the establishment of the first Legislative Assembly. The
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  Speaker 1: archaeologist's answer is that the real drama of daily life
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  Speaker 1: of the settlers, the life they knew twenty four hours
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  Speaker 1: a day, is locked in the unwritten history beneath humous
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  Speaker 1: and tangled vegetation of the island. Here a thimble from
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  Speaker 1: the ruins of a cottage still retains a pellet of
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  Speaker 1: paper to keep it on, a tiny finger that wore
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  Speaker 1: it three hundred years ago, a bet halberd in an
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  Speaker 1: abandoned well, a discarded sword, and a piece of armor
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  Speaker 1: till again the passing of terror of the unknown. After
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  Speaker 1: the Indians retreated forever into the distant hills and forests,
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  Speaker 1: rust eaten axes, wedges, mattocks, and saws recall the struggle
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  Speaker 1: to clear a wilderness. The simple essentials of life in
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  Speaker 1: the first desperate years have largely vanished with traces of
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  Speaker 1: the first fort and its framed buildings, but in later houses,
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  Speaker 1: the evidence of Venetian glass, Dutch and English delftware, pewter
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  Speaker 1: and silver, eating utensils, and other comforts and little luxuries
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  Speaker 1: tell of new found security and the beginning of wealth.
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  Speaker 1: In all, a half million individual artifacts at the Jameson
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  Speaker 1: Town Museum represent the largest collection from any seventeenth century
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  Speaker 1: colonial site in North America. But archaeologists have found more
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  Speaker 1: than objects at Jamestown. They sought to unravel the mystery
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  Speaker 1: of that part of the first settlement, which disappeared beneath
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  Speaker 1: the eroding current of the James River during the past
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  Speaker 1: three hundred years. It has always been known that the
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  Speaker 1: island in the seventeenth century was connected to the mainland
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  Speaker 1: by a narrow isthmus extending to Glasshouse Point, where a
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  Speaker 1: glass making venture took place in sixteen o eight. Over
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  Speaker 1: this isthmus, the Great Road ran, and its traces had
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  Speaker 1: been discovered on the island as far as the brick
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  Speaker 1: church tower. As the isthmus disappeared at the close of
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  Speaker 1: the seventeenth century, the river continued to erode the island
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  Speaker 1: headward and build it up at its downstream end, so
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  Speaker 1: that the western and southern shores where the first settlement
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  Speaker 1: had been built, were partly destroyed. Thus, the first fort
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  Speaker 1: site of sixteen o seven, of which no trace has
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  Speaker 1: been found on land, is thought to have been eaten
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  Speaker 1: away together with the old powder magazine and much early
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  Speaker 1: seventeenth century property fronting on the river. In a series
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  Speaker 1: of extensive tests for any possible trace of the sixteen
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  Speaker 1: o seven fort still remaining on land, several incidental discoveries
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  Speaker 1: of importance were made. One was an Indian occupation site
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  Speaker 1: beneath the layer of early seventeenth century humus, which in
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  Speaker 1: turn was covered by the earthen rampart of a Confederate
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  Speaker 1: fort of eighteen sixty one. This location is marked a
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  Speaker 1: day by a permanent in place exhibit on the shore
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  Speaker 1: near the old church tower. Here, in a cutaway earth
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  Speaker 1: section revealing soil zones from the present to the undisturbed clay,
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  Speaker 1: evidence of three hundred fifty years of history fades away
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  Speaker 1: into prehistory, when then the enclosure of this same Confederate
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  Speaker 1: fort was found, a miraculously preserved pocket of seventeenth century
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  Speaker 1: debris marking the site of the earliest known armorer's forge
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  Speaker 1: in British America. Just beyond upriver lies ruins of the
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  Speaker 1: Ludwell House and the Third and Fourth State Houses. In
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  Speaker 1: nineteen hundred to nineteen o one, Colonel Samuel H. Young,
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  Speaker 1: a U. S. Army engineer and a keen student of
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  Speaker 1: Jamestown history uncovered and capped these foundations after building the
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  Speaker 1: original sea wall. A strange discovery was made here in
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  Speaker 1: nineteen fifty five, while the foundations were being examined by
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  Speaker 1: archaeologists for measured drawings. Tests showed that no less than
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  Speaker 1: seventy human burials lay beneath the State House walls, and
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  Speaker 1: an estimated two hundred more remain undisturbed beneath the remaining
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  Speaker 1: structures or have been lost in the James River. Here
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  Speaker 1: it may be the earliest cemetery yet revealed to Jamestown,
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  Speaker 1: one so old that it was forgotten by the sixteen
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  Speaker 1: sixties when the third State House was erected. It is
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  Speaker 1: indeed quite possible that these burials, some hastily interred without coffins,
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  Speaker 1: could date from the starving time of sixteen oh nine
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  Speaker 1: to sixteen ten, when the settlers strove to dispose of
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  Speaker 1: their dead without disclosing their desperate condition to the Indians.
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  Speaker 1: Here is inserted an illustration entitled Jamestown Exploration Trenches of
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  Speaker 1: nineteen fifty five from the air landmarks of the old
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  Speaker 1: Cypress and the river upper left, the Turres Centenary Monument
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  Speaker 1: and the standing ruin of the eighteenth century Ambler House
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  Speaker 1: end of caption. The highlight of archaeological discoveries at Jamestown
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  Speaker 1: is undoubtedly the long forgotten buildings themselves, ranging from mansions
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  Speaker 1: to simple cottages. Since no accurate map of seventeenth century
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  Speaker 1: James City is known to survive, and as only a
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  Speaker 1: few land tracks, often difficult to adjust to the ground,
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  Speaker 1: have come down to us, archaeologists found that the best
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  Speaker 1: way to discover evidence was to cast a network of
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  Speaker 1: exploratory trenches over the area of habitation. During its whole
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  Speaker 1: century of existence, the settlement was never an integrated town.
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  Speaker 1: The first frame houses quickly rotted away or succumbed to
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  Speaker 1: frequent fires. Brick buildings were soon erected, but probably not
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  Speaker 1: two score ever stood at one time during the seventeenth century.
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  Speaker 1: Bearing in mind that the massive church tower is the
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  Speaker 1: only seventeenth century structure remaining above ground today and the
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  Speaker 1: only building whose identity was therefore never lost, you will
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  Speaker 1: find only one other identified with positive assurance, the Ludwell House,
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  Speaker 1: Third and fourth State Houses Row. The remaining one hundred
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  Speaker 1: forty structures so far discovered by excavating have no clear
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  Speaker 1: cut identity with their owners to complicate matters. More bricks
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  Speaker 1: from many burned or dismantled houses were salvaged for reuse,
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  Speaker 1: sometimes leaving only vague soil shadows for the archaeologists to ponder.
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  Speaker 1: From artifacts associated with foundation traces, relative datings, and usually
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  Speaker 1: the use of the structure can be deduced from physical evidence,
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  Speaker 1: unless a contemporaneous map is someday found. We shall know
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  Speaker 1: little more than this about the houses at Jamestown, except
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  Speaker 1: for the testimony of assorted hardware, ceramics, glassware, meddleware, and
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  Speaker 1: other imperishable reminders of seventeenth century arts and crafts churches.
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  Speaker 1: The first church service at Jamestown was held under a
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  Speaker 1: piece of sailcloth in May sixteen o seven. The first
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  Speaker 1: framed church, constructed within the Palace Zaides, burned with the
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  Speaker 1: entire first fort in January sixteen o eight, and was
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  Speaker 1: eventually replaced by another frame structure after the fort was rebuilt.
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  Speaker 1: The exact date of the first church to stand on
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  Speaker 1: a brick foundation is uncertain, possibly sixteen thirty nine. Brick
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  Speaker 1: foundation traces uncovered in nineteen oh one by John Tyler Junior,
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  Speaker 1: a civil engineer who volunteered his services for the Association
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  Speaker 1: for the preservation of Virginia. Antiquities lie behind the free
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  Speaker 1: standing brick church tower, which remains the only standing ruin today.
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  Speaker 1: The modern brick structure and roof enclose and protect the
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  Speaker 1: footing evidence of the walls of two separate churches and
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  Speaker 1: a tiled chancel flooring. Indication of fire among these foundations
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  Speaker 1: was noted by Tyler. Illustration caption A mansion structure of
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  Speaker 1: public building dating from the second quarter of the seventeenth century,
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  Speaker 1: rebuilt once and burned about the time of Bacon's Rebellion
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  Speaker 1: sixteen seventy six. End of caption mansions. Despite official urgings
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  Speaker 1: that they build substantial townhouses on Jamestown Island, the first
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  Speaker 1: successful planters often preferred to build on their own holdings
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  Speaker 1: away from the capitol. Once the Indian menace had passed.
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  Speaker 1: Only two houses at Jamestown designed for single occupancy have
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  Speaker 1: over nine hundred square feet a foundation area. One was
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  Speaker 1: either a stately residence or a public building area thirteen
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  Speaker 1: hundred fifty square feet, located near Pitch and Tar Swamp
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  Speaker 1: just east of the Jamestown Visitors Center. Archaeological evidence indicates
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  Speaker 1: that this structure was first completed before the Middle of
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  Speaker 1: the seventeenth century. It was later reconstructed and enlarged about
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  Speaker 1: the beginning of the last quarter, possibly during Bacon's rebellion
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  Speaker 1: of sixteen seventy six. Staly it burned. The second structure
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  Speaker 1: was a smaller twelve hundred square feet but imposing house,
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  Speaker 1: located near the present shoreline, considerably downriver. One of the
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  Speaker 1: features of this second mansion was a basement, in the
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  Speaker 1: center of which was sunk a square bricklined recess, three
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  Speaker 1: point three feet on a side and two point seven
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  Speaker 1: feet deep. Among the many wine bottle fragments in this
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  Speaker 1: recess were three bottle seals, one with W W and
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  Speaker 1: two with F N stamped on them. Whether or not
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  Speaker 1: this mansion can be associated with Sir Francis Nicholson, the
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  Speaker 1: last governor resident in Jamestown, who moved the capital to Williamsburg,
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  Speaker 1: we do not know. Artifacts found in the refuse indicate
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  Speaker 1: this house was dismantled, not burned, shortly before or after
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  Speaker 1: the turn of the seventeenth century. The mystery of the
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  Speaker 1: little bricklined recess is not entirely solved, but it is
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  Speaker 1: probable that here was a primitive cooler deep below the house,
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  Speaker 1: in which perishable foods or wines were stored. Illustration caption
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  Speaker 1: Jamestown house types simple frame, half timber, brick and row
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  Speaker 1: conjectural sketches by Sydney E. King. End of caption. Another
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  Speaker 1: illustration caption excavated foundation of a late seventeenth century prototype
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  Speaker 1: of the Baltimore and Philadelphia rowhouses. Six families could have
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  Speaker 1: lived here. End of caption row houses. Although row houses
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  Speaker 1: a continuous row of joined family residences on unit foundations,
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  Speaker 1: were a common city feature in seventeenth century England, Apparently
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  Speaker 1: they did not become popular at Jamestown, but the brick
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  Speaker 1: foundation of one true multiple family unit has been uncovered,
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  Speaker 1: and two others approached this category, thus providing the true
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  Speaker 1: precedent for the uses which came to characterize miles of
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  Speaker 1: Baltimore and Philadelphia streets and are a familiar pattern of
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  Speaker 1: some modern duplex apartment units. This Jamestown row house is
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  Speaker 1: probably the most impressive foundation on the island. It is
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  Speaker 1: sixteen feet long and twenty feet wide inside measurement, situated
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  Speaker 1: east of the terre Centenary Monument, facing south, well back
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  Speaker 1: from the river and the back street. A cellar and
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  Speaker 1: a great fireplace terminate the East End, and nine other
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  Speaker 1: fireplaces are evident in four main divisions, which may have
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  Speaker 1: housed one family or more in each division. Since artifact
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  Speaker 1: evidence relates it to the last quarter of the seventeenth
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  Speaker 1: century and possibly the beginning of the eighteenth, there would
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  Speaker 1: seem little possibility of the row house having served as
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  Speaker 1: a public building or a tavern. There is some evidence
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  Speaker 1: that at least part of the structure burned. Two other
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  Speaker 1: foundations might be classed as row houses, but are less
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  Speaker 1: clearly delineated. One is the last state house group of
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  Speaker 1: five units in the APVA grounds footnote one. After the
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  Speaker 1: third state House burned, it was replaced on the same
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  Speaker 1: foundations by the fourth and last state House, built on
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  Speaker 1: Jamestown Island, which burned in sixteen ninety eight. The fifth
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  Speaker 1: state House, now reconstructed at Williamsburg, also burned, continuing an
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  Speaker 1: unhappy tradition that includes the destruction of the National Capitol
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  Speaker 1: at Washington in eighteen fourteen and the Virginia State House
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  Speaker 1: at Richmond in eighteen sixty five and a footnote. The
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  Speaker 1: other multiple house is a three unit building midway between
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  Speaker 1: the Brick Church and Orchard Run. This structure generally fits
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  Speaker 1: the description of the first State House and its three
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  Speaker 1: unit construction and dimensions, and has long been thought to
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  Speaker 1: be the original state house building. The structure, however, is
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  Speaker 1: as close to the present shoreline as the first state
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  Speaker 1: houses recorded to have been in sixteen forty two, a
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  Speaker 1: puzzling coincidence if the factor of erosion is taken into consideration.
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  Speaker 1: Single brick houses these were once supposed to have been
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  Speaker 1: very common at Jamestown, but are represented by only twelve foundations,
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  Speaker 1: not all of which have been completely excavated. Like the
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  Speaker 1: other excavated structures. If these houses can be related to
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  Speaker 1: the ownership of the land tracks on which they once stood,
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  Speaker 1: we may someday know more of their possible identity. Frame houses,
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  Speaker 1: Partial or even whole brick footings do not always indicate
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  Speaker 1: brick houses. At Jamestown. Some thirty structures have been recorded
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  Speaker 1: which had brick footings or isolated brick fireplace foundations, the
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  Speaker 1: appearance of which suggests frame houses. These may be briefly
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  Speaker 1: classified as follows brick or brick and cobble wall footings,
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  Speaker 1: with central chimney bases of brick two brick footing and
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  Speaker 1: outside chimney three brick footing. Only ten brick chimney base
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  Speaker 1: alone remaining twelve stone footing only, one sellar only presumed
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  Speaker 1: to belong to frame or unfinished house, or to have
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  Speaker 1: had all bricks salvaged, one burned earth floor area only
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  Speaker 1: remaining presumed to mark a frame house one. Some of
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  Speaker 1: the structures encountered in the first explorations remained to be
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  Speaker 1: more fully excavated and recorded. Structures in this category total
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  Speaker 1: twenty three miscellaneous structures. Because of the inadequacy of Jamestown
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  Speaker 1: remains in records, it is difficult to determine the purposes
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  Speaker 1: for which the various outbuildings were used. Doubtless many outbuildings
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  Speaker 1: did exist for various purposes, and probably most of them
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  Speaker 1: were not substantial enough to leave a trace clearly isolated.
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  Speaker 1: Small structures properly called out buildings, discovered in nineteen fifty
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  Speaker 1: five are all that will be sighted here. The first
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  Speaker 1: is the large double chimney foundation just beyond the southwest
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  Speaker 1: corner of the mansion, east of the museum. Undoubtedly this
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  Speaker 1: belonged to a detached kitchen. The second is a small
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  Speaker 1: but thick walled, rectangular structure of brick, which may have
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  Speaker 1: been a food storehouse or even a powder magazine illustration caption.
• 18:32
  Speaker 1: Although most Jamestown workshops were probably made of framework and
• 18:36
  Speaker 1: were merely sheds, one brick foundation has three brick fireboxes
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  Speaker 1: and a large brick chimney. This structure was probably a
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  Speaker 1: brew house, bakery or distillery, and of caption workshop structures.
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  Speaker 1: Most of the early industries at Jamestown were undoubtedly housed
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  Speaker 1: in perishable wooden structures that have left the least evident tree,
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  Speaker 1: such as frame sheds for forges and wine presses, carpenter shops,
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  Speaker 1: and buildings used by various artisans and craftsmen. So far,
• 19:10
  Speaker 1: only two industrial structures are clearly recognizable aside from kilns,
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  Speaker 1: although their precise use is not certain. One of these,
• 19:19
  Speaker 1: on the edge of Pitch and Tar Swamp, was a
• 19:22
  Speaker 1: nearly square tile floored workshop with a rough but substantial
• 19:26
  Speaker 1: brick foundation supporting the framework of the walls. On the
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  Speaker 1: floor were three fire boxes, two of which were associated
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  Speaker 1: with a large chimney area. What was fabricated here has
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  Speaker 1: not yet been determined, although ceramic firing, brewing, distilling, and
• 19:43
  Speaker 1: even iron working have been suggested. Proximity of pottery and
• 19:47
  Speaker 1: lime burning kilns and a small pit where iron may
• 19:51
  Speaker 1: have been smelted may be significant. A second very fragmentary
• 19:56
  Speaker 1: brick foundation close to the present riverbank suggested shop rather
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  Speaker 1: than a house, but lacks firebox evidence or other identifying features.
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  Speaker 1: It may be eighteenth rather than seventeenth century. Illustration caption
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  Speaker 1: Near the foundation of the probable bake shop a pair
• 20:15
  Speaker 1: of kilns, once served for slaking lime and perhaps for
• 20:19
  Speaker 1: firing pottery. Between the kilns was a flame scarred pit
• 20:23
  Speaker 1: containing evidence of iron working and the roasting of bog
• 20:26
  Speaker 1: ore for iron end of caption. Brick walks or paved areas.
• 20:34
  Speaker 1: It is difficult to assign a use for certain areas
• 20:37
  Speaker 1: which have been paved, apparently with brick rubble or in
• 20:40
  Speaker 1: more evident cases, by flat laid bricks. Four such paved
• 20:45
  Speaker 1: areas have been discovered brick drains. Three brick drains buried
• 20:51
  Speaker 1: beneath the humous line are identified with seventeenth century houses.
• 20:57
  Speaker 1: Ice storage pit, far unique on Jamestown Island is a circular,
• 21:02
  Speaker 1: unlined pit fourteen feet in top diameter, excavated seven feet
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  Speaker 1: into a sandy substratum, and corresponding in general character to
• 21:12
  Speaker 1: known seventeenth and eighteenth century ice pits in England. This pit,
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  Speaker 1: which lies two hundred fifty feet east of the visitor center,
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  Speaker 1: may have served a spacious house which once stood nearby.
• 21:24
  Speaker 1: It may be assumed that the missing surface structure was circular,
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  Speaker 1: probably a brick had a small door and was roofed
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  Speaker 1: over with thatch or sod for insulation. Kilns, both brick
• 21:37
  Speaker 1: and lime kilns are present in the James City area,
• 21:40
  Speaker 1: each type being represented by four examples. The oldest of
• 21:45
  Speaker 1: four brick kilns so far discovered on the island is
• 21:48
  Speaker 1: a small rectangular pit near Orchard Run, excavated to a
• 21:52
  Speaker 1: floor depth of four feet, which has been dated between
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  Speaker 1: sixteen oh seven and sixteen twenty five by associated cults objects.
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  Speaker 1: This small pit, without structural brick, was a brick making
• 22:05
  Speaker 1: clamp consisting of unfired brick built up over two firing chambers.
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  Speaker 1: There was good evidence that a pottery kiln was situated
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  Speaker 1: thirty feet west of the industrial area iron working pits.
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  Speaker 1: Also in the industrial area, near Pitch in tar Swamp,
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  Speaker 1: there is a circular pit in which lime, bog, iron
• 22:27
  Speaker 1: and charcoal suggest the manufacture of iron. The previously mentioned
• 22:32
  Speaker 1: pit within the area of the Confederate fort yielded sword parts,
• 22:36
  Speaker 1: gun parts, bar iron, and small tools, indicating a forge site,
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  Speaker 1: perhaps an armourer's forge. Illustration caption Making Pottery at Jamestown,
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  Speaker 1: a conjectural sketch by Sydney E. King. And of caption.
• 22:53
  Speaker 1: Another illustration caption how an iron working pit was used
• 22:57
  Speaker 1: from contemporary sources. End of caption. Another illustration caption. Cross
• 23:04
  Speaker 1: section of a brick cased well at Jamestown, a conjectural
• 23:08
  Speaker 1: sketch by Sydney E. King. End of caption. Another illustration caption.
• 23:14
  Speaker 1: One of the intriguing mysteries of Jamestown is how the
• 23:17
  Speaker 1: left leg and left half of a human pelvis came
• 23:21
  Speaker 1: to be thrown with other refuse into a well behind
• 23:23
  Speaker 1: the row house. The logical inference is that a rebel
• 23:27
  Speaker 1: or criminal had been hanged, drawn and quartered. End of caption.
• 23:32
  Speaker 1: Wells at Jamestown, wells are conspicuous features near many house locations.
• 23:39
  Speaker 1: Those that have been found may be summarized as follows.
• 23:42
  Speaker 1: Woodlined one circular and brickcased ten circular uncased with wooden
• 23:49
  Speaker 1: barrel at bottom, six circular uncased incompletely excavated. Four. Wells
• 23:58
  Speaker 1: are invariably found filled with earth mixed with trash, mainly
• 24:02
  Speaker 1: food animal bones. A well located immediately north of the
• 24:06
  Speaker 1: row house had a human left leg and left half
• 24:09
  Speaker 1: of the pelvis buried in the fill at a depth
• 24:11
  Speaker 1: of four feet. Ditches. The most significant feature determining landholdings
• 24:18
  Speaker 1: are the ditches of the Jamestown area. During the nineteen
• 24:22
  Speaker 1: fifty four to fifty six explorations, sixty three ditches were
• 24:26
  Speaker 1: added to the thirty three previously discovered, thus increasing the
• 24:31
  Speaker 1: opportunity to delineate property lines, many of which used to
• 24:35
  Speaker 1: be bounded by such ditches. Illustration caption. Careful excavation was
• 24:41
  Speaker 1: required to identify the fill of long obliterated ditches once
• 24:45
  Speaker 1: draining fields and marking property boundaries, and of caption refuse pits.
• 24:52
  Speaker 1: James City, like all other settlements in all ages, had
• 24:57
  Speaker 1: to have places for disposal of refuse. That much refuse
• 25:01
  Speaker 1: was disposed of by casting it in the James River
• 25:03
  Speaker 1: is unlikely, since before the dawn of history it has
• 25:07
  Speaker 1: been a trade of man to live on top of
• 25:09
  Speaker 1: his own refuse rather than litera shore with it. While
• 25:13
  Speaker 1: it may be that no pits were dug purposely for refuse, disposal,
• 25:17
  Speaker 1: pits open for brick or ceramic clay or dug for
• 25:21
  Speaker 1: ice houses, wells or other purposes, and later abandoned were
• 25:25
  Speaker 1: used for dumping trash. In nineteen fifty five, a refuse
• 25:30
  Speaker 1: pit almost forty feet square was discovered in the industrial
• 25:34
  Speaker 1: area near the workshop iron working pit and pottery kilns,
• 25:38
  Speaker 1: filled with trash from the first half of the seventeenth century.
• 25:42
  Speaker 1: This pit contained such artifacts as a swept hilt rapier
• 25:46
  Speaker 1: made about sixteen hundred, a cutlass, the breastpiece and back
• 25:51
  Speaker 1: piece of a light suit of armour, a number of
• 25:54
  Speaker 1: utensils of metal, ceramics and glass to add to the
• 25:58
  Speaker 1: collection of early seventeen cents tree arts and crafts. Several
• 26:02
  Speaker 1: smaller refuse pits were noted, and it is worth commenting
• 26:05
  Speaker 1: that many ditches finally became trash accumulation areas. Illustration caption
• 26:12
  Speaker 1: A cutlass and excellent preservation and many other objects from
• 26:15
  Speaker 1: seventeenth century Jamestown were found in a large clay borrow
• 26:19
  Speaker 1: pit filled with refuse end of caption. Roads. Only one
• 26:26
  Speaker 1: road identified by seventeenth century references has been definitely located
• 26:31
  Speaker 1: by archaeologists. This is the main cart road sometimes called
• 26:36
  Speaker 1: the Great Road, leading from Glasshouse Point across the Isthmus
• 26:40
  Speaker 1: and onto the island, where it can be traced as
• 26:43
  Speaker 1: far as its passage into the Maine James City area.
• 26:47
  Speaker 1: Just north of the Brick Church and churchyard, a trace
• 26:51
  Speaker 1: is all that remains of a road which once ran
• 26:53
  Speaker 1: east west between parallel ditches south of the Rowhouse. The
• 26:58
  Speaker 1: foregoing has been a summary of the physical aspect of
• 27:01
  Speaker 1: the Jamestown settlement from the standpoint of archaeology. An account
• 27:05
  Speaker 1: of the arts and crafts revealed by the artifacts found
• 27:08
  Speaker 1: in these explorations follows. The whole story relating the settlers
• 27:12
  Speaker 1: themselves to evidence they left in the soil of Jamestown
• 27:16
  Speaker 1: remains to be told. End of Section one.