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008 - The Lost Lemuria - Part 1 · Story of Atlantis and the Lost Lemuria

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Speaker 1: Section seven, The Lost Lemuria by William Scott Elliott. This
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Speaker 1: LibriVox recording is in the public domain. The Lost Lamuria
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Speaker 1: Part one forward. The object of this paper is not
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Speaker 1: so much to bring forward new and startling information about
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Speaker 1: the lost continent of Lemuria and its inhabitants, as to establish,
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Speaker 1: by the evidence subtainable from geology and from the study
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Speaker 1: of the relative distribution of living and extinct animals and plants,
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Speaker 1: as well as from the observed processes of physical evolution
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Speaker 1: in the Lower Kingdoms, the facts stated in the Secret
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Speaker 1: Doctrine and in other works with reference to these now
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Speaker 1: submerged lands, the Lost Lemuria. It is generally recognized by
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Speaker 1: science that what is now dry land on the surface
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Speaker 1: of our globe was one's the ocean floor, and that
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Speaker 1: what is now the ocean floor was one's dry land.
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Speaker 1: Geologists have in some cases been able to specify the
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Speaker 1: exact portions of the Earth's surface when these subsidences and
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Speaker 1: upheavals have taken place. And although the Lost continent of
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Speaker 1: Atlantis has so far received scunt recognition from the world
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Speaker 1: of science, the general consensus of opinion has for long
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Speaker 1: pointed to the existence at some prehistoric time of a
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Speaker 1: vast southern continent to which the name of Limuria has
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Speaker 1: been assigned. Evidence supplied by geology and by the relative
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Speaker 1: distribution of living and extinct animals and plants. The history
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Speaker 1: of the Earth's development shows us that the distribution of
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Speaker 1: land and water on its surface is ever and continually
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Speaker 1: changing in consequence of geological changes of the Earth's crust.
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Speaker 1: Elevations and depressions of the ground take place everywhere, sometimes
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Speaker 1: more strongly marked in one place, sometimes in another. Even
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Speaker 1: if they happen so slowly that in the course of
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Speaker 1: centuries the seashore rises or sinks only a few inches
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Speaker 1: or even only a few lines, still they nevertheless affect
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Speaker 1: great results in the cause of long periods of time,
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Speaker 1: and long immeasurably long periods of time have not been
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Speaker 1: wanting in the Earth's history. During the course of many
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Speaker 1: millions of years, ever since organic life existed on the Earth,
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Speaker 1: land and water have perpetually struggled for supremacy. Continents and
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Speaker 1: islands have sunk into the sea, and in nuance, have
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Speaker 1: arisen out of its bosom. Lakes and seas have been
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Speaker 1: slowly raised and dried up, and new water basins have
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Speaker 1: arisen by the sinking of the ground. Peninsulas have become
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Speaker 1: islands by the narrow neck of land which connected them
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Speaker 1: with the mainland sinking into the water. The islands of
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Speaker 1: an archipelago have become the peaks of a continuous chain
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Speaker 1: of mountains by the whole floor of their sea being
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Speaker 1: considerably raised. Thus, the military Ranian at one time was
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Speaker 1: an inland sea, when in the place of the Straits
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Speaker 1: of Gibraltar, an Isthmus connected Africa with Spain England. Even
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Speaker 1: during the more recent history of the Earth, when man
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Speaker 1: already existed, has repeatedly been connected with the European continent
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Speaker 1: and been repeatedly separated from it. Nay, even Europe and
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Speaker 1: North America have been directly connected. The South Sea at
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Speaker 1: one time formed a large Pacific continent, and the numerous
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Speaker 1: little islands which now lie scattered in it were simply
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Speaker 1: the highest peaks of the mountains covering that continent. The
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Speaker 1: Indian Ocean formed a continent which extended from the Sunda
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Speaker 1: Islands along the southern coast of Asia to the east
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Speaker 1: coast of Africa. This large continent of former times, Sclater
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Speaker 1: an Englishman, has called Nemuria from the monkey like animals
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Speaker 1: which inhabited it, and it is at the same time
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Speaker 1: of great importance from being the probable cradle of the
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Speaker 1: human race, which in all likelihood he first developed out
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Speaker 1: of anthropoid apes. The important proof which Alfred Wallace has furnished,
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Speaker 1: by the help of chronological facts, that the present Malayan
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Speaker 1: Archipelago consists in reality of two completely different divisions, is
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Speaker 1: particularly interesting. The western division, the inter Malayan Archipelago, comprising
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Speaker 1: the large islands of Borneo, Java and Sumatra, was formerly
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Speaker 1: connected by Malacca with the Asiatic continent and probably also
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Speaker 1: with the Lemurian continent just mentioned. The eastern division, on
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Speaker 1: the other hand, the Austro Malayan Archipelago, comprising Selebi's, the Moluccas,
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Speaker 1: New Guinea, Solomon's Islands and so on, was formerly directly
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Speaker 1: connected with Australia. Both divisions were formerly two continents separated
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Speaker 1: by a strait, but they have now for the most
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Speaker 1: part sunk below the level of the sea. Wallace, solely
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Speaker 1: on the ground of his accurate chronological observations, has been
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Speaker 1: able in the most accurate manner to determine the position
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Speaker 1: of the former strait. The south end of which passes
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Speaker 1: between Bali and Lombok. Thus, aver since liquid water exists
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Speaker 1: on the earth, the boundaries of water in land have
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Speaker 1: eternally changed, and we may assert that the outlines of
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Speaker 1: continents and islands have never remained for an hour, nay
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Speaker 1: even for a minute, exactly the same for the waves
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Speaker 1: eternally and perpetually break on the edge of the coast.
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Speaker 1: And whatever the land in these places loses in extent,
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Speaker 1: it gains in other places by the accumulation of mud,
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Speaker 1: which condenses into solid stone and again rises above the
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Speaker 1: level of the sea as new land. Nothing can be
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Speaker 1: more erronuous than the idea of a firm and unchangeable
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Speaker 1: outline of our continents, such as is impressed upon us
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Speaker 1: in early youth by defective lessons on geography, which are
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Speaker 1: devoid of geological bases. The namely Muria, as above stated,
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Speaker 1: was originally adopted by mister Sclayter in recognition of the
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Speaker 1: fact that it was probably on this continent that animals
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Speaker 1: of the lemuroid type were developed. Quote these rights A. R.
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Speaker 1: Wallace is undoubtedly a legitimate and highly probable supposition, and
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Speaker 1: it is an example of the way in which a
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Speaker 1: study of the geographical distribution of animals may enable us
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Speaker 1: to reconstruct the geography of a bygone age. It this
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Speaker 1: continent represents what was probably a primary zoological region in
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Speaker 1: some past geological epoch. But what that epoch was and
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Speaker 1: what were the limits of the region in question, we
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Speaker 1: are quite unable to say. If we are to suppose
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Speaker 1: that it comprised the whole area now inhabited by lemmuroid animals,
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Speaker 1: we must make it extend from West Africa to Burma,
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Speaker 1: South China and Selebi's an area which it possibly did
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Speaker 1: once occupy unquote quote. We have already had occasion he
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Speaker 1: elsewhere rights to refer to an ancient connection between this
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Speaker 1: subregion the Ethiopian and Madagascar, in order to explain the
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Speaker 1: distribution of the lamourine type and some other curious affinities
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Speaker 1: between the two countries. This view is supported by the
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Speaker 1: geology of India, which shows us Ceylon and South India
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Speaker 1: consisting mainly of granite and all metamorphic rocks, while the
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Speaker 1: greater part of the peninsula is of tertiary formation, with
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Speaker 1: a few isolated patches of secondary rocks. It is evident
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Speaker 1: therefore that during much of the Tertiary period, Ceylon and
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Speaker 1: South India were bounded on the north by a considerable
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Speaker 1: extent of sea, and probably formed part of an extensive
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Speaker 1: southern continent or great island. The very numerous and remarkable
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Speaker 1: cases of affinity with Malaya require, however, some closer approximation
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Speaker 1: with these islands, which probably occurred at a later period,
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Speaker 1: When still later the great plains and table lands of
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Speaker 1: Hindostan were formed and the permanent land communication affected. With
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Speaker 1: the region highly developed himal or Chinese fauna, a rapid
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Speaker 1: immigration of new types took place, and many of the
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Speaker 1: less specialized forms of mammalia and birds became extinct. Among
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Speaker 1: reptiles and insects, the competition was less severe, or the
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Speaker 1: older forms were too well adopted to local conditions to
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Speaker 1: be expelled, so that it is among these groups alone
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Speaker 1: that we find any considerable number of what are probably
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Speaker 1: the remains of the ancient fauna of a now submerged
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Speaker 1: southern continent. After stating that during the whole of the
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Speaker 1: Tertiary and perhaps during much of the secondary periods, the
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Speaker 1: great land masses of the Earth were probably situated in
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Speaker 1: the northern hemisphere, while as proceeds in the southern hemisphere,
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Speaker 1: there appeared to have been three considerable and very ancient
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Speaker 1: land masses, varying in extent from time to time, but
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Speaker 1: always keeping distinct from each other, and represented more or
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Speaker 1: less completely by Australia, South Africa and South America of
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Speaker 1: our time. Into these flowed successive waves of life, as
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Speaker 1: they each in turn became temporarily united with some part
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Speaker 1: of the Northern Land unquote. Although apparently in vindication of
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Speaker 1: some conclusions of his which have been criticized by doctor
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Speaker 1: heart Love, Wallace subsequently denied the necessity of postulating the
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Speaker 1: existence of such a continent. His general recognition of the
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Speaker 1: facts of subsistences and upheavals of great portions of the
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Speaker 1: Earth's surface, as well as the inferences which he draws
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Speaker 1: from the acknowledged relations of living and extinct faunas as
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Speaker 1: above stated, remain of course unaltered. The following extracts from
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Speaker 1: mister H. F. Blanford's most interesting paper read before a
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Speaker 1: Meeting of the Geological Society, deals with a subject in
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Speaker 1: still greater detail quote, the affinities between the fossils of
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Speaker 1: both animals and plants of the Beaufort Group of Africa.
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Speaker 1: And those of the Indian Punchets and Kathmis are such
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Speaker 1: as to suggest the former existence of a land connection
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Speaker 1: between the two areas, but the resemblance of the African
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Speaker 1: and Indian fossil faunas does not cease with Permian and
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Speaker 1: Triassic times. The plant beds of the Wittenhak group have
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Speaker 1: furnished eleven forms of plants, two of which mister Tate
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Speaker 1: has identified with Indian raj Mahal plants. The Indian Jurassic
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Speaker 1: fossils have yet to be described, with a few exceptions,
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Speaker 1: but it has been stated that doctor Stolietka was much
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Speaker 1: struck with the affinities of certain of the Kach fossils
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Speaker 1: to Africa forms, and doctor Stolietska and mister Griesbach have
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Speaker 1: shown that of the Cretaceous fossils of the omed Tefuni
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Speaker 1: River in Atal, the majority twenty two out of thirty
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Speaker 1: five described forms are identical with species from southern India. Now,
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Speaker 1: the plant bearing series of India and the Karoo and
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Speaker 1: part of the wintenhaf mnation of Africa are in all
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Speaker 1: probability of fresh water origin, both indicating the existence of
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Speaker 1: a large land area around from the waste of which
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Speaker 1: these deposits are derived. Was this land continuous between the
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Speaker 1: two regions? And is there anything in the present physical
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Speaker 1: geography of the Indian Ocean which would suggest its probable position? Further,
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Speaker 1: what was the connection between this land and Australia, which
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Speaker 1: we must equally assume to have existed in perman times?
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Speaker 1: And lastly, are there any peculiarities in the existing fauna
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Speaker 1: and flora of India, Africa and the intervening islands which
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Speaker 1: would lend support to the idea of a former connection
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Speaker 1: more direct than that which now exists between Africa and
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Speaker 1: South India and the Malay Peninsula. The speculation here put
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Speaker 1: forward is no new one. It has long been a
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Speaker 1: subject of thought in the minds of some Indian and
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Speaker 1: European naturalists, among the former of whom I may mention
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Speaker 1: my brother mister Blandford and doctor Stolietka, their speculations being
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Speaker 1: grounded on the relationship and partial identity of the faunas
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Speaker 1: and floras of past times, not less than on that
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Speaker 1: existing community of forms which has led mister Andrew Murray,
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Speaker 1: Mister Cyls V. Wood Junior and Professor Huxley to infer
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Speaker 1: the existence of a Miocene continent occupying a part of
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Speaker 1: the Indian Ocean. Indeed, all that I can pretend to
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Speaker 1: aim at in this paper is to endeavor to give
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Speaker 1: some additional definition and extension to the conception of its
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Speaker 1: geological aspects. With regard to the geological evidence. A glance
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Speaker 1: at the map will show that from the neighborhood of
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Speaker 1: the west coast of India to that of the Seychelles,
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Speaker 1: Madagascar and the Mauritius extends the line of coralatols and banks,
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Speaker 1: including Adasbank, the Lacedevs, Maldives, the Cagos Group and the
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Speaker 1: Sava Dee Mulla, all indicating the existence of a submerged
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Speaker 1: mountain range or ranges. The Seychells too are mentioned by
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Speaker 1: mister Darwin as rising from an extensive and tolerably level bank,
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Speaker 1: having a depth of between thirteen forty fathoms, so that
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Speaker 1: although now partly encircled by fringing reefs, they may be
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Speaker 1: regarded as a virtual extension of the same submerged taxis.
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Speaker 1: Further west, the Cosmoledo and Comoro Islands consist of atholls
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Speaker 1: and islands surrounded by barrier reefs, and these bring us
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Speaker 1: pretty close to the present shores of Africa and Madagascar.
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Speaker 1: It seems at least probable that in this chain of atholls,
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Speaker 1: banks and barrier reefs we have indicated the position of
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Speaker 1: an ancient mountain chain which possibly formed the backbone of
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Speaker 1: a tract of later Palozoic, Mesozoic and early Tertiary land,
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Speaker 1: being related to it much as the Alpine and Himalayan
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Speaker 1: system is to the Europeo Asiatic continent, and the Rocky
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Speaker 1: Mountains and Anders to the two Americas. As it is
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Speaker 1: desirable to designate this Mesozoic land by a name, I
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Speaker 1: would prepare that of Indo Okeana. The name given to
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Speaker 1: it by Missus Slayter, namely the Muria, is however, the
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Speaker 1: one which has been most generally adopted. Professor Huxley has
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Speaker 1: suggested on paleontological ground that a land connection exists in
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Speaker 1: this region, or rather between a Bissinia and India during
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Speaker 1: the Miocene epoch. From what has been said above, it
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Speaker 1: will be seen that Eye in fair its existence from
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Speaker 1: a far earlier date. With regard to its depression, The
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Speaker 1: only present evidence relates to its northern extremity and shows
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Speaker 1: that it was in this region later than the Great
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Speaker 1: s Trap flows of the Dakhan. These enormous sheets of
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Speaker 1: volcanic rock are remarkably horizontal to the east of the
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Speaker 1: Gods and the Sakiadri Range, but to the west of
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Speaker 1: this they begin to deep seaward, so that the island
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Speaker 1: of Bombay is composed of the higher parts of the formation.
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Speaker 1: This syndicates only that the depression to the westward has
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Speaker 1: taken place in tertiary times, and to that extent, Professor
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Speaker 1: Huxley's inference that it was after the Miocene period is
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Speaker 1: quite consistent with the geological evidence unquote. After proceeding at
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Speaker 1: some length to instance the close relationship of many of
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Speaker 1: the fauna in the lands under consideration, lyon hyena, jacal, leopard, antelope, gazelle,
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Speaker 1: sand grouse, indian bustard, many land mollusca, and notably the
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Speaker 1: lemore and the scaly anteater, the writer proceeds as follows
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Speaker 1: quote paleontology, physical geography, and geology equally with the ascertained
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Speaker 1: distribution of living animals and plants or forer thus their
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Speaker 1: concurrent testimony to the former close connection of Africa and India,
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Speaker 1: including the tropical islands of the Indian Ocean. This interoceanic
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Speaker 1: land appears to have existed from at least early Perimian times, probably,
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Speaker 1: as Professor Huxley has pointed out, up to the close
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Speaker 1: of the Miocene epoch, and South African peninsular India are
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Speaker 1: the existing remnants of that ancient land. It may not
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Speaker 1: have been absolutely continued during the whole of this long period. Indeed,
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Speaker 1: the Cretaceous rocks of southern India and Southern Africa, and
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Speaker 1: the marine Jurassic beds of the same regions proved that
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Speaker 1: some portions of it were for longer or shorter periods
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Speaker 1: invaded by the sea, but any break of continuity was
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Speaker 1: probably not prolonged for Mister Wallace's investigations in the Eastern
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Speaker 1: Archipelago have shown how narrow a sea may offer an
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Speaker 1: insuperable barrier to the migration of land animals. In Palozoic times,
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Speaker 1: this land must have been connected with Australia, and in
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Speaker 1: tertiary times with Malayana, since the Malayan forms with African
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Speaker 1: alliances are in several cases distinct from those of India.
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Speaker 1: We know as yet too little of the geology of
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Speaker 1: the Eastern Peninsula to say from what epoch dates its
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Speaker 1: connection within the doceanic land. Mister Theobald has ascertained the
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Speaker 1: exist distance of Triassic, Cretaceous and Pneumolithic rocks in the
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Speaker 1: Arabian coast range, and carboniferous limestone is known to occur
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Speaker 1: from Aulmane southward, while the range east of the Irrawadi
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Speaker 1: is formed of younger tertiary rocks. From these, it would
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Speaker 1: appear that the considerable part of the Malay Peninsula must
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Speaker 1: have been occupied by the sea during the greater part
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Speaker 1: of the Mesozoic and Eocene periods. Plant bearing rocks of
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Speaker 1: ranigant age have been identified as forming the outer spurs
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Speaker 1: of the sikhin Himalaya. The ancient land must therefore have
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Speaker 1: extended some distance to the north of the present Gangetic delta.
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Speaker 1: Coal both of Cretaceous and tertiary age, occurs in the
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Speaker 1: Khasi Hills and also in Upper Assam, but in both
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Speaker 1: cases associated with marine beds, so that it would appear
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Speaker 1: that in this region the boundaries of lond and sea
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Speaker 1: osculated somewhat during the Cretaceous and Eocene times. To the
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Speaker 1: northwest of India, the existence of great formations of Cretaceous
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Speaker 1: and Numulitic cage stretching far through Baluchistan and Persia and
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Speaker 1: entering into the structure of the northwest Himalaya proved that
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Speaker 1: in the later Mesozoic and Eocene ages, India had no
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Speaker 1: direct communication with Western Asia, while the Jurassic rocks of Katch,
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Speaker 1: the Salt Range, and the Northern Himalaya show that in
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Speaker 1: the preceding period the sea covered a large part of
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Speaker 1: the present into Spasin and the Triassic, Carboniferous and still
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Speaker 1: more recent marine formations of the Himalaya indicate that from
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Speaker 1: very early times till the upheaval of that great chain,
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Speaker 1: much of its present site was for ages covered by
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Speaker 1: the sea. To sum up the views advanced in this paper, first,
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Speaker 1: the plant bearing series of India ranges from early Permian
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Speaker 1: to the latest Jurassic times, indicating except in a few
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Speaker 1: cases ulcally, the uninterrupted continuity of land and fresh water CONTs.
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Speaker 1: These may have prevailed from much earlier times. Second, in
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Speaker 1: the early Permian, as in the post Pliocene age, a
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Speaker 1: cold climate prevailed down to low latitudes, and I am
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Speaker 1: inclined to believe in both hemispheres simultaneously. With a decrease
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Speaker 1: of cold, the flora and reptilian fauna of Permian times
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Speaker 1: have diffused to Africa, India and possibly Australia, or the
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Speaker 1: flora may have existed in Australia somewhat earlier and have
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Speaker 1: been diffused Thence Third, India, South Africa and Australia were
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Speaker 1: connected by an indo oceanic continent in the Permian epoch,
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Speaker 1: and the two former countries remained connected with the utmost
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Speaker 1: only short interruptions up to the end of the Miocene period.
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Speaker 1: During the latter part of the time, this land was
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Speaker 1: also connected with Malayana. Fourth. In common with some previous writers,
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Speaker 1: I consider that the position of this land was defined
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Speaker 1: by the range of coral reefs and banks that now
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Speaker 1: exist between the Arabian Sea and East Africa. Fifth. Up
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Speaker 1: to the end of the noumolitical epoch, no direct connection,
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Speaker 1: except possibly for short periods, existed between India and Western Africa.
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Speaker 1: In the discussion which followed the reading of the paper,
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Speaker 1: Professor Ramsay Quote agreed with the author in the belief
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Speaker 1: in the junction of Africa with India and Australia in
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Speaker 1: geological times. Unquote, Mister Woodward Quote was pleased to find
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Speaker 1: that the author had added further evidence derived from the
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Speaker 1: fossil flora of the Mesozoic series of India, in corroboration
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Speaker 1: of the views of Huxley, Sclater and others as to
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Speaker 1: the former existence of an old submerged continent Limuria, which
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Speaker 1: Darwin's researches on coral reefs had long since foreshadowed unquote
20:55
Speaker 1: quote of the five now existing codinents, writes Ernest Hegel
20:59
Speaker 1: in his great work The History of Creation, neither Australia,
21:03
Speaker 1: nor America, nor Europe can have been this primeval home
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Speaker 1: of Man, or the so called paradise the cradle of
21:12
Speaker 1: the human race. Most circumstances indicate Southern Asia as the
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Speaker 1: locality in question. Besides Southern Asia, the only other of
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Speaker 1: the now existing continents which might be viewed in this
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Speaker 1: light is Africa. But there are a number of circumstances,
21:28
Speaker 1: especially chronological facts, which suggest that the primeval home of
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Speaker 1: Man was a continent now sunk below the surface of
21:35
Speaker 1: the Indian Ocean, which extended along the south of Asia
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Speaker 1: as it is at present, and probably in direct connection
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Speaker 1: with it, towards the east as far as further India
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Speaker 1: and the Sunda Islands, towards the west as far as
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Speaker 1: Madagascar and the southeastern shores of Africa. We have already
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Speaker 1: mentioned that many facts in animal and vegetable geography render
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Speaker 1: the former existence of such as South Indians continent very probable.
22:01
Speaker 1: Sclater has given this continent the name of Lemuria from
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Speaker 1: the semi apes which were characteristic of it. By assuming
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Speaker 1: this Lemuria to have been man's primeval home, we greatly
22:12
Speaker 1: facilitate the explanation of the geographical distribution of the human
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Speaker 1: species by migration. Quote. In a subsequent work, The Pedigree
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Speaker 1: of Man Hegel asserts the existence of Lemuria at some
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Speaker 1: early epoch of the Earth's history as an acknowledged fact.
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Speaker 1: The following quotation from doctor Harlaub's writings may bring to
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Speaker 1: a close this portion of the evidence in favor of
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Speaker 1: the existence of the lost Lemuria. Quote. Five and thirty
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Speaker 1: years ago, Isidor jieof Frois Saint Hilaire remarked that if
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Speaker 1: one had to classify the island of Madagascar exclusively on
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Speaker 1: zoological considerations, and without reference to its geographical situation, it
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Speaker 1: would be shown to be neither Asiatic nor African, but
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Speaker 1: quite different from either, and almost a fourth contegan and
23:01
Speaker 1: this fourth continent could be further proved to be, as
23:04
Speaker 1: regards its fauna, much more different from Africa, which lies
23:08
Speaker 1: so near to it, than from India, which is so
23:10
Speaker 1: far away. With these words the correctness and pregnancy of
23:14
Speaker 1: which later investigations tend to bring into their full light,
23:18
Speaker 1: the French naturalists first stated the interesting problem for the
23:22
Speaker 1: solution of which an hypothesis based on scientific knowledge has
23:26
Speaker 1: recently been propounded. For this fourth continent of Isidor Geovois
23:30
Speaker 1: is Sclater's Limuria, that sunk in land which containing parts
23:35
Speaker 1: of Africa, must have extended far eastwards of a southern
23:39
Speaker 1: India and Ceylon, and the highest points of which we
23:42
Speaker 1: recognize in the volcanic peaks of Bourbon and Mauritius, and
23:46
Speaker 1: in the central range of Madagascar itself, the last resorts
23:50
Speaker 1: of the almost extinct lamarine rays which formerly peopled it.
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Speaker 1: Un end of Section seven