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COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE PERSONALITY THEORIES · Understanding the Brain

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  Speaker 1: Today we're going to be looking at cognitive and affective
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  Speaker 1: personality theories. We'll look at several of them. Kelly's personal
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  Speaker 1: construct theory that sees personality as patterns of interpretation, unique
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  Speaker 1: mental templates for understanding reality. We'll look at the famous
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  Speaker 1: Bandura Cognitive social theory emphasizes several factors reciprocal determinism, self efficacy,
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  Speaker 1: and observational learning. Also look at Ellis's ribt, the cousin
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  Speaker 1: of CBT, looking at linking irrational beliefs to emotional distress,
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  Speaker 1: Maslow's hierarchy, which we talked a little bit about already,
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  Speaker 1: self determination theory, regulatory focus theory which divides motivation into
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  Speaker 1: promotion such as gains versus loss, and law, locus of control,
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  Speaker 1: and attributional styles which predict resilience, mental health, and other things.
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  Speaker 1: We'll look at it. Personality, remember, isn't fixed, It's shaped
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  Speaker 1: by patterns, how we interpret events, what do we believe
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  Speaker 1: is possible, and what motivates us to act. So let's
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  Speaker 1: start off with a personal construct theory by George Kelly.
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  Speaker 1: He saw people as their own how would you say?
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  Speaker 1: Personal scientists they're developing these mental templates called constructs. Since
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  Speaker 1: the constructs are a bipolar dimension, so they look at
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  Speaker 1: things in two things either all or nothing, like kind
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  Speaker 1: or unkind developed through experience. And this is interesting because
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  Speaker 1: we see this as an issue for psychodynamic theorists and
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  Speaker 1: the concept of splitting or CBT for all or nothing
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  Speaker 1: or black and white thinking. These constructs guide perception, prediction,
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  Speaker 1: and behavior in human beings. When they're too rigid and flexible,
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  Speaker 1: they're narrow or inaccurate, they generate the stress. This is
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  Speaker 1: exactly what psychodynamic world has been talking about for decades.
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  Speaker 1: The repertory grid. The technique is used to assess a
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  Speaker 1: person's construct system by exploring how they perceive different people
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  Speaker 1: in their life along these bipolar dimensions. So if you
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  Speaker 1: have a client's construct that is authority equals rejection, working
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  Speaker 1: with a therapist might offer a new data point to
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  Speaker 1: revise this type of thinking. So you're challenging, you're creating
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  Speaker 1: a nuance, a gray area in their black and white thinking,
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  Speaker 1: or they're splitting as we would call it in a
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  Speaker 1: psychodynamic world. So you would challenge this type of construct
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  Speaker 1: that they may have, the biparality, the bipolarity of it.
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  Speaker 1: Now we switch over to cognitive social theory with Bandura
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  Speaker 1: and Dura emphasize that personality emerges from interactions between thoughts, behaviors,
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  Speaker 1: and the environment, what he called reciprocal determinism, so you
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  Speaker 1: have observational learning where people learn behaviors by watching others.
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  Speaker 1: Modeling is what's also known as self efficacy, which has
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  Speaker 1: really become more important than self esteem and a lot
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  Speaker 1: of research over the last couple of decades. It's the
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  Speaker 1: belief in one's ability to perform a task and handle challenges. Finally,
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  Speaker 1: is self regulation, which is the ability to set internal standards,
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  Speaker 1: monitor your performance, and self reinforce. So self efficacy is
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  Speaker 1: a key target in CBT exposure therapy. Really in MOOS therapies,
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  Speaker 1: the client who believes I can't manage anxiety may not
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  Speaker 1: even attempt feared situations. I've also seen this a lot
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  Speaker 1: with people who struggle with alcoholism, especially those what I
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  Speaker 1: call or not me only environmental alcoholics, people who more
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  Speaker 1: are influenced by context by alcohol, I mean by social
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  Speaker 1: context and anything else causing their alcohol. A lot of
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  Speaker 1: times they believe they can't stop when they actually can,
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  Speaker 1: Compared to a alcoholic that has more of a chemical
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  Speaker 1: dependency issue. Now we're in a different world. The biology
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  Speaker 1: is really playing strong. But this is not for this
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  Speaker 1: discussion either way. Self efficacy is important because a lot
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  Speaker 1: of times individuals say I can't do this, and this
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  Speaker 1: was going to reframe that until you can, at least
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  Speaker 1: by using CBT, exposure therapy or other types of therapies.
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  Speaker 1: Like I said, most therapies try to reframe this. RBT
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  Speaker 1: argue that irrational beliefs, not events themselves, cause emotional disturbance.
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  Speaker 1: So he's copying here Epicteitis from the Stoic Philosophy school,
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  Speaker 1: where the epictita said, once events, it's not the events
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  Speaker 1: that disturb us, it's our perception of the events. For him,
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  Speaker 1: it's irrational beliefs. According to Ellis, he has an ABC model.
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  Speaker 1: It's an activating event which leads to a belief, rational
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  Speaker 1: or irrational, which then leads to a consequence. Irrational beliefs
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  Speaker 1: are often taken the form of absolutist thinking, I must
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  Speaker 1: be liked by everyone. It's awful if things don't go
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  Speaker 1: my way. RBT involves identifying, disputing, and replacing these beliefs
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  Speaker 1: with rational alternatives. It's highly structured, but confrontational and designed
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  Speaker 1: to promote emotional responsibility. It has been known to be
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  Speaker 1: useful for anxiety and depression and anger. Motivational theories of
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  Speaker 1: personality goes into Maso's hierarchy of needs. Who talked about
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  Speaker 1: it before, the pyramid of needs physiological food and water, safety,
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  Speaker 1: security and shelter, love and belonging relationships, esteem, achievement and respect,
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  Speaker 1: and then finally self actualization, which is growth and fulfillment.
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  Speaker 1: You need to satisfy obviously your needs first, the first
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  Speaker 1: one two they have to go in order. Self determination
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  Speaker 1: theory by Dessi and Ryan people are motivated by three
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  Speaker 1: innate psychological needs. Autonomy feeling in one control of one's actions, competence,
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  Speaker 1: feeling effective and capable autonomy. Let me repeat that one
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  Speaker 1: feeling in control of one's actions. Relatedness feeling connected to others.
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  Speaker 1: Environments that support these needs promote intrinsic motivation engagement, as
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  Speaker 1: well as good mental health. Environments that thwart them, such
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  Speaker 1: as a rigid school or work environment, can't promote burn
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  Speaker 1: out in apathy. So how would you use this in therapy? Well,
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  Speaker 1: a lot of times this explains why collaborative clients centered
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  Speaker 1: therapy by Carl Rogers is effective clients thrive when they
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  Speaker 1: feel ownership of their own change, believe they can improve,
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  Speaker 1: so you're increasing again the self efficacy. You can see
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  Speaker 1: how these overlap. Regulatory focus theory by Higgins is motivationtions
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  Speaker 1: differ by orientation. Promotion focus individuals pursue growth and success.
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  Speaker 1: They respond to reward and ideal outcomes. Prevention focused individuals
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  Speaker 1: aim to avoid failure and loss. They respond to safety
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  Speaker 1: and obligations. So you can see one's most likely a
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  Speaker 1: loss aversion for the prevention focused. These styles shape risk
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  Speaker 1: tolerance emotional toll. A promotion focused client might respond to
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  Speaker 1: goal setting with excitement, while a prevention focused client might
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  Speaker 1: need reassurance and a contingency planning to avoid loss. Now
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  Speaker 1: we go into what they call locus of control and
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  Speaker 1: the attributional style locus of control by Roter. Attributional styles
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  Speaker 1: is by Seligman in the locus of control. The internal
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  Speaker 1: locus of control belief is that outcomes result from one's
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  Speaker 1: actions tired to higher achievement, resilience, and proactivity, and again
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  Speaker 1: you can see the relationship here with self efficacy. External
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  Speaker 1: locus believe that outcomes are due to chance or external forces,
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  Speaker 1: and here you can see they're linked a lot with helplessness,
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  Speaker 1: which is connected to depression. Depression often shifts locus of
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  Speaker 1: control to outward feelings. Clients feel life is happening to
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  Speaker 1: them instead of them controlling their life. Therapy helps re
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  Speaker 1: establish agency. According to this theory, attributional styles we look
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  Speaker 1: at three different dimensions, internal versus external, stable versus unstable,
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  Speaker 1: and global versus specific. So if pessimistic style attributes failed
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  Speaker 1: to internal, stable and global causes, for instance, I failed
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  Speaker 1: because I'm stupid, that's the internal I always fail at everything.
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  Speaker 1: So let's get more specific on these different dimensions. So
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  Speaker 1: internal versus external internal contribution. Again, the cause attributed to
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  Speaker 1: something about the person, their ability. I failed the exam,
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  Speaker 1: I'm not smart enough. Externals, I failed the exam because
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  Speaker 1: the test was unfair. The causes attributed to something outside
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  Speaker 1: the person. Yes, very similar. So we just talked about
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  Speaker 1: internal and external locus of control, but a little different.
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  Speaker 1: Stable versus unstable. The dimension refers to whether the cause
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  Speaker 1: is perceived as unchanging over time or variable, So for instance,
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  Speaker 1: I'm always bad at math as stable attribution. This is
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  Speaker 1: where we see a lot in Western cultures now in
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  Speaker 1: the US about math. Unstable attribution is the cause is
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  Speaker 1: temporary or situational. I didn't sleep well the night before
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  Speaker 1: the test. Finally, it was global versus specific. The dimension
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  Speaker 1: of refers to how broadly the causes believed to apply.
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  Speaker 1: For instance, global attribution, the cause affects many areas of life.
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  Speaker 1: I feel that everything I try this is kind of
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  Speaker 1: this helplessness or hopelessness component. Specific attribution, the cause applies
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  Speaker 1: only to a particular domain. I'm bad at this one
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  Speaker 1: type of math problem, so I'm incompetence. I'm always messing
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  Speaker 1: things up. I'll ever succeed is the internal stable global right,
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  Speaker 1: I'm incompetent. As internal stable, I'm always always is the
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  Speaker 1: key there, and I'll never succeed in anything as the
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  Speaker 1: global This para spessimistic style you can probably relate to.
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  Speaker 1: Is related to depression and low self esteem. The external
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  Speaker 1: unstable specific is the interview. The interviewer was in a
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  Speaker 1: bad mood today. Usually I do well in interviews. This
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  Speaker 1: is more optimistic and often linked to greater resilience and persistence.
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  Speaker 1: So again, depressions. People with a pessimistic attributional style related
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  Speaker 1: to learn helplessness theory as well and Finally, we'll look
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  Speaker 1: at personality assessment and intervention. Assessment. Tools align with these
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  Speaker 1: theories include rotters, Locus of Control scale, General self Efficity
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  Speaker 1: Efficacy Scale, Attributional Style Questionnaire, RBT, thought records, self determination tasks.
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  Speaker 1: Therapies that are informed by these models include RBT, CBT,
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  Speaker 1: Motivational Interviewing ACT, DBT, and I would actually say a
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  Speaker 1: lot of theories incorporate these concepts. Remember, personality isn't static.
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  Speaker 1: That's learned, tested and revised. Clients arrive with belief systems
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  Speaker 1: shaped by their experience, which we know motivated though by
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  Speaker 1: needs and aren't always visible. This is where it differs
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  Speaker 1: a little bit from other theories, where it focuses a
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  Speaker 1: lot more on the motivational component of it. You're even
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  Speaker 1: seeing some of this overlap with that Larrian theory. That's
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  Speaker 1: it for now,