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20 - Garibaldi and the Making of Italy by George Macaulay Trevelyan · Garibaldi and the Making of Italy

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  Speaker 1: Appendix Say of Garibaldi and the Making of Italy by
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  Speaker 1: George McAuley Trevillion. This LibriVox recording is in the public
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  Speaker 1: domain the Russell Manuscripts, by the great kindness of mister
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  Speaker 1: Rollo Russell, to whom, as to his sister, Lady Agatha Russell,
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  Speaker 1: I am much indebted for materials for the history of
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  Speaker 1: eighteen fifty nine. In eighteen sixty I have been allowed
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  Speaker 1: to see the private correspondence with Italy of Lord John Russell,
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  Speaker 1: while Secretary of Foreign Affairs. I have spoken on pages
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  Speaker 1: twenty eight through thirty above of the very great importance
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  Speaker 1: of these private letters, more particularly those of Henry Elliot,
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  Speaker 1: the British Minister at Naples, and Sir James Hudson, the
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  Speaker 1: British Minister at Turinn. We see in them the process
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  Speaker 1: by which British statesmen were induced, during the course of
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  Speaker 1: Garibaldi's expedition of eighteen sixty, to accept the idea of
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  Speaker 1: Italian unity, contrary to their previous views and intentions. Russell,
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  Speaker 1: Palmerston and Gladstone had long been friends of Italian liberty,
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  Speaker 1: but they did not see that unity was the condition
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  Speaker 1: of liberty until they were convinced by events and by
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  Speaker 1: the letters of Hudson and Eliot, who were themselves converted
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  Speaker 1: to the doctrine of unity only by Garibaldi's success in Sicily.
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  Speaker 1: The following extracts and analysis will interest the student and
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  Speaker 1: even I think the general reader. Eighteen sixty. May first,
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  Speaker 1: Hudson to Russell from Turinn, Garibaldi still at Quarto, preparing
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  Speaker 1: to sail for Sicily. I feel convinced that both France
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  Speaker 1: and Austria mean mischief. France will not tolerate the substantial
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  Speaker 1: aggrandizement of this country and its institutions, and Austria yet
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  Speaker 1: dreams of reconquest. If you abstain in Sicily and at Naples, Italy,
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  Speaker 1: in my opinion, has not much chance of being left
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  Speaker 1: to the Italians. May fourth, Hudson to Russell, to days
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  Speaker 1: before Garibaldi sailed. Hudson encloses a letter of mister Fenton's
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  Speaker 1: from Florence, dated May second, narrating on fairly reliable evidence
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  Speaker 1: that Victor Manuel at Florence had said that he would
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  Speaker 1: be at Naples before the end of the year. Hudson comments,
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  Speaker 1: I quite believe that he is capable of saying so,
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  Speaker 1: because when he received a sword of honor from the Romans,
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  Speaker 1: he said, and remo alfondo. And because also he is
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  Speaker 1: in the habit of blurting out just what happens to
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  Speaker 1: be present in his mind at the moment. May eighteenth,
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  Speaker 1: Hudson to Russell Garibaldi in Sicily, not yet in Palermo.
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  Speaker 1: Three days after Calltaphimi, Hudson advises against the union of
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  Speaker 1: North and South Italy because one Naples cannot be ruled
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  Speaker 1: from Turin or Florence with the Pople states intervening. This
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  Speaker 1: objection of Hudson's was removed in September when the Piedmontes
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  Speaker 1: overran and annexed the Pople Marches in Umbria. The Neapolitans
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  Speaker 1: are too corrupt and the entire civil and military administration
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  Speaker 1: is so abominable that their jurisdiction with North Italy, where
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  Speaker 1: honesty is the rule in public affairs, would merely produce
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  Speaker 1: a social decomposition and then a political putrefaction. We must, therefore,
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  Speaker 1: argues Hudson, find a messo terminae in order to arrive
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  Speaker 1: at the end. Russell desires, viz. To check the maraut
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  Speaker 1: Party and the French designs on South Italy. The metso
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  Speaker 1: terminae recommended by Hudson is a Prince of the House
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  Speaker 1: of Savoy on the throne of Naples and sicily guaranteed
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  Speaker 1: by France and England. This is to be got by
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  Speaker 1: amicable representation at Naples by France and England, which would
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  Speaker 1: result in either the grant of a constitution or an abdication.
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  Speaker 1: Either would do, but the latter would be best, for
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  Speaker 1: then a Prince of the House of Savoy might be
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  Speaker 1: put into the vacant throne. I believe Cavore heartily desires
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  Speaker 1: an Anglo French intervention at Naples. I cannot go and
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  Speaker 1: speak to him on the subject, but I have caused
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  Speaker 1: him to be sounded, and I have myself sounded some
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  Speaker 1: of the best and wisest heads on the matter. The
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  Speaker 1: above is the result. Here we see that as late
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  Speaker 1: as May eighteenth, eighteen sixty, Hudson himself was not in
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  Speaker 1: favor of Italian unity. May twenty seventh, Hudson to Russell,
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  Speaker 1: the day Garibaldi entered Palermo, I received your telegram this
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  Speaker 1: morning instructing me to ask Cavore to stop any more
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  Speaker 1: expeditions from Genoa and Tuscany. He told me some days
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  Speaker 1: ago he would not permit any repetition of the Garibaldi expedition,
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  Speaker 1: and I believe him if so. Hudson was unusually credulous,
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  Speaker 1: for Cavore was at the moment helping his friends to
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  Speaker 1: fit out the expedition of Medici. May thirty first, Hudson
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  Speaker 1: to Russell, first day of the armistice at Palermo. Hudson
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  Speaker 1: discusses whether there is truth in the rumors that Italy
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  Speaker 1: will make further concessions of territory to France in return
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  Speaker 1: for Venice or the South. Cavour denies it, and Hudson
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  Speaker 1: believes him. For my part, my belief is based not
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  Speaker 1: upon Kuvar, but on Kvour's necessities. You speak of Cavor
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  Speaker 1: as though he were the dictator, but he depends on
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  Speaker 1: public opinion. The deputies supported him in the Session of
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  Speaker 1: Savoy because they knew they must pay France for Central Italy,
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  Speaker 1: and because the greater part of Nie is French in population,
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  Speaker 1: and Savoy is as reactionary as Ireland or the Vatican.
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  Speaker 1: But he could not command fifty vaults to give away
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  Speaker 1: Sardinia or Genoa. The King told me that he had
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  Speaker 1: made the sacrifice of savoyan niece with a heavy heart,
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  Speaker 1: but there was no means of avoiding it. He added
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  Speaker 1: that he had paid his shot to France and he
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  Speaker 1: would hang the first minister who proposed to make make
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  Speaker 1: another session. Supposing the King's word is worth no more
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  Speaker 1: than Cavor's, why should Venice be worth Genoa? In my opinion,
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  Speaker 1: Genoa is the real te du pont of the King
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  Speaker 1: of Sardinia's dominions. To give Genoa means to give Speccia,
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  Speaker 1: in which case there is no Italy at all, and
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  Speaker 1: the Italians have no intention of changing an Austrian master
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  Speaker 1: for a French one. Caubor and Farini were here with
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  Speaker 1: me for an hour last night. They went over the
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  Speaker 1: whole question of Italy and her independence. They came here
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  Speaker 1: with a telegram announcing the fall of Palermo. I did
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  Speaker 1: not detect a word which smacked of further sessions to France.
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  Speaker 1: But I perceive very clearly that the more you hang back,
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  Speaker 1: the more easy do you make the propagation of French
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  Speaker 1: notions in Italy. Upon whom can the Constitutional party in
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  Speaker 1: Italy lean on, save upon us? And if we refuse
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  Speaker 1: to allow them to lean upon us, you force them
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  Speaker 1: to lean upon France. Consequently, if you stained from interference
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  Speaker 1: in some shape or other in these Sicilian movements, you
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  Speaker 1: leave a free field to France. June Tewod Elliot to
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  Speaker 1: Russell from Naples during Armistice at Palermo. It is extremely
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  Speaker 1: fortunate that the protest of the Admiral Mundi against the
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  Speaker 1: bombardment was not listened to, for if it had been
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  Speaker 1: abandoned on that account, the success of insurgents would indubitably
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  Speaker 1: have been put upon our shoulders. But nevertheless, as it
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  Speaker 1: was not listened to, I am delighted that the protests
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  Speaker 1: should have been made. I do not feel much fear
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  Speaker 1: that the bombardment will be renewed. But it was charming
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  Speaker 1: to see how his defense was taken up by the Nuncio,
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  Speaker 1: who j escalated in favor of shells and strapnel Ell
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  Speaker 1: His purple stockings got almost scarlet with excitement July tenth,
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  Speaker 1: Elliot to Russell, more than a month after the fall
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  Speaker 1: of Palermo. Elliot says he is favorable to complete annexation
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  Speaker 1: by Piedmont, either by means of Garibaldi continuing his career
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  Speaker 1: of victory, as he will do if the Sicilian settlement
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  Speaker 1: is delayed till he has crossed the Straits, or else,
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  Speaker 1: as Eliot would prefer, by Piedmont declaring open war on
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  Speaker 1: the House of Bourbon. If Piedmont would come forward openly
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  Speaker 1: and say that she intends to take up arms for
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  Speaker 1: her Sicilian brothers, I think it would simplify matters much,
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  Speaker 1: for the whole concern would probably tumble down without much
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  Speaker 1: further trouble, and it would moreover be an infinitely more
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  Speaker 1: manly and credible course. The treaties ceding Sardinia and Genoma
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  Speaker 1: to France is apocryphal and comes from Vienna. But false
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  Speaker 1: rumors as Eliot, have often preceded such objectionable pretensions of France.
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  Speaker 1: July sixteenth, Hudson to Russell from Turenne, four days prior
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  Speaker 1: to the Battle of Mulazzo. The Unionists of North and
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  Speaker 1: Central Italy that hold policy because they see in it
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  Speaker 1: their principal means of escape from all foreign influence, And
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  Speaker 1: for my part, I cordially and entirely agree with them,
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  Speaker 1: for the very same reason that heretofore I advocated the
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  Speaker 1: annexation of Tuscany. Because now that the notion of a
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  Speaker 1: prince of the House of Savoy has been set aside
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  Speaker 1: by the force of circumstances. I do see very great
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  Speaker 1: danger in the balance of power in the Mediterranean if
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  Speaker 1: France should, in the midst of the Neapolitan confusion, find
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  Speaker 1: a means to place a creature of her own on
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  Speaker 1: that throne, or on both of the Sicilies, as to
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  Speaker 1: further compensation of France in the event of annexation of
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  Speaker 1: one or both of the Sicilies, Cavor exclaimed venomly only
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  Speaker 1: last night, I will guarantee that nothing of the sort
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  Speaker 1: shall happen. I want Italy for the Italians, not for
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  Speaker 1: the French. I replied that you were of opinion that
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  Speaker 1: if he only ran straight, all would yet be well,
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  Speaker 1: and to this he solemnly declared that he would run straight.
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  Speaker 1: July twenty second, Farini to Rustle from t Renne. Farini,
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  Speaker 1: Cavour's principal colleague, writes solemnly denying rumors circulating in Europe
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  Speaker 1: that Italy and France are negotiating for a session of
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  Speaker 1: Sardinia and the Ligurian Coast to France. July thirty first,
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  Speaker 1: Russell to Farini from Chesham Palace, Sir, I beg to
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  Speaker 1: assure you that I entirely believe your denial of the
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  Speaker 1: sinister rumors which have been spread. But we know that
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  Speaker 1: Count Cavour thought himself compelled to yield contrary to his
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  Speaker 1: declarations on the subject at Savoy and Nice, so that
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  Speaker 1: many say what happened once may happen again for the present,
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  Speaker 1: I entirely disbelieve any secret treaty. July twenty fifth, Ricassoli
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  Speaker 1: to Russell from Florence. Ricossoli writes to thank Lord John
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  Speaker 1: for his support of the Italian cause. Lerigenra joan italiane
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  Speaker 1: ripose uniquiment surson uniti. Will you lose beIN entry persuade
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  Speaker 1: my Lord? I neate salute or illiuropa Cadan's littalia nacion
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  Speaker 1: ed il nid apast de nachion keedance lioniti. July twenty seventh,
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  Speaker 1: Hudson to Russell. Garibaldi's army victorious at Mulazzo on the
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  Speaker 1: twentieth is arriving at Messina on the Straits to state
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  Speaker 1: what are the plans of Kavor would be to do
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  Speaker 1: that which he himself would not dare to attempt. For
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  Speaker 1: my belief is that he has no plan. He is
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  Speaker 1: a waiter upon Providence and the Chapter of Accidents. The
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  Speaker 1: general aspect of affairs is a complete in broglio, for
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  Speaker 1: which there would, as a choice of evils, appear to
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  Speaker 1: be no other remedy than annexation. If therefore I am
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  Speaker 1: an advocate of that principle, it is rather because it
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  Speaker 1: appears to me to be less prejudicial to the British interests,
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  Speaker 1: of which you remind me that the anarchy of Sicily
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  Speaker 1: in Naples and the discontent of northern Italy. July twenty eighth,
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  Speaker 1: Iliot Russell, three or four days after Lakite's visit to
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  Speaker 1: Russell's house, De Martino is evidently much vexed that you
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  Speaker 1: will not join in preventing Garibaldi from crossing the Straits,
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  Speaker 1: though I scarcely think he can have really expected that
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  Speaker 1: you would, as I have over and over again told
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  Speaker 1: him not to reckon on any such help. July thirty first,
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  Speaker 1: Hudson to Russell, Garibaldi, still at Messina, A long reasoned
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  Speaker 1: letter to prove that the unity of Italy is in
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  Speaker 1: accordance with British interests. To constitute Italy under duality is
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  Speaker 1: not easy, with public opinion opposed. I was then a
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  Speaker 1: duellist I continue to be sod till the capture of Palermo.
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  Speaker 1: I then proposed a prince of the House of Savoy.
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  Speaker 1: You received the notion coldly and did nothing to promote it.
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  Speaker 1: The tidal wave of unity which the victory of Palermo
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  Speaker 1: set in motion, carried that idea to the frozen sea
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  Speaker 1: of diplomatic nostrums. The neapolitan are turning to Victor Manuel
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  Speaker 1: as the only man who saved them from anarchy in
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  Speaker 1: civil war, plunder and massacre, and lacidas, foreign soldiery and
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  Speaker 1: a degraded mob. After stating many suggested solutions and the
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  Speaker 1: objection to each, he writes, it is not then my
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  Speaker 1: sympathies with Italy, but my sympathy with the British interests,
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  Speaker 1: which lead me, in the face of existing circumstances, to
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  Speaker 1: advocate the least prejudicial of these various issues, the unity
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  Speaker 1: of Italy. The interests of Italy turn naturally rather towards
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  Speaker 1: Germany than France, provided Germany will allow her. There is
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  Speaker 1: no reason why Austria should not give a real, efficient
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  Speaker 1: protection to Italy. They have great interests in common, and
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  Speaker 1: they have a common danger France. But then this protection
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  Speaker 1: should be a moral one, not such an interest as
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  Speaker 1: Rudolph of Absburg tried to create in Italy by corrupt
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  Speaker 1: bargain with Rome. It should be a protection shared by
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  Speaker 1: other England and Prussia, with no other guarantee, no other
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  Speaker 1: pact than that which springs from natural necessities shared in
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  Speaker 1: common and felt by all. If Austria would consent to
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  Speaker 1: seeds Venice, she would find security, compensation, and safety. She
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  Speaker 1: would establish her finances and gain a barrier on her
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  Speaker 1: western frontier which would be impregnable so long as England
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  Speaker 1: is mistress of the sea. Such a league of Austria, Prussia,
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  Speaker 1: Italy and England, argues Hudson, would put an end to
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  Speaker 1: all our fears of French Hegeomany. In view of the
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  Speaker 1: argument used by Hudson in this letter in favor of
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  Speaker 1: Italian unity, compare the letter of Lord Palmerston on January tenth,
• 14:42
  Speaker 1: eighteen sixty one, upon the subject of Italy. Your Majesty
• 14:46
  Speaker 1: reminds Viscount Palmerston that he stated last summer that it
• 14:51
  Speaker 1: would be better for the interests of England that Southern
• 14:53
  Speaker 1: Italy should be a separate monarchy, rather than it should
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  Speaker 1: form part of a United Italy. Visc Count Balmerson still
• 15:01
  Speaker 1: retains a position because a separate kingdom of the two
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  Speaker 1: Sicilies would be more likely, in the event of war
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  Speaker 1: between England and France, to side, at least by its neutrality,
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  Speaker 1: with the strongest naval power, and it's to be hoped
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  Speaker 1: that such power would be England. But then it would
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  Speaker 1: be necessary that the Twin Sicilies, as an independent and
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  Speaker 1: separate state, should be well governed and should have an
• 15:25
  Speaker 1: enlightened sovereign. This, unfortunately has become hopeless and impossible under
• 15:31
  Speaker 1: the Bourbon dynasty, and no Englishman could wish to see
• 15:34
  Speaker 1: a Murrat or a Prince Napoleon on the throne of Naples.
• 15:39
  Speaker 1: The course of events since last summer seems to have
• 15:42
  Speaker 1: finally decided the fate of Sicily and Naples. There can
• 15:45
  Speaker 1: be no doubt that for the interest of the people
• 15:47
  Speaker 1: of Italy, and with a view to the general balance
• 15:50
  Speaker 1: of power in Europe, a united Italy is the best arrangement.
• 15:54
  Speaker 1: The Italian Kingdom will never side with France from partiality
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  Speaker 1: to France, and the stronger the kingdom becomes, the better
• 16:02
  Speaker 1: able it will be to resist political coercion from France.
• 16:06
  Speaker 1: The Chief hold that France will have upon the policy
• 16:09
  Speaker 1: of the Kingdom of Italy consists in the retention of
• 16:12
  Speaker 1: Venetia by Austria. August eleventh, Eliot to Russell Garibaldi, still
• 16:18
  Speaker 1: on Sicilian side of Straits of Messina, Villamarina told me
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  Speaker 1: this morning, but again swore me to secrecy, that Victor
• 16:27
  Speaker 1: Manuel has just received a letter from Prince Napoleon saying
• 16:31
  Speaker 1: that the time has come for securing the independence of Italy.
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  Speaker 1: Courage on your part is all that is now required.
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  Speaker 1: But Eliot adds that the Piedmontese government, frightened of the
• 16:42
  Speaker 1: men around Garibaldi, have instructed Villamarina to do all he
• 16:46
  Speaker 1: can to prevent Garibaldi from coming over, but without letting
• 16:50
  Speaker 1: it appear as if Piedmont was doing so. The object
• 16:54
  Speaker 1: in this is to get a revolution in Naples for
• 16:56
  Speaker 1: annexation without a Gerbaldian dictatorship. But Eliot prophesies correctly that
• 17:03
  Speaker 1: the Neapolitans have so little pluck that the attempt to
• 17:06
  Speaker 1: anticipate Garibaldi will fail. August twentieth, Eliot to Russell Garibaldi,
• 17:12
  Speaker 1: just crossing the straits. The only tolerable situation which I
• 17:16
  Speaker 1: see remaining is that there should be war between Naples
• 17:19
  Speaker 1: and Sardinia. The former dare not quarrel and I am
• 17:23
  Speaker 1: afraid the latter may continue to think it more profitable
• 17:26
  Speaker 1: to go on working underground, but open war would be
• 17:30
  Speaker 1: infinitely more credible, and it would avoid the dangers both
• 17:34
  Speaker 1: of messnism and reaction through which we shall otherwise have
• 17:38
  Speaker 1: to pass. If this were to be done, Naples would
• 17:42
  Speaker 1: be settled, but we should then have the affairs of
• 17:45
  Speaker 1: Rome and Venetia, which must arise out of the annexation
• 17:48
  Speaker 1: of Naples. If the Neapolitans shook off their king for themselves,
• 17:53
  Speaker 1: it is perhaps possible that they might be induced to
• 17:55
  Speaker 1: be satisfied with the second son of Victor Manuel. But
• 17:59
  Speaker 1: there iss little chance of their doing their work for themselves,
• 18:03
  Speaker 1: and those who do it will impose the new arrangement
• 18:06
  Speaker 1: on them viz. Annexation. August twenty fourth, Hudson to Russell.
• 18:12
  Speaker 1: The expeditions of Garibaldi have ceased bonafid, and as the
• 18:17
  Speaker 1: fine weather has set in the country, people are thinking
• 18:20
  Speaker 1: more of their harvest than politics. Turin is deserted, the
• 18:25
  Speaker 1: king is in the mountains shooting jammys, and nearly all
• 18:27
  Speaker 1: the diplomats are gone too, and Cavor was meanwhile making
• 18:31
  Speaker 1: his final arrangements for the invasion of the popul states.
• 18:35
  Speaker 1: I wonder whether Hudson really knew this. September one, Elliott
• 18:40
  Speaker 1: to Russell from Naples, six days before Garibaldi entered Naples,
• 18:45
  Speaker 1: narrates discovery of what is called Count Trapani's reactionary plot,
• 18:50
  Speaker 1: which has led to the resignation of the constitutional ministers.
• 18:54
  Speaker 1: But their resignation is not yet accepted. The National Guards
• 18:59
  Speaker 1: almost insist on the ministry remaining in and say that
• 19:02
  Speaker 1: if it does so, the tranquility of the town will
• 19:05
  Speaker 1: be guaranteed by them. But the ministers, or rather Di Martino,
• 19:10
  Speaker 1: insist on going and say that if the King becomes
• 19:13
  Speaker 1: privy to plots for their arrest, which was part of
• 19:16
  Speaker 1: the programme of Trapani's plot, they cannot remain in to
• 19:20
  Speaker 1: please the National Guard or to become the government not
• 19:23
  Speaker 1: of the king but of the people. In a few hours,
• 19:27
  Speaker 1: it must be settled one way or the other. I
• 19:30
  Speaker 1: cannot yet give any true details of this plot, but
• 19:33
  Speaker 1: the French connection of the leaders, both of it and
• 19:36
  Speaker 1: of Count Aquila's is a remarkable feature. The most prominent
• 19:40
  Speaker 1: man in the present one is Prince Castro Piano, and
• 19:44
  Speaker 1: Prince Ischitella is also said to be in it. And
• 19:48
  Speaker 1: both of these men I pointed out to you as
• 19:50
  Speaker 1: devoted to French interests. It was also a Frenchman in
• 19:54
  Speaker 1: whose rooms the compromising papers were found, and I believe
• 19:58
  Speaker 1: Brenier has called for his liberation. In fact, on all
• 20:03
  Speaker 1: sides there is an atmosphere of intrigue that bewilders me.
• 20:07
  Speaker 1: September seventh, Hudson to Russell, day of Garibaldi's entry into Naples,
• 20:12
  Speaker 1: a few days prior to Kavor's invasion of Papal states.
• 20:16
  Speaker 1: Kavor must choose between one of the horns of his dilemma,
• 20:20
  Speaker 1: either intervention with Victor Manuel or anarchy with Garibaldi. Of
• 20:25
  Speaker 1: course he chooses for the former, but we see now
• 20:28
  Speaker 1: what the Garibaldi expedition has produced. Covor told me this
• 20:32
  Speaker 1: morning that he would willingly have avoided all this, but
• 20:36
  Speaker 1: being determined not to let Garibaldi and the Medsanians get
• 20:39
  Speaker 1: the whip hand, he is forced to resort to extreme
• 20:42
  Speaker 1: measures in order to avoid the Venetian difficulty. When I
• 20:46
  Speaker 1: read your dispatch to him this morning, he said, believe
• 20:50
  Speaker 1: me Garibaldi shall not attack Venice. If Venice is ever attacked,
• 20:54
  Speaker 1: it will be by an Italian army. I have no
• 20:57
  Speaker 1: intention of attacking Venice, and the Lord John may rely
• 21:01
  Speaker 1: on This appears to mean he will attack Venice when
• 21:05
  Speaker 1: he is strong enough to do so, but that day
• 21:07
  Speaker 1: appears to me to be distant. October sixteenth, Eliot to Russell.
• 21:12
  Speaker 1: A fortnight after the Battle of the Volterno, General Tour,
• 21:17
  Speaker 1: who was Garibaldi's right hand says that the town of
• 21:20
  Speaker 1: Naples furnished eighty fighting men to Garibaldi's army of twenty
• 21:24
  Speaker 1: thousand Italian volunteers at the front protecting Naples. October thirtieth,
• 21:29
  Speaker 1: Eliot to Russell, Last days of Garibaldi's dictatorship. No change
• 21:35
  Speaker 1: of any kind has taken place here since I last wrote,
• 21:38
  Speaker 1: except that the necessity of having a government becomes daily
• 21:42
  Speaker 1: more and more apparent, and each day adds immensely to
• 21:45
  Speaker 1: the difficulty that will be experienced in sitting matters a
• 21:49
  Speaker 1: little straight after the universal and wholesale plunder and confusion,
• 21:54
  Speaker 1: which is by degrees becoming a system. October nineteenth Hudson
• 21:59
  Speaker 1: to Russell, Victor Manuel advancing from Ancona to Naples. The
• 22:04
  Speaker 1: King has sent me, through the General soerrola message to
• 22:07
  Speaker 1: the following effect. The considering the jealousy with which his
• 22:11
  Speaker 1: constitutional system of government is regarded by most sovereigns, and
• 22:15
  Speaker 1: especially by Austria, Russia and France, and the lukewarm support
• 22:19
  Speaker 1: of Prussia, he has no one to rely on for
• 22:22
  Speaker 1: moral support save England, and he would esteem it as
• 22:26
  Speaker 1: a favor if, on his arrival at Naples he could
• 22:29
  Speaker 1: be supported by a British representative. The moral support was
• 22:33
  Speaker 1: forthcoming in Lord John Russell's famous dispatch of October twenty seventh.
• 22:38
  Speaker 1: It contained the sediment it appears that the late proceedings
• 22:42
  Speaker 1: of the King of Sardinia have been strongly disapproved by
• 22:45
  Speaker 1: several of the principal courts of Europe. But Her Majesty's
• 22:49
  Speaker 1: government must admit that the Italians themselves are the best
• 22:53
  Speaker 1: judges of their own interests. The publication of this dispatch
• 22:57
  Speaker 1: produced in Italy the effect recorded in the following Life
• 23:01
  Speaker 1: November second, Hudson to Russell, the war begs me to
• 23:05
  Speaker 1: make you his warmest acknowledgments for your dispatch number one
• 23:09
  Speaker 1: ninety five yesterday. It would have done your heart good.
• 23:13
  Speaker 1: Could you have seen him read your number one ninety five?
• 23:16
  Speaker 1: He shouted, rubbed his hands, jumped up, sat down again.
• 23:19
  Speaker 1: Then he began to think, and when he looked up,
• 23:22
  Speaker 1: tears were standing in his eyes. Beyond your dispatch, he
• 23:26
  Speaker 1: saw the Italy of his dreams, the Italy of his hopes,
• 23:29
  Speaker 1: the Italy of his policy. November twelfth, Eliot Russell, for
• 23:35
  Speaker 1: the past week, Naples, and I believe Italy have been
• 23:38
  Speaker 1: more occupied about your dispatch to Hudson than about anything else.
• 23:42
  Speaker 1: And though you must have been in great major prepared
• 23:45
  Speaker 1: for it, you can hardly quite have expected the immense
• 23:48
  Speaker 1: sensation it has made. Villamarina's first exclamation was that it
• 23:53
  Speaker 1: was worth more than one hundred thousand men, and King
• 23:57
  Speaker 1: Victor Manuel appears to have spoken to Admiral Mundi in
• 24:00
  Speaker 1: terms almost as strong. November sixteenth, cavor to Russell, thanking
• 24:06
  Speaker 1: him for the despatch. Lepi moral keevu nos pretetes dat
• 24:11
  Speaker 1: sete constant seprima nows permetra jespera dstablisher sor Disbasi's largest
• 24:18
  Speaker 1: saltis ledifii delanation Italiane ma viva reconnaissance. Poor le servessi
• 24:25
  Speaker 1: mense keevu Vence de rendre Altali. Mister Odo Russell to
• 24:31
  Speaker 1: Lord John Russell, Rome, December first, eighteen sixty, My dear uncle,
• 24:37
  Speaker 1: Ever since your famous dispatch of the twenty seventh, you
• 24:41
  Speaker 1: are blessed night and morning by twenty millions of Italians.
• 24:45
  Speaker 1: I could not read it myself without deep emotion, and
• 24:48
  Speaker 1: the moment it was published in Italian thousands of people
• 24:52
  Speaker 1: copied it from each other, to carry it to their
• 24:54
  Speaker 1: homes and weep over it for joy and gratitude in
• 24:57
  Speaker 1: the bosom of their families, away from brutal mercenaries and
• 25:01
  Speaker 1: greasy priests. Difficult as the task is, the Italians have
• 25:06
  Speaker 1: now before them, I cannot but think that they will
• 25:09
  Speaker 1: accomplish it better than we any of us. Hope, for
• 25:13
  Speaker 1: every day convinces me more and more that I am
• 25:16
  Speaker 1: living in the midst of a great and real national
• 25:19
  Speaker 1: movement which will at last be crowned with perfect success.
• 25:22
  Speaker 1: Notwithstanding the legion of enemies, Italy still counts in Europe,
• 25:27
  Speaker 1: your affectionate nephew, Odo Russell. While this book is being
• 25:31
  Speaker 1: printed in nineteen eleven, an important document has come to
• 25:35
  Speaker 1: hand through the kindness of mister William Moore and Vernon,
• 25:38
  Speaker 1: who finds in his diary under the date February twenty second,
• 25:42
  Speaker 1: eighteen seventy. The following contemporary entry reached the Hotel Vittoria
• 25:47
  Speaker 1: at San Remo at five thirty. We dine with Lord
• 25:51
  Speaker 1: and Lady Russell, who live close by. Lord Russell is
• 25:54
  Speaker 1: looking very well Lakita. He and Lady Russell discussed how
• 25:59
  Speaker 1: in July eighteen sixty, when Persinni was trying to induce
• 26:03
  Speaker 1: Lord John to stop Garibaldi's landing in Italy from Messina.
• 26:07
  Speaker 1: He Laquita, being very ill at the time, managed to
• 26:11
  Speaker 1: see Lady John, who was ill in bed. She however,
• 26:14
  Speaker 1: received him and sent for Lord John, who was mindly
• 26:18
  Speaker 1: surprised to find Lakita there, who immediately attacked him on
• 26:21
  Speaker 1: the treaty he was supposed to be arranging with Persini
• 26:25
  Speaker 1: to have an Anglo French fleet in the Straits of
• 26:27
  Speaker 1: Messina to prevent Garibaldi from crossing to Italy. After a
• 26:32
  Speaker 1: long discussion which nearly exhausted Tino, who was very ill,
• 26:36
  Speaker 1: Lord John said to him go to bed, and don't
• 26:39
  Speaker 1: be so sure that I'm going to sign the treaty yet.
• 26:42
  Speaker 1: Tino went home to bed, and two hours after George Eliot,
• 26:47
  Speaker 1: then Lord John's secretary, came to tell him from Lord John.
• 26:51
  Speaker 1: To be of good cheer, Tino took the hint sent
• 26:54
  Speaker 1: for Diazelio and dictated a telegram to Cavor implying that
• 26:59
  Speaker 1: the intended treaty was at an end. Garibaldi was accordingly undisturbed.
• 27:05
  Speaker 1: How few people knew that this was owing to Lakita.
• 27:08
  Speaker 1: I myself heard Lord John Russell confirm the story. This
• 27:12
  Speaker 1: passage from mister Vernon's diary puts the story beyond all
• 27:16
  Speaker 1: possible doubt by proving that Lord and Lady Russell bore
• 27:20
  Speaker 1: out Lakita's account of it. With the Hudson letter, the
• 27:23
  Speaker 1: chain of evidence is now complete, and of appendixay