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Why Did Italian City-States Rebuild Their Fortifications After 1494? - The Trace Italienne and the Evolution of Renaissance Fortifications | Sleepy Facts About History

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In the autumn of 1494, an Italian official standing on a fortified wall witnessed something his generation had not prepared for: not cannons, which they knew, but cannons that moved. The French artillery train that crossed the Alps under King Charles VIII brought wheeled gun carriages and uniform iron shot that kept pace with marching infantry. This mobility compressed the time that tall stone walls were designed to buy, disrupting the established rhythms of siege warfare and sending…

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