Latest / Phil and Ted's Sexy Boomer Show / Tracks, Cracks & Political Hacks: How Sinkholes & Smog Battles Transformed L.A. Into the City of the Future

Transcript

Tracks, Cracks & Political Hacks: How Sinkholes & Smog Battles Transformed L.A. Into the City of the Future · Phil and Ted's Sexy Boomer Show

• 0:00
  Welcome
• 0:00
  to
• 0:00
  Phil
• 0:00
  and
• 0:00
  Ted's
• 0:01
  Sexy
• 0:01
  Boomer
• 0:01
  Show.
• 0:01
  I'm
• 0:02
  Ted
• 0:02
  Bonnitt.
• 0:02
  I'm
• 0:02
  Phil
• 0:03
  Proctor.
• 0:03
  And
• 0:04
  Feliz
• 0:04
  Cinco
• 0:05
  de
• 0:05
  Mayo.
• 0:05
  Cam
• 0:06
  Pardes.
• 0:06
  Hey,
• 0:07
  I'll
• 0:07
  drink
• 0:07
  to
• 0:07
  that.
• 0:07
  Yes.
• 0:08
  Right
• 0:08
  here.
• 0:08
  Cheers.
• 0:09
  Cheers
• 0:10
  or
• 0:10
  salud.
• 0:14
  Good
• 0:15
  tequila.
• 0:16
  It's
• 0:16
  got
• 0:16
  a
• 0:16
  good
• 0:16
  ta
• 0:16
  kick
• 0:17
  to
• 0:17
  it,
• 0:18
  you
• 0:18
  know?
• 0:18
  And
• 0:18
  it's
• 0:18
  cheaper
• 0:18
  than
• 0:19
  gasoline
• 0:19
  right
• 0:19
  now.
• 0:20
  That's
• 0:20
  right.
• 0:21
  We
• 0:21
  have
• 0:21
  a
• 0:22
  really
• 0:22
  interesting
• 0:22
  show
• 0:22
  today.
• 0:23
  We're
• 0:23
  going
• 0:23
  to
• 0:23
  talk
• 0:23
  about
• 0:23
  the
• 0:24
  trains.
• 0:25
  We're
• 0:25
  going
• 0:25
  to
• 0:25
  talk
• 0:25
  about
• 0:26
  public
• 0:26
  transit
• 0:27
  here
• 0:27
  in
• 0:28
  Los
• 0:28
  Angeles,
• 0:28
  which
• 0:29
  is.
• 0:29
  Has
• 0:30
  remarkable
• 0:30
  history.
• 0:31
  You
• 0:31
  would
• 0:31
  think
• 0:32
  it
• 0:32
  would
• 0:32
  be
• 0:32
  easy.
• 0:33
  The
• 0:33
  traffic's
• 0:34
  terrible.
• 0:34
  We
• 0:34
  need
• 0:35
  rapid
• 0:35
  transit.
• 0:36
  Yeah,
• 0:36
  well,
• 0:36
  you
• 0:36
  know
• 0:36
  this
• 0:36
  crazy
• 0:37
  town,
• 0:37
  if
• 0:38
  you
• 0:38
  move
• 0:38
  the
• 0:38
  letters
• 0:39
  of
• 0:39
  Los
• 0:39
  Angeles
• 0:39
  around,
• 0:40
  it
• 0:40
  spells
• 0:41
  legs
• 0:41
  on
• 0:41
  sail.
• 0:43
  Okay?
• 0:43
  And
• 0:44
  in
• 0:44
  the
• 0:44
  old
• 0:44
  days,
• 0:44
  it
• 0:44
  was
• 0:45
  like
• 0:45
  sail
• 0:45
  on
• 0:45
  legs
• 0:46
  because
• 0:46
  girls
• 0:47
  had
• 0:47
  come
• 0:47
  out
• 0:47
  here
• 0:47
  to
• 0:47
  be
• 0:48
  in
• 0:48
  the
• 0:48
  Busbey
• 0:48
  Berkeley
• 0:49
  musicals.
• 0:50
  But
• 0:50
  you
• 0:50
  can't
• 0:51
  walk
• 0:51
  around
• 0:51
  this
• 0:51
  town.
• 0:52
  When
• 0:52
  I
• 0:52
  first
• 0:53
  came
• 0:53
  out
• 0:53
  here
• 0:53
  from
• 0:54
  New
• 0:54
  York,
• 0:54
  where,
• 0:55
  of
• 0:55
  course,
• 0:55
  I
• 0:55
  could
• 0:56
  walk
• 0:56
  wherever
• 0:56
  I
• 0:56
  wanted
• 0:57
  or
• 0:57
  take
• 0:57
  the
• 0:57
  train
• 0:58
  or
• 0:58
  take
• 0:58
  the
• 0:58
  subway
• 0:59
  or
• 0:59
  be
• 1:00
  carried,
• 1:00
  but
• 1:01
  that's
• 1:01
  another
• 1:01
  story.
• 1:02
  I
• 1:02
  wanted
• 1:03
  to
• 1:03
  reach
• 1:03
  a
• 1:03
  friend
• 1:03
  of
• 1:03
  mine
• 1:04
  who
• 1:04
  lived
• 1:04
  in
• 1:04
  la,
• 1:05
  so
• 1:05
  I
• 1:05
  picked
• 1:06
  up
• 1:06
  the
• 1:06
  phone
• 1:06
  and
• 1:06
  called
• 1:06
  the
• 1:07
  operator,
• 1:07
  which
• 1:07
  is
• 1:07
  what
• 1:08
  you
• 1:08
  did
• 1:08
  in
• 1:08
  those
• 1:08
  days.
• 1:09
  When
• 1:09
  was
• 1:09
  this?
• 1:10
  1800S,
• 1:11
  late
• 1:11
  60s.
• 1:12
  Did
• 1:12
  you
• 1:12
  turn
• 1:13
  a
• 1:13
  crank?
• 1:13
  Yeah,.
• 1:16
  It
• 1:16
  was
• 1:16
  a
• 1:16
  party
• 1:16
  line.
• 1:17
  Everybody
• 1:18
  was
• 1:18
  having
• 1:18
  fun.
• 1:19
  And
• 1:19
  the
• 1:19
  first
• 1:19
  thing
• 1:20
  she
• 1:20
  said
• 1:20
  to
• 1:20
  me
• 1:20
  was,
• 1:21
  what
• 1:21
  city,
• 1:22
  please?
• 1:23
  And
• 1:23
  I
• 1:24
  knew
• 1:24
  then
• 1:24
  I
• 1:24
  was
• 1:24
  in
• 1:25
  big
• 1:25
  trouble.
• 1:26
  I
• 1:26
  said,
• 1:27
  los
• 1:28
  Angeles.
• 1:28
  And
• 1:29
  she
• 1:29
  said,
• 1:29
  no.
• 1:30
  And
• 1:30
  I
• 1:30
  discovered
• 1:31
  there
• 1:31
  are
• 1:31
  all
• 1:32
  these
• 1:32
  cities
• 1:33
  out
• 1:33
  here,
• 1:33
  these
• 1:34
  neighborhoods,
• 1:35
  and
• 1:35
  maybe
• 1:35
  our
• 1:36
  guest
• 1:36
  today
• 1:36
  can
• 1:36
  tell
• 1:37
  us
• 1:37
  why.
• 1:37
  Yeah,
• 1:38
  we're
• 1:38
  gonna
• 1:38
  get
• 1:38
  into
• 1:39
  the
• 1:39
  hows,
• 1:39
  the
• 1:39
  whys,
• 1:40
  the
• 1:40
  history
• 1:41
  and
• 1:41
  the
• 1:41
  future
• 1:42
  of
• 1:42
  the
• 1:42
  transit
• 1:42
  system,
• 1:43
  and
• 1:43
  more
• 1:44
  importantly,
• 1:44
  how
• 1:44
  it
• 1:45
  is
• 1:45
  revolutionizing
• 1:46
  the
• 1:46
  way
• 1:46
  this
• 1:46
  whole
• 1:46
  city
• 1:46
  is
• 1:47
  designed.
• 1:48
  Our
• 1:48
  guest
• 1:48
  is
• 1:49
  Ethan
• 1:49
  Elkind.
• 1:50
  Do
• 1:50
  I
• 1:50
  have
• 1:50
  that
• 1:50
  right?
• 1:50
  Is
• 1:51
  it
• 1:51
  Elkine?
• 1:52
  You
• 1:52
  got
• 1:52
  it
• 1:52
  right.
• 1:52
  A
• 1:53
  lot
• 1:53
  people
• 1:53
  don't
• 1:53
  get
• 1:53
  it
• 1:54
  right,
• 1:54
  but
• 1:54
  you
• 1:54
  did.
• 1:54
  Ethan
• 1:55
  Elkind,
• 1:55
  you're
• 1:56
  an
• 1:56
  attorney
• 1:56
  and
• 1:57
  you
• 1:57
  direct
• 1:57
  the
• 1:57
  climate
• 1:57
  program
• 1:58
  at
• 1:58
  the
• 1:58
  center
• 1:59
  for
• 1:59
  Law,
• 1:59
  Energy
• 1:59
  and
• 2:00
  Environment
• 2:00
  at
• 2:00
  UC
• 2:01
  Berkeley
• 2:01
  Law.
• 2:02
  And
• 2:02
  you
• 2:02
  have
• 2:02
  an
• 2:02
  appointment
• 2:03
  at
• 2:03
  the
• 2:03
  UCLA
• 2:03
  Law's
• 2:04
  Emmett
• 2:04
  Institute
• 2:05
  on
• 2:05
  Climate
• 2:05
  Change
• 2:05
  and
• 2:06
  the
• 2:06
  Environment.
• 2:07
  You
• 2:07
  have
• 2:07
  a
• 2:07
  musical
• 2:08
  background
• 2:08
  as
• 2:08
  well,
• 2:09
  right?
• 2:09
  Even
• 2:09
  that's
• 2:10
  right.
• 2:10
  Yeah.
• 2:10
  I
• 2:10
  was
• 2:11
  working
• 2:11
  as
• 2:11
  a
• 2:11
  performing
• 2:12
  musician,
• 2:12
  songwriter
• 2:13
  before
• 2:13
  I
• 2:13
  went
• 2:14
  to
• 2:14
  law
• 2:14
  school.
• 2:14
  You
• 2:15
  work
• 2:15
  at
• 2:15
  Interscope
• 2:16
  Geffen
• 2:16
  am.
• 2:16
  I
• 2:17
  worked
• 2:17
  at
• 2:17
  Interscope
• 2:17
  Geffen
• 2:18
  when
• 2:18
  it
• 2:18
  moved
• 2:18
  to
• 2:19
  Santa
• 2:19
  Monica.
• 2:19
  Yeah.
• 2:20
  Wonderful
• 2:20
  time
• 2:20
  to
• 2:20
  be
• 2:21
  there.
• 2:21
  A
• 2:21
  lot
• 2:21
  of.
• 2:21
  I
• 2:21
  mean,
• 2:22
  it
• 2:22
  was
• 2:22
  sad
• 2:22
  for
• 2:22
  those
• 2:22
  folks
• 2:22
  of
• 2:23
  those
• 2:23
  labels
• 2:23
  that
• 2:23
  all
• 2:24
  got
• 2:24
  merged,
• 2:24
  but
• 2:24
  we
• 2:25
  had
• 2:25
  quite
• 2:25
  a
• 2:25
  dynamite
• 2:26
  roster
• 2:26
  I
• 2:26
  mean,
• 2:26
  they
• 2:26
  still
• 2:26
  do
• 2:27
  have.
• 2:27
  Some
• 2:27
  amazing
• 2:27
  artists,
• 2:29
  but
• 2:29
  you
• 2:29
  are
• 2:29
  also
• 2:30
  very
• 2:30
  interested
• 2:31
  in
• 2:31
  land
• 2:31
  use,
• 2:32
  transportation,
• 2:33
  electric
• 2:33
  vehicles,
• 2:34
  energy
• 2:35
  storage
• 2:35
  and
• 2:35
  renewable
• 2:36
  energy.
• 2:36
  But
• 2:37
  what
• 2:37
  we're
• 2:37
  gonna
• 2:37
  talk
• 2:37
  about
• 2:38
  today
• 2:38
  is
• 2:38
  a
• 2:38
  book
• 2:38
  you
• 2:38
  wrote
• 2:39
  called
• 2:40
  the
• 2:40
  Fight
• 2:40
  for
• 2:41
  Los
• 2:41
  Angeles
• 2:41
  Metro
• 2:42
  Rail
• 2:42
  and
• 2:42
  the
• 2:43
  Future
• 2:43
  of
• 2:43
  the
• 2:43
  City,
• 2:44
  which
• 2:45
  is
• 2:45
  a
• 2:45
  really
• 2:45
  interesting
• 2:46
  read
• 2:46
  because
• 2:47
  you
• 2:47
  go
• 2:47
  back
• 2:47
  from
• 2:48
  the
• 2:48
  very
• 2:48
  beginnings
• 2:49
  of
• 2:49
  how
• 2:49
  this
• 2:49
  all
• 2:49
  happened.
• 2:50
  And
• 2:50
  of
• 2:51
  course
• 2:51
  it's
• 2:51
  LA
• 2:52
  with
• 2:52
  all
• 2:52
  the
• 2:52
  diversity.
• 2:53
  You
• 2:53
  would
• 2:53
  think
• 2:54
  that
• 2:54
  putting
• 2:54
  in
• 2:55
  a
• 2:55
  rapid
• 2:55
  transit
• 2:55
  system
• 2:56
  would
• 2:56
  be
• 2:56
  a
• 2:56
  no
• 2:56
  brainer,
• 2:56
  especially
• 2:57
  in
• 2:57
  a
• 2:57
  city
• 2:57
  that
• 2:58
  is
• 2:58
  so
• 2:58
  sprawling.
• 2:59
  Yes,
• 3:00
  megalopolis
• 3:01
  with
• 3:01
  such
• 3:01
  traffic
• 3:02
  issues.
• 3:03
  But
• 3:03
  it
• 3:03
  didn't
• 3:04
  turn
• 3:04
  out
• 3:04
  that
• 3:04
  way.
• 3:04
  There
• 3:04
  was
• 3:05
  a
• 3:05
  lot
• 3:05
  of
• 3:05
  political,
• 3:05
  territorial
• 3:06
  squabbles,
• 3:08
  financial
• 3:08
  issues,
• 3:09
  money,
• 3:09
  money,
• 3:09
  money,
• 3:09
  money.
• 3:10
  Quite
• 3:10
  a
• 3:10
  story.
• 3:10
  This
• 3:11
  isn't
• 3:11
  the
• 3:11
  first
• 3:11
  time
• 3:11
  we've
• 3:11
  had
• 3:11
  rails,
• 3:12
  and
• 3:12
  I
• 3:12
  know
• 3:12
  this
• 3:12
  is
• 3:12
  in
• 3:12
  your
• 3:13
  area
• 3:13
  of
• 3:13
  expertise,
• 3:14
  but
• 3:14
  Louisiana
• 3:15
  did
• 3:15
  have
• 3:15
  a
• 3:15
  rail
• 3:15
  system
• 3:16
  60,
• 3:17
  70
• 3:17
  years
• 3:17
  ago.
• 3:18
  The
• 3:18
  Pacific
• 3:18
  Electric
• 3:19
  cars.
• 3:19
  Yeah.
• 3:20
  In
• 3:20
  fact,
• 3:20
  the
• 3:20
  last
• 3:21
  Pacific
• 3:21
  electric
• 3:22
  car
• 3:22
  line
• 3:23
  shut
• 3:23
  down
• 3:24
  in
• 3:24
  1961
• 3:25
  on
• 3:25
  the
• 3:25
  same
• 3:25
  tracks
• 3:26
  where
• 3:26
  the
• 3:26
  first
• 3:26
  modern
• 3:27
  light
• 3:27
  rail
• 3:28
  line
• 3:28
  got
• 3:28
  started.
• 3:28
  That
• 3:28
  was
• 3:29
  the
• 3:29
  LA
• 3:29
  to
• 3:29
  Long
• 3:29
  beach
• 3:30
  line.
• 3:30
  So
• 3:31
  there's
• 3:31
  a
• 3:31
  kind
• 3:32
  of
• 3:32
  poetic
• 3:33
  symmetry
• 3:33
  there.
• 3:33
  Nice
• 3:34
  continuity.
• 3:34
  Yeah.
• 3:35
  I
• 3:35
  mean
• 3:35
  LA
• 3:35
  really
• 3:36
  got
• 3:36
  started
• 3:36
  actually
• 3:37
  as
• 3:37
  a
• 3:37
  streetcar
• 3:38
  town.
• 3:38
  It
• 3:39
  was
• 3:39
  not
• 3:39
  built
• 3:39
  around
• 3:40
  the
• 3:40
  automobile
• 3:41
  originally.
• 3:41
  You
• 3:41
  know,
• 3:42
  it's
• 3:42
  a
• 3:42
  pleasant
• 3:43
  climate
• 3:43
  and
• 3:44
  relatively
• 3:44
  flat,
• 3:45
  obviously
• 3:45
  outside
• 3:45
  of
• 3:45
  the
• 3:46
  the
• 3:46
  mountains
• 3:46
  that
• 3:47
  bisect
• 3:47
  la.
• 3:48
  And
• 3:49
  so
• 3:49
  real
• 3:49
  estate
• 3:50
  developers
• 3:50
  paid
• 3:51
  for
• 3:51
  streetcar
• 3:52
  lines
• 3:52
  to
• 3:52
  kind
• 3:52
  of
• 3:52
  radiate
• 3:53
  out
• 3:53
  from
• 3:54
  downtown
• 3:54
  la,
• 3:55
  where
• 3:55
  all
• 3:55
  the
• 3:55
  jobs
• 3:55
  were.
• 3:56
  And
• 3:56
  so
• 3:56
  LA
• 3:56
  grew
• 3:57
  up
• 3:57
  originally
• 3:58
  around
• 3:58
  those
• 3:58
  streetcar
• 3:59
  lines,
• 3:59
  kind
• 4:00
  of
• 4:00
  like
• 4:00
  spokes
• 4:00
  on
• 4:00
  a
• 4:01
  wheel.
• 4:01
  And
• 4:01
  then
• 4:01
  once
• 4:02
  the
• 4:02
  automobile
• 4:03
  came
• 4:03
  around,
• 4:03
  it
• 4:04
  was
• 4:04
  like
• 4:04
  the
• 4:04
  disruptive
• 4:05
  technology
• 4:05
  of
• 4:05
  its
• 4:06
  day,
• 4:06
  like
• 4:06
  smartphone
• 4:07
  level
• 4:07
  rates
• 4:07
  of
• 4:07
  adoption.
• 4:08
  And
• 4:09
  then
• 4:09
  that
• 4:09
  freed
• 4:09
  up
• 4:09
  people
• 4:10
  to
• 4:10
  live
• 4:10
  anywhere
• 4:11
  they
• 4:11
  wanted.
• 4:11
  And
• 4:11
  so
• 4:11
  those
• 4:12
  spokes
• 4:12
  of
• 4:13
  the
• 4:13
  wheel
• 4:13
  kind
• 4:13
  of
• 4:13
  filled
• 4:14
  in
• 4:14
  to
• 4:15
  the
• 4:15
  what
• 4:15
  you
• 4:15
  would
• 4:16
  call
• 4:16
  a
• 4:16
  horizontal
• 4:17
  density
• 4:17
  that
• 4:18
  we
• 4:18
  have
• 4:18
  now,
• 4:18
  or
• 4:18
  sprawl
• 4:19
  I
• 4:19
  guess
• 4:19
  is
• 4:19
  another
• 4:20
  way
• 4:20
  to
• 4:20
  describe
• 4:20
  it.
• 4:21
  Created
• 4:21
  the
• 4:21
  traffic
• 4:22
  and
• 4:22
  land
• 4:22
  use
• 4:23
  challenges
• 4:23
  that
• 4:23
  LA
• 4:24
  has
• 4:24
  today.
• 4:24
  Manhattan,
• 4:25
  for
• 4:25
  example,
• 4:26
  there's
• 4:26
  geographical
• 4:27
  constraints
• 4:29
  which
• 4:29
  kept
• 4:29
  people
• 4:30
  on
• 4:30
  the
• 4:30
  island,
• 4:31
  but
• 4:31
  in
• 4:31
  LA
• 4:32
  it's
• 4:32
  wide
• 4:32
  open,
• 4:33
  so
• 4:33
  people
• 4:33
  could
• 4:33
  move
• 4:34
  far
• 4:34
  away
• 4:34
  and
• 4:35
  it
• 4:35
  sort
• 4:35
  of
• 4:35
  created
• 4:35
  the
• 4:36
  sprawl.
• 4:36
  And
• 4:36
  I
• 4:36
  guess
• 4:36
  it's
• 4:37
  a
• 4:37
  misnomer
• 4:37
  that
• 4:37
  this
• 4:37
  was
• 4:38
  a
• 4:38
  post
• 4:38
  combustion
• 4:39
  engine
• 4:39
  city.
• 4:39
  And
• 4:39
  that's
• 4:40
  why
• 4:40
  it's
• 4:40
  been
• 4:41
  difficult
• 4:41
  to
• 4:41
  go
• 4:41
  rapid
• 4:42
  transit.
• 4:42
  From
• 4:42
  what
• 4:43
  you
• 4:43
  say
• 4:43
  that
• 4:43
  we
• 4:44
  actually
• 4:44
  did
• 4:44
  start
• 4:45
  rapid
• 4:45
  transit,
• 4:45
  there
• 4:46
  would
• 4:46
  be
• 4:46
  huge
• 4:46
  numbers
• 4:47
  of
• 4:47
  people
• 4:47
  before
• 4:48
  air
• 4:48
  conditioning
• 4:49
  that
• 4:49
  would
• 4:49
  come
• 4:50
  out
• 4:50
  to
• 4:50
  the
• 4:50
  beach
• 4:51
  from
• 4:51
  the
• 4:51
  city.
• 4:51
  It
• 4:51
  looked
• 4:52
  like
• 4:52
  Atlantic
• 4:52
  City.
• 4:53
  That
• 4:53
  all
• 4:53
  changed
• 4:54
  with
• 4:54
  ac.
• 4:55
  Yeah.
• 4:56
  And
• 4:56
  people
• 4:56
  would
• 4:56
  ride
• 4:56
  the
• 4:56
  streetcars
• 4:57
  out
• 4:57
  to
• 4:57
  the
• 4:57
  beach.
• 4:58
  That
• 4:58
  was
• 4:58
  a.
• 4:58
  And
• 4:58
  you
• 4:58
  could
• 4:59
  go
• 4:59
  up
• 4:59
  to
• 4:59
  the
• 4:59
  mountains
• 4:59
  on
• 5:00
  the
• 5:00
  streetcars.
• 5:00
  I
• 5:01
  mean,
• 5:01
  the
• 5:01
  streetcar
• 5:01
  system
• 5:02
  was
• 5:02
  really
• 5:02
  extensive
• 5:03
  and
• 5:03
  yeah,
• 5:04
  absolutely,
• 5:04
  the
• 5:04
  geography,
• 5:05
  the
• 5:05
  weather
• 5:05
  plays
• 5:06
  a
• 5:06
  huge
• 5:06
  role
• 5:06
  in
• 5:06
  the
• 5:06
  development
• 5:07
  patterns.
• 5:07
  And
• 5:08
  you
• 5:08
  mentioned
• 5:08
  Manhattan.
• 5:08
  But
• 5:09
  actually
• 5:09
  the
• 5:09
  Bay
• 5:09
  Area
• 5:09
  is
• 5:09
  another
• 5:10
  example
• 5:10
  of
• 5:10
  where,
• 5:11
  you
• 5:11
  know,
• 5:11
  having
• 5:11
  the
• 5:11
  bay
• 5:12
  really
• 5:12
  constrained
• 5:13
  growth
• 5:13
  within
• 5:14
  the
• 5:14
  San
• 5:14
  Francisco
• 5:15
  Bay
• 5:15
  area.
• 5:15
  If
• 5:15
  the
• 5:15
  bay
• 5:16
  wasn't
• 5:16
  there,
• 5:16
  I
• 5:16
  think
• 5:17
  San
• 5:17
  Francisco
• 5:17
  Bay
• 5:18
  area
• 5:18
  would
• 5:18
  look
• 5:18
  a
• 5:18
  lot
• 5:18
  like
• 5:19
  Los
• 5:19
  Angeles
• 5:19
  does
• 5:19
  today.
• 5:20
  Just
• 5:20
  as
• 5:20
  another
• 5:20
  example
• 5:22
  now,
• 5:22
  depending
• 5:23
  on.
• 5:23
  Who
• 5:23
  you
• 5:23
  speak
• 5:23
  to,
• 5:23
  they
• 5:24
  say
• 5:24
  that
• 5:24
  the
• 5:24
  rail
• 5:24
  cars
• 5:25
  were
• 5:25
  eliminated
• 5:26
  by
• 5:27
  pressure
• 5:27
  from
• 5:28
  the
• 5:28
  automotive
• 5:29
  makers
• 5:29
  or
• 5:29
  the,
• 5:30
  or.
• 5:30
  The
• 5:30
  rubber
• 5:30
  manufacturers,
• 5:31
  saying
• 5:31
  that
• 5:31
  Ford
• 5:32
  was.
• 5:32
  Responsible
• 5:33
  for
• 5:33
  the
• 5:33
  tire
• 5:34
  manufacturers.
• 5:34
  Uh
• 5:35
  huh,
• 5:35
  yeah.
• 5:35
  Who
• 5:36
  framed
• 5:36
  Roger
• 5:36
  Rabbit
• 5:37
  played
• 5:37
  into
• 5:37
  this
• 5:38
  sort
• 5:38
  of
• 5:38
  conspiracy
• 5:39
  theory
• 5:39
  idea.
• 5:40
  And
• 5:40
  there
• 5:40
  were
• 5:40
  some,
• 5:40
  there
• 5:41
  was
• 5:41
  a
• 5:41
  grand
• 5:41
  jury
• 5:41
  proceeding
• 5:42
  and
• 5:43
  some
• 5:43
  Department
• 5:43
  of
• 5:44
  Justice
• 5:44
  investigations.
• 5:45
  But
• 5:46
  the
• 5:46
  fact
• 5:46
  is,
• 5:46
  what
• 5:46
  happened
• 5:47
  in
• 5:47
  Los
• 5:47
  Angeles
• 5:47
  happened
• 5:48
  all
• 5:48
  over
• 5:49
  America,
• 5:49
  where
• 5:50
  these
• 5:50
  streetcar
• 5:50
  lines
• 5:51
  really
• 5:51
  fell
• 5:51
  out
• 5:51
  of
• 5:51
  public
• 5:52
  favor.
• 5:53
  It's
• 5:53
  nice
• 5:53
  in
• 5:53
  a
• 5:53
  way
• 5:53
  to
• 5:54
  think
• 5:54
  this
• 5:54
  was
• 5:54
  all
• 5:54
  a
• 5:54
  conspiracy
• 5:55
  foisted
• 5:56
  on
• 5:56
  the
• 5:56
  people
• 5:56
  that
• 5:57
  the
• 5:57
  entities
• 5:57
  that
• 5:58
  stood
• 5:58
  to
• 5:58
  benefit,
• 5:58
  which
• 5:59
  were
• 5:59
  the
• 5:59
  car
• 5:59
  companies
• 5:59
  and
• 6:00
  the
• 6:00
  gas
• 6:00
  companies,
• 6:00
  were
• 6:01
  involved.
• 6:02
  But
• 6:02
  the
• 6:02
  fact
• 6:02
  is,
• 6:02
  is
• 6:03
  that
• 6:03
  the
• 6:03
  streetcars
• 6:04
  really
• 6:04
  did
• 6:04
  fall
• 6:04
  out
• 6:04
  of
• 6:04
  favor.
• 6:05
  They
• 6:05
  were
• 6:06
  running
• 6:06
  down
• 6:06
  the
• 6:06
  middle
• 6:06
  of
• 6:07
  these
• 6:07
  streets
• 6:07
  that
• 6:07
  now
• 6:07
  are
• 6:08
  competing
• 6:08
  with
• 6:08
  cars.
• 6:09
  And
• 6:09
  as
• 6:09
  I
• 6:09
  said,
• 6:09
  cars
• 6:09
  were
• 6:10
  the
• 6:10
  smartphone
• 6:10
  technology
• 6:11
  of
• 6:11
  their
• 6:11
  day.
• 6:11
  People
• 6:11
  wanted
• 6:12
  a
• 6:12
  car,
• 6:12
  they
• 6:13
  wanted
• 6:13
  that
• 6:13
  mobility
• 6:14
  and
• 6:14
  freedom.
• 6:14
  They
• 6:15
  didn't
• 6:15
  see
• 6:15
  the,
• 6:16
  the
• 6:16
  negative
• 6:17
  effects
• 6:17
  that
• 6:18
  we
• 6:18
  now
• 6:18
  know
• 6:18
  about.
• 6:18
  They
• 6:19
  didn't
• 6:19
  see
• 6:19
  the
• 6:19
  smog,
• 6:20
  they
• 6:20
  didn't
• 6:20
  see
• 6:20
  the
• 6:20
  traffic.
• 6:21
  I
• 6:21
  mean,
• 6:21
  it
• 6:21
  was
• 6:21
  just
• 6:21
  an
• 6:22
  exciting,
• 6:22
  we
• 6:22
  were
• 6:22
  talking
• 6:23
  19
• 6:23
  teens
• 6:24
  and
• 6:24
  20s
• 6:24
  here
• 6:25
  and
• 6:25
  people
• 6:25
  were
• 6:25
  just
• 6:25
  excited
• 6:26
  to
• 6:26
  have
• 6:26
  this
• 6:26
  technology.
• 6:27
  The
• 6:27
  streetcars
• 6:28
  got
• 6:28
  in
• 6:28
  their
• 6:28
  way.
• 6:29
  The
• 6:29
  streetcar
• 6:29
  prices
• 6:30
  would
• 6:30
  go
• 6:30
  up.
• 6:30
  The
• 6:30
  streetcars
• 6:31
  were
• 6:31
  unreliable.
• 6:32
  And
• 6:32
  because
• 6:33
  they
• 6:33
  had
• 6:33
  been
• 6:34
  subsidized
• 6:34
  originally
• 6:35
  by
• 6:35
  real
• 6:35
  estate
• 6:36
  developers
• 6:36
  to
• 6:36
  boost
• 6:37
  land
• 6:37
  values.
• 6:38
  As
• 6:38
  the
• 6:38
  real
• 6:38
  estate
• 6:39
  developers
• 6:39
  like
• 6:39
  Henry
• 6:40
  Huntington
• 6:40
  stopped
• 6:41
  subsidizing
• 6:42
  these
• 6:42
  streetcars,
• 6:43
  the
• 6:43
  public
• 6:44
  did
• 6:44
  not
• 6:44
  want
• 6:45
  to
• 6:45
  bail
• 6:45
  them
• 6:45
  out.
• 6:46
  There
• 6:46
  was
• 6:46
  no
• 6:46
  popular
• 6:47
  effort
• 6:47
  to
• 6:48
  keep
• 6:48
  them
• 6:48
  subsidized
• 6:49
  and
• 6:49
  funded.
• 6:50
  And
• 6:50
  so
• 6:51
  they
• 6:51
  got
• 6:51
  shut
• 6:51
  down.
• 6:52
  And
• 6:52
  you
• 6:52
  know,
• 6:53
  even
• 6:53
  San
• 6:53
  Francisco
• 6:53
  ripped
• 6:54
  out
• 6:54
  the
• 6:54
  cable
• 6:54
  car
• 6:54
  tracks
• 6:55
  in
• 6:55
  favor
• 6:55
  of
• 6:55
  buses.
• 6:56
  It's
• 6:56
  maybe
• 6:57
  hard
• 6:57
  for
• 6:57
  us
• 6:57
  to
• 6:57
  imagine,
• 6:58
  but
• 6:58
  for
• 6:58
  folks
• 6:58
  100
• 6:59
  years
• 6:59
  ago,
• 6:59
  buses
• 7:00
  were
• 7:00
  seen
• 7:00
  as
• 7:00
  the
• 7:00
  futuristic
• 7:01
  technology
• 7:01
  and
• 7:02
  cable
• 7:02
  cars
• 7:03
  and
• 7:03
  streetcars
• 7:04
  seemed
• 7:04
  like
• 7:04
  they
• 7:04
  were
• 7:05
  old
• 7:05
  fashioned
• 7:05
  and
• 7:06
  rigid
• 7:07
  forms
• 7:07
  of
• 7:07
  transit
• 7:08
  that
• 7:08
  were
• 7:08
  unreliable.
• 7:09
  So
• 7:09
  it's
• 7:10
  hard
• 7:10
  to
• 7:10
  imagine
• 7:10
  that
• 7:11
  now
• 7:11
  because
• 7:11
  we
• 7:11
  miss
• 7:12
  that
• 7:12
  streetcar
• 7:12
  system,
• 7:13
  we
• 7:13
  miss
• 7:13
  having
• 7:13
  robust
• 7:14
  public
• 7:14
  transit.
• 7:15
  But
• 7:15
  the
• 7:15
  attitudes
• 7:16
  100
• 7:16
  years
• 7:16
  ago
• 7:16
  were
• 7:17
  very
• 7:17
  pro
• 7:17
  car,
• 7:18
  very
• 7:18
  pro
• 7:18
  internal
• 7:19
  combustion
• 7:19
  engine
• 7:20
  technology.
• 7:21
  And
• 7:21
  the
• 7:21
  consequences
• 7:22
  of
• 7:22
  that
• 7:22
  was,
• 7:23
  of
• 7:23
  course,
• 7:23
  air
• 7:23
  pollution.
• 7:24
  I
• 7:24
  remember
• 7:25
  in
• 7:25
  the
• 7:25
  70s
• 7:25
  when
• 7:25
  I
• 7:26
  came
• 7:26
  out
• 7:26
  here
• 7:26
  to
• 7:26
  visit,
• 7:26
  the
• 7:27
  sky
• 7:27
  was
• 7:27
  yellow.
• 7:28
  Yeah.
• 7:28
  Dave
• 7:28
  Osman
• 7:29
  of
• 7:29
  Fireside
• 7:30
  Theater,
• 7:30
  when
• 7:30
  we
• 7:31
  were
• 7:31
  all
• 7:31
  writing
• 7:31
  together
• 7:32
  back
• 7:32
  in
• 7:32
  the
• 7:32
  early
• 7:33
  70s,
• 7:33
  he
• 7:34
  actually
• 7:34
  left
• 7:35
  Los
• 7:35
  Angeles,
• 7:36
  Santa
• 7:36
  Barbara,
• 7:37
  because
• 7:37
  the
• 7:37
  smog
• 7:38
  was
• 7:38
  affecting
• 7:39
  his
• 7:39
  health.
• 7:40
  And
• 7:40
  he
• 7:40
  used
• 7:40
  to
• 7:40
  call
• 7:40
  it
• 7:41
  the
• 7:41
  Hitler.
• 7:43
  Well,
• 7:43
  you
• 7:43
  know,
• 7:44
  not
• 7:44
  that
• 7:44
  I
• 7:44
  want
• 7:44
  you
• 7:44
  to
• 7:45
  have
• 7:45
  a
• 7:45
  different
• 7:45
  guest
• 7:45
  than
• 7:46
  me,
• 7:46
  but
• 7:46
  I
• 7:46
  have
• 7:46
  to
• 7:47
  recommend
• 7:47
  Ann
• 7:47
  Carlson,
• 7:48
  my
• 7:48
  colleague
• 7:48
  at
• 7:48
  UCLA
• 7:49
  Law.
• 7:49
  She
• 7:49
  just
• 7:49
  came
• 7:50
  out
• 7:50
  with
• 7:50
  a
• 7:50
  book
• 7:50
  called
• 7:50
  Smog
• 7:51
  and
• 7:51
  Sunshine
• 7:52
  that
• 7:52
  goes
• 7:52
  through
• 7:52
  this
• 7:52
  incredible
• 7:53
  history
• 7:54
  of
• 7:54
  how
• 7:54
  LA
• 7:55
  really
• 7:55
  cured
• 7:56
  that.
• 7:56
  This
• 7:57
  exact
• 7:57
  problem
• 7:57
  you're
• 7:57
  talking
• 7:58
  about,
• 7:58
  the
• 7:58
  smog
• 7:59
  was
• 7:59
  awful,
• 7:59
  but
• 8:00
  smog
• 8:01
  is
• 8:01
  basically,
• 8:01
  it's
• 8:01
  still
• 8:02
  an
• 8:02
  issue.
• 8:02
  Air
• 8:02
  pollution
• 8:03
  is
• 8:03
  still
• 8:03
  an
• 8:03
  issue
• 8:03
  in
• 8:03
  la,
• 8:04
  but
• 8:04
  nowhere
• 8:04
  near
• 8:04
  where
• 8:05
  it
• 8:05
  was.
• 8:05
  And
• 8:05
  it's
• 8:05
  such
• 8:06
  an
• 8:06
  important
• 8:06
  success
• 8:07
  story
• 8:07
  of
• 8:07
  the
• 8:07
  Clean
• 8:08
  Clean
• 8:08
  Air
• 8:08
  Act.
• 8:08
  But
• 8:09
  she
• 8:09
  goes
• 8:09
  through
• 8:09
  how,
• 8:09
  you
• 8:10
  know,
• 8:10
  back
• 8:10
  in
• 8:10
  the
• 8:10
  40s
• 8:10
  and
• 8:11
  50s,
• 8:11
  people
• 8:11
  didn't
• 8:11
  even
• 8:11
  know
• 8:12
  where
• 8:12
  smog
• 8:12
  came
• 8:12
  from.
• 8:13
  They
• 8:13
  didn't
• 8:13
  even
• 8:13
  have
• 8:14
  the
• 8:14
  science
• 8:14
  developed
• 8:15
  around
• 8:15
  it.
• 8:15
  They
• 8:15
  thought
• 8:15
  it
• 8:15
  was
• 8:16
  coming
• 8:16
  from
• 8:16
  some
• 8:16
  of
• 8:16
  the
• 8:17
  industrial
• 8:17
  sources
• 8:17
  around
• 8:18
  la.
• 8:18
  And
• 8:19
  it
• 8:19
  took
• 8:19
  some
• 8:20
  Caltech
• 8:20
  scientists
• 8:21
  to
• 8:21
  figure
• 8:21
  out,
• 8:21
  well,
• 8:21
  it's
• 8:22
  ozone
• 8:22
  and
• 8:22
  heat
• 8:23
  and
• 8:23
  sunshine
• 8:24
  and.
• 8:24
  And
• 8:24
  they
• 8:25
  had
• 8:25
  to
• 8:25
  figure
• 8:25
  it
• 8:25
  out.
• 8:25
  And
• 8:25
  then
• 8:26
  they
• 8:26
  had
• 8:26
  to
• 8:26
  push
• 8:26
  the
• 8:26
  auto
• 8:27
  industry
• 8:27
  into
• 8:28
  cleaning
• 8:28
  up
• 8:28
  their
• 8:28
  act.
• 8:29
  It's
• 8:29
  an
• 8:29
  amazing
• 8:29
  success
• 8:30
  story
• 8:30
  because
• 8:30
  when
• 8:30
  I
• 8:31
  did
• 8:31
  finally
• 8:31
  come
• 8:31
  out
• 8:31
  here
• 8:31
  in
• 8:31
  the
• 8:32
  early
• 8:32
  90s,
• 8:32
  the
• 8:32
  sky
• 8:33
  was
• 8:33
  blue.
• 8:34
  Yeah.
• 8:34
  And
• 8:34
  you
• 8:34
  see
• 8:35
  cities
• 8:35
  like
• 8:35
  Salt
• 8:35
  Lake
• 8:36
  City
• 8:36
  because
• 8:36
  of
• 8:37
  the
• 8:37
  mountains,
• 8:37
  there's
• 8:37
  a
• 8:37
  natural
• 8:38
  inversion
• 8:38
  there
• 8:39
  and
• 8:39
  it
• 8:39
  just
• 8:40
  traps.
• 8:40
  It's
• 8:41
  a
• 8:41
  libertarian
• 8:41
  state.
• 8:41
  They
• 8:42
  don't
• 8:42
  have
• 8:42
  big
• 8:42
  air
• 8:43
  pollution
• 8:43
  laws
• 8:43
  there.
• 8:44
  They
• 8:44
  explained
• 8:44
  to
• 8:44
  me
• 8:45
  in
• 8:45
  the
• 8:45
  governor's
• 8:45
  office,
• 8:45
  Salt
• 8:46
  Lake
• 8:46
  City's
• 8:46
  like
• 8:46
  a
• 8:46
  catcher's
• 8:47
  mitt
• 8:47
  with
• 8:47
  the
• 8:47
  mountain
• 8:48
  range
• 8:48
  there.
• 8:48
  So
• 8:49
  not
• 8:49
  only
• 8:49
  does
• 8:49
  it
• 8:49
  have
• 8:49
  its
• 8:49
  own
• 8:50
  air
• 8:50
  trapped,
• 8:50
  but
• 8:50
  it
• 8:50
  gets
• 8:51
  California
• 8:51
  air
• 8:52
  about
• 8:52
  three
• 8:52
  days
• 8:52
  later
• 8:53
  and
• 8:53
  it
• 8:53
  gets
• 8:53
  Chinese
• 8:54
  air
• 8:54
  seven
• 8:55
  days
• 8:55
  later.
• 8:55
  Chinese
• 8:56
  air,
• 8:57
  yes,
• 8:57
  during
• 8:57
  the
• 8:58
  winter
• 8:58
  months,
• 8:58
  during
• 8:58
  the
• 8:58
  inversion
• 8:59
  months,
• 8:59
  has
• 8:59
  the
• 8:59
  worst
• 9:00
  air
• 9:00
  sometimes
• 9:00
  in
• 9:00
  the
• 9:00
  entire
• 9:01
  world.
• 9:02
  And
• 9:02
  LA
• 9:03
  still
• 9:03
  has
• 9:03
  the
• 9:04
  worst
• 9:04
  smog
• 9:04
  in
• 9:05
  the
• 9:05
  country.
• 9:05
  Right.
• 9:05
  It's
• 9:06
  still
• 9:06
  bad.
• 9:06
  And
• 9:06
  we
• 9:06
  still
• 9:06
  need
• 9:07
  to
• 9:07
  go
• 9:07
  through
• 9:07
  all
• 9:07
  those
• 9:07
  sources.
• 9:08
  We've
• 9:08
  done
• 9:08
  a
• 9:08
  good
• 9:09
  job
• 9:09
  cleaning
• 9:09
  up
• 9:10
  light
• 9:10
  duty
• 9:10
  vehicles,
• 9:11
  the
• 9:11
  sort
• 9:11
  of
• 9:11
  passenger
• 9:12
  cars
• 9:12
  that
• 9:12
  most
• 9:13
  of
• 9:13
  us
• 9:13
  drive.
• 9:14
  And
• 9:14
  electrics
• 9:14
  are
• 9:14
  making
• 9:15
  a
• 9:15
  huge
• 9:15
  impact
• 9:16
  actually
• 9:16
  on.
• 9:16
  On
• 9:17
  in
• 9:17
  terms
• 9:17
  of
• 9:17
  improving
• 9:18
  air
• 9:18
  quality.
• 9:18
  But
• 9:19
  we
• 9:19
  also
• 9:19
  need
• 9:19
  to
• 9:19
  clean
• 9:20
  up
• 9:20
  the
• 9:20
  truck
• 9:20
  traffic.
• 9:21
  Those
• 9:21
  need
• 9:21
  to
• 9:22
  move
• 9:22
  to
• 9:22
  battery
• 9:22
  electric.
• 9:23
  So
• 9:23
  we
• 9:23
  still
• 9:23
  have
• 9:23
  a
• 9:24
  ways
• 9:24
  to
• 9:24
  go.
• 9:24
  But
• 9:24
  it's
• 9:24
  incredible
• 9:25
  how
• 9:25
  much
• 9:25
  progress
• 9:26
  has
• 9:26
  been
• 9:26
  made
• 9:27
  in
• 9:27
  just
• 9:27
  a
• 9:27
  few
• 9:27
  decades.
• 9:28
  And
• 9:28
  it
• 9:28
  frankly,
• 9:29
  very
• 9:29
  Little
• 9:29
  cost
• 9:30
  considering
• 9:30
  that
• 9:30
  the
• 9:30
  benefits
• 9:31
  not
• 9:31
  just
• 9:32
  to
• 9:32
  public
• 9:32
  health
• 9:32
  but
• 9:32
  just
• 9:33
  to
• 9:33
  the
• 9:33
  economic
• 9:34
  value
• 9:35
  of
• 9:35
  L
• 9:35
  A.
• 9:35
  I
• 9:35
  mean,
• 9:36
  as
• 9:36
  you
• 9:36
  say,
• 9:36
  a
• 9:36
  lot
• 9:36
  of
• 9:36
  people
• 9:37
  moving
• 9:37
  away
• 9:37
  from
• 9:37
  L
• 9:37
  A,
• 9:38
  I
• 9:38
  mean
• 9:38
  real
• 9:38
  estate
• 9:38
  interests
• 9:39
  were
• 9:39
  concerned
• 9:39
  about
• 9:39
  how
• 9:40
  bad
• 9:40
  smog
• 9:40
  was
• 9:40
  getting
• 9:41
  because
• 9:41
  it
• 9:41
  was
• 9:42
  becoming
• 9:42
  a
• 9:42
  sort
• 9:43
  of
• 9:43
  an
• 9:43
  international
• 9:43
  pariah
• 9:44
  in
• 9:44
  terms
• 9:44
  of,
• 9:45
  you
• 9:45
  know,
• 9:45
  people
• 9:45
  not
• 9:45
  wanting
• 9:46
  to
• 9:46
  move
• 9:46
  to
• 9:46
  L
• 9:46
  A
• 9:47
  because
• 9:47
  of
• 9:47
  the
• 9:47
  reputation
• 9:48
  it
• 9:48
  had.
• 9:48
  That's
• 9:49
  right,
• 9:49
  we
• 9:49
  are
• 9:49
  making
• 9:49
  progress.
• 9:50
  I
• 9:50
  mean
• 9:50
  the
• 9:51
  biggest
• 9:51
  source
• 9:51
  of
• 9:51
  pollution
• 9:52
  is
• 9:52
  Long
• 9:52
  beach
• 9:53
  in
• 9:53
  the
• 9:53
  harbor,
• 9:53
  the
• 9:54
  ships
• 9:54
  and
• 9:55
  they
• 9:55
  disallowed
• 9:56
  ships
• 9:57
  at
• 9:57
  dock
• 9:57
  to
• 9:58
  run
• 9:58
  their
• 9:58
  engines.
• 9:58
  They
• 9:59
  had
• 9:59
  to
• 9:59
  go
• 9:59
  electric
• 9:59
  shore
• 10:00
  power.
• 10:01
  They
• 10:01
  made
• 10:01
  big
• 10:01
  strides
• 10:02
  in
• 10:02
  hydrogen.
• 10:03
  You
• 10:03
  know
• 10:03
  that
• 10:04
  big
• 10:04
  trucking
• 10:04
  lane,
• 10:04
  the
• 10:05
  110
• 10:05
  out
• 10:05
  of
• 10:06
  the
• 10:06
  harbor
• 10:06
  to
• 10:07
  do
• 10:07
  electric
• 10:07
  battery
• 10:08
  hydrogen
• 10:09
  vehicles.
• 10:09
  California
• 10:10
  is
• 10:10
  very
• 10:11
  progressive.
• 10:11
  It
• 10:12
  took
• 10:12
  lawsuits
• 10:12
  to
• 10:12
  get
• 10:12
  the
• 10:13
  port
• 10:13
  to
• 10:13
  agree
• 10:14
  to
• 10:14
  clean
• 10:14
  up
• 10:14
  its
• 10:14
  act.
• 10:15
  But
• 10:15
  yeah,
• 10:15
  now
• 10:15
  they're
• 10:16
  investing
• 10:16
  in
• 10:16
  zero
• 10:16
  emission
• 10:17
  cargo
• 10:17
  handling
• 10:18
  equipment.
• 10:18
  We're
• 10:19
  seeing
• 10:19
  a
• 10:19
  lot
• 10:19
  more
• 10:19
  battery
• 10:20
  electric
• 10:20
  drayage
• 10:21
  trucks
• 10:21
  that
• 10:21
  bring
• 10:22
  all
• 10:22
  the
• 10:22
  goods
• 10:22
  from
• 10:23
  the
• 10:23
  port
• 10:23
  into
• 10:23
  the
• 10:24
  Inland
• 10:24
  empire
• 10:24
  primarily
• 10:25
  to
• 10:25
  those
• 10:25
  distribution
• 10:26
  hubs.
• 10:27
  There's
• 10:27
  a
• 10:27
  lot
• 10:27
  more
• 10:27
  work
• 10:27
  that
• 10:27
  needs
• 10:28
  to
• 10:28
  be
• 10:28
  done
• 10:28
  and
• 10:28
  there
• 10:28
  are
• 10:28
  a
• 10:29
  lot
• 10:29
  of
• 10:29
  low
• 10:29
  income
• 10:30
  communities
• 10:30
  around
• 10:31
  the
• 10:31
  ports
• 10:31
  and
• 10:31
  the
• 10:32
  freeways
• 10:32
  leaving
• 10:32
  the
• 10:33
  ports,
• 10:33
  but
• 10:33
  a
• 10:33
  lot
• 10:33
  of
• 10:34
  progress
• 10:34
  that
• 10:34
  is
• 10:34
  happening
• 10:35
  too.
• 10:35
  So
• 10:35
  I
• 10:35
  agree
• 10:36
  it's
• 10:36
  a
• 10:36
  positive
• 10:37
  story.
• 10:37
  Ultimately
• 10:38
  the
• 10:38
  pollution
• 10:38
  in
• 10:39
  the
• 10:39
  70s
• 10:39
  is
• 10:40
  what
• 10:40
  prompted
• 10:41
  Mayor
• 10:41
  Bradley
• 10:42
  who
• 10:42
  was
• 10:43
  arguably
• 10:43
  one
• 10:43
  of
• 10:43
  the
• 10:44
  most
• 10:44
  popular
• 10:44
  mayors.
• 10:45
  He
• 10:45
  had
• 10:45
  this
• 10:46
  vision
• 10:47
  for
• 10:47
  developing
• 10:48
  rapid
• 10:49
  transit
• 10:49
  and
• 10:50
  he
• 10:50
  said
• 10:50
  he
• 10:50
  could
• 10:51
  get
• 10:51
  it
• 10:51
  started
• 10:51
  within
• 10:52
  18
• 10:52
  months.
• 10:53
  I
• 10:53
  think
• 10:53
  it
• 10:54
  took
• 10:54
  13
• 10:54
  years
• 10:55
  before
• 10:55
  they
• 10:56
  broke
• 10:56
  ground.
• 10:57
  According
• 10:57
  to
• 10:57
  your
• 10:57
  book,
• 10:58
  you
• 10:58
  would
• 10:58
  think
• 10:59
  that
• 10:59
  the
• 10:59
  idea
• 11:00
  of
• 11:00
  mass
• 11:00
  transit
• 11:01
  in
• 11:01
  a
• 11:01
  city
• 11:01
  clogged
• 11:02
  by
• 11:02
  traffic
• 11:02
  and
• 11:02
  pollution
• 11:03
  would
• 11:04
  be
• 11:04
  a
• 11:04
  no
• 11:04
  brainer
• 11:05
  at
• 11:05
  the
• 11:05
  opportunity
• 11:06
  to
• 11:06
  have
• 11:06
  mass
• 11:06
  transit.
• 11:07
  But
• 11:07
  it
• 11:07
  didn't
• 11:08
  really
• 11:08
  go
• 11:08
  that
• 11:08
  way,
• 11:08
  did
• 11:09
  it?
• 11:09
  No.
• 11:10
  And
• 11:10
  he
• 11:10
  did
• 11:10
  regret
• 11:11
  that
• 11:11
  18
• 11:11
  month
• 11:12
  promise.
• 11:12
  He
• 11:12
  said
• 11:12
  it
• 11:12
  on
• 11:12
  the
• 11:13
  campaign
• 11:13
  trail.
• 11:13
  He
• 11:13
  later
• 11:14
  kind
• 11:14
  of
• 11:14
  walked
• 11:14
  it
• 11:14
  back
• 11:15
  and
• 11:15
  said,
• 11:15
  well
• 11:15
  I
• 11:15
  meant
• 11:16
  to
• 11:16
  say
• 11:16
  18
• 11:17
  months
• 11:17
  to
• 11:17
  get
• 11:17
  a
• 11:18
  ballot
• 11:18
  funding
• 11:19
  measure
• 11:19
  in
• 11:19
  front
• 11:19
  of
• 11:19
  the
• 11:19
  voters.
• 11:20
  But
• 11:20
  yeah,
• 11:21
  ultimately
• 11:21
  it
• 11:21
  took
• 11:21
  a
• 11:22
  long
• 11:22
  time,
• 11:22
  you
• 11:23
  know,
• 11:23
  so
• 11:23
  smog
• 11:23
  was
• 11:24
  a
• 11:24
  big
• 11:24
  part
• 11:24
  of
• 11:24
  it.
• 11:24
  But
• 11:25
  it
• 11:25
  was,
• 11:25
  was
• 11:25
  also
• 11:25
  about
• 11:26
  rescuing
• 11:27
  downtown
• 11:27
  la.
• 11:27
  There
• 11:28
  were
• 11:28
  a
• 11:28
  lot
• 11:28
  of
• 11:28
  downtown
• 11:28
  business
• 11:29
  interests
• 11:29
  who
• 11:29
  were
• 11:30
  seeing
• 11:30
  people
• 11:31
  fleeing
• 11:31
  downtown
• 11:32
  LA,
• 11:32
  jobs
• 11:32
  fleeing
• 11:33
  downtown
• 11:33
  LA
• 11:34
  and
• 11:34
  same
• 11:35
  dynamic
• 11:35
  actually
• 11:35
  in
• 11:35
  the
• 11:36
  San
• 11:36
  Francisco
• 11:36
  Bay
• 11:36
  area
• 11:37
  with
• 11:37
  the
• 11:37
  BART
• 11:37
  system,
• 11:38
  that
• 11:38
  it
• 11:38
  was
• 11:38
  downtown
• 11:39
  San
• 11:39
  Francisco
• 11:39
  business
• 11:40
  interests
• 11:40
  that
• 11:40
  were
• 11:40
  concerned
• 11:41
  about
• 11:41
  leaving
• 11:42
  a
• 11:42
  hollowed
• 11:42
  out
• 11:42
  downtown.
• 11:43
  So
• 11:44
  between
• 11:44
  the
• 11:44
  smog,
• 11:45
  the
• 11:45
  sort
• 11:45
  of
• 11:46
  economic
• 11:46
  concerns
• 11:47
  and
• 11:47
  then
• 11:47
  also
• 11:48
  just
• 11:48
  the
• 11:48
  traffic
• 11:49
  and
• 11:49
  quality
• 11:49
  of
• 11:50
  life
• 11:50
  and
• 11:50
  mobility
• 11:50
  and
• 11:51
  what
• 11:51
  a
• 11:51
  drag
• 11:51
  that
• 11:52
  has
• 11:52
  on
• 11:52
  people's
• 11:52
  well
• 11:53
  Being
• 11:53
  and
• 11:53
  ability
• 11:54
  to
• 11:54
  get
• 11:54
  around.
• 11:55
  It's
• 11:55
  a
• 11:55
  basic
• 11:55
  human
• 11:55
  right
• 11:56
  to
• 11:56
  get
• 11:56
  around.
• 11:56
  There
• 11:57
  was
• 11:57
  a
• 11:57
  lot
• 11:57
  of
• 11:58
  movement
• 11:59
  towards
• 11:59
  building,
• 12:00
  resurrecting
• 12:01
  really
• 12:01
  a
• 12:01
  rail
• 12:01
  system
• 12:02
  in
• 12:02
  la,
• 12:02
  but
• 12:03
  they
• 12:03
  tried
• 12:03
  multiple
• 12:04
  ballot
• 12:04
  measures.
• 12:05
  There
• 12:05
  were
• 12:05
  a
• 12:05
  lot
• 12:05
  of
• 12:05
  interests
• 12:06
  against
• 12:06
  it,
• 12:07
  a
• 12:07
  lot
• 12:07
  of
• 12:07
  anti
• 12:08
  tax
• 12:08
  sentiment.
• 12:09
  And
• 12:09
  because
• 12:10
  LA
• 12:10
  is
• 12:10
  so
• 12:11
  big,
• 12:11
  it's
• 12:12
  easy
• 12:12
  to
• 12:12
  lose
• 12:12
  sight
• 12:12
  of
• 12:12
  just
• 12:13
  how
• 12:13
  many
• 12:13
  people
• 12:13
  live
• 12:14
  in
• 12:14
  communities
• 12:14
  where
• 12:15
  they
• 12:15
  feel
• 12:15
  like
• 12:15
  they're
• 12:16
  going
• 12:16
  to
• 12:16
  get
• 12:16
  nothing
• 12:16
  out
• 12:17
  of
• 12:17
  a
• 12:17
  rail
• 12:17
  system.
• 12:18
  And
• 12:18
  it
• 12:18
  is
• 12:18
  impossible
• 12:19
  to
• 12:19
  build
• 12:19
  a
• 12:20
  rail
• 12:20
  system
• 12:20
  that
• 12:20
  would
• 12:21
  provide
• 12:21
  value
• 12:22
  to
• 12:22
  everybody.
• 12:23
  And
• 12:23
  especially
• 12:23
  when
• 12:23
  you
• 12:23
  think
• 12:23
  of
• 12:24
  a
• 12:24
  county
• 12:24
  as
• 12:24
  large
• 12:25
  as
• 12:25
  Los
• 12:25
  Angeles,
• 12:26
  I
• 12:26
  mean
• 12:26
  you
• 12:26
  can
• 12:26
  fit
• 12:27
  Delaware
• 12:27
  and
• 12:28
  Rhode
• 12:28
  island
• 12:28
  into
• 12:29
  LA
• 12:29
  County.
• 12:29
  It
• 12:30
  is
• 12:30
  a
• 12:30
  massive
• 12:30
  county.
• 12:31
  And
• 12:31
  to
• 12:31
  get
• 12:31
  these
• 12:32
  funding
• 12:32
  measures
• 12:32
  passed,
• 12:33
  you
• 12:33
  need
• 12:33
  to
• 12:33
  get
• 12:33
  a
• 12:34
  lot
• 12:34
  of
• 12:34
  these
• 12:34
  people
• 12:34
  on
• 12:34
  board.
• 12:35
  And
• 12:36
  if
• 12:36
  they
• 12:36
  don't
• 12:36
  see
• 12:36
  the
• 12:36
  rail
• 12:37
  system
• 12:37
  coming
• 12:37
  anywhere
• 12:38
  near
• 12:38
  them,
• 12:38
  why
• 12:38
  would,
• 12:38
  why
• 12:39
  do
• 12:39
  they
• 12:39
  want
• 12:39
  to
• 12:39
  increase
• 12:39
  their
• 12:39
  taxes?
• 12:40
  All
• 12:40
  aboard.
• 12:41
  I
• 12:41
  want
• 12:41
  to
• 12:41
  talk
• 12:41
  about
• 12:41
  the
• 12:42
  heavy
• 12:42
  rail
• 12:42
  versus
• 12:42
  light
• 12:43
  rail,
• 12:43
  which
• 12:43
  is
• 12:43
  subways
• 12:44
  versus
• 12:45
  the
• 12:45
  above
• 12:45
  ground
• 12:46
  trains.
• 12:46
  You
• 12:46
  see,
• 12:47
  like
• 12:47
  the
• 12:47
  Expo
• 12:48
  line,
• 12:49
  the
• 12:49
  light
• 12:49
  rail
• 12:49
  became
• 12:50
  more
• 12:50
  popular
• 12:50
  as
• 12:50
  years
• 12:51
  went
• 12:51
  on
• 12:51
  because
• 12:51
  it
• 12:51
  was
• 12:51
  just
• 12:52
  so
• 12:52
  much
• 12:52
  cheaper
• 12:52
  per
• 12:53
  mile
• 12:53
  to
• 12:53
  build
• 12:54
  above
• 12:54
  ground
• 12:55
  than
• 12:55
  it
• 12:55
  was
• 12:55
  underground.
• 12:56
  And
• 12:57
  yet
• 12:57
  the
• 12:57
  compromise
• 12:58
  there
• 12:58
  is
• 12:58
  that
• 12:59
  it's
• 12:59
  subject
• 12:59
  to
• 12:59
  traffic
• 13:00
  as
• 13:00
  well.
• 13:01
  And
• 13:01
  taking
• 13:01
  the
• 13:02
  Expo
• 13:02
  downtown
• 13:02
  is
• 13:03
  no
• 13:03
  time
• 13:04
  bargain
• 13:04
  at
• 13:04
  all.
• 13:05
  If
• 13:05
  you
• 13:05
  take
• 13:06
  the
• 13:06
  train
• 13:06
  to
• 13:06
  beat
• 13:06
  the
• 13:06
  traffic
• 13:07
  to
• 13:07
  go
• 13:07
  to
• 13:08
  see
• 13:08
  a
• 13:08
  show.
• 13:09
  But
• 13:09
  then
• 13:09
  at
• 13:09
  the
• 13:09
  end
• 13:09
  of
• 13:10
  the
• 13:10
  show
• 13:10
  you
• 13:11
  have
• 13:11
  to
• 13:11
  wait
• 13:11
  20
• 13:12
  minutes
• 13:12
  for
• 13:12
  a
• 13:12
  train
• 13:13
  to
• 13:13
  show
• 13:13
  up.
• 13:13
  And
• 13:14
  this
• 13:14
  actually
• 13:14
  happened
• 13:15
  to
• 13:15
  me.
• 13:16
  We
• 13:16
  came
• 13:16
  into
• 13:16
  Santa
• 13:17
  Monica
• 13:17
  and
• 13:17
  there
• 13:18
  was
• 13:18
  a
• 13:18
  bus
• 13:18
  I
• 13:18
  had
• 13:18
  to
• 13:19
  connect
• 13:19
  to
• 13:19
  get
• 13:19
  to
• 13:19
  my
• 13:20
  home.
• 13:20
  It
• 13:20
  was
• 13:20
  the
• 13:21
  last
• 13:21
  bus
• 13:21
  of
• 13:21
  the
• 13:21
  night.
• 13:22
  It
• 13:22
  was
• 13:22
  midnight
• 13:23
  and
• 13:23
  the
• 13:23
  bus
• 13:23
  and
• 13:23
  the
• 13:24
  train
• 13:24
  did
• 13:24
  not
• 13:24
  coordinate.
• 13:25
  And
• 13:25
  the
• 13:25
  bus
• 13:25
  left
• 13:25
  the
• 13:26
  station.
• 13:26
  Oh
• 13:27
  boy,
• 13:27
  90
• 13:27
  seconds
• 13:28
  before
• 13:28
  the
• 13:28
  train
• 13:28
  arrived.
• 13:29
  And
• 13:29
  so
• 13:29
  we
• 13:29
  ended
• 13:29
  up
• 13:30
  walking.
• 13:30
  It's
• 13:30
  like
• 13:30
  I
• 13:31
  could
• 13:31
  have
• 13:31
  driven
• 13:31
  home
• 13:32
  in
• 13:32
  20
• 13:32
  minutes.
• 13:33
  Yeah,
• 13:34
  how
• 13:34
  do
• 13:34
  you
• 13:34
  address
• 13:35
  that?
• 13:35
  And
• 13:35
  then
• 13:35
  the
• 13:35
  other
• 13:35
  big
• 13:36
  resistance
• 13:36
  to
• 13:36
  rail
• 13:37
  was
• 13:37
  about
• 13:37
  crime
• 13:38
  coming
• 13:38
  into
• 13:38
  town.
• 13:39
  And
• 13:39
  people
• 13:40
  still
• 13:40
  say
• 13:40
  that
• 13:41
  Santa
• 13:41
  Monica
• 13:41
  has
• 13:42
  been
• 13:42
  affected
• 13:42
  by
• 13:43
  increased
• 13:43
  crime
• 13:44
  because
• 13:44
  of
• 13:44
  the
• 13:44
  people's
• 13:45
  access
• 13:45
  who
• 13:46
  are
• 13:46
  interested
• 13:46
  in
• 13:46
  committing
• 13:47
  crime
• 13:47
  coming
• 13:47
  out
• 13:47
  to
• 13:47
  Santa
• 13:48
  Monica.
• 13:48
  Is
• 13:48
  that
• 13:48
  statistically
• 13:49
  true?
• 13:50
  Not
• 13:51
  that
• 13:51
  I've
• 13:51
  ever
• 13:51
  heard
• 13:52
  of.
• 13:52
  And
• 13:52
  you
• 13:52
  did
• 13:52
  hear
• 13:53
  a
• 13:53
  lot
• 13:53
  of
• 13:53
  these
• 13:53
  concerns
• 13:54
  gonna
• 13:54
  bring
• 13:54
  criminals
• 13:55
  into
• 13:55
  our
• 13:55
  neighborhood.
• 13:55
  But
• 13:56
  you
• 13:56
  know,
• 13:56
  if
• 13:56
  you're
• 13:56
  trying
• 13:57
  to
• 13:57
  steal
• 13:57
  something
• 13:57
  from
• 13:57
  someone,
• 13:58
  why
• 13:58
  would
• 13:58
  you
• 13:58
  on
• 13:58
  a
• 13:59
  train
• 13:59
  doesn't?
• 14:00
  I
• 14:00
  mean
• 14:01
  maybe
• 14:01
  some
• 14:02
  people
• 14:02
  are,
• 14:03
  but
• 14:03
  it
• 14:03
  seems
• 14:03
  like
• 14:04
  get
• 14:04
  better
• 14:04
  getaway
• 14:05
  plan
• 14:05
  than,
• 14:05
  you
• 14:05
  know,
• 14:06
  waiting
• 14:06
  on
• 14:07
  top
• 14:07
  of
• 14:07
  a
• 14:07
  platform.
• 14:09
  I
• 14:09
  can
• 14:09
  tell
• 14:09
  you
• 14:09
  I
• 14:10
  would
• 14:10
  never
• 14:10
  use
• 14:10
  the
• 14:10
  Expo
• 14:11
  to
• 14:11
  get
• 14:11
  away.
• 14:12
  Yeah,
• 14:13
  Your
• 14:13
  point,
• 14:13
  your
• 14:13
  experience
• 14:13
  is
• 14:14
  maybe
• 14:14
  a
• 14:14
  good
• 14:14
  one.
• 14:15
  This
• 14:15
  is
• 14:15
  part
• 14:15
  of
• 14:16
  the
• 14:16
  issue
• 14:16
  with
• 14:16
  Los
• 14:17
  Angeles.
• 14:17
  I
• 14:17
  mean,
• 14:17
  think
• 14:18
  of,
• 14:18
  think
• 14:18
  of
• 14:18
  your
• 14:18
  example,
• 14:19
  Santa
• 14:19
  Monica
• 14:19
  to
• 14:19
  downtown
• 14:20
  LA.
• 14:20
  I
• 14:20
  mean,
• 14:20
  what
• 14:21
  is
• 14:21
  that,
• 14:21
  12,
• 14:21
  14
• 14:22
  miles?
• 14:22
  You
• 14:23
  know,
• 14:23
  in
• 14:23
  many
• 14:23
  cities
• 14:24
  around
• 14:24
  the
• 14:24
  world,
• 14:24
  if
• 14:24
  you
• 14:24
  go
• 14:25
  14
• 14:25
  miles
• 14:25
  through
• 14:26
  that
• 14:26
  city,
• 14:26
  you
• 14:26
  have
• 14:26
  gone
• 14:27
  from
• 14:27
  like
• 14:27
  the
• 14:27
  outskirts
• 14:28
  on
• 14:28
  one
• 14:28
  side
• 14:28
  to
• 14:28
  the
• 14:28
  outskirts
• 14:29
  on
• 14:29
  the
• 14:29
  other,
• 14:30
  and
• 14:30
  there
• 14:30
  you've
• 14:30
  just
• 14:30
  scratched
• 14:31
  the
• 14:31
  surface
• 14:31
  of
• 14:31
  what
• 14:32
  urban
• 14:32
  Los
• 14:32
  Angeles
• 14:33
  is.
• 14:33
  So
• 14:33
  it's
• 14:33
  a
• 14:33
  massive
• 14:34
  distance
• 14:35
  and
• 14:35
  people
• 14:35
  are
• 14:36
  going
• 14:36
  in
• 14:36
  all
• 14:36
  different
• 14:36
  directions.
• 14:37
  That's
• 14:37
  why
• 14:37
  I
• 14:38
  described
• 14:38
  it
• 14:38
  as
• 14:38
  horizontal
• 14:39
  density.
• 14:40
  It's
• 14:40
  actually
• 14:40
  kind
• 14:40
  of
• 14:40
  the
• 14:40
  worst
• 14:41
  of
• 14:41
  all
• 14:41
  worlds
• 14:41
  because
• 14:41
  you've
• 14:41
  got
• 14:42
  a
• 14:42
  lot
• 14:42
  of
• 14:42
  density,
• 14:42
  but
• 14:42
  it's
• 14:43
  like
• 14:43
  a
• 14:43
  scrambled
• 14:43
  egg,
• 14:44
  you
• 14:44
  know,
• 14:44
  it's
• 14:44
  not
• 14:44
  like
• 14:44
  everyone's
• 14:45
  just
• 14:45
  trying
• 14:45
  to
• 14:45
  get
• 14:45
  to
• 14:46
  downtown
• 14:46
  L.
• 14:46
  A
• 14:46
  for
• 14:47
  their
• 14:47
  jobs.
• 14:47
  The
• 14:47
  jobs
• 14:48
  are
• 14:48
  spread
• 14:48
  everywhere,
• 14:48
  the
• 14:49
  destinations
• 14:49
  are
• 14:49
  spread
• 14:50
  everywhere.
• 14:50
  So
• 14:50
  it's
• 14:51
  very
• 14:51
  hard
• 14:51
  to
• 14:52
  superimpose
• 14:53
  a
• 14:53
  rail
• 14:53
  system
• 14:54
  that
• 14:54
  can
• 14:54
  function
• 14:55
  at
• 14:55
  a
• 14:55
  high
• 14:55
  efficiency
• 14:56
  that
• 14:56
  way.
• 14:56
  That
• 14:57
  said,
• 14:58
  there
• 14:58
  are
• 14:58
  a
• 14:59
  lot
• 14:59
  of
• 14:59
  trips
• 15:00
  possible
• 15:00
  to
• 15:01
  be
• 15:01
  made
• 15:01
  on
• 15:01
  transit.
• 15:02
  And
• 15:02
  the
• 15:02
  more
• 15:02
  you
• 15:02
  have
• 15:03
  transit
• 15:03
  that
• 15:03
  serves
• 15:04
  destinations,
• 15:05
  whether
• 15:05
  those
• 15:05
  are
• 15:06
  shopping
• 15:06
  or
• 15:06
  job
• 15:07
  centers
• 15:07
  or
• 15:08
  housing
• 15:08
  centers.
• 15:09
  Entertainment.
• 15:10
  Yeah,
• 15:10
  entertainment.
• 15:11
  You
• 15:11
  know,
• 15:11
  you,
• 15:11
  you
• 15:11
  can
• 15:12
  get
• 15:12
  a
• 15:12
  lot
• 15:12
  of
• 15:12
  ridership,
• 15:13
  but
• 15:13
  it's
• 15:13
  not
• 15:13
  going
• 15:13
  to
• 15:14
  solve
• 15:14
  everything.
• 15:14
  You
• 15:14
  have
• 15:15
  to
• 15:15
  think
• 15:15
  of
• 15:15
  rail
• 15:15
  as
• 15:16
  a
• 15:16
  sort
• 15:16
  of
• 15:16
  backbone,
• 15:17
  but
• 15:17
  then
• 15:17
  connecting
• 15:18
  rail
• 15:18
  to
• 15:19
  other
• 15:19
  destinations,
• 15:20
  you
• 15:20
  would
• 15:20
  have
• 15:20
  bus
• 15:20
  only
• 15:21
  lanes
• 15:21
  and
• 15:22
  you
• 15:22
  would
• 15:22
  have
• 15:22
  bike
• 15:22
  lanes
• 15:23
  and
• 15:24
  you
• 15:24
  would
• 15:24
  make
• 15:24
  it
• 15:24
  easy
• 15:25
  for
• 15:25
  people
• 15:25
  to
• 15:25
  get
• 15:25
  that,
• 15:26
  what
• 15:26
  we
• 15:26
  call
• 15:26
  the
• 15:26
  last
• 15:26
  mile.
• 15:27
  So
• 15:27
  when
• 15:27
  you
• 15:27
  took
• 15:28
  Expo
• 15:28
  line
• 15:29
  and
• 15:29
  got
• 15:29
  off
• 15:29
  that,
• 15:29
  you
• 15:29
  know,
• 15:30
  it
• 15:30
  would
• 15:30
  just
• 15:30
  be
• 15:30
  one
• 15:30
  bus
• 15:31
  and
• 15:31
  that
• 15:31
  when
• 15:31
  it
• 15:31
  leaves,
• 15:32
  you
• 15:32
  missed
• 15:32
  your,
• 15:33
  your
• 15:33
  opportunity.
• 15:33
  There
• 15:33
  got
• 15:34
  to
• 15:34
  be
• 15:34
  multiple
• 15:34
  ways
• 15:34
  to
• 15:35
  get
• 15:35
  where
• 15:35
  you
• 15:35
  need
• 15:35
  to
• 15:35
  go.
• 15:35
  And
• 15:36
  then
• 15:36
  also
• 15:36
  it's
• 15:36
  also
• 15:37
  about
• 15:37
  building
• 15:37
  more
• 15:37
  housing
• 15:38
  and
• 15:38
  more
• 15:39
  jobs
• 15:39
  and
• 15:39
  more
• 15:40
  entertainment
• 15:40
  and
• 15:40
  shopping
• 15:41
  areas
• 15:41
  around
• 15:42
  the
• 15:42
  existing
• 15:43
  rail
• 15:43
  network.
• 15:43
  So
• 15:44
  it's
• 15:44
  not
• 15:44
  going
• 15:44
  to
• 15:44
  work
• 15:44
  for
• 15:45
  everyone,
• 15:45
  but
• 15:45
  you
• 15:45
  can
• 15:45
  try
• 15:46
  to
• 15:46
  make
• 15:46
  it
• 15:46
  work
• 15:47
  for
• 15:47
  a
• 15:47
  lot
• 15:47
  more
• 15:47
  people.
• 15:48
  Along
• 15:48
  the
• 15:48
  Expo
• 15:49
  line
• 15:49
  alone.
• 15:49
  The
• 15:50
  amount
• 15:50
  of
• 15:50
  development
• 15:50
  that
• 15:51
  you
• 15:51
  see
• 15:51
  now,
• 15:52
  and
• 15:52
  you
• 15:52
  can
• 15:52
  see
• 15:53
  it
• 15:53
  from
• 15:53
  the
• 15:53
  10,
• 15:53
  when
• 15:53
  you
• 15:53
  drive
• 15:54
  into
• 15:54
  town,
• 15:54
  you
• 15:54
  look
• 15:54
  to
• 15:54
  the
• 15:55
  south,
• 15:55
  you
• 15:55
  see
• 15:56
  all
• 15:56
  these
• 15:56
  high
• 15:56
  rises
• 15:56
  going
• 15:57
  in
• 15:57
  and
• 15:57
  the
• 15:57
  density.
• 15:58
  So
• 15:58
  that
• 15:58
  is
• 15:59
  transforming
• 15:59
  the
• 16:00
  nature
• 16:00
  of
• 16:00
  the
• 16:00
  city.
• 16:01
  High
• 16:01
  density
• 16:02
  residential
• 16:03
  areas
• 16:04
  that
• 16:04
  are
• 16:05
  aligned
• 16:05
  to
• 16:05
  the
• 16:05
  rail.
• 16:06
  Yeah,
• 16:07
  and
• 16:07
  that's
• 16:07
  Culver
• 16:07
  City,
• 16:07
  you
• 16:08
  know,
• 16:08
  that
• 16:08
  you're
• 16:08
  seeing
• 16:08
  there
• 16:09
  to
• 16:09
  the
• 16:09
  south.
• 16:09
  And
• 16:10
  it's
• 16:10
  not
• 16:10
  going
• 16:10
  to.
• 16:10
  You
• 16:10
  think
• 16:11
  it
• 16:11
  would
• 16:11
  happen
• 16:11
  automatically,
• 16:12
  but
• 16:12
  it
• 16:12
  actually
• 16:12
  doesn't.
• 16:13
  And
• 16:13
  the
• 16:13
  reason
• 16:14
  it
• 16:14
  doesn't
• 16:14
  is
• 16:14
  because
• 16:15
  the
• 16:15
  rail
• 16:15
  lines,
• 16:16
  the
• 16:16
  rail
• 16:16
  agencies,
• 16:17
  in
• 16:17
  this
• 16:17
  case
• 16:17
  LA
• 16:18
  Metro,
• 16:18
  has
• 16:18
  no
• 16:18
  land
• 16:19
  use
• 16:19
  authority
• 16:19
  whatsoever.
• 16:20
  They
• 16:20
  Just
• 16:20
  build
• 16:21
  the
• 16:21
  line.
• 16:21
  They
• 16:22
  cannot
• 16:22
  control
• 16:22
  what
• 16:23
  gets
• 16:23
  built
• 16:23
  around
• 16:23
  it.
• 16:24
  That
• 16:24
  is
• 16:24
  up
• 16:24
  to
• 16:25
  the
• 16:25
  cities
• 16:25
  that
• 16:26
  make
• 16:26
  the
• 16:26
  land
• 16:26
  use
• 16:27
  policies.
• 16:27
  And
• 16:27
  in
• 16:28
  many
• 16:28
  cases
• 16:28
  the
• 16:29
  rail
• 16:29
  is
• 16:29
  being
• 16:29
  built
• 16:30
  through
• 16:30
  cities
• 16:30
  that
• 16:31
  do
• 16:31
  not
• 16:31
  want
• 16:31
  any
• 16:31
  new
• 16:32
  development.
• 16:32
  And
• 16:33
  they
• 16:33
  will
• 16:33
  keep
• 16:33
  really
• 16:34
  restrictive
• 16:34
  land
• 16:34
  use
• 16:35
  policies,
• 16:35
  height
• 16:35
  limits,
• 16:36
  density
• 16:36
  limits,
• 16:37
  etc.
• 16:37
  But
• 16:38
  Culver
• 16:38
  City
• 16:38
  has
• 16:39
  embraced
• 16:39
  density,
• 16:40
  they've
• 16:40
  embraced
• 16:40
  transit
• 16:41
  oriented
• 16:41
  development,
• 16:42
  and
• 16:42
  that's
• 16:42
  why
• 16:42
  you
• 16:43
  see
• 16:43
  that
• 16:43
  happening
• 16:44
  there.
• 16:44
  But
• 16:44
  that
• 16:44
  is
• 16:44
  not
• 16:45
  automatic
• 16:45
  throughout
• 16:46
  Los
• 16:46
  Angeles.
• 16:46
  In
• 16:47
  some
• 16:47
  ways
• 16:47
  it's
• 16:47
  actually
• 16:48
  a
• 16:48
  bit
• 16:48
  of
• 16:48
  an
• 16:48
  outlier
• 16:49
  because
• 16:49
  I
• 16:49
  mean,
• 16:50
  on
• 16:50
  the
• 16:50
  Expo
• 16:50
  line
• 16:50
  you
• 16:50
  see
• 16:50
  it,
• 16:51
  it's
• 16:51
  serving
• 16:51
  a
• 16:52
  lot
• 16:52
  of
• 16:52
  single
• 16:53
  family
• 16:53
  neighborhoods
• 16:54
  in
• 16:54
  certain
• 16:54
  cases,
• 16:55
  not
• 16:55
  in
• 16:55
  Culver
• 16:55
  City,
• 16:56
  not
• 16:56
  necessarily
• 16:56
  in
• 16:57
  Santa
• 16:57
  Monica.
• 16:57
  But
• 16:58
  that
• 16:58
  is
• 16:58
  the
• 16:58
  big
• 16:58
  challenge
• 16:59
  for
• 16:59
  LA
• 16:59
  Metro.
• 17:00
  It
• 17:00
  doesn't
• 17:00
  control
• 17:00
  Angie's
• 17:01
  authority.
• 17:01
  It's
• 17:01
  dependent
• 17:02
  on
• 17:02
  these
• 17:02
  cities
• 17:02
  that
• 17:03
  in
• 17:03
  many
• 17:03
  cases
• 17:04
  are
• 17:04
  quite
• 17:04
  hostile
• 17:04
  to
• 17:05
  new
• 17:05
  development.
• 17:05
  You
• 17:05
  know,
• 17:06
  that
• 17:06
  people
• 17:06
  moved
• 17:07
  into
• 17:07
  those
• 17:07
  cities
• 17:07
  not
• 17:07
  wanting
• 17:08
  them
• 17:08
  to
• 17:08
  change
• 17:08
  is
• 17:08
  the
• 17:09
  opposite.
• 17:09
  They
• 17:09
  want
• 17:09
  them
• 17:10
  to
• 17:10
  keep
• 17:10
  developing
• 17:10
  out
• 17:11
  and
• 17:11
  keep
• 17:11
  people
• 17:11
  out.
• 17:12
  It's
• 17:12
  this
• 17:12
  kind
• 17:13
  of
• 17:13
  hot
• 17:13
  mess
• 17:13
  of
• 17:13
  conflicting
• 17:14
  interests.
• 17:15
  It's
• 17:15
  kind
• 17:15
  of
• 17:15
  the
• 17:15
  worst
• 17:15
  of
• 17:16
  all
• 17:16
  worlds
• 17:16
  in
• 17:16
  some
• 17:16
  ways,
• 17:17
  because
• 17:17
  the
• 17:17
  taxpayers
• 17:18
  are
• 17:18
  spending
• 17:18
  a
• 17:18
  huge
• 17:19
  amount
• 17:19
  of
• 17:19
  money
• 17:19
  on
• 17:19
  these
• 17:19
  systems
• 17:20
  and
• 17:20
  then
• 17:21
  these
• 17:21
  local
• 17:21
  governments
• 17:22
  are
• 17:22
  keeping
• 17:22
  the
• 17:23
  ridership
• 17:23
  from
• 17:24
  going
• 17:24
  up
• 17:24
  and
• 17:24
  keeping
• 17:24
  the
• 17:25
  system
• 17:25
  from
• 17:25
  really
• 17:26
  recouping
• 17:26
  its
• 17:26
  value.
• 17:27
  The
• 17:27
  San
• 17:28
  Fernando
• 17:28
  Valley
• 17:28
  corridor
• 17:29
  that
• 17:30
  in
• 17:30
  the
• 17:30
  early
• 17:30
  days
• 17:30
  had
• 17:31
  the
• 17:31
  option
• 17:31
  to
• 17:31
  get
• 17:31
  rail,
• 17:32
  but
• 17:32
  they
• 17:32
  didn't
• 17:33
  want
• 17:33
  it.
• 17:33
  It
• 17:33
  was
• 17:34
  kind
• 17:34
  of
• 17:34
  a
• 17:34
  NIMBY
• 17:34
  thing.
• 17:35
  And
• 17:35
  then
• 17:36
  when
• 17:36
  they
• 17:36
  decided
• 17:36
  they
• 17:36
  did
• 17:37
  want
• 17:37
  it,
• 17:37
  the
• 17:38
  train,
• 17:38
  literally,
• 17:39
  no
• 17:39
  pun
• 17:39
  intended,
• 17:40
  left
• 17:40
  the
• 17:40
  station
• 17:41
  and
• 17:41
  they
• 17:41
  ended
• 17:41
  up
• 17:41
  getting
• 17:42
  that
• 17:42
  rapid
• 17:43
  bus
• 17:44
  corridor,
• 17:45
  which
• 17:46
  according
• 17:46
  to
• 17:46
  your
• 17:46
  book
• 17:47
  was
• 17:47
  suitable
• 17:47
  because
• 17:48
  the
• 17:48
  density
• 17:49
  of
• 17:49
  population
• 17:49
  in
• 17:50
  those
• 17:50
  single
• 17:50
  family
• 17:50
  home
• 17:51
  region
• 17:51
  didn't
• 17:52
  support
• 17:52
  a
• 17:53
  train,
• 17:53
  but
• 17:53
  it
• 17:53
  did
• 17:53
  support
• 17:54
  buses.
• 17:55
  Yeah,
• 17:55
  this
• 17:56
  goes
• 17:56
  back
• 17:56
  to
• 17:56
  your
• 17:56
  point
• 17:57
  about
• 17:57
  the
• 17:57
  different
• 17:57
  technologies.
• 17:58
  So
• 17:58
  heavy
• 17:58
  rail,
• 17:59
  light
• 17:59
  rail,
• 17:59
  and
• 18:00
  then
• 18:00
  this
• 18:00
  sort
• 18:00
  of
• 18:00
  bus
• 18:00
  rapid
• 18:01
  transit,
• 18:01
  heavy
• 18:01
  rail
• 18:01
  is
• 18:02
  when
• 18:02
  you
• 18:02
  get
• 18:02
  the
• 18:02
  power
• 18:02
  from
• 18:03
  below.
• 18:03
  That
• 18:03
  kind
• 18:04
  of.
• 18:04
  The
• 18:04
  third
• 18:04
  rail
• 18:05
  and
• 18:05
  heavy
• 18:05
  rail
• 18:06
  systems
• 18:06
  are
• 18:06
  meant
• 18:06
  for
• 18:07
  very
• 18:07
  dense
• 18:07
  cities,
• 18:08
  talking
• 18:09
  Hong
• 18:09
  Kong,
• 18:09
  Singapore,
• 18:10
  Tokyo,
• 18:11
  you
• 18:11
  know,
• 18:11
  very
• 18:12
  high
• 18:12
  capacity
• 18:12
  jam
• 18:13
  trains,
• 18:13
  skyscrapers
• 18:14
  everywhere,
• 18:15
  they're
• 18:15
  very
• 18:16
  expensive
• 18:16
  to
• 18:16
  build.
• 18:17
  And
• 18:17
  then
• 18:17
  light
• 18:18
  rail
• 18:18
  is
• 18:18
  when
• 18:18
  you
• 18:18
  get
• 18:18
  the
• 18:18
  sort
• 18:19
  of
• 18:19
  overhead
• 18:19
  power.
• 18:19
  The
• 18:20
  advantage
• 18:20
  of
• 18:20
  light
• 18:20
  rail
• 18:21
  is
• 18:21
  it's
• 18:21
  a
• 18:21
  lot
• 18:21
  cheaper.
• 18:22
  I
• 18:22
  mean,
• 18:22
  it
• 18:22
  could
• 18:23
  be
• 18:23
  anywhere
• 18:23
  from
• 18:24
  half
• 18:24
  the
• 18:24
  cost
• 18:24
  of
• 18:25
  heavy
• 18:25
  rail
• 18:25
  to
• 18:25
  sometimes
• 18:26
  a
• 18:26
  fifth
• 18:26
  of
• 18:27
  the
• 18:27
  cost
• 18:27
  of
• 18:27
  building
• 18:27
  heavy
• 18:28
  rail.
• 18:28
  But
• 18:29
  it's.
• 18:29
  It
• 18:29
  can't
• 18:29
  hold
• 18:29
  as
• 18:29
  many
• 18:30
  people
• 18:30
  and
• 18:30
  it
• 18:31
  can
• 18:31
  also
• 18:31
  ride
• 18:32
  on
• 18:32
  the
• 18:32
  streets
• 18:32
  because
• 18:33
  the
• 18:33
  power
• 18:33
  is
• 18:33
  coming
• 18:33
  from
• 18:33
  overhead.
• 18:34
  And
• 18:34
  there's
• 18:34
  a
• 18:34
  lot
• 18:35
  more
• 18:35
  to
• 18:35
  the
• 18:35
  surface
• 18:36
  rail
• 18:36
  system
• 18:37
  than
• 18:37
  meets
• 18:37
  the
• 18:37
  Eye
• 18:38
  there's
• 18:38
  tremendous
• 18:38
  infrastructure
• 18:39
  involved
• 18:40
  in
• 18:40
  electric
• 18:41
  power.
• 18:41
  The
• 18:41
  wiring
• 18:42
  that's
• 18:42
  all
• 18:42
  underground.
• 18:43
  It's
• 18:43
  not
• 18:43
  a
• 18:43
  simple
• 18:44
  process
• 18:44
  yet.
• 18:44
  It's
• 18:45
  so
• 18:45
  much
• 18:45
  cheaper
• 18:46
  that
• 18:46
  it
• 18:46
  seemed
• 18:47
  like
• 18:47
  towards
• 18:47
  the
• 18:47
  end
• 18:48
  they
• 18:48
  traded
• 18:49
  expensive
• 18:50
  subways
• 18:50
  to
• 18:51
  build
• 18:51
  out,
• 18:51
  for
• 18:51
  example,
• 18:52
  the
• 18:52
  Gold
• 18:52
  Line
• 18:53
  with
• 18:53
  surface
• 18:53
  rail
• 18:54
  because
• 18:54
  the
• 18:55
  money
• 18:55
  went
• 18:55
  so
• 18:55
  much
• 18:55
  further.
• 18:56
  That
• 18:56
  was
• 18:57
  a
• 18:57
  big
• 18:57
  part
• 18:57
  of
• 18:57
  the
• 18:57
  issue
• 18:57
  is
• 18:58
  that
• 18:58
  they
• 18:58
  raised
• 18:58
  money.
• 18:59
  So,
• 18:59
  you
• 18:59
  know,
• 18:59
  going
• 19:00
  back
• 19:00
  into
• 19:00
  the
• 19:00
  sort
• 19:00
  of
• 19:01
  original
• 19:01
  Tom
• 19:01
  Bradley
• 19:02
  days,
• 19:02
  eventually
• 19:02
  they
• 19:02
  were
• 19:03
  able
• 19:03
  to
• 19:03
  get
• 19:03
  a
• 19:03
  ballot
• 19:03
  measure
• 19:04
  passed,
• 19:04
  a
• 19:04
  sales
• 19:05
  tax
• 19:05
  measure
• 19:05
  in
• 19:06
  1980
• 19:06
  and
• 19:06
  that
• 19:06
  was
• 19:07
  the
• 19:07
  first
• 19:07
  of
• 19:07
  four
• 19:07
  measures
• 19:08
  that
• 19:08
  passed.
• 19:08
  So
• 19:09
  Angeles
• 19:09
  were
• 19:10
  willing
• 19:10
  to
• 19:10
  tax
• 19:10
  themselves
• 19:10
  to
• 19:11
  pay
• 19:11
  for
• 19:11
  this,
• 19:11
  but
• 19:11
  the
• 19:12
  money
• 19:12
  never
• 19:12
  went
• 19:12
  as
• 19:12
  far
• 19:13
  as
• 19:13
  they
• 19:13
  hoped.
• 19:13
  So
• 19:13
  they
• 19:14
  did
• 19:14
  start
• 19:14
  to
• 19:15
  kind
• 19:15
  of
• 19:15
  spread
• 19:15
  it
• 19:15
  out
• 19:16
  as
• 19:16
  much
• 19:16
  as
• 19:16
  they
• 19:16
  could.
• 19:17
  And
• 19:17
  so
• 19:18
  they
• 19:18
  made
• 19:18
  a
• 19:18
  lot
• 19:18
  of
• 19:18
  compromises.
• 19:19
  Even
• 19:19
  on
• 19:19
  the
• 19:19
  heavy
• 19:19
  rail
• 19:20
  they
• 19:20
  made
• 19:20
  compromises
• 19:21
  like
• 19:21
  the
• 19:21
  Wilshire
• 19:22
  line,
• 19:22
  which
• 19:22
  is
• 19:22
  now
• 19:22
  going
• 19:22
  to
• 19:22
  be
• 19:23
  extending
• 19:23
  out
• 19:24
  to
• 19:24
  the
• 19:24
  west,
• 19:24
  which
• 19:24
  it
• 19:25
  should
• 19:25
  have
• 19:25
  been
• 19:25
  done.
• 19:26
  To
• 19:26
  the
• 19:26
  sea.
• 19:27
  Yeah,
• 19:27
  yeah.
• 19:28
  It's
• 19:28
  not
• 19:28
  going
• 19:28
  to
• 19:28
  go
• 19:28
  all
• 19:28
  the
• 19:28
  way
• 19:28
  to
• 19:29
  the
• 19:29
  sea,
• 19:29
  but
• 19:29
  it's
• 19:29
  heading
• 19:30
  in
• 19:30
  that
• 19:30
  direction.
• 19:30
  To
• 19:30
  the
• 19:31
  va,
• 19:31
  right?
• 19:31
  Yeah,
• 19:32
  to
• 19:32
  the
• 19:32
  VA
• 19:32
  and
• 19:32
  then
• 19:32
  hopefully
• 19:32
  it'll
• 19:33
  go
• 19:33
  under
• 19:33
  the
• 19:33
  mountains
• 19:34
  and
• 19:34
  then
• 19:34
  out
• 19:34
  to
• 19:34
  Van
• 19:35
  Nuys.
• 19:35
  But
• 19:36
  I
• 19:36
  think
• 19:36
  it's
• 19:36
  a
• 19:36
  six
• 19:36
  car
• 19:37
  train
• 19:37
  platform.
• 19:38
  It's
• 19:38
  going
• 19:38
  to
• 19:38
  be
• 19:38
  very
• 19:38
  jammed.
• 19:39
  It's
• 19:39
  going
• 19:39
  to
• 19:39
  be
• 19:39
  a
• 19:39
  very
• 19:39
  popular
• 19:40
  line.
• 19:40
  But
• 19:40
  they
• 19:40
  had
• 19:40
  to
• 19:41
  do
• 19:41
  that
• 19:41
  because
• 19:41
  of
• 19:41
  the
• 19:41
  cost
• 19:42
  concerns
• 19:42
  and
• 19:42
  that's
• 19:43
  also
• 19:43
  why
• 19:43
  they
• 19:43
  did
• 19:43
  the
• 19:44
  bus
• 19:44
  only
• 19:44
  lane
• 19:45
  and
• 19:45
  the
• 19:45
  bus
• 19:45
  rapid
• 19:46
  transit
• 19:46
  lane
• 19:46
  in
• 19:47
  the
• 19:47
  San
• 19:47
  Fernando
• 19:47
  Valley,
• 19:48
  because
• 19:48
  they
• 19:48
  just
• 19:49
  didn't
• 19:49
  have
• 19:49
  money
• 19:49
  at
• 19:49
  that
• 19:49
  point
• 19:50
  for
• 19:50
  rail.
• 19:51
  And
• 19:51
  I
• 19:51
  do
• 19:51
  think
• 19:51
  it
• 19:52
  is
• 19:52
  more
• 19:52
  appropriate
• 19:52
  and
• 19:52
  I
• 19:53
  wish
• 19:53
  LA
• 19:53
  and
• 19:54
  other
• 19:54
  cities
• 19:54
  would
• 19:55
  embrace
• 19:55
  bus
• 19:55
  only
• 19:56
  lanes
• 19:56
  more
• 19:56
  because
• 19:57
  you
• 19:57
  get
• 19:57
  so
• 19:57
  much
• 19:58
  of
• 19:58
  the
• 19:58
  value
• 19:58
  of
• 19:58
  rail.
• 19:59
  You
• 19:59
  get
• 19:59
  trains
• 20:00
  that
• 20:00
  can
• 20:00
  be
• 20:00
  high
• 20:00
  capacity,
• 20:01
  that
• 20:02
  are
• 20:02
  out
• 20:02
  of
• 20:02
  traffic,
• 20:03
  that
• 20:03
  can
• 20:03
  be
• 20:04
  reliable.
• 20:04
  Like
• 20:05
  you
• 20:05
  get
• 20:05
  buses.
• 20:05
  I
• 20:05
  should
• 20:06
  say
• 20:06
  that
• 20:06
  are
• 20:06
  that
• 20:06
  are
• 20:07
  like
• 20:07
  trains
• 20:07
  but
• 20:08
  they're
• 20:08
  so
• 20:08
  much
• 20:08
  cheaper
• 20:09
  to
• 20:09
  build
• 20:09
  and
• 20:09
  they
• 20:10
  can
• 20:10
  be
• 20:10
  built
• 20:10
  so
• 20:10
  much
• 20:10
  more
• 20:11
  quickly.
• 20:11
  The
• 20:12
  issue
• 20:12
  is
• 20:12
  that
• 20:12
  they
• 20:12
  take
• 20:13
  a
• 20:13
  lane
• 20:13
  away
• 20:13
  from
• 20:14
  drivers
• 20:14
  and
• 20:14
  so
• 20:15
  they
• 20:15
  become
• 20:15
  very
• 20:15
  politically
• 20:16
  difficult
• 20:16
  to
• 20:17
  get
• 20:17
  approved.
• 20:17
  Well,
• 20:17
  we're
• 20:18
  going
• 20:18
  to
• 20:18
  get
• 20:18
  into
• 20:18
  some
• 20:19
  really
• 20:19
  interesting,
• 20:19
  some
• 20:19
  of
• 20:19
  the
• 20:20
  politics
• 20:20
  of
• 20:20
  all
• 20:20
  this.
• 20:21
  Not
• 20:21
  only
• 20:21
  the
• 20:21
  politics,
• 20:22
  but
• 20:22
  the
• 20:22
  technicalities
• 20:23
  of
• 20:23
  building
• 20:23
  a
• 20:24
  tunnel
• 20:24
  under
• 20:24
  an
• 20:25
  existing.
• 20:25
  Listen,
• 20:26
  we're
• 20:26
  going
• 20:27
  through
• 20:27
  the,
• 20:28
  the
• 20:28
  throes
• 20:28
  of
• 20:29
  that
• 20:29
  right
• 20:29
  now.
• 20:29
  If
• 20:29
  you
• 20:29
  drive
• 20:30
  down
• 20:30
  Wiltshire
• 20:31
  Boulevard,
• 20:31
  you
• 20:31
  know,
• 20:32
  all
• 20:32
  the
• 20:32
  construction
• 20:33
  that's
• 20:33
  going
• 20:33
  or
• 20:34
  the
• 20:34
  destruction
• 20:34
  that's
• 20:35
  going
• 20:35
  on.
• 20:35
  We
• 20:36
  are
• 20:36
  talking
• 20:36
  to
• 20:36
  Ethan
• 20:36
  Elkind
• 20:37
  today.
• 20:37
  We're
• 20:38
  talking
• 20:38
  about
• 20:38
  the
• 20:38
  history
• 20:39
  of
• 20:39
  the
• 20:39
  Los
• 20:39
  Angeles
• 20:40
  rail
• 20:40
  system
• 20:41
  which
• 20:41
  Is,
• 20:41
  which.
• 20:41
  Is
• 20:42
  the
• 20:42
  history
• 20:42
  of
• 20:42
  the
• 20:42
  city
• 20:43
  in
• 20:43
  so
• 20:43
  many
• 20:43
  ways.
• 20:43
  It
• 20:44
  really
• 20:44
  is.
• 20:44
  Ethan,
• 20:45
  you
• 20:45
  wrote
• 20:45
  the
• 20:45
  book
• 20:45
  Railtown
• 20:46
  the
• 20:46
  Fight
• 20:46
  for
• 20:46
  Los
• 20:47
  Angeles
• 20:47
  Metro
• 20:47
  Rail
• 20:48
  and
• 20:48
  the
• 20:48
  Future
• 20:48
  of
• 20:48
  the
• 20:48
  City,
• 20:49
  which
• 20:49
  is
• 20:49
  available
• 20:49
  on
• 20:50
  Amazon.
• 20:51
  It
• 20:51
  was
• 20:51
  published
• 20:52
  in
• 20:52
  2014,
• 20:53
  I
• 20:53
  remember.
• 20:54
  Is
• 20:54
  that
• 20:54
  correct?
• 20:55
  That's
• 20:55
  correct.
• 20:55
  Yeah.
• 20:55
  Let's
• 20:56
  get
• 20:56
  to
• 20:56
  the
• 20:56
  nitty
• 20:56
  gritty
• 20:57
  of
• 20:57
  how
• 20:57
  you
• 20:57
  build
• 20:59
  a
• 20:59
  subway
• 20:59
  in
• 21:00
  an
• 21:00
  existing
• 21:00
  city
• 21:01
  in
• 21:01
  a
• 21:01
  major
• 21:01
  seismic
• 21:02
  area.
• 21:03
  The
• 21:03
  whole
• 21:03
  basin
• 21:04
  is
• 21:04
  basically
• 21:04
  the
• 21:05
  bottom
• 21:05
  of
• 21:05
  a
• 21:05
  sea.
• 21:06
  When
• 21:06
  they
• 21:06
  were
• 21:06
  digging
• 21:07
  out
• 21:07
  the
• 21:07
  train
• 21:07
  downtown,
• 21:08
  they
• 21:08
  were
• 21:08
  finding
• 21:08
  fossils
• 21:09
  and
• 21:09
  they
• 21:09
  were
• 21:09
  finding
• 21:09
  seashells.
• 21:10
  You
• 21:10
  don't
• 21:11
  know
• 21:11
  what
• 21:11
  you're
• 21:11
  gonna
• 21:11
  get
• 21:11
  when
• 21:11
  you
• 21:11
  dig.
• 21:12
  Did
• 21:12
  they
• 21:12
  find
• 21:12
  any
• 21:12
  that
• 21:13
  were
• 21:13
  spelled
• 21:14
  out
• 21:14
  86,
• 21:15
  47?
• 21:17
  I
• 21:17
  was
• 21:17
  thinking
• 21:18
  that,
• 21:18
  yeah,
• 21:18
  the
• 21:18
  seashell
• 21:19
  Crime
• 21:19
  division
• 21:21
  probably
• 21:21
  got
• 21:21
  its
• 21:21
  start
• 21:21
  back
• 21:22
  then.
• 21:22
  Yeah.
• 21:23
  Not
• 21:23
  only
• 21:23
  was
• 21:23
  it
• 21:23
  obviously
• 21:24
  the
• 21:24
  fossil
• 21:24
  rich
• 21:25
  history,
• 21:25
  but
• 21:26
  it
• 21:26
  also
• 21:26
  was
• 21:26
  a
• 21:27
  major
• 21:27
  oil
• 21:28
  field.
• 21:28
  It
• 21:28
  was
• 21:29
  actually
• 21:29
  the,
• 21:31
  at
• 21:31
  one
• 21:31
  time
• 21:32
  the
• 21:32
  largest
• 21:32
  oil
• 21:33
  field
• 21:33
  in
• 21:33
  the
• 21:33
  country,
• 21:33
  or
• 21:34
  at
• 21:34
  least
• 21:34
  west
• 21:34
  of
• 21:34
  the
• 21:35
  Mississippi
• 21:35
  river,
• 21:35
  that
• 21:36
  was
• 21:36
  eventually
• 21:37
  used
• 21:37
  up,
• 21:38
  abandoned
• 21:38
  and
• 21:38
  capped.
• 21:39
  And
• 21:39
  that
• 21:39
  created
• 21:40
  all
• 21:40
  sorts
• 21:40
  of
• 21:40
  challenges
• 21:41
  for
• 21:41
  building
• 21:41
  it.
• 21:41
  And,
• 21:42
  you
• 21:42
  know,
• 21:42
  people
• 21:42
  forget
• 21:42
  that
• 21:43
  LA
• 21:43
  is
• 21:43
  this
• 21:43
  oil
• 21:43
  town.
• 21:44
  I
• 21:44
  mean,
• 21:44
  Beverly
• 21:44
  Hillbillies
• 21:45
  and
• 21:46
  they're
• 21:46
  just
• 21:46
  still
• 21:46
  pump
• 21:46
  jacks
• 21:47
  around
• 21:48
  the
• 21:48
  city.
• 21:48
  Oh,
• 21:49
  yeah.
• 21:50
  Is
• 21:50
  that
• 21:50
  what
• 21:50
  they're
• 21:50
  called?
• 21:51
  Pump
• 21:51
  jacks?
• 21:51
  Yeah,
• 21:52
  pump
• 21:52
  jacks
• 21:52
  that
• 21:52
  look
• 21:52
  like
• 21:53
  the
• 21:53
  big
• 21:53
  birds
• 21:54
  dipping
• 21:54
  their
• 21:54
  beak.
• 21:55
  You
• 21:55
  can
• 21:55
  see
• 21:55
  it
• 21:55
  on
• 21:55
  La
• 21:56
  Cienega
• 21:56
  going
• 21:56
  down
• 21:56
  to
• 21:57
  the
• 21:57
  airport.
• 21:57
  Yeah,
• 21:58
  yeah,
• 21:58
  exactly.
• 21:58
  And
• 21:59
  so
• 21:59
  there
• 21:59
  was
• 21:59
  a
• 21:59
  major
• 22:00
  oil
• 22:00
  field,
• 22:01
  basically
• 22:01
  the
• 22:01
  Fairfax
• 22:02
  area,
• 22:02
  and
• 22:02
  that
• 22:03
  created
• 22:03
  big
• 22:03
  problems
• 22:04
  for
• 22:05
  the
• 22:05
  construction.
• 22:06
  And
• 22:06
  first
• 22:06
  of
• 22:06
  all,
• 22:07
  I
• 22:07
  should
• 22:07
  just
• 22:07
  preface
• 22:07
  all
• 22:07
  this
• 22:08
  by
• 22:08
  saying
• 22:08
  cities
• 22:09
  build
• 22:09
  rail
• 22:10
  through
• 22:10
  all
• 22:10
  sorts
• 22:10
  of
• 22:11
  seismically
• 22:11
  active
• 22:12
  areas.
• 22:12
  I
• 22:12
  mean,
• 22:12
  you
• 22:12
  think
• 22:12
  of
• 22:12
  Tokyo,
• 22:13
  you
• 22:13
  think
• 22:13
  of
• 22:13
  Mexico
• 22:14
  City,
• 22:15
  this
• 22:15
  isn't
• 22:15
  a
• 22:15
  new
• 22:16
  challenge.
• 22:16
  But
• 22:17
  because
• 22:17
  rail
• 22:18
  was
• 22:18
  new
• 22:18
  to
• 22:18
  LA
• 22:19
  and
• 22:19
  because
• 22:19
  there
• 22:19
  were
• 22:20
  a
• 22:20
  lot
• 22:20
  of
• 22:20
  people
• 22:20
  who
• 22:20
  were
• 22:21
  against
• 22:21
  building
• 22:21
  the
• 22:22
  system,
• 22:22
  particularly
• 22:23
  those
• 22:23
  who
• 22:23
  were
• 22:23
  living
• 22:23
  in
• 22:23
  neighborhoods
• 22:24
  where
• 22:24
  new
• 22:24
  stations
• 22:25
  were
• 22:25
  going
• 22:25
  to
• 22:25
  come
• 22:25
  through,
• 22:25
  and
• 22:26
  they
• 22:26
  didn't
• 22:26
  want
• 22:26
  those
• 22:26
  impacts,
• 22:27
  the
• 22:27
  construction
• 22:28
  and
• 22:28
  the
• 22:28
  new
• 22:28
  people
• 22:28
  and
• 22:29
  all
• 22:29
  those
• 22:30
  things.
• 22:30
  They
• 22:30
  really
• 22:31
  seized
• 22:31
  on
• 22:32
  the
• 22:32
  topography
• 22:33
  and
• 22:33
  the
• 22:33
  geology
• 22:33
  of
• 22:34
  Los
• 22:34
  Angeles
• 22:35
  to
• 22:35
  try
• 22:35
  to
• 22:35
  raise
• 22:35
  doubts
• 22:36
  about
• 22:36
  how
• 22:36
  safe
• 22:37
  the
• 22:37
  system
• 22:37
  would
• 22:38
  be.
• 22:38
  The
• 22:38
  construction
• 22:39
  process.
• 22:39
  I
• 22:39
  mean,
• 22:39
  we
• 22:40
  saw
• 22:40
  Beverly
• 22:40
  Hills
• 22:41
  Unified
• 22:41
  School
• 22:41
  District
• 22:42
  wasted
• 22:42
  millions
• 22:43
  of
• 22:43
  dollars
• 22:43
  trying
• 22:43
  to
• 22:44
  fight
• 22:44
  the
• 22:44
  tunneling
• 22:45
  of
• 22:45
  rail.
• 22:46
  This
• 22:46
  is
• 22:46
  in
• 22:46
  the
• 22:46
  last
• 22:47
  10,
• 22:47
  15
• 22:47
  years,
• 22:48
  underneath
• 22:48
  their
• 22:49
  campus,
• 22:49
  and
• 22:50
  citing
• 22:50
  a
• 22:50
  lot
• 22:50
  of
• 22:51
  pretty
• 22:51
  bogus
• 22:51
  stuff.
• 22:52
  But
• 22:52
  there
• 22:53
  was
• 22:53
  a
• 22:53
  big
• 22:53
  explosion,
• 22:54
  a
• 22:54
  methane
• 22:54
  gas
• 22:54
  explosion
• 22:55
  in
• 22:55
  1985
• 22:56
  at
• 22:56
  the
• 22:56
  Ross
• 22:56
  Dress
• 22:57
  for
• 22:57
  Less
• 22:57
  on
• 22:57
  Fairfax
• 22:58
  Fairfax.
• 22:59
  And
• 23:00
  it
• 23:00
  was
• 23:00
  unfortunate.
• 23:01
  There
• 23:01
  was
• 23:01
  methane
• 23:01
  leaking
• 23:02
  into
• 23:02
  a
• 23:02
  basement
• 23:02
  that
• 23:02
  wasn't
• 23:03
  being
• 23:03
  vented
• 23:04
  properly,
• 23:05
  and
• 23:05
  a
• 23:05
  worker
• 23:06
  punched
• 23:06
  A
• 23:06
  time
• 23:06
  card.
• 23:07
  And
• 23:07
  that
• 23:07
  created
• 23:08
  a
• 23:08
  spark
• 23:08
  that
• 23:09
  ignited
• 23:09
  the
• 23:10
  store.
• 23:10
  And
• 23:10
  a
• 23:11
  lot
• 23:11
  of
• 23:11
  people
• 23:11
  were
• 23:12
  pretty
• 23:12
  badly
• 23:12
  hurt.
• 23:13
  And
• 23:13
  opponents
• 23:14
  to
• 23:14
  rail
• 23:14
  at
• 23:14
  this
• 23:15
  point,
• 23:15
  rail
• 23:15
  is
• 23:15
  supposed
• 23:15
  to
• 23:15
  go
• 23:16
  down
• 23:16
  Wilshire
• 23:16
  and
• 23:16
  then
• 23:17
  north
• 23:17
  up
• 23:17
  Fairfax.
• 23:18
  They
• 23:18
  seized
• 23:19
  on
• 23:19
  that,
• 23:19
  including
• 23:20
  Henry
• 23:20
  Waxman,
• 23:21
  the
• 23:21
  long
• 23:21
  serving
• 23:22
  congressman
• 23:23
  from
• 23:23
  the
• 23:23
  area.
• 23:23
  Very
• 23:23
  politically
• 23:24
  powerful
• 23:25
  city
• 23:25
  council
• 23:25
  member,
• 23:25
  then
• 23:26
  city
• 23:26
  council
• 23:26
  members,
• 23:28
  basically
• 23:28
  all
• 23:28
  the
• 23:29
  people
• 23:29
  who
• 23:29
  are
• 23:29
  carrying
• 23:30
  water
• 23:30
  for
• 23:30
  the
• 23:30
  opponents
• 23:31
  to
• 23:31
  the
• 23:31
  system
• 23:31
  came
• 23:31
  out
• 23:31
  and
• 23:32
  said,
• 23:32
  look,
• 23:32
  this
• 23:32
  is
• 23:32
  what
• 23:33
  would
• 23:33
  happen
• 23:33
  if
• 23:33
  you
• 23:33
  start
• 23:34
  building
• 23:34
  rail
• 23:35
  down
• 23:35
  here.
• 23:35
  And
• 23:36
  so
• 23:36
  they
• 23:36
  basically
• 23:36
  put
• 23:36
  a
• 23:37
  moratorium
• 23:37
  on
• 23:37
  any
• 23:38
  subway
• 23:38
  construction
• 23:39
  in
• 23:39
  that
• 23:39
  area.
• 23:40
  And
• 23:40
  it
• 23:40
  wasn't
• 23:40
  until
• 23:41
  Antonio
• 23:42
  Villaragosa
• 23:43
  ran
• 23:43
  on
• 23:43
  the
• 23:43
  subway
• 23:43
  to
• 23:43
  Sea
• 23:44
  pledge
• 23:44
  and
• 23:44
  got
• 23:44
  elected
• 23:45
  and
• 23:45
  enough
• 23:46
  time
• 23:46
  had
• 23:46
  passed
• 23:46
  that
• 23:47
  they
• 23:47
  finally
• 23:47
  went
• 23:47
  through
• 23:47
  a
• 23:48
  kind
• 23:48
  of
• 23:48
  kabuki
• 23:48
  theater
• 23:49
  study
• 23:50
  to
• 23:50
  show
• 23:50
  that
• 23:50
  actually
• 23:50
  it
• 23:51
  is
• 23:51
  safe
• 23:51
  and
• 23:51
  we
• 23:51
  can
• 23:52
  tunnel.
• 23:52
  And
• 23:52
  so
• 23:52
  that's
• 23:53
  why
• 23:53
  today
• 23:53
  we
• 23:53
  see
• 23:53
  the
• 23:54
  Wilshire
• 23:54
  line,
• 23:55
  the
• 23:55
  Purple
• 23:55
  line,
• 23:55
  extending
• 23:56
  the
• 23:57
  D
• 23:57
  line,
• 23:57
  I
• 23:57
  should
• 23:57
  say
• 23:58
  extending
• 23:58
  down,
• 23:59
  farther
• 23:59
  down
• 24:00
  Wilshire.
• 24:00
  Henry
• 24:00
  Waxman
• 24:01
  was
• 24:01
  kind
• 24:01
  of
• 24:01
  surprising
• 24:02
  to
• 24:02
  read
• 24:03
  how
• 24:03
  opportunistic
• 24:04
  he
• 24:04
  was
• 24:05
  using
• 24:05
  the
• 24:06
  methane
• 24:06
  as
• 24:06
  an
• 24:07
  opportunity
• 24:07
  to
• 24:08
  stop
• 24:08
  the
• 24:08
  line
• 24:09
  going
• 24:09
  through
• 24:09
  neighborhoods.
• 24:10
  People
• 24:10
  didn't
• 24:10
  want
• 24:11
  to
• 24:11
  have
• 24:11
  the
• 24:11
  train.
• 24:12
  Yeah,
• 24:12
  I
• 24:12
  think
• 24:13
  it's
• 24:13
  a
• 24:13
  black
• 24:13
  mark
• 24:13
  on
• 24:13
  his
• 24:14
  record.
• 24:14
  I
• 24:14
  interviewed
• 24:15
  him
• 24:15
  about
• 24:15
  it
• 24:16
  and
• 24:16
  he
• 24:17
  was
• 24:17
  never
• 24:17
  sold
• 24:17
  on
• 24:18
  the
• 24:18
  system.
• 24:18
  He
• 24:18
  thought
• 24:18
  the
• 24:19
  whole
• 24:19
  system
• 24:19
  was
• 24:19
  kind
• 24:20
  of
• 24:20
  ridiculous
• 24:20
  and
• 24:21
  a
• 24:21
  waste
• 24:21
  of
• 24:21
  money.
• 24:21
  And
• 24:21
  he
• 24:22
  didn't
• 24:22
  really
• 24:22
  understand
• 24:23
  why
• 24:23
  the
• 24:24
  political
• 24:24
  decisions
• 24:25
  had
• 24:25
  been
• 24:25
  made
• 24:25
  to
• 24:26
  site
• 24:26
  route
• 24:27
  the
• 24:27
  train
• 24:27
  routes
• 24:27
  in
• 24:28
  different
• 24:28
  directions.
• 24:28
  So
• 24:28
  he
• 24:29
  never
• 24:29
  was
• 24:29
  in
• 24:29
  love
• 24:29
  with
• 24:29
  it.
• 24:30
  And
• 24:30
  then
• 24:30
  he
• 24:30
  had
• 24:30
  these
• 24:30
  Fairfax
• 24:31
  constituents
• 24:31
  who
• 24:32
  were
• 24:32
  very
• 24:32
  opposed
• 24:33
  and
• 24:33
  he
• 24:34
  didn't
• 24:34
  even
• 24:34
  understand
• 24:34
  why
• 24:35
  it
• 24:35
  was
• 24:35
  going
• 24:35
  up
• 24:35
  Fairfax.
• 24:36
  And
• 24:36
  to
• 24:36
  some
• 24:37
  extent
• 24:37
  he
• 24:37
  did
• 24:37
  have
• 24:37
  a
• 24:37
  point.
• 24:38
  You
• 24:38
  know,
• 24:38
  it
• 24:38
  was
• 24:38
  only
• 24:38
  going
• 24:39
  up
• 24:39
  Fairfax
• 24:39
  because
• 24:40
  they
• 24:40
  needed
• 24:40
  to
• 24:40
  get
• 24:40
  it
• 24:40
  to
• 24:41
  the
• 24:41
  San
• 24:41
  Fernando
• 24:41
  Valley
• 24:42
  for
• 24:42
  political
• 24:42
  reasons,
• 24:42
  they
• 24:43
  couldn't
• 24:43
  leave
• 24:43
  the
• 24:43
  San
• 24:43
  Fernando
• 24:44
  Valley
• 24:44
  out
• 24:44
  of
• 24:44
  it.
• 24:44
  But
• 24:45
  so
• 24:45
  he
• 24:45
  just
• 24:45
  was
• 24:45
  never
• 24:45
  in
• 24:46
  love
• 24:46
  with
• 24:46
  it.
• 24:46
  And
• 24:46
  then
• 24:46
  he
• 24:47
  did
• 24:47
  really
• 24:47
  seize
• 24:48
  on
• 24:48
  this
• 24:48
  sort
• 24:48
  of
• 24:49
  phony
• 24:49
  science
• 24:50
  around
• 24:51
  scaring
• 24:51
  people
• 24:51
  around
• 24:52
  tunneling.
• 24:52
  And
• 24:53
  I
• 24:53
  think
• 24:53
  it's
• 24:53
  very
• 24:53
  unfortunate
• 24:54
  because
• 24:54
  he
• 24:55
  set
• 24:55
  back
• 24:56
  the
• 24:56
  rail
• 24:56
  system
• 24:57
  going
• 24:57
  down
• 24:57
  Wilshire
• 24:58
  where
• 24:58
  it
• 24:58
  always
• 24:58
  should
• 24:59
  have
• 24:59
  gone.
• 24:59
  It's
• 24:59
  a
• 24:59
  very
• 24:59
  densely
• 25:00
  populated
• 25:00
  route.
• 25:00
  He
• 25:01
  set
• 25:01
  back
• 25:01
  decades.
• 25:02
  And
• 25:02
  I
• 25:02
  think
• 25:02
  it's.
• 25:02
  I
• 25:03
  think
• 25:03
  it's
• 25:03
  really
• 25:03
  unfortunate.
• 25:03
  It
• 25:04
  wasn't
• 25:04
  just
• 25:04
  him,
• 25:04
  but
• 25:04
  he
• 25:05
  almost
• 25:05
  killed
• 25:05
  the
• 25:05
  entire
• 25:05
  system.
• 25:06
  He
• 25:06
  was
• 25:06
  willing
• 25:06
  to
• 25:07
  go
• 25:07
  to
• 25:07
  Congress
• 25:08
  or
• 25:08
  use
• 25:08
  his
• 25:08
  power
• 25:08
  in
• 25:09
  Congress
• 25:09
  and
• 25:10
  actually
• 25:10
  kill
• 25:10
  all
• 25:10
  federal
• 25:11
  funding,
• 25:11
  which
• 25:11
  would
• 25:11
  have
• 25:12
  killed
• 25:12
  rail
• 25:12
  completely
• 25:12
  in
• 25:13
  la
• 25:13
  or
• 25:13
  at
• 25:13
  least
• 25:13
  the
• 25:14
  downtown
• 25:14
  LA
• 25:14
  portion
• 25:15
  of
• 25:15
  rail.
• 25:16
  That's
• 25:16
  wild.
• 25:16
  But
• 25:16
  then
• 25:16
  Fairfax's
• 25:17
  loss
• 25:17
  was
• 25:18
  Vermont
• 25:18
  Avenue
• 25:19
  corridor's
• 25:19
  Gain
• 25:20
  because
• 25:20
  it
• 25:21
  was
• 25:21
  a
• 25:21
  far
• 25:21
  more
• 25:21
  commercially
• 25:22
  dense
• 25:22
  area
• 25:23
  and
• 25:23
  they
• 25:23
  welcomed
• 25:24
  having
• 25:24
  it.
• 25:25
  They
• 25:25
  should
• 25:25
  have
• 25:25
  changed
• 25:25
  the
• 25:25
  names
• 25:26
  to
• 25:26
  Axman.
• 25:28
  What
• 25:28
  is
• 25:28
  your
• 25:28
  opinion
• 25:28
  about
• 25:29
  the
• 25:29
  high
• 25:29
  speed
• 25:29
  rail
• 25:30
  project
• 25:31
  that's
• 25:31
  been
• 25:32
  so
• 25:32
  controversial
• 25:33
  and
• 25:33
  stalled
• 25:34
  for
• 25:34
  so
• 25:34
  many
• 25:34
  years?
• 25:35
  Well,
• 25:36
  I
• 25:36
  think
• 25:36
  high
• 25:37
  speed
• 25:37
  rail
• 25:37
  is
• 25:37
  very
• 25:37
  appropriate
• 25:38
  for
• 25:38
  California.
• 25:39
  We've
• 25:39
  got
• 25:39
  cities,
• 25:40
  LA
• 25:40
  San
• 25:40
  Francisco
• 25:41
  and
• 25:41
  San
• 25:41
  Diego
• 25:42
  that
• 25:43
  really
• 25:43
  are
• 25:43
  well
• 25:44
  suited
• 25:44
  for
• 25:45
  a
• 25:45
  lot
• 25:45
  of
• 25:45
  high
• 25:45
  speed
• 25:46
  train
• 25:46
  trips.
• 25:46
  So
• 25:46
  people
• 25:47
  would
• 25:47
  make
• 25:47
  a
• 25:47
  lot
• 25:47
  of
• 25:48
  use
• 25:48
  of
• 25:48
  that
• 25:48
  system.
• 25:49
  So
• 25:49
  in
• 25:49
  concept
• 25:49
  it's.
• 25:50
  I
• 25:50
  think
• 25:50
  it'd
• 25:50
  be
• 25:51
  really
• 25:51
  important
• 25:51
  to
• 25:51
  get
• 25:52
  it
• 25:52
  built
• 25:52
  in
• 25:52
  California
• 25:53
  and
• 25:53
  particularly
• 25:54
  an
• 25:54
  LA
• 25:54
  to
• 25:54
  San
• 25:55
  Diego
• 25:55
  route.
• 25:55
  I
• 25:56
  mean,
• 25:56
  that
• 25:56
  would
• 25:56
  just
• 25:56
  print
• 25:57
  money
• 25:57
  because
• 25:57
  that
• 25:58
  is
• 25:58
  a
• 25:58
  route
• 25:58
  that
• 25:58
  you're
• 25:59
  obviously
• 25:59
  not
• 25:59
  going
• 25:59
  to
• 25:59
  fly
• 26:00
  unless
• 26:00
  you've
• 26:00
  got
• 26:00
  a
• 26:00
  private
• 26:00
  plane.
• 26:01
  I
• 26:02
  actually
• 26:02
  went
• 26:02
  down
• 26:02
  to
• 26:02
  San
• 26:03
  Diego
• 26:04
  two
• 26:04
  weeks
• 26:04
  ago
• 26:04
  to
• 26:04
  visit
• 26:05
  my
• 26:05
  cat,
• 26:07
  which
• 26:07
  is
• 26:07
  in
• 26:07
  the
• 26:07
  care
• 26:08
  of
• 26:08
  my
• 26:08
  late
• 26:09
  wife's
• 26:09
  little
• 26:09
  sister
• 26:10
  in
• 26:10
  Imperial
• 26:11
  Beach.
• 26:11
  It
• 26:11
  was
• 26:11
  a
• 26:12
  delightful
• 26:13
  ride,
• 26:13
  but
• 26:13
  took
• 26:14
  four
• 26:14
  hours.
• 26:14
  It's
• 26:15
  a
• 26:15
  stroll.
• 26:16
  Well,
• 26:16
  and
• 26:16
  if
• 26:16
  you,
• 26:16
  if
• 26:17
  that
• 26:17
  was
• 26:17
  high
• 26:17
  speed
• 26:17
  rail,
• 26:17
  you
• 26:18
  could
• 26:18
  get
• 26:18
  down
• 26:18
  there
• 26:18
  in
• 26:18
  40
• 26:18
  minutes.
• 26:19
  It
• 26:19
  would
• 26:20
  be
• 26:20
  transformative.
• 26:21
  Now
• 26:21
  my
• 26:21
  opinion
• 26:21
  on
• 26:22
  it
• 26:22
  though
• 26:22
  is
• 26:22
  that
• 26:22
  it's
• 26:23
  not
• 26:23
  being
• 26:23
  executed
• 26:24
  very
• 26:24
  well.
• 26:24
  I
• 26:24
  don't
• 26:25
  think
• 26:25
  that's
• 26:25
  breaking
• 26:25
  news
• 26:26
  to
• 26:26
  anybody.
• 26:26
  But
• 26:27
  I
• 26:27
  don't
• 26:27
  totally
• 26:27
  blame
• 26:28
  the
• 26:28
  state.
• 26:29
  It's
• 26:29
  hard
• 26:29
  to
• 26:30
  build
• 26:30
  anything
• 26:30
  of
• 26:31
  that
• 26:31
  scale
• 26:31
  in
• 26:31
  California.
• 26:32
  I
• 26:32
  mean,
• 26:32
  transmission
• 26:33
  lines
• 26:33
  in
• 26:33
  California
• 26:34
  take
• 26:35
  five
• 26:35
  to
• 26:35
  10
• 26:35
  years
• 26:36
  longer
• 26:36
  than
• 26:36
  in
• 26:36
  most
• 26:37
  other
• 26:37
  states.
• 26:37
  And
• 26:37
  we
• 26:38
  can't
• 26:38
  build
• 26:38
  housing.
• 26:38
  We
• 26:39
  have
• 26:39
  trouble
• 26:39
  building
• 26:39
  rail
• 26:40
  just
• 26:40
  within
• 26:40
  la.
• 26:41
  So
• 26:41
  high
• 26:41
  speed
• 26:42
  rail
• 26:42
  is
• 26:42
  caught
• 26:42
  up
• 26:42
  in
• 26:42
  the
• 26:43
  same
• 26:43
  governance
• 26:44
  dysfunction
• 26:44
  that
• 26:45
  all
• 26:45
  of
• 26:45
  these
• 26:45
  big
• 26:46
  infrastructure
• 26:46
  projects
• 26:47
  are
• 26:47
  now
• 26:47
  caught
• 26:47
  up
• 26:47
  in.
• 26:48
  And
• 26:48
  a
• 26:48
  lot
• 26:48
  of
• 26:48
  it
• 26:48
  honestly
• 26:49
  boils
• 26:49
  down
• 26:49
  to
• 26:50
  having
• 26:50
  too
• 26:51
  many
• 26:51
  local
• 26:51
  governments.
• 26:52
  We
• 26:52
  have
• 26:52
  too
• 26:52
  many
• 26:52
  cities.
• 26:53
  Yeah.
• 26:53
  And
• 26:54
  they
• 26:54
  all
• 26:54
  have
• 26:54
  veto
• 26:55
  authority.
• 26:55
  And
• 26:56
  I've
• 26:56
  talked
• 26:56
  to
• 26:56
  the
• 26:56
  high
• 26:56
  speed
• 26:57
  rail
• 26:57
  authority
• 26:57
  about.
• 26:57
  They've
• 26:58
  got
• 26:58
  to
• 26:58
  negotiate
• 26:58
  with
• 26:58
  this
• 26:59
  little.
• 26:59
  Great
• 27:00
  point.
• 27:00
  The
• 27:00
  power
• 27:01
  grid
• 27:01
  is
• 27:01
  a
• 27:01
  good
• 27:02
  example
• 27:02
  of
• 27:02
  that
• 27:02
  too.
• 27:03
  We
• 27:03
  need
• 27:03
  a
• 27:03
  new
• 27:04
  generation
• 27:04
  power
• 27:05
  grid
• 27:05
  2.0,
• 27:06
  but
• 27:06
  we
• 27:06
  can't
• 27:06
  get
• 27:07
  the
• 27:07
  easements
• 27:08
  to
• 27:08
  do
• 27:08
  it.
• 27:08
  You
• 27:08
  have
• 27:09
  counties
• 27:09
  that
• 27:09
  are
• 27:09
  banning
• 27:10
  renewable
• 27:10
  energy
• 27:11
  development.
• 27:11
  You
• 27:11
  have
• 27:12
  counties
• 27:12
  that
• 27:12
  have
• 27:12
  put
• 27:12
  moratorium
• 27:13
  on
• 27:13
  wind
• 27:14
  development,
• 27:14
  for
• 27:14
  example.
• 27:15
  They
• 27:15
  won't
• 27:15
  let
• 27:15
  transmission
• 27:16
  lines
• 27:16
  in.
• 27:16
  I
• 27:16
  mean,
• 27:17
  it's
• 27:17
  really
• 27:17
  hard
• 27:17
  to
• 27:17
  build
• 27:18
  anything
• 27:18
  of
• 27:18
  any
• 27:18
  scale
• 27:19
  now
• 27:19
  in
• 27:19
  California.
• 27:20
  And
• 27:20
  high
• 27:20
  speed
• 27:20
  rail,
• 27:20
  like
• 27:20
  I
• 27:21
  say,
• 27:21
  it's
• 27:21
  just
• 27:21
  another
• 27:21
  symptom
• 27:22
  of
• 27:22
  that.
• 27:22
  So
• 27:23
  we've
• 27:23
  just
• 27:23
  wasted
• 27:23
  a
• 27:23
  huge
• 27:24
  amount
• 27:24
  of
• 27:24
  time
• 27:24
  and
• 27:24
  money
• 27:25
  on
• 27:25
  a
• 27:25
  project
• 27:25
  that
• 27:26
  the
• 27:26
  statewide,
• 27:26
  the
• 27:27
  voters
• 27:27
  want
• 27:27
  it.
• 27:27
  But
• 27:28
  then
• 27:28
  it
• 27:28
  just
• 27:28
  gets
• 27:28
  gummed
• 27:29
  up
• 27:29
  in
• 27:29
  the
• 27:29
  same
• 27:29
  way
• 27:30
  that
• 27:30
  LA
• 27:30
  Metro
• 27:31
  Rail
• 27:31
  got
• 27:31
  gummed
• 27:32
  up.
• 27:32
  LA
• 27:32
  Voters
• 27:32
  voted
• 27:33
  for
• 27:33
  Metro
• 27:33
  Rail.
• 27:34
  They
• 27:34
  wanted
• 27:34
  to
• 27:34
  see
• 27:34
  it.
• 27:35
  But
• 27:35
  then
• 27:35
  some
• 27:36
  little
• 27:36
  utility
• 27:36
  district
• 27:37
  and
• 27:37
  city
• 27:37
  of
• 27:37
  Beverly
• 27:38
  Hills
• 27:38
  and
• 27:38
  this
• 27:38
  other
• 27:39
  city
• 27:39
  and
• 27:39
  this
• 27:39
  politician
• 27:40
  all
• 27:40
  conspired
• 27:41
  to
• 27:41
  veto,
• 27:42
  you
• 27:42
  know,
• 27:42
  all
• 27:42
  the
• 27:42
  routes
• 27:43
  that
• 27:43
  we
• 27:43
  needed.
• 27:44
  And
• 27:44
  when
• 27:44
  the
• 27:44
  routes
• 27:45
  did
• 27:45
  go
• 27:45
  through,
• 27:45
  they
• 27:45
  were
• 27:45
  compromised
• 27:46
  and
• 27:46
  sued.
• 27:47
  And
• 27:47
  so
• 27:47
  we're
• 27:48
  disempowering
• 27:49
  these
• 27:49
  agencies
• 27:50
  from
• 27:50
  building
• 27:50
  the
• 27:50
  projects
• 27:51
  that
• 27:51
  the
• 27:51
  voters
• 27:51
  are
• 27:52
  funding.
• 27:52
  And
• 27:52
  that
• 27:53
  is
• 27:53
  really
• 27:53
  the
• 27:53
  dysfunction
• 27:53
  in
• 27:54
  the
• 27:54
  state.
• 27:54
  So,
• 27:54
  Ethan,
• 27:54
  when
• 27:55
  are
• 27:55
  you
• 27:55
  running
• 27:55
  for
• 27:55
  office?
• 27:57
  No
• 27:57
  immediate
• 27:57
  plans.
• 27:58
  It's
• 27:58
  more
• 27:58
  fun
• 27:58
  to
• 27:58
  take
• 27:58
  potshots
• 27:59
  on
• 27:59
  the
• 28:00
  side.
• 28:01
  There's
• 28:02
  two
• 28:02
  things
• 28:02
  we
• 28:02
  should
• 28:03
  cover
• 28:03
  while
• 28:03
  we
• 28:03
  have
• 28:04
  time.
• 28:04
  One,
• 28:05
  the
• 28:05
  Green
• 28:05
  Line
• 28:06
  and
• 28:06
  why
• 28:06
  we
• 28:07
  don't
• 28:07
  have
• 28:07
  a
• 28:07
  connection
• 28:07
  to
• 28:07
  lax.
• 28:08
  What
• 28:08
  was
• 28:08
  that
• 28:08
  all
• 28:09
  about?
• 28:09
  That's
• 28:09
  a
• 28:09
  fascinating
• 28:10
  history,
• 28:10
  but
• 28:10
  before
• 28:11
  we
• 28:11
  were
• 28:11
  getting
• 28:11
  into
• 28:11
  the
• 28:11
  constraints,
• 28:12
  the
• 28:12
  nitty
• 28:13
  gritty
• 28:13
  of
• 28:13
  building
• 28:13
  the
• 28:13
  tunnels,
• 28:14
  Marc
• 28:15
  Brunel,
• 28:15
  a
• 28:16
  Frenchman
• 28:16
  who
• 28:17
  came
• 28:17
  up
• 28:18
  with
• 28:18
  modern
• 28:18
  tunneling
• 28:19
  in
• 28:19
  1824
• 28:21
  and
• 28:21
  that
• 28:21
  technique
• 28:21
  is
• 28:22
  still
• 28:22
  used.
• 28:22
  But
• 28:23
  what's
• 28:23
  interesting
• 28:23
  is
• 28:23
  that
• 28:23
  you
• 28:24
  had
• 28:24
  the
• 28:24
  challenge
• 28:24
  here
• 28:24
  in
• 28:24
  LA
• 28:25
  of
• 28:25
  having
• 28:25
  to
• 28:25
  build
• 28:25
  under
• 28:25
  these
• 28:26
  huge
• 28:26
  buildings
• 28:28
  in
• 28:28
  soft
• 28:28
  soil.
• 28:29
  And
• 28:29
  the
• 28:29
  techniques
• 28:30
  they
• 28:30
  used,
• 28:30
  they
• 28:30
  had
• 28:30
  an
• 28:30
  umbrella
• 28:31
  design
• 28:32
  of
• 28:32
  drilling
• 28:32
  holes
• 28:33
  over
• 28:33
  where
• 28:34
  the
• 28:34
  tunnel
• 28:34
  was
• 28:34
  going
• 28:35
  to
• 28:35
  be
• 28:35
  dug,
• 28:35
  where
• 28:35
  they
• 28:36
  then
• 28:36
  pumped
• 28:36
  in
• 28:36
  what
• 28:36
  they
• 28:37
  called
• 28:37
  grout,
• 28:37
  which
• 28:38
  was
• 28:38
  a
• 28:38
  combination
• 28:38
  of
• 28:39
  concrete
• 28:39
  and
• 28:40
  other
• 28:40
  materials
• 28:41
  that
• 28:41
  would
• 28:41
  dry
• 28:41
  and
• 28:42
  then
• 28:42
  exp.
• 28:44
  Compressed
• 28:44
  the
• 28:44
  soil
• 28:45
  which
• 28:45
  made
• 28:45
  the
• 28:45
  earth
• 28:46
  more
• 28:46
  stable
• 28:47
  for
• 28:47
  the
• 28:47
  boring
• 28:48
  machines
• 28:48
  to
• 28:48
  come
• 28:48
  through.
• 28:49
  Do
• 28:49
  I
• 28:49
  have
• 28:49
  that
• 28:49
  right?
• 28:50
  Yeah,
• 28:50
  it's
• 28:50
  a
• 28:51
  really
• 28:51
  fascinating
• 28:51
  engineering
• 28:52
  story.
• 28:52
  And
• 28:53
  it
• 28:53
  started
• 28:53
  under
• 28:53
  the
• 28:53
  Thames
• 28:54
  river
• 28:55
  with
• 28:55
  the
• 28:55
  original
• 28:55
  London
• 28:56
  Tube
• 28:56
  with
• 28:57
  coal
• 28:57
  powered
• 28:57
  trains.
• 28:58
  I
• 28:58
  mean,
• 28:58
  the
• 28:58
  air
• 28:58
  quality
• 28:59
  was
• 28:59
  probably
• 28:59
  just
• 28:59
  poisoning
• 29:00
  people
• 29:00
  right
• 29:00
  and
• 29:00
  left
• 29:00
  in
• 29:01
  there
• 29:01
  before
• 29:01
  electric
• 29:01
  trains
• 29:02
  were
• 29:02
  invented.
• 29:02
  But
• 29:03
  yeah,
• 29:03
  they
• 29:03
  basically
• 29:04
  have
• 29:04
  these
• 29:04
  tunnel
• 29:04
  boring
• 29:05
  machines.
• 29:05
  They're
• 29:06
  digging
• 29:06
  and
• 29:06
  putting
• 29:07
  in
• 29:08
  these
• 29:08
  sort
• 29:08
  of
• 29:09
  concrete
• 29:09
  sheet
• 29:10
  so
• 29:10
  it
• 29:10
  doesn't
• 29:10
  collapse.
• 29:11
  And
• 29:11
  that's
• 29:11
  kind
• 29:12
  of
• 29:12
  how
• 29:12
  the
• 29:12
  original
• 29:12
  technology
• 29:13
  is
• 29:13
  built
• 29:13
  now.
• 29:13
  It's
• 29:13
  automated
• 29:14
  and
• 29:14
  it's
• 29:14
  a
• 29:15
  lot
• 29:15
  faster.
• 29:15
  But
• 29:16
  the
• 29:16
  other
• 29:16
  problem
• 29:16
  is
• 29:16
  that
• 29:17
  they're
• 29:17
  always
• 29:17
  guessing,
• 29:18
  right?
• 29:18
  They
• 29:18
  do
• 29:18
  soil
• 29:18
  samples
• 29:19
  as
• 29:19
  to
• 29:19
  what's
• 29:20
  down
• 29:20
  there,
• 29:20
  but
• 29:20
  they
• 29:21
  don't
• 29:21
  really
• 29:21
  know
• 29:21
  what
• 29:21
  they're
• 29:22
  going
• 29:22
  to
• 29:22
  hit
• 29:22
  when
• 29:22
  they
• 29:22
  start
• 29:22
  tunneling.
• 29:23
  And
• 29:23
  in
• 29:24
  some
• 29:24
  cases
• 29:24
  there
• 29:24
  are
• 29:24
  these
• 29:25
  old
• 29:25
  utility
• 29:25
  lines
• 29:26
  that
• 29:26
  were
• 29:26
  never
• 29:26
  mapped.
• 29:27
  You
• 29:27
  know,
• 29:27
  there
• 29:28
  are,
• 29:28
  there
• 29:28
  are
• 29:28
  weird
• 29:28
  foundations
• 29:29
  to
• 29:29
  buildings
• 29:30
  that
• 29:30
  they
• 29:30
  didn't
• 29:30
  know
• 29:30
  were
• 29:30
  there.
• 29:31
  So
• 29:31
  the
• 29:32
  rule
• 29:32
  of
• 29:32
  thumb
• 29:32
  is
• 29:32
  if
• 29:32
  you're
• 29:33
  in
• 29:33
  politics
• 29:33
  and
• 29:34
  you
• 29:34
  green
• 29:34
  light
• 29:34
  a
• 29:35
  big
• 29:35
  construction
• 29:35
  project,
• 29:35
  it's
• 29:36
  try
• 29:36
  to
• 29:36
  get
• 29:37
  out
• 29:37
  of
• 29:37
  office
• 29:38
  overseeing
• 29:38
  it
• 29:39
  before
• 29:39
  construction
• 29:40
  starts
• 29:40
  because
• 29:40
  it's
• 29:41
  nothing
• 29:41
  but
• 29:41
  horror
• 29:42
  stories.
• 29:42
  I
• 29:42
  mean,
• 29:42
  anyone
• 29:42
  who's
• 29:43
  done
• 29:43
  a
• 29:43
  home
• 29:43
  remodel
• 29:43
  project,
• 29:44
  nothing
• 29:44
  ever
• 29:44
  goes
• 29:45
  the
• 29:45
  way
• 29:45
  they
• 29:46
  say
• 29:46
  it
• 29:46
  will.
• 29:46
  There's
• 29:46
  always
• 29:47
  something
• 29:47
  weird.
• 29:47
  And
• 29:47
  this
• 29:47
  is
• 29:48
  like
• 29:48
  a
• 29:48
  home
• 29:48
  remodel
• 29:49
  project
• 29:49
  on
• 29:49
  a
• 29:49
  massive
• 29:50
  scale.
• 29:50
  It'll
• 29:50
  always
• 29:50
  cost
• 29:51
  more.
• 29:51
  The
• 29:51
  two
• 29:52
  major
• 29:52
  safety
• 29:52
  issues,
• 29:53
  methane
• 29:53
  and
• 29:54
  earthquakes,
• 29:55
  are
• 29:55
  mitigated
• 29:56
  by,
• 29:56
  as
• 29:56
  you
• 29:57
  described
• 29:57
  in
• 29:57
  the
• 29:57
  book,
• 29:58
  there
• 29:58
  is
• 29:58
  a
• 29:59
  polyliner
• 30:00
  between
• 30:00
  two
• 30:00
  concrete
• 30:01
  layers
• 30:01
  which
• 30:02
  supposedly
• 30:03
  seal
• 30:03
  out
• 30:03
  the
• 30:04
  gas
• 30:04
  from
• 30:04
  the
• 30:04
  tunnel
• 30:05
  from
• 30:05
  all
• 30:05
  this
• 30:06
  methane
• 30:06
  that
• 30:06
  has
• 30:07
  accumulated
• 30:07
  from
• 30:07
  the
• 30:08
  oil
• 30:08
  drilling.
• 30:09
  And
• 30:09
  there
• 30:09
  was
• 30:10
  some
• 30:10
  talk
• 30:10
  that
• 30:11
  they
• 30:11
  found
• 30:11
  that
• 30:11
  a
• 30:12
  lot
• 30:12
  of
• 30:12
  this
• 30:12
  liner
• 30:13
  was
• 30:13
  punctured.
• 30:13
  But
• 30:14
  there's
• 30:14
  ventilation
• 30:15
  systems,
• 30:15
  and
• 30:15
  that's
• 30:15
  pretty
• 30:16
  much
• 30:16
  a
• 30:16
  safety
• 30:17
  risk
• 30:17
  that's
• 30:17
  been
• 30:17
  mitigated.
• 30:18
  The
• 30:18
  other
• 30:18
  thing,
• 30:18
  of
• 30:19
  course,
• 30:19
  is
• 30:19
  earthquakes.
• 30:19
  For
• 30:20
  people
• 30:20
  who
• 30:20
  are
• 30:20
  saying,
• 30:20
  I'm
• 30:20
  not
• 30:21
  going
• 30:21
  to
• 30:21
  take
• 30:21
  a
• 30:21
  subway
• 30:21
  in
• 30:21
  an
• 30:22
  earthquake.
• 30:22
  I
• 30:22
  don't
• 30:22
  want
• 30:22
  to
• 30:22
  be
• 30:22
  under
• 30:23
  the
• 30:23
  mountain
• 30:23
  when
• 30:23
  that
• 30:23
  happens.
• 30:24
  But
• 30:24
  those
• 30:24
  are
• 30:24
  designed
• 30:25
  to
• 30:25
  work
• 30:26
  like
• 30:26
  worms
• 30:26
  and
• 30:27
  be
• 30:27
  flexible.
• 30:27
  Yeah,
• 30:28
  absolutely.
• 30:28
  And
• 30:29
  in
• 30:29
  fact,
• 30:29
  it's
• 30:29
  safer
• 30:29
  to
• 30:29
  be
• 30:30
  underground
• 30:30
  than
• 30:30
  above
• 30:30
  ground
• 30:31
  in
• 30:31
  an
• 30:31
  earthquake,
• 30:32
  so
• 30:32
  things
• 30:33
  won't
• 30:33
  fall
• 30:33
  on
• 30:33
  you.
• 30:33
  You
• 30:34
  know,
• 30:34
  up
• 30:34
  in
• 30:34
  a
• 30:34
  skyscraper,
• 30:35
  that's
• 30:35
  where
• 30:35
  things
• 30:35
  start
• 30:35
  collapsing
• 30:37
  bridges.
• 30:37
  Those
• 30:38
  are
• 30:38
  much
• 30:38
  more
• 30:38
  dangerous
• 30:39
  than
• 30:39
  a
• 30:39
  subway.
• 30:39
  It's
• 30:39
  actually
• 30:40
  fairly
• 30:40
  safe
• 30:40
  in
• 30:40
  the
• 30:40
  subway.
• 30:41
  And
• 30:41
  they
• 30:41
  are
• 30:41
  designed
• 30:41
  to
• 30:42
  move.
• 30:42
  And
• 30:43
  with
• 30:43
  the
• 30:43
  methane,
• 30:43
  you
• 30:44
  just
• 30:44
  vent
• 30:44
  it.
• 30:44
  Anybody
• 30:45
  who
• 30:45
  has
• 30:45
  a
• 30:45
  gas
• 30:45
  burner
• 30:46
  at
• 30:46
  home
• 30:46
  and
• 30:47
  you're
• 30:47
  cooking
• 30:47
  in
• 30:47
  your
• 30:47
  kitchen,
• 30:48
  you
• 30:48
  should
• 30:48
  open
• 30:48
  a
• 30:48
  window,
• 30:49
  you
• 30:49
  just
• 30:49
  vent
• 30:49
  the
• 30:49
  gas.
• 30:51
  And
• 30:51
  that
• 30:51
  takes
• 30:52
  care
• 30:52
  of
• 30:52
  it.
• 30:52
  In
• 30:52
  this
• 30:52
  diverse
• 30:53
  topography,
• 30:53
  you
• 30:54
  have
• 30:54
  to
• 30:54
  keep
• 30:54
  the
• 30:54
  tunnels
• 30:55
  relatively
• 30:56
  even
• 30:56
  because
• 30:57
  the
• 30:57
  trains
• 30:57
  would
• 30:57
  have
• 30:58
  to
• 30:58
  slow
• 30:58
  down
• 30:58
  if
• 30:58
  there
• 30:58
  were
• 30:58
  ups
• 30:59
  and
• 30:59
  downs.
• 30:59
  Right.
• 30:59
  So
• 31:00
  there's
• 31:00
  another
• 31:00
  challenge.
• 31:01
  The
• 31:01
  people
• 31:01
  that
• 31:01
  build
• 31:02
  these
• 31:02
  things,
• 31:02
  they're
• 31:02
  known
• 31:02
  as
• 31:03
  tunnel
• 31:03
  stiffs.
• 31:04
  Yes.
• 31:05
  What's
• 31:05
  that
• 31:05
  about?
• 31:06
  Well,
• 31:07
  there's
• 31:07
  a
• 31:07
  different
• 31:07
  name
• 31:08
  if
• 31:08
  you're
• 31:08
  west,
• 31:09
  east
• 31:09
  of
• 31:09
  the
• 31:09
  Mississippi.
• 31:10
  Out
• 31:10
  in
• 31:10
  the
• 31:10
  west,
• 31:10
  there
• 31:11
  are
• 31:11
  tunnel
• 31:11
  stiffs,
• 31:12
  and
• 31:12
  they,
• 31:13
  you
• 31:13
  know,
• 31:13
  they
• 31:13
  just,
• 31:13
  they
• 31:13
  have
• 31:14
  a
• 31:14
  kind
• 31:14
  of
• 31:14
  identity.
• 31:14
  By
• 31:15
  the
• 31:15
  way,
• 31:15
  this
• 31:15
  is
• 31:15
  all
• 31:15
  back
• 31:15
  in
• 31:15
  the
• 31:15
  80s.
• 31:16
  I'm
• 31:16
  not.
• 31:16
  I
• 31:16
  haven't
• 31:17
  kept
• 31:17
  tabs
• 31:17
  on
• 31:17
  the
• 31:17
  construction
• 31:18
  industry.
• 31:18
  They
• 31:18
  may
• 31:18
  have
• 31:18
  a
• 31:19
  new
• 31:19
  name
• 31:19
  for
• 31:19
  themselves,
• 31:20
  but
• 31:20
  that's
• 31:20
  what
• 31:20
  they
• 31:20
  call
• 31:21
  themselves
• 31:21
  back
• 31:21
  then.
• 31:21
  And
• 31:22
  there
• 31:22
  was
• 31:22
  a
• 31:22
  real
• 31:22
  point
• 31:23
  of
• 31:23
  pride
• 31:23
  in
• 31:23
  being
• 31:23
  someone
• 31:24
  who
• 31:24
  could
• 31:24
  go
• 31:24
  down
• 31:24
  into
• 31:25
  these
• 31:25
  tunnels
• 31:26
  and
• 31:26
  work
• 31:26
  underground.
• 31:27
  And,
• 31:27
  you
• 31:28
  know,
• 31:28
  it's
• 31:28
  not
• 31:28
  just
• 31:28
  rail
• 31:28
  tunnels.
• 31:29
  I
• 31:29
  mean,
• 31:29
  we
• 31:29
  have
• 31:29
  to
• 31:30
  build
• 31:30
  new
• 31:30
  pipelines,
• 31:31
  water
• 31:31
  pipelines,
• 31:32
  telecommunications.
• 31:33
  So
• 31:33
  they're
• 31:33
  actually,
• 31:33
  there's
• 31:34
  a
• 31:34
  lot
• 31:34
  of
• 31:34
  tunneling
• 31:34
  that
• 31:35
  happens,
• 31:35
  but
• 31:35
  nothing
• 31:36
  got
• 31:36
  quite
• 31:36
  the
• 31:37
  scale
• 31:37
  as
• 31:38
  a
• 31:38
  rail
• 31:38
  tunnel.
• 31:39
  I
• 31:39
  mean,
• 31:39
  those
• 31:39
  are
• 31:39
  very
• 31:40
  large,
• 31:40
  and
• 31:40
  they're
• 31:41
  traversing
• 31:41
  densely
• 31:42
  built
• 31:42
  urban
• 31:42
  environments.
• 31:43
  So
• 31:43
  it's
• 31:44
  a
• 31:44
  really
• 31:44
  specialized
• 31:44
  kind
• 31:45
  of
• 31:45
  work.
• 31:45
  And
• 31:45
  it's.
• 31:45
  It's
• 31:46
  dangerous
• 31:46
  work.
• 31:46
  There
• 31:47
  were
• 31:47
  accidents
• 31:47
  for
• 31:47
  sure.
• 31:48
  Let's
• 31:48
  not
• 31:48
  forget
• 31:48
  the
• 31:49
  day
• 31:49
  Hollywood
• 31:49
  Boulevard
• 31:50
  caved
• 31:50
  in.
• 31:50
  Yeah,
• 31:51
  a
• 31:51
  big
• 31:51
  giant
• 31:52
  sinkhole.
• 31:52
  A
• 31:52
  few
• 31:52
  elected
• 31:53
  officials.
• 31:53
  I
• 31:53
  think
• 31:53
  I
• 31:53
  saw
• 31:54
  that
• 31:54
  movie.
• 31:56
  Yeah,
• 31:56
  LA
• 31:56
  loves
• 31:57
  their
• 31:57
  disaster
• 31:57
  stories.
• 31:58
  And
• 31:58
  this
• 31:59
  was
• 31:59
  a
• 31:59
  real
• 31:59
  life
• 31:59
  one
• 31:59
  where,
• 32:00
  yeah,
• 32:00
  they
• 32:01
  hit
• 32:01
  a
• 32:01
  sinkhole,
• 32:02
  the
• 32:02
  soil
• 32:02
  wasn't
• 32:03
  as
• 32:03
  strong
• 32:03
  as
• 32:03
  they
• 32:03
  thought
• 32:03
  and
• 32:04
  it
• 32:04
  shut
• 32:04
  down.
• 32:05
  That
• 32:05
  was
• 32:06
  in
• 32:06
  Hollywood.
• 32:06
  There
• 32:06
  was
• 32:06
  later
• 32:07
  a
• 32:07
  fire
• 32:07
  and
• 32:07
  that
• 32:08
  was
• 32:08
  under
• 32:08
  the
• 32:08
  Hollywood
• 32:09
  Freeway.
• 32:09
  And
• 32:10
  then
• 32:10
  they
• 32:10
  had
• 32:10
  to
• 32:10
  shut
• 32:10
  the
• 32:10
  freeway
• 32:11
  down
• 32:11
  because
• 32:11
  it
• 32:11
  melted
• 32:12
  a
• 32:12
  bunch
• 32:12
  of
• 32:12
  the
• 32:12
  mint
• 32:13
  in
• 32:13
  the
• 32:13
  tunnel
• 32:13
  and
• 32:13
  they
• 32:13
  didn't
• 32:14
  know
• 32:14
  if
• 32:14
  that
• 32:14
  was
• 32:14
  going
• 32:14
  to
• 32:14
  collapse.
• 32:15
  These
• 32:15
  are
• 32:15
  high
• 32:16
  profile
• 32:16
  things.
• 32:16
  I
• 32:17
  remember
• 32:17
  I
• 32:17
  got
• 32:17
  to
• 32:17
  interview
• 32:18
  Mr.
• 32:18
  Sulu,
• 32:19
  George
• 32:19
  Takei,
• 32:19
  you
• 32:20
  know,
• 32:20
  from
• 32:20
  Star
• 32:20
  Trek
• 32:20
  fame,
• 32:21
  because
• 32:21
  he
• 32:21
  actually
• 32:21
  was
• 32:22
  Tom
• 32:22
  Bradley,
• 32:22
  appointee
• 32:23
  to
• 32:23
  the
• 32:23
  transit
• 32:24
  district.
• 32:25
  I
• 32:25
  think
• 32:25
  Bradley
• 32:25
  was
• 32:25
  trying
• 32:26
  to
• 32:26
  capitalize
• 32:27
  on
• 32:27
  the
• 32:27
  futuristic
• 32:27
  Star
• 32:28
  Trek
• 32:28
  nature
• 32:28
  of
• 32:28
  building
• 32:29
  a
• 32:29
  rail
• 32:29
  line.
• 32:30
  And
• 32:30
  I
• 32:30
  remember
• 32:31
  he
• 32:31
  told
• 32:31
  me
• 32:31
  that
• 32:32
  he
• 32:32
  wanted
• 32:32
  off
• 32:32
  the
• 32:33
  board
• 32:33
  once
• 32:33
  construction
• 32:34
  started
• 32:34
  because
• 32:34
  he
• 32:35
  knew
• 32:35
  there
• 32:35
  were
• 32:36
  going
• 32:36
  to
• 32:36
  be
• 32:36
  problems.
• 32:37
  Not
• 32:38
  because
• 32:38
  he
• 32:38
  didn't
• 32:38
  have
• 32:38
  confidence
• 32:39
  in
• 32:39
  the
• 32:39
  agency,
• 32:39
  but
• 32:39
  just
• 32:40
  because
• 32:40
  that's
• 32:40
  the
• 32:40
  way
• 32:40
  these
• 32:40
  things
• 32:41
  go
• 32:41
  and
• 32:41
  they're
• 32:41
  just
• 32:42
  so
• 32:42
  much
• 32:42
  higher
• 32:43
  profile.
• 32:43
  I
• 32:43
  mean,
• 32:44
  Hollywood
• 32:44
  sinkholes,
• 32:45
  shutting
• 32:45
  the
• 32:45
  Hollywood
• 32:46
  Freeway
• 32:46
  down.
• 32:46
  I
• 32:46
  mean,
• 32:46
  these
• 32:47
  are
• 32:47
  national
• 32:47
  stories
• 32:48
  where
• 32:48
  if
• 32:48
  there's
• 32:48
  an
• 32:49
  incident
• 32:49
  in
• 32:49
  Tulsa,
• 32:50
  I
• 32:50
  don't
• 32:50
  think
• 32:50
  it's
• 32:50
  going
• 32:51
  to
• 32:51
  make
• 32:51
  the
• 32:51
  news
• 32:51
  in
• 32:51
  New
• 32:51
  York.
• 32:52
  Good
• 32:52
  point.
• 32:53
  And
• 32:53
  what
• 32:53
  kept
• 32:53
  people
• 32:53
  honest
• 32:54
  was
• 32:54
  we
• 32:55
  had
• 32:55
  a
• 32:55
  very
• 32:55
  robust
• 32:56
  newspaper
• 32:56
  business
• 32:57
  in
• 32:57
  this
• 32:57
  town
• 32:57
  during
• 32:58
  the
• 32:58
  building
• 32:58
  when
• 32:58
  the
• 32:58
  LA
• 32:59
  Times
• 32:59
  was
• 32:59
  still
• 32:59
  prominent.
• 33:00
  The
• 33:00
  LA
• 33:01
  Times
• 33:01
  had
• 33:01
  several
• 33:01
  investigative
• 33:02
  reports
• 33:02
  and
• 33:03
  whistleblowers
• 33:04
  and
• 33:04
  there
• 33:04
  was
• 33:04
  a
• 33:04
  lot
• 33:04
  of
• 33:05
  controversy.
• 33:05
  But
• 33:06
  it's
• 33:06
  bound
• 33:06
  to
• 33:06
  be
• 33:06
  on
• 33:06
  a
• 33:07
  project
• 33:07
  of
• 33:07
  this
• 33:07
  scope.
• 33:08
  Not
• 33:08
  to
• 33:08
  say
• 33:08
  that
• 33:08
  there
• 33:09
  wasn't
• 33:09
  incompetence
• 33:10
  and
• 33:10
  mistakes.
• 33:11
  I
• 33:11
  mean,
• 33:11
  these
• 33:11
  things
• 33:11
  for
• 33:11
  sure
• 33:12
  happen.
• 33:12
  Louisiana
• 33:12
  Times,
• 33:13
  a
• 33:13
  number
• 33:13
  of
• 33:13
  reporters
• 33:14
  won
• 33:14
  some
• 33:14
  Pulitzer
• 33:14
  Prizes
• 33:15
  for
• 33:16
  their
• 33:17
  coverage.
• 33:17
  And
• 33:17
  I
• 33:17
  also
• 33:17
  want
• 33:18
  to
• 33:18
  just
• 33:18
  say
• 33:18
  I've
• 33:18
  done
• 33:19
  a
• 33:19
  fair
• 33:19
  amount
• 33:19
  of
• 33:19
  scholarships
• 33:20
  since
• 33:20
  then
• 33:20
  on
• 33:21
  just
• 33:21
  California's
• 33:22
  rail
• 33:22
  building
• 33:23
  program.
• 33:23
  And
• 33:23
  LA
• 33:24
  Metro
• 33:24
  really
• 33:24
  has
• 33:25
  recognition
• 33:26
  around
• 33:26
  the
• 33:26
  state
• 33:26
  as
• 33:27
  one
• 33:27
  of
• 33:27
  the
• 33:27
  premier
• 33:27
  agencies
• 33:28
  for
• 33:28
  building
• 33:29
  railroad
• 33:29
  because
• 33:30
  that
• 33:30
  was.
• 33:30
  Those
• 33:30
  were
• 33:30
  the
• 33:30
  early
• 33:31
  days
• 33:31
  in
• 33:31
  the
• 33:31
  1980s
• 33:32
  and
• 33:32
  you
• 33:33
  know,
• 33:33
  there
• 33:33
  wasn't
• 33:33
  really
• 33:33
  any
• 33:34
  institutional
• 33:34
  knowledge
• 33:34
  or
• 33:35
  expertise
• 33:36
  at
• 33:36
  this
• 33:36
  point.
• 33:36
  Now
• 33:36
  LA
• 33:37
  has
• 33:37
  steadily
• 33:38
  been
• 33:38
  building
• 33:38
  rail
• 33:39
  for
• 33:39
  40,
• 33:40
  almost
• 33:40
  50
• 33:40
  years.
• 33:41
  And
• 33:41
  so
• 33:42
  there's
• 33:42
  real
• 33:42
  expertise
• 33:43
  built
• 33:43
  up
• 33:43
  and
• 33:44
  they
• 33:44
  really
• 33:44
  know
• 33:44
  what
• 33:45
  they're
• 33:45
  doing.
• 33:45
  So
• 33:46
  again,
• 33:46
  not
• 33:46
  to
• 33:46
  say
• 33:46
  that
• 33:46
  there
• 33:47
  aren't
• 33:47
  mistakes
• 33:47
  being
• 33:48
  made,
• 33:48
  but
• 33:48
  LA
• 33:48
  in
• 33:49
  so
• 33:49
  many
• 33:49
  ways
• 33:49
  is
• 33:50
  a
• 33:50
  real
• 33:50
  kind
• 33:50
  of
• 33:50
  gold
• 33:50
  standard
• 33:51
  for
• 33:51
  building
• 33:51
  up
• 33:51
  that
• 33:52
  institutional
• 33:52
  knowledge
• 33:53
  and
• 33:53
  expertise
• 33:53
  about
• 33:53
  how
• 33:54
  to
• 33:54
  build
• 33:54
  rail
• 33:55
  because
• 33:55
  they
• 33:55
  have
• 33:55
  steady
• 33:55
  business.
• 33:56
  It's
• 33:56
  not
• 33:56
  a
• 33:57
  stop
• 33:57
  and
• 33:57
  start.
• 33:57
  Thing,
• 33:57
  there's
• 33:57
  always
• 33:58
  a
• 33:58
  rail
• 33:58
  line
• 33:58
  under
• 33:58
  construction
• 33:59
  because
• 33:59
  the
• 33:59
  voters
• 34:00
  have
• 34:00
  funded
• 34:00
  it
• 34:01
  so
• 34:01
  continuous.
• 34:01
  Let's
• 34:02
  talk
• 34:02
  about
• 34:02
  the
• 34:03
  Green
• 34:03
  Line,
• 34:03
  which
• 34:04
  is
• 34:04
  the
• 34:04
  line
• 34:05
  that
• 34:05
  goes
• 34:05
  in
• 34:05
  the
• 34:06
  middle
• 34:06
  of
• 34:06
  the
• 34:06
  105,
• 34:07
  the
• 34:07
  Century
• 34:07
  Freeway,
• 34:08
  which
• 34:08
  is
• 34:08
  an
• 34:08
  interesting
• 34:09
  story
• 34:09
  because
• 34:09
  that
• 34:09
  was
• 34:10
  the
• 34:10
  last
• 34:10
  freeway
• 34:10
  built.
• 34:11
  And
• 34:11
  they
• 34:12
  had
• 34:12
  the
• 34:12
  opportunity
• 34:13
  to
• 34:13
  lay
• 34:13
  the
• 34:13
  groundwork
• 34:14
  and
• 34:14
  foundation
• 34:15
  for
• 34:15
  the
• 34:15
  train
• 34:16
  system
• 34:16
  while
• 34:16
  they
• 34:17
  were
• 34:17
  building
• 34:17
  the
• 34:17
  freeway.
• 34:18
  So
• 34:18
  they
• 34:18
  saved
• 34:18
  a
• 34:18
  lot
• 34:18
  of
• 34:19
  money
• 34:19
  doing
• 34:19
  that
• 34:19
  by
• 34:20
  having
• 34:20
  the
• 34:20
  train
• 34:20
  go
• 34:20
  through
• 34:21
  the
• 34:21
  middle
• 34:21
  of
• 34:21
  the
• 34:21
  freeway
• 34:22
  there.
• 34:22
  Why
• 34:23
  did
• 34:23
  it
• 34:23
  not
• 34:23
  go
• 34:24
  to
• 34:24
  lax?
• 34:25
  There
• 34:25
  was
• 34:25
  an
• 34:25
  argument
• 34:26
  back
• 34:26
  in
• 34:26
  the
• 34:26
  day
• 34:27
  because
• 34:27
  there
• 34:27
  was
• 34:27
  a
• 34:28
  robust
• 34:28
  aerospace
• 34:29
  industry
• 34:29
  in
• 34:30
  El
• 34:30
  Segundo,
• 34:31
  as
• 34:31
  I
• 34:31
  understand
• 34:32
  it
• 34:32
  in
• 34:32
  your
• 34:32
  book.
• 34:32
  There
• 34:33
  was
• 34:33
  an
• 34:33
  argument
• 34:33
  like
• 34:34
  where
• 34:34
  would
• 34:34
  the
• 34:34
  riders
• 34:35
  go?
• 34:35
  The
• 34:35
  riders
• 34:36
  would
• 34:36
  be
• 34:36
  interested
• 34:36
  in
• 34:36
  commuting
• 34:37
  to
• 34:37
  their
• 34:37
  work
• 34:37
  jobs
• 34:38
  in
• 34:38
  aerospace,
• 34:39
  not
• 34:39
  the
• 34:39
  handful
• 34:40
  of
• 34:40
  people
• 34:40
  taking
• 34:41
  a
• 34:41
  train
• 34:41
  because
• 34:42
  no
• 34:42
  one's
• 34:42
  going
• 34:42
  to
• 34:42
  take
• 34:42
  a
• 34:42
  train
• 34:43
  to
• 34:43
  the
• 34:43
  airport
• 34:43
  anyway
• 34:44
  because
• 34:44
  they're
• 34:44
  lugging
• 34:45
  luggage
• 34:45
  and
• 34:46
  they
• 34:46
  would
• 34:46
  take
• 34:46
  a
• 34:46
  cab.
• 34:47
  So
• 34:47
  they
• 34:47
  had
• 34:47
  to
• 34:47
  go
• 34:47
  one
• 34:48
  way
• 34:48
  or
• 34:48
  the
• 34:48
  other.
• 34:48
  And
• 34:48
  they
• 34:49
  opted
• 34:49
  to
• 34:49
  go
• 34:49
  to
• 34:49
  El
• 34:50
  Segundo
• 34:51
  to
• 34:51
  the
• 34:51
  aerospace
• 34:52
  industry,
• 34:52
  which
• 34:52
  then
• 34:53
  collapsed.
• 34:54
  Yeah,
• 34:54
  it
• 34:54
  was
• 34:54
  kind
• 34:55
  of
• 34:55
  a
• 34:55
  face
• 34:56
  palm
• 34:56
  moment
• 34:57
  for
• 34:57
  LA
• 34:57
  Metro
• 34:58
  at
• 34:58
  that
• 34:58
  point.
• 34:59
  I
• 35:00
  mean,
• 35:00
  you
• 35:00
  laid
• 35:00
  it
• 35:00
  out
• 35:01
  very
• 35:01
  well.
• 35:01
  First
• 35:01
  of
• 35:01
  all,
• 35:01
  airports
• 35:02
  are
• 35:02
  a
• 35:02
  very
• 35:03
  sexy
• 35:03
  destination
• 35:04
  for
• 35:04
  rail
• 35:04
  to
• 35:04
  serve.
• 35:05
  But
• 35:05
  as
• 35:05
  you
• 35:06
  just
• 35:06
  laid
• 35:06
  out,
• 35:06
  most
• 35:07
  passengers
• 35:07
  are
• 35:07
  not
• 35:08
  taking
• 35:08
  rail
• 35:08
  to
• 35:09
  the
• 35:09
  airport.
• 35:09
  They're
• 35:09
  getting
• 35:09
  a
• 35:09
  ride,
• 35:10
  an
• 35:10
  Uber,
• 35:11
  you
• 35:11
  know,
• 35:11
  relatives
• 35:12
  or
• 35:12
  friends
• 35:12
  are
• 35:12
  driving
• 35:12
  them.
• 35:14
  Actually,
• 35:14
  the
• 35:14
  real
• 35:14
  ridership
• 35:15
  to
• 35:15
  airports
• 35:15
  are
• 35:16
  often
• 35:16
  from
• 35:16
  the
• 35:16
  airport
• 35:17
  employees,
• 35:17
  because
• 35:17
  airports
• 35:18
  are
• 35:18
  major
• 35:18
  employees,
• 35:19
  employment
• 35:19
  centers.
• 35:20
  That's
• 35:20
  right.
• 35:20
  But
• 35:21
  at
• 35:21
  the
• 35:21
  time,
• 35:21
  as
• 35:21
  you
• 35:21
  say
• 35:22
  that
• 35:22
  with
• 35:22
  the
• 35:22
  Cold
• 35:23
  War
• 35:23
  going,
• 35:24
  the
• 35:24
  defense
• 35:24
  industry,
• 35:25
  the
• 35:25
  aerospace
• 35:26
  industry,
• 35:26
  all
• 35:26
  to
• 35:26
  the
• 35:26
  south
• 35:27
  of
• 35:27
  lax.
• 35:27
  But
• 35:27
  there
• 35:28
  were
• 35:28
  a
• 35:28
  lot
• 35:28
  of
• 35:28
  political
• 35:28
  arguments
• 35:29
  about
• 35:29
  where
• 35:29
  the
• 35:30
  rail
• 35:30
  line
• 35:30
  would
• 35:31
  go.
• 35:31
  There
• 35:31
  were
• 35:31
  complications
• 35:32
  because
• 35:32
  the
• 35:32
  FAA
• 35:33
  didn't
• 35:33
  want
• 35:33
  surface
• 35:34
  rail
• 35:35
  because
• 35:35
  it
• 35:35
  would
• 35:35
  interfere
• 35:36
  with
• 35:36
  the
• 35:36
  runways,
• 35:37
  and
• 35:37
  there
• 35:37
  was
• 35:37
  disagreement
• 35:38
  about
• 35:38
  where
• 35:38
  to
• 35:38
  take
• 35:38
  it.
• 35:39
  North
• 35:39
  of
• 35:39
  lax,
• 35:40
  wasn't
• 35:40
  there
• 35:41
  also
• 35:41
  like
• 35:41
  an
• 35:41
  electromagnetism
• 35:42
  because
• 35:43
  the
• 35:43
  tracks
• 35:43
  were
• 35:43
  going.
• 35:43
  To
• 35:43
  go
• 35:43
  right
• 35:44
  by
• 35:44
  the
• 35:44
  airport
• 35:44
  runways
• 35:45
  and
• 35:45
  they
• 35:45
  were
• 35:45
  concerned
• 35:46
  that
• 35:46
  the
• 35:46
  electromagnetism
• 35:47
  of
• 35:48
  the
• 35:48
  overhead
• 35:48
  power
• 35:48
  lines
• 35:49
  would
• 35:49
  interfere
• 35:49
  with
• 35:50
  avionics
• 35:51
  of
• 35:51
  the
• 35:52
  planes.
• 35:52
  Is
• 35:53
  there
• 35:53
  going
• 35:53
  to
• 35:53
  be
• 35:54
  a
• 35:54
  rail
• 35:55
  connection
• 35:55
  to
• 35:55
  the
• 35:56
  airport?
• 35:56
  What's
• 35:56
  the
• 35:57
  future
• 35:57
  of
• 35:57
  the
• 35:57
  rail
• 35:58
  system
• 35:58
  that
• 35:58
  we
• 35:58
  don't
• 35:59
  know
• 35:59
  about
• 35:59
  yet
• 35:59
  because
• 35:59
  it's
• 36:00
  still
• 36:00
  underway?
• 36:01
  Yeah,
• 36:01
  well,
• 36:01
  the
• 36:02
  Crenshaw
• 36:02
  Line
• 36:02
  is
• 36:02
  basically
• 36:03
  right
• 36:03
  there
• 36:04
  at
• 36:04
  the
• 36:04
  airport
• 36:04
  now.
• 36:05
  And
• 36:05
  then
• 36:05
  it's
• 36:05
  going
• 36:06
  to
• 36:06
  connect
• 36:06
  to
• 36:07
  an
• 36:07
  automated
• 36:07
  people
• 36:07
  mover
• 36:08
  which
• 36:08
  is
• 36:08
  supposed
• 36:08
  to
• 36:09
  open
• 36:09
  soon.
• 36:09
  And
• 36:10
  then
• 36:10
  basically
• 36:11
  you'll
• 36:11
  be
• 36:11
  able
• 36:11
  to,
• 36:12
  if
• 36:12
  you
• 36:12
  can
• 36:12
  get
• 36:13
  to
• 36:13
  the
• 36:13
  Crenshaw
• 36:13
  line
• 36:14
  and
• 36:14
  then
• 36:14
  you
• 36:14
  transfer
• 36:15
  to
• 36:15
  the
• 36:15
  people
• 36:15
  mover
• 36:15
  and
• 36:15
  you
• 36:16
  can
• 36:16
  get
• 36:16
  to
• 36:16
  the
• 36:16
  airport
• 36:17
  that
• 36:17
  way.
• 36:17
  So
• 36:18
  that
• 36:18
  is
• 36:18
  the
• 36:18
  plan
• 36:18
  and
• 36:19
  you
• 36:19
  know
• 36:19
  it's
• 36:19
  happening.
• 36:19
  And
• 36:19
  then
• 36:20
  Crenshaw
• 36:20
  takes
• 36:21
  you
• 36:21
  up
• 36:21
  north
• 36:21
  into
• 36:22
  the
• 36:22
  Expo
• 36:22
  line.
• 36:23
  I
• 36:23
  think,
• 36:23
  you
• 36:24
  know
• 36:24
  the
• 36:24
  next
• 36:24
  phase
• 36:25
  of
• 36:25
  rail
• 36:25
  to
• 36:26
  look
• 36:26
  forward
• 36:26
  to
• 36:26
  and
• 36:27
  it's
• 36:27
  happening
• 36:28
  this
• 36:28
  week
• 36:28
  is
• 36:29
  the
• 36:29
  D
• 36:29
  line
• 36:29
  opening.
• 36:30
  And
• 36:31
  so
• 36:31
  having
• 36:31
  the
• 36:31
  D
• 36:32
  line
• 36:32
  open
• 36:32
  farther
• 36:33
  down
• 36:33
  Wilshire
• 36:33
  and
• 36:34
  then
• 36:34
  eventually
• 36:34
  to
• 36:34
  Westwood
• 36:35
  and
• 36:35
  then
• 36:36
  under
• 36:36
  the
• 36:36
  Sepulveda
• 36:37
  Pass
• 36:37
  and
• 36:37
  out
• 36:37
  to
• 36:38
  Van
• 36:38
  Nuys
• 36:38
  and
• 36:38
  connect
• 36:39
  to
• 36:39
  the
• 36:39
  Valley
• 36:39
  that
• 36:39
  way
• 36:40
  you
• 36:40
  also
• 36:40
  will
• 36:40
  have
• 36:41
  the
• 36:41
  K
• 36:41
  line
• 36:41
  or
• 36:42
  the
• 36:42
  Crenshaw
• 36:42
  line
• 36:42
  going
• 36:43
  further
• 36:43
  north
• 36:43
  into
• 36:44
  West
• 36:45
  Hollywood.
• 36:45
  That's
• 36:45
  a
• 36:46
  very
• 36:46
  densely
• 36:46
  populated.
• 36:47
  That
• 36:47
  was
• 36:47
  just
• 36:47
  determined,
• 36:48
  wasn't
• 36:48
  it?
• 36:48
  There
• 36:48
  was
• 36:49
  some
• 36:49
  political
• 36:49
  debates
• 36:50
  around
• 36:50
  that.
• 36:50
  The
• 36:50
  mayor
• 36:51
  was
• 36:51
  involved,
• 36:52
  Mayor
• 36:52
  of
• 36:52
  LA
• 36:52
  was
• 36:53
  involved.
• 36:53
  West
• 36:53
  Hollywood
• 36:54
  is
• 36:54
  obviously
• 36:54
  a
• 36:54
  separate
• 36:55
  city,
• 36:55
  but
• 36:55
  yeah,
• 36:55
  a
• 36:55
  lot
• 36:56
  of
• 36:56
  negotiations
• 36:56
  going
• 36:56
  on.
• 36:57
  But
• 36:57
  that
• 36:57
  really
• 36:58
  to
• 36:58
  my
• 36:58
  mind,
• 36:58
  once
• 36:59
  you
• 36:59
  get
• 36:59
  those
• 36:59
  lines
• 36:59
  all
• 37:00
  finished
• 37:00
  up,
• 37:00
  that
• 37:01
  really
• 37:01
  kind
• 37:02
  of
• 37:02
  gives
• 37:02
  you
• 37:02
  the
• 37:03
  grid
• 37:03
  pattern,
• 37:03
  the
• 37:04
  backbone
• 37:04
  rail
• 37:05
  system.
• 37:06
  And
• 37:06
  I
• 37:06
  mean
• 37:07
  you
• 37:07
  can
• 37:07
  always
• 37:07
  keep
• 37:07
  building
• 37:08
  lines
• 37:08
  but
• 37:08
  I
• 37:08
  really
• 37:09
  think
• 37:09
  the
• 37:09
  region
• 37:09
  should
• 37:10
  be
• 37:10
  pivoting
• 37:11
  to
• 37:11
  building
• 37:11
  more
• 37:11
  bus
• 37:12
  only
• 37:12
  lanes
• 37:12
  and
• 37:13
  more
• 37:13
  bike
• 37:13
  lanes,
• 37:14
  but
• 37:14
  finding
• 37:15
  much
• 37:15
  cheaper,
• 37:15
  quicker
• 37:15
  ways
• 37:16
  to
• 37:16
  get
• 37:16
  people
• 37:17
  where
• 37:17
  they
• 37:17
  need
• 37:17
  to
• 37:17
  go
• 37:17
  quickly
• 37:18
  and
• 37:18
  then
• 37:19
  building
• 37:19
  true
• 37:19
  transit
• 37:20
  oriented
• 37:20
  neighborhoods
• 37:21
  where
• 37:21
  people
• 37:21
  can
• 37:22
  walk
• 37:22
  and
• 37:23
  bike
• 37:23
  and
• 37:23
  take
• 37:23
  transit.
• 37:24
  They
• 37:24
  don't
• 37:24
  have
• 37:24
  to
• 37:25
  buy
• 37:25
  a
• 37:25
  vehicle,
• 37:25
  they
• 37:26
  can
• 37:26
  hop
• 37:26
  on
• 37:26
  a
• 37:27
  rapid
• 37:27
  bus
• 37:27
  or
• 37:28
  use
• 37:28
  the
• 37:28
  protected
• 37:29
  bike
• 37:29
  lanes
• 37:29
  on
• 37:29
  an
• 37:30
  electric
• 37:30
  bike,
• 37:30
  electric
• 37:31
  scooter.
• 37:31
  You
• 37:31
  know
• 37:32
  that
• 37:32
  is
• 37:32
  really
• 37:32
  the
• 37:32
  future
• 37:33
  mobility
• 37:33
  in
• 37:34
  LA.
• 37:34
  And
• 37:34
  ironically
• 37:35
  that's
• 37:35
  the
• 37:35
  vision
• 37:35
  that
• 37:36
  LA's
• 37:37
  one
• 37:37
  of
• 37:37
  their
• 37:37
  original
• 37:38
  planning
• 37:38
  directors,
• 37:38
  Cal
• 37:39
  Hamilton
• 37:39
  had
• 37:40
  in
• 37:40
  the
• 37:40
  early
• 37:40
  70s
• 37:40
  had
• 37:41
  this
• 37:41
  centers
• 37:41
  concept
• 37:42
  where
• 37:42
  each
• 37:43
  center
• 37:43
  around
• 37:44
  where
• 37:44
  now
• 37:44
  essentially
• 37:45
  the
• 37:45
  rail
• 37:45
  stations
• 37:45
  would
• 37:46
  be
• 37:46
  these
• 37:46
  sort
• 37:46
  of
• 37:46
  self
• 37:46
  contained
• 37:47
  villages
• 37:48
  or
• 37:48
  cities
• 37:48
  and
• 37:48
  then
• 37:49
  you
• 37:49
  could
• 37:49
  rapidly
• 37:49
  go
• 37:50
  between
• 37:50
  them
• 37:50
  with
• 37:51
  rapid
• 37:51
  transit.
• 37:51
  10,
• 37:52
  20
• 37:52
  years
• 37:52
  in
• 37:52
  the
• 37:52
  future
• 37:53
  we're
• 37:53
  going
• 37:53
  to
• 37:53
  have
• 37:53
  a
• 37:53
  different
• 37:54
  city,
• 37:54
  won't
• 37:54
  we
• 37:54
  as
• 37:55
  a
• 37:55
  result
• 37:55
  of
• 37:55
  this
• 37:55
  transit
• 37:56
  system?
• 37:57
  It's
• 37:57
  up
• 37:57
  to
• 37:58
  the
• 37:58
  city.
• 37:58
  It's
• 37:58
  not
• 37:59
  a
• 37:59
  guarantee,
• 37:59
  but
• 38:00
  yes,
• 38:00
  there's
• 38:00
  going
• 38:00
  to
• 38:00
  be
• 38:01
  a
• 38:01
  lot
• 38:01
  more
• 38:01
  mobility
• 38:01
  options.
• 38:02
  Like
• 38:02
  I
• 38:03
  say,
• 38:03
  the
• 38:03
  Wilshire
• 38:03
  line
• 38:04
  will
• 38:04
  be
• 38:04
  transformative.
• 38:05
  That
• 38:05
  we
• 38:05
  know
• 38:05
  there's
• 38:06
  already
• 38:06
  a
• 38:07
  lot
• 38:07
  of
• 38:07
  transit
• 38:07
  riders
• 38:08
  on
• 38:08
  that
• 38:08
  quarter
• 38:08
  because
• 38:08
  the
• 38:09
  buses
• 38:09
  are
• 38:09
  packed
• 38:10
  and
• 38:10
  there's
• 38:10
  a
• 38:10
  lot
• 38:10
  of
• 38:10
  destinations
• 38:11
  to
• 38:11
  get
• 38:11
  to.
• 38:11
  So
• 38:12
  that
• 38:12
  alone
• 38:12
  will
• 38:12
  be
• 38:12
  transformative.
• 38:13
  And
• 38:13
  then
• 38:14
  it's
• 38:14
  just,
• 38:14
  it's
• 38:14
  up
• 38:15
  to
• 38:15
  the
• 38:15
  local
• 38:16
  leaders
• 38:16
  how
• 38:16
  much
• 38:17
  they're
• 38:17
  going
• 38:17
  to
• 38:17
  encourage
• 38:18
  development
• 38:18
  to
• 38:19
  happen
• 38:19
  around
• 38:19
  those
• 38:20
  stationaries
• 38:20
  and
• 38:21
  how
• 38:21
  much
• 38:21
  they're
• 38:21
  willing
• 38:21
  to
• 38:22
  dedicate
• 38:22
  more
• 38:23
  of
• 38:23
  the
• 38:23
  public
• 38:24
  right
• 38:24
  of
• 38:24
  way
• 38:25
  the
• 38:25
  streets
• 38:25
  over
• 38:26
  to
• 38:27
  people
• 38:27
  who
• 38:27
  want
• 38:28
  a
• 38:28
  bike
• 38:28
  or
• 38:28
  ride
• 38:29
  a
• 38:29
  rapid
• 38:29
  bus.
• 38:30
  That's
• 38:31
  a
• 38:31
  tough
• 38:31
  political
• 38:31
  battle,
• 38:32
  but
• 38:33
  that's
• 38:33
  the
• 38:34
  real
• 38:34
  decision
• 38:34
  point,
• 38:34
  I
• 38:35
  think.
• 38:35
  Well,
• 38:35
  the
• 38:35
  last
• 38:35
  question
• 38:36
  I
• 38:36
  have
• 38:36
  for
• 38:36
  you
• 38:36
  is,
• 38:37
  are
• 38:37
  you
• 38:37
  going
• 38:37
  to
• 38:37
  be
• 38:37
  in
• 38:37
  the
• 38:38
  Merrill
• 38:38
  debate
• 38:39
  this
• 38:39
  evening
• 38:39
  on
• 38:40
  cnn.
• 38:42
  Ethan
• 38:43
  Elkine,
• 38:43
  thank
• 38:44
  you
• 38:44
  so
• 38:44
  much
• 38:44
  for.
• 38:46
  Watching.
• 38:46
  Yeah,
• 38:47
  my
• 38:47
  pleasure.
• 38:47
  Thank
• 38:47
  you
• 38:47
  for
• 38:48
  having
• 38:48
  me
• 38:48
  on.
• 38:48
  Take
• 38:48
  care.
• 38:49
  Ethan's
• 38:49
  book
• 38:49
  is
• 38:50
  the
• 38:51
  Fight
• 38:51
  for
• 38:51
  Los
• 38:51
  Angeles
• 38:52
  Metro
• 38:52
  Rail
• 38:52
  and
• 38:53
  the
• 38:53
  Future
• 38:53
  of
• 38:53
  the
• 38:53
  City.
• 38:54
  It's
• 38:54
  an
• 38:54
  interesting
• 38:54
  read
• 38:55
  just
• 38:55
  because
• 38:55
  of
• 38:55
  the
• 38:55
  political
• 38:56
  machinations
• 38:56
  of
• 38:57
  how
• 38:57
  this
• 38:58
  all
• 38:58
  happened.
• 38:58
  And
• 38:59
  when
• 38:59
  you
• 38:59
  really
• 38:59
  think
• 38:59
  about
• 39:00
  bringing
• 39:00
  a
• 39:01
  transit
• 39:01
  system
• 39:01
  to
• 39:02
  a
• 39:02
  city,
• 39:02
  the
• 39:02
  scope
• 39:02
  of
• 39:02
  la,
• 39:03
  it's
• 39:03
  an
• 39:04
  amazing,
• 39:04
  great
• 39:04
  pyramid
• 39:05
  type
• 39:05
  project.
• 39:06
  Yeah.
• 39:06
  Kudos
• 39:07
  to
• 39:07
  LA
• 39:07
  for
• 39:07
  getting
• 39:07
  it
• 39:07
  done.
• 39:08
  We
• 39:08
  have
• 39:08
  some
• 39:09
  fantastic
• 39:09
  shows
• 39:09
  coming
• 39:10
  up
• 39:10
  in
• 39:10
  the
• 39:10
  next
• 39:10
  few
• 39:10
  weeks.
• 39:11
  I
• 39:11
  know
• 39:11
  I
• 39:12
  always
• 39:12
  learn
• 39:12
  something
• 39:12
  from
• 39:13
  this
• 39:13
  show
• 39:13
  and
• 39:13
  I'm
• 39:14
  proud
• 39:14
  to
• 39:14
  be
• 39:14
  a
• 39:14
  part
• 39:14
  of
• 39:15
  it.
• 39:15
  And
• 39:15
  hopefully
• 39:16
  it's
• 39:16
  also
• 39:16
  entertaining.
• 39:17
  You
• 39:17
  can
• 39:17
  hear
• 39:18
  all
• 39:18
  of
• 39:18
  our
• 39:18
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• 39:20
  I'm
• 39:21
  Ted
• 39:21
  Bonnet.
• 39:21
  I'm
• 39:22
  Phil
• 39:22
  Proctor.
• 39:22
  And
• 39:23
  you've
• 39:23
  been
• 39:23
  listening
• 39:23
  to
• 39:23
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• 39:23
  and
• 39:24
  Ted's
• 39:24
  Sexy
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• 39:25
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• 39:25
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• 39:25
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• 39:25
  surprise.