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007 - The Builders · Story of the First Trans-Continental Railroad

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  Speaker 1: Section seven of the Story of the First Trance Continental
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  Speaker 1: Railroad by William Francis Bailey. This LibriVox recording is in
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  Speaker 1: the public domain recording by Paul Harvey. The builders their
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  Speaker 1: material in methods, Oakes Ames, Financier, George Francis, train Promoter,
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  Speaker 1: John A. Dix, First President, Thomas C. Durant, Vice President
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  Speaker 1: and President, Granville M. Dodge, Chief Engineer, subordinate officials, Casement Brothers,
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  Speaker 1: track layers, Mormons Materials used their source methods. At Sherman Station,
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  Speaker 1: the highest point on the Union Pacific Railroad stands a
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  Speaker 1: monument some sixty feet square and about the same height,
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  Speaker 1: bearing the simple legend in memory of Oakes Ames and
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  Speaker 1: Oliver Ames. This was erected in compliance with a resolution
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  Speaker 1: passed at the meeting of the company's stockholders held in
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  Speaker 1: Boston March tenth, eighteen seventy five, which read as follows,
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  Speaker 1: resolved that in memory of Oaks Aims, and in recognition
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  Speaker 1: of his services in the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad,
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  Speaker 1: to which he devoted his means and his best energies,
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  Speaker 1: with the courage, fidelity, and integrity unsurpassed in the history
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  Speaker 1: of railroad construction. The directors of this company are requested
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  Speaker 1: to take measure in cooperation with such friends as may
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  Speaker 1: desire to contribute for the erection at some point in
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  Speaker 1: the line of the road of a suitable and permanent monument.
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  Speaker 1: By the recent shortening of the line, this monument has
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  Speaker 1: been left some three miles away from the present track.
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  Speaker 1: Its removal to Cheyenne Depot grounds or some other equally
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  Speaker 1: prominent position is under consideration. Oliver Emes was born at
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  Speaker 1: Northeastern Massachusetts January tenth, eighteen o four. He passed his
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  Speaker 1: youth in early manhood assisting his father in the work
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  Speaker 1: of a farmer and later of manufacturing shovels, Attending during
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  Speaker 1: the winter a country school, serving first as apprentice, then foreman.
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  Speaker 1: He was in due time taken into partnership with his father,
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  Speaker 1: to whose business he succeeded. From twenty thousand dozen shovels
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  Speaker 1: turned out in eighteen forty five, their output increased to
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  Speaker 1: one hundred and twenty five thousand dozens in eighteen seventy.
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  Speaker 1: A tireless worker, dispensing with the clerk or bookkeeper, his
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  Speaker 1: accounts were kept in his head. Over six feet in height,
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  Speaker 1: weighing over two hundred pounds, broad shouldered and massive inbuilt.
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  Speaker 1: Elected to Congress in eighteen sixty, where he was kept
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  Speaker 1: until eighteen seventy two, becoming associated with the Union Pacific
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  Speaker 1: in eighteen sixty five, at the time when the enterprise
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  Speaker 1: was languishing for lack of funds and it seemed almost hopeless.
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  Speaker 1: His attention was first directed in that channel by his
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  Speaker 1: duties as a member of the House Committee of Railroads
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  Speaker 1: in eighteen sixty five. He was then a man of
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  Speaker 1: considerable means, recognized as an authority on business matters, and
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  Speaker 1: he enjoyed the confidence of President Lincoln and other prominent
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  Speaker 1: men of that day to a marked degree. In fact,
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  Speaker 1: it was at the urgent solicitation of the President that
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  Speaker 1: he undertook the almost hopeless task of financiering the construction
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  Speaker 1: of the road, entering into the undertaking with all of
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  Speaker 1: his energy and means, using his influence and persuade of
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  Speaker 1: powers with his fellow capitalists, he was able to raise
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  Speaker 1: by various means the necessary funds for the construction of
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  Speaker 1: the line. Among others who took stock in the company
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  Speaker 1: and Cryptobilier were a number of public men, including Vice
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  Speaker 1: President Colfax, Speaker, James G. Blaine, James A. Garfield afterwards President,
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  Speaker 1: and others of that ilk. The cry of corruption and
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  Speaker 1: bribery was raised in the campaign of eighteen seventy two,
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  Speaker 1: resulting in investigation by Congressional committees and a trial by
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  Speaker 1: the House, which rendered a very remarkable verdict censuring mister
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  Speaker 1: Ames for having induced members of Congress to invest in
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  Speaker 1: the stock of a corporation in which he was interested
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  Speaker 1: and whose interests depended on legislation of Congress. But with
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  Speaker 1: the further finding on the part of the House committee
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  Speaker 1: that no one had been wronged, that the Congressman in
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  Speaker 1: question had paid him what the stock cost him, and
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  Speaker 1: no more that he had neither offered nor suggested a bribe,
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  Speaker 1: that their object in taking the stock originally was a
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  Speaker 1: profitable investment, and at the time no further action at
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  Speaker 1: the hands of Congress was desired. Leaving Congress at the
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  Speaker 1: end of ten years service in eighteen seventy two, he
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  Speaker 1: died from the effects of pneumonia during May eighteen seventy three.
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  Speaker 1: Universally respected and esteemed, and the one man above all
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  Speaker 1: others who, by financiering the proposition, was entitled to a
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  Speaker 1: monument at the hands of the stockholders of the Union
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  Speaker 1: Pacific Railroad. The following remarks made by him in regard
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  Speaker 1: to the road at a time of apparently hopeless financial stringency,
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  Speaker 1: indicate quite clearly the character of the man and his
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  Speaker 1: views of the work go ahead. The work shall not
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  Speaker 1: stop if it takes the shovel shop. What makes me
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  Speaker 1: hold on is the faith of you soldiers, referring to
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  Speaker 1: the opinions held by the ex soldiers employed on the construction,
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  Speaker 1: or again, when it became evident that either the Aimes
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  Speaker 1: or the railroad company would have to go to the
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  Speaker 1: wall save the credit of the road, I will fail.
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  Speaker 1: George Francis Train may well be considered as the promoter
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  Speaker 1: of the Union Pacific Railroad in season and out before
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  Speaker 1: Congressional committees, public meetings, or to the unfortunate individual whom
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  Speaker 1: he succeeded in buttonholing the Union Pacific Railroad was the
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  Speaker 1: subject of endless oratory. In no small degree was he
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  Speaker 1: responsible for the opinion the road should and must be
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  Speaker 1: built that became prevalent in eighteen teen sixty two eighteen
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  Speaker 1: sixty four, and which resulted in the action of Congress
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  Speaker 1: looking to the construction of the line. He was prominent
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  Speaker 1: in its affairs, and largely instrumental in the formation of
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  Speaker 1: the credit mobile. Ear As to the man himself, he
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  Speaker 1: was a genius, if, as a celebrated writer has said,
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  Speaker 1: genius is a form of insanity. A contemporaneous writer, George D. Prentiss,
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  Speaker 1: thus describes him a locomotive that has run off the track,
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  Speaker 1: turned upside down in its wheels, making a thousand revolutions
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  Speaker 1: a minute, a kite in the air without a tail,
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  Speaker 1: a ship without a rudder, a clock without hands, a
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  Speaker 1: sermon that is all text, the incarnation of gab handsome, vivacious, versatile, muscular, neat,
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  Speaker 1: clean to the marrow, a judge of the effective clothes,
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  Speaker 1: frugal in food, and regular only in habits, with brains
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  Speaker 1: enough in his head for twenty men, all pulling different ways,
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  Speaker 1: a man not bad, a practical joke in earnest. Among
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  Speaker 1: his many undertakings were the freeing of Ireland, candacy for
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  Speaker 1: the presidency, women's suffrage, circumnavigation of the world. As illustrative
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  Speaker 1: of his character, the following incident is apropos. While publishing
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  Speaker 1: a newspaper in England, he was assessed a small fine
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  Speaker 1: failing to pay, which he was put in jail, where
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  Speaker 1: he preached to the prisoners on the rights of man
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  Speaker 1: and attacked the monarchy. The day following, the authorities freed
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  Speaker 1: him on the ground that he was demoralizing the prisoners.
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  Speaker 1: Time has dealt lightly with him, and no one can
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  Speaker 1: read of his later days. His brilliancy all eclipsed a recluse,
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  Speaker 1: except after his love and companionship for children unmoved. In
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  Speaker 1: his day he was a power, and in no small
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  Speaker 1: degree did he contribute to the living monument of great men,
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  Speaker 1: the Union Pacific Railroad. The first president of the company,
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  Speaker 1: Major General John A. Dix, was selected for the universal respect,
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  Speaker 1: in which he was held Secretary of the Treasury in
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  Speaker 1: eighteen sixty one, resigning to go as general in the
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  Speaker 1: Union Army. He was the one man whom it was
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  Speaker 1: felt would command confidence. In the early days of the proposition,
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  Speaker 1: when the promoters had not as yet an opportunity to
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  Speaker 1: gain the respect of the financial world or of Congress.
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  Speaker 1: It was understood that he would not be able to
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  Speaker 1: devote his entire time or attention to the proposition, being
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  Speaker 1: in the army at the time of his election, still
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  Speaker 1: in no small degree did he contribute to its success.
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  Speaker 1: Appointed Minister to France in eighteen sixty six, his absence
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  Speaker 1: from the United States made necessary his retirement. On his
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  Speaker 1: return in eighteen sixty nine, he was elected Governor of
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  Speaker 1: New York and died greatly honored on April twenty first,
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  Speaker 1: eighteen seventy nine. The man who built the road was
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  Speaker 1: Thomas C. Durant. During the whole of its construction he
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  Speaker 1: was the man in control. He was vice president and
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  Speaker 1: general manager, with headquarters in Omaha, from the day ground
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  Speaker 1: was broken until the line was finished. He had been
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  Speaker 1: connected with several of the Iowa lines previous to the
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  Speaker 1: commencement of work on the Union Pacific Railroad, mostly as contractor.
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  Speaker 1: As an organizer and director, he was unsurpassed in all
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  Speaker 1: the accounts of matters affecting the Union Pacific Railroad, hearings
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  Speaker 1: before Congress, opening ceremonies, excursions given, appointment of officials, and
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  Speaker 1: completion ceremonies. His name appears. He made enemies, as do
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  Speaker 1: all strong men, and he also disagreed with his associates
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  Speaker 1: as to the best methods to pursue. Still, he built
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  Speaker 1: the road, and after the man who persuaded the public
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  Speaker 1: it was necessary, and the one who found the funds
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  Speaker 1: he it is who is entitled the credit. Mister Durant
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  Speaker 1: severed his official connections with the road May twenty fourth,
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  Speaker 1: eighteen sixty nine, shortly after its completion, remaining, however, its
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  Speaker 1: largest stockholder. The surveying and actual work of construction of
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  Speaker 1: the Union Pacific was done under the direction of General
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  Speaker 1: Granville M. Dodge. From eighteen fifty four to eighteen sixty
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  Speaker 1: General Dodge was engaged in preliminary surveys for the Pacific
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  Speaker 1: Railroad under government auspices. Entering the Union Army, he reached
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  Speaker 1: the grade of Major General, and at the close of
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  Speaker 1: the war entered the service of the Union Pacific Railroad
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  Speaker 1: Company as General Superintendent and Chief Engineer. To his ability
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  Speaker 1: and knowledge was due the location of the line and
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  Speaker 1: the rapidity with which the work was done. The General
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  Speaker 1: is still living is an active service, having during the
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  Speaker 1: last thirty years been connected with construction of many of
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  Speaker 1: the important railroads of the West, among them the Texas
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  Speaker 1: and Pacific Railway, Missouri, Kansas and Texas International, and Great
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  Speaker 1: Northern and Fort Worth and Denver City. He had been
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  Speaker 1: president of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Road Railway, Saint
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  Speaker 1: Louis des Moines and Northern Railway, Fort Worth and Denver
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  Speaker 1: City Railways, et cetera. Peter A. Day was the first
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  Speaker 1: engineer of the line, but left in eighteen sixty four.
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  Speaker 1: He was not able to accept the methods of enormous
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  Speaker 1: expenditures the company and the Credit Mobile Eer were adopting,
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  Speaker 1: and retired on the ground that the Hoxie contract was
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  Speaker 1: made against his recommendation. Colonel Silas Seymour was consulting engineer
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  Speaker 1: of the line during eighteen sixty five to eighteen sixty
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  Speaker 1: six and eighteen sixty seven, leaving it to enter the
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  Speaker 1: service of the Kansas Pacific Railway. H. M. Hoxey was
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  Speaker 1: first in charge of Council Bluff's Omaha Ferry, then of
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  Speaker 1: the steamboats carrying construction material on the Missouri River, later
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  Speaker 1: assistant General Superintendent, earning for himself self the title of
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  Speaker 1: the Ubiquitous. He died in eighteen sixty six while holding
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  Speaker 1: the position of Vice President and General manager of the
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  Speaker 1: Missouri Pacific Railway. S. B. Read, Superintendent of Construction, was
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  Speaker 1: the man who had the handling of the forces at
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  Speaker 1: the front. He it was who ran the construction trains,
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  Speaker 1: fought the Indians and the tufts, and bore the heat
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  Speaker 1: and burden of the day. He also made the surveys
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  Speaker 1: and located the line between Salt Lake Valley and Green River. P. T. Brown,
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  Speaker 1: Assistant Engineer, was in charge of the advanced survey under
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  Speaker 1: the direction of General Dodge, and also located the line
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  Speaker 1: from the foot of the Black Hills to Julesburg. James A.
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  Speaker 1: Evans was Division Engineer and in that capacity made many
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  Speaker 1: of the profiles, platts and FA students and final surveys.
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  Speaker 1: Also made the final surveys and location between Green River
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  Speaker 1: and the foot of the Black Hills. D. B. Warren
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  Speaker 1: was Superintendent Utah Division. Colonel Hopper, Superintendent Laramie Division, l
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  Speaker 1: h I Colts Engineera Bridges and Buildings, and General Ledley
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  Speaker 1: Bridge Builder. Among others to whom credit is due is
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  Speaker 1: Brigham Young, the then head President of the Mormon Church,
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  Speaker 1: and other prominent Mormons. The contract for grading from the
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  Speaker 1: head of Echo Canyon to Ogden, known as the one
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  Speaker 1: hundred mile job, costing two and a half million dollars,
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  Speaker 1: was taken by President Young personally and by him subled
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  Speaker 1: in part to Bishop John Sharp and Joseph A. Young,
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  Speaker 1: the President's eldest son. They employed between five and six
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  Speaker 1: hundred men, and the amount of their contract was about
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  Speaker 1: one million dollars. Other subcontractors were Apostle, John Taylor, George Thatcher,
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  Speaker 1: Brigham Young Junior, etc. President Young is said to have
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  Speaker 1: cleared about eight hundred thousand dollars out of this contract.
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  Speaker 1: East of his section, the grading was done by Joseph F.
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  Speaker 1: Noonan and Company, Genteel Bankers of Salt Lake City, who
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  Speaker 1: sub led it to the Mormons. West of President Young's section,
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  Speaker 1: the grading was done by Sharp and Young, the same
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  Speaker 1: parties mentioned above as subcontractors. Under President Young, it was
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  Speaker 1: conceded that the Mormons carried out their contracts not only
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  Speaker 1: to the letter, but in the spirit, doing some of
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  Speaker 1: the best work on the line. The track lane proper
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  Speaker 1: was done by General JS. Jack Casement and his brother D. T. Dan,
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  Speaker 1: with Captain Clayton as their superintendent. They had in their
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  Speaker 1: employ as high as two thousand men at one time,
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  Speaker 1: and worked under a contract that gave them a substantial
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  Speaker 1: bonus for all track laid in excess of two miles
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  Speaker 1: a day, as well as made them allowance for idle
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  Speaker 1: time occasioned by their being unable to work on account
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  Speaker 1: of the grade not being ready for them. Thus they
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  Speaker 1: were to receive eight hundred dollars per mile of track
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  Speaker 1: laid if two miles or less was laid in a day.
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  Speaker 1: If they laid over two miles in one day, they
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  Speaker 1: were to receive twelve hundred dollars per mile. And for
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  Speaker 1: time they were idle waiting for the grade, they were
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  Speaker 1: to receive three thousand dollars per day. Many other names
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  Speaker 1: should be mentioned here, and Wood did space permit, but
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  Speaker 1: will have to be omitted. The men who built the
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  Speaker 1: Union Pacific Railroad are entitled to great credit and praise.
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  Speaker 1: They made money, much money out of the project, but
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  Speaker 1: they were entitled to it. Their success brought in its
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  Speaker 1: train the usual consequences. They have been accused of almost
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  Speaker 1: every crime in the calendar, assailed by the press, investigated
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  Speaker 1: by Congress, and sued by their less fortunate associates. Their
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  Speaker 1: achievement speaks for them louder than words, and they can
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  Speaker 1: leave their reputations to history for vindication. The line was
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  Speaker 1: originally laid with fifty pound iron from the mills of
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  Speaker 1: Pennsylvania for four hundred and forty miles and with fifty
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  Speaker 1: six pound iron. West of there, As has been mentioned before,
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  Speaker 1: the first section was laid with cottonwood ties of local
• 18:55
  Speaker 1: growth treated by the bernetizing process, which was erroneously supposed
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  Speaker 1: would prevent decay. West of there, hardwood ties from the
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  Speaker 1: east were used, some of them coming from far away
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  Speaker 1: Pennsylvania and costing the company two dollars and fifty cents
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  Speaker 1: laid down in Omaha. For the mountain section, ties of
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  Speaker 1: local growth were largely and satisfactorily used. The basis was
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  Speaker 1: twenty four hundred ties to the mile on the plains,
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  Speaker 1: twenty six hundred and forty through the mountains, and twenty
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  Speaker 1: five hundred west of Laramie. The lumber for bridges and
• 19:37
  Speaker 1: building came from Minnesota and Wisconsin, excepting in the far west,
• 19:43
  Speaker 1: where native lumber was used. The grating was done to
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  Speaker 1: a very large extent by manual labor. It was before
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  Speaker 1: the day of the steam shovel or air drill. Pick
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  Speaker 1: and shovel and wheelbarrow reinforced by teams and sk scrapers
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  Speaker 1: were the means used, excepting where rock was encountered, and
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  Speaker 1: then hand drills and black powder and occasionally nitroglycerine were
• 20:10
  Speaker 1: relied upon to quarry the rock, which was very much
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  Speaker 1: in demand for masonry work. The graters worked as much
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  Speaker 1: as two hundred miles ahead of the track. They were
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  Speaker 1: housed in tents, and all supplies for their sustenance and
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  Speaker 1: material used by them were necessarily hauled from the several
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  Speaker 1: terminal points. This resulted in the employment of a good
• 20:34
  Speaker 1: sized army of teamsters and freighters in the buffalo. They
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  Speaker 1: had a food that, while cheap, was of the first order,
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  Speaker 1: and the number thus utilized was away up in the thousands.
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  Speaker 1: No pretense was made to ballast the track as the
• 20:52
  Speaker 1: construction work was done. The ties were laid on the
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  Speaker 1: grade with just enough dirt on them to keep them
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  Speaker 1: in place. Speedy construction was considered of the first importance,
• 21:05
  Speaker 1: and then the ballasting could be done much cheaper. After
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  Speaker 1: the track was down to a very great extent, temporary
• 21:13
  Speaker 1: trestles of timber were used, to be replaced later by
• 21:17
  Speaker 1: more permanent culverts of stone. In some places where the
• 21:22
  Speaker 1: piles were thus replaced by masonry, it was necessary to
• 21:27
  Speaker 1: tear out the stone and put in piles again. The
• 21:31
  Speaker 1: heavy freshets proved more than the culverts could carry off,
• 21:36
  Speaker 1: and besides, the stone work would wash out much quicker
• 21:40
  Speaker 1: than did piles. The bridges were mostly how a wooden
• 21:45
  Speaker 1: truss uncovered with stone or wooden abutments. Where the span
• 21:50
  Speaker 1: was short, wooden trestles on piles were used. One reason
• 21:55
  Speaker 1: for deferring the masonry work as well as the ballasting
• 22:00
  Speaker 1: was the inability to handle the necessary supplies. Every engine
• 22:05
  Speaker 1: and all the equipment were kept in constant use hauling
• 22:09
  Speaker 1: construction material to the front. Notwithstanding what to the contractor
• 22:14
  Speaker 1: of today would seem antiquated and expensive methods, the work
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  Speaker 1: progressed and made headway to an extent that has never
• 22:24
  Speaker 1: since been equalled. It was the immense army, as high
• 22:28
  Speaker 1: as twelve thousand men at times that enabled this to
• 22:33
  Speaker 1: be the case. One fifth the number of men with
• 22:37
  Speaker 1: modern methods and labor saving devices would have been equally officious.
• 22:43
  Speaker 1: The expense of hauling water and supplies for the army
• 22:47
  Speaker 1: of men was enormous. The statement has been made that
• 22:51
  Speaker 1: this cost more than it did to do the actual grating.
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  Speaker 1: The great bugaboo of the day was the question of
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  Speaker 1: operating the line during the winter season, it being the
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  Speaker 1: general impression that the snowfall was so great through the
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  Speaker 1: Rocky Mountain region as to render it impossible to keep
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  Speaker 1: the line open. To ascertain the facts in regard to this,
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  Speaker 1: as well as to obtain data as to the best
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  Speaker 1: method of overcoming the same, engineers were stationed to points
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  Speaker 1: where it was anticipated there would be trouble for three winters.
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  Speaker 1: They were kept in tents and dugouts to obtain information
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  Speaker 1: on this point and on the spring in winter freshets,
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  Speaker 1: which it was anticipated would be a source of great annoyance.
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  Speaker 1: End of section seven. Recording by Paul Harvey