Latest / Drawn of History / The 1 Million Year Old Skull Found in China_ Denisovans_ and the Giants of the Bible(M4A_128K)

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The 1 Million Year Old Skull Found in China_ Denisovans_ and the Giants of the Bible(M4A_128K) · Drawn of History

• 0:00
  Speaker 1: The jerogan experience there was the paper about the one
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  Speaker 1: million year old skull human skull that was found in
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  Speaker 1: china uh last year um and this is super interesting
• 0:11
  Speaker 1: because this is a human with a modern size brain
• 0:13
  Speaker 1: but that was found a million years ago and so
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  Speaker 1: again that has implications for what was really going on
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  Speaker 1: a million years ago and if you link that to
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  Speaker 1: the what i would argue is modern behavior with the
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  Speaker 1: seafaring in southeast asia then you have a million year
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  Speaker 1: old skull found in china in northeast asia um you
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  Speaker 1: know you put those two things together and you suddenly
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  Speaker 1: got human beings with modern brains doing modern things a
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  Speaker 1: million years ago and i think it's fascinating so i
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  Speaker 1: mean the paper came out uh i think in october
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  Speaker 1: last year and what they did was they took there
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  Speaker 1: are these fossils from a place called yongshan in china
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  Speaker 1: uh and they were discovered actually in the 1990s i
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  Speaker 1: think it was 1989 and 1990 there's two skulls yongshan
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  Speaker 1: one and yongshan two But they were badly deformed. Yeah,
• 1:01
  Speaker 1: there you go, Jamie, right on cue. Badly, badly deformed.
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  Speaker 1: And they were always thought to be Homo erectus because
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  Speaker 1: of where they were found, China, and how old they were,
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  Speaker 1: over a million years old, because that was the only
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  Speaker 1: type of human that should have been in China or
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  Speaker 1: in that area at that time, at that age. They
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  Speaker 1: were always assumed to be Homo erectus, but a few
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  Speaker 1: researchers from a university in China, along with the Natural
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  Speaker 1: History Museum in London, a professor named Professor Chris Stringer,
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  Speaker 1: They applied modern reconstruction techniques to Yungxiang II, the second skull.
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  Speaker 1: And so they used something called CT scanning to reconstruct it.
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  Speaker 1: And what they discovered was that they think it's actually
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  Speaker 1: a Homo longi skull, which is this part of the
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  Speaker 1: same clad as Denisovan, Denisovan. And why that's important is
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  Speaker 1: that Denisovan is kind of like a cyst.
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  Speaker 2: How do you say it? Do you say Denisovan or Denisovan?
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  Speaker 2: I don't know. I say Denisovan, but I keep hearing Denisovan.
• 1:53
  Speaker 2: I'm trying to change it. Yeah.
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  Speaker 1: What would the scientists say? Denisovan, but the cave is
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  Speaker 1: Denisova Cave, so it should be Denisovan, you would think.
• 2:02
  Speaker 2: Fuck the scientists.
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  Speaker 1: It doesn't matter. Denisovan, Denisovan, whatever. Either way, these scientists
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  Speaker 1: think this skull is Homo longi, which is the cloud
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  Speaker 1: of Denisovan, which is crucially a sister species to Neanderthal
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  Speaker 1: and us, sapiens, which means that if this skull is
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  Speaker 1: a million years old, and if it is Homo longi,
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  Speaker 1: that means that the divergence of our species must have
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  Speaker 1: happened before them. So when humans split into Neanderthal, Denisovan,
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  Speaker 1: and Homo sapien, if this human was already walking around
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  Speaker 1: 1 million years ago, that means that whatever became us
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  Speaker 1: had already diverged at that point. So we were already
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  Speaker 1: a distinct species, Homo sapiens, 1 million years ago, which
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  Speaker 1: is a staggeringly long amount of time and so much
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  Speaker 1: older than what we thought before. We used to think
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  Speaker 1: this was around 500,000 years ago. So it's like a 400,000
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  Speaker 1: or more than that jump from what we thought before.
• 2:51
  Speaker 2: Have you heard the theory about Neanderthals that they believe
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  Speaker 2: that Neanderthals were not just a separate group of human,
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  Speaker 2: but were actually created by humans interbreeding with other ancient primates?
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  Speaker 1: How do you mean?
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  Speaker 2: So instead of Neanderthals existing previously, that Homo sapiens predate Neanderthals,
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  Speaker 2: and that Homo sapiens breeding with some other ancient primate,
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  Speaker 2: some other one of these, created Neanderthals. Maybe.
• 3:22
  Speaker 1: I haven't heard that.
• 3:23
  Speaker 2: I don't know. Yeah. I don't know if it's right.
• 3:26
  Speaker 2: I read it and I was like, what? I was like, okay,
• 3:29
  Speaker 2: this is a crazy theory. And it's, you know, because
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  Speaker 2: the thought is that Neanderthals were bred out with, you know,
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  Speaker 2: that there was interbreeding between humans and Neanderthals. But that
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  Speaker 2: might have actually like predated Neanderthals themselves. Like it might
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  Speaker 2: be the cause of Neanderthals is that humans, Homo sapiens
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  Speaker 2: bred with something else.
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  Speaker 1: Well, we definitely bred with Neanderthals. and probably Denisovans and
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  Speaker 1: Neanderthals and Denisovans bred together as well. And we're all
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  Speaker 1: so similar. The fact that we can have kids together
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  Speaker 1: is incredible. And they actually recently found evidence of humans,
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  Speaker 1: as in sapiens and Neanderthals, actually coexisting for a long,
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  Speaker 1: long time in the same place and living in the
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  Speaker 1: same place. Because you could always argue before that perhaps
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  Speaker 1: it was non-consensual breeding between a Neanderthal male and a
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  Speaker 1: sapien woman. But now we have evidence that we did
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  Speaker 1: live alongside each other cooperatively. I can't remember where the
• 4:22
  Speaker 1: site is, but... that was found recently. So yeah, that's
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  Speaker 1: interesting as well because.
• 4:27
  Speaker 2: See if you can find any, whatever the hell I
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  Speaker 2: found about Neanderthals, possibly a result of humans breeding with
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  Speaker 2: other primates.
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  Speaker 1: With other primates? So as in not even.
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  Speaker 2: I mean, not other humans. We're not created by modern humans.
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  Speaker 2: They're a closely related extinct branch of the human family.
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  Speaker 2: This is a very recent proposal.
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  Speaker 1: I might have asked the question, too, in a different way.
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  Speaker 2: How'd you ask it?
• 4:52
  Speaker 1: I said, were the Neanderthals created by humans, which isn't.
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  Speaker 2: Really what you said. No. See if you search, is there,
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  Speaker 2: put this in, is there a theory that Neanderthals were
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  Speaker 2: a result of human, maybe you see Homo sapiens? Homo sapiens.
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  Speaker 2: Homo sapiens breeding with other primates. I guess you wouldn't
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  Speaker 2: say primates, though, because that's a monkey. Other... Homos? Other homos.
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  Speaker 2: Other ancient humans. Write that, ancient humans. Ancient human species.
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  Speaker 2: Let's see what perplexity has to say about this. I
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  Speaker 2: wish I'd saved that because it was really interesting. It says, no,
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  Speaker 2: not as the main scientific explanation. That's, but that don't
• 6:02
  Speaker 2: mean the main scientific explanation. I'm saying, is there a theory?
• 6:07
  Speaker 2: I want to know if there's a theory.
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  Speaker 1: Well, then that has to now, I mean, that's about
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  Speaker 1: how we're using this actual thing is I'm using it
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  Speaker 1: in a general way.
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  Speaker 2: Right. But not as the main scientific explanation. Absolutely. But
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  Speaker 2: is there a theory? Has anyone, has anyone theorized that
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  Speaker 2: this is possible? Ask that. Theorized that this is possible.
• 6:34
  Speaker 1: It's going to have to crawl. If it's new, it
• 6:36
  Speaker 1: has to crawl the websites to find that information.
• 6:40
  Speaker 2: I want it to crawl. I know.
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  Speaker 1: We can't make it crawl.
• 6:42
  Speaker 2: Crawl, bitch.
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  Speaker 1: They're going to take over, man.
• 6:46
  Speaker 2: Yes. Here it goes. Researchers have proposed hybridization-based ideas, but
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  Speaker 2: generally not the exact claim that Neanderthals originally formed from
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  Speaker 2: Homo sapiens plus another species. What has been proposed? Paleontologists
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  Speaker 2: propose that particularly late Neanderthal or early modern human fossils
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  Speaker 2: are Might be Neanderthal homo sapien hybrids or descendants of
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  Speaker 2: populations that mix repeatedly. No, this is not quite what
• 7:08
  Speaker 2: I'm saying. This is what's fucked up when you watch
• 7:11
  Speaker 2: too many videos and you read too many articles and
• 7:13
  Speaker 2: you don't save them. This was quite a few months ago, too.
• 7:17
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• 7:59
  Speaker 2: intended for a United States audience. The Denisovan thing is weird.
• 8:08
  Speaker 2: Because there's recent proposals. I think this is a paper
• 8:12
  Speaker 2: I sent you in a podcast where they're discussing this
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  Speaker 2: paper that as of August, like this month, there's some
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  Speaker 2: speculation about the height of the Denisovans and that they
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  Speaker 2: think they might have been much larger than Homo sapiens
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  Speaker 2: at the time.
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  Speaker 1: Yeah, they found a bone. They found a bone, a
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  Speaker 1: thigh bone, I think, under the sea and suggest the Denisovans.
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  Speaker 1: And everything we found about Denisovans is that they were
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  Speaker 1: bigger than us. So the teeth we found, we haven't
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  Speaker 1: got much from them, but the tooth is bigger. The
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  Speaker 1: jawbone is bigger. The dragon man skull, which has been
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  Speaker 1: classified as very similar to Denisovan, is bigger. And then
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  Speaker 1: they found this thigh bone that suggests that they were
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  Speaker 1: considerably over six foot tall. Now, obviously that's not like
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  Speaker 1: a massive giant, but compared to, you know, the average
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  Speaker 1: height of a human today is something like A male
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  Speaker 1: human is something like 5'8 or 5'9. And so a
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  Speaker 1: Denisovan being over six foot is like quite a considerable
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  Speaker 1: jump from that. So it's not like a mythical giant,
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  Speaker 1: but it's still bigger than you'd expect an ancient human
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  Speaker 1: to be.
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  Speaker 2: And it's also we're going with a limited amount of fossils.
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  Speaker 1: So limited. So limited.
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  Speaker 2: So just from what we know, they existed with larger skulls.
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  Speaker 2: recent genetic research confirms that modern humans, Homo sapiens, and
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  Speaker 2: Neanderthals repeatedly interbred a course of period spanning roughly 200,000
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  Speaker 2: to 250,000 years ago. While it's long believed that interbreeding
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  Speaker 2: occurred during a brief window of about 50 to 60,000
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  Speaker 2: years ago, advanced genomic mapping shows multiple waves of contact
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  Speaker 2: occurred much earlier. 200,000 to 250,000 years ago, an early
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  Speaker 2: wave of Homo sapiens migrating out of Africa occurred encountered
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  Speaker 2: and mated with Neanderthals in Eurasia. So what this guy
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  Speaker 2: was saying was that it might not have been that
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  Speaker 2: but that even earlier than this Neanderthals were a result
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  Speaker 2: of human beings interbreeding with others or homo sapiens interbreeding
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  Speaker 2: with others I don't know thank you though um What
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  Speaker 2: we were just at. Oh, Denisovans. So just that one
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  Speaker 2: alone was way bigger than most humans at the time.
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  Speaker 2: And just given the size of the head, the bones
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  Speaker 2: are bigger. It's a bigger brow. It seems like a
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  Speaker 2: more robust, larger version of a human. And then when
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  Speaker 2: you take into account the range and size of human beings,
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  Speaker 2: given the correct amount of resources and food and protein,
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  Speaker 2: we got seven-foot-plus humans that are all over the place today.
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  Speaker 2: And imagine if these Denisovan skulls, which seem to be
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  Speaker 2: a completely different structure than a Homo sapiens, they might
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  Speaker 2: be the giants of the Bible, is the point. This
• 11:02
  Speaker 2: might be what they were talking about. There might have
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  Speaker 2: been a race of much larger people that were physically
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  Speaker 2: dominant over Homo sapiens.
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  Speaker 1: They could have been, they could have been a considerably bigger.
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  Speaker 1: They don't even need to be that big for the,
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  Speaker 1: the myths to kind of perpetuate. Do you know what
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  Speaker 1: I mean? Like just for someone to be a little
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  Speaker 1: bit bigger and you encounter a group of them and
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  Speaker 1: you're like a small homo sapien community, you're going to
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  Speaker 1: remember that.
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  Speaker 2: Well, whenever I do the UFC weigh-ins and I'm standing
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  Speaker 2: next to massive fucking, you know, these huge heavyweights, like
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  Speaker 2: some of these guys are just gigantic humans, you know?
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  Speaker 2: Six foot seven, six foot nine, 265 pounds, and they
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  Speaker 2: have to cut weight to make 265. These are giant people.
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  Speaker 2: And then you think this is whatever percentage of people
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  Speaker 2: that are around today that are that big. If the Denisovans,
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  Speaker 2: if we just have a limit, we might have caught
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  Speaker 2: just a few small ones. I mean, that's what we
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  Speaker 2: don't know. I mean, I wonder what the fuck would
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  Speaker 2: happen if they found some bones that indicated there was
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  Speaker 2: a man that was nine feet tall.
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  Speaker 1: And we know that primates can get that big. And
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  Speaker 1: obviously we're a primate. I can't remember what it's called, but.
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  Speaker 2: Gigantopithecus.
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  Speaker 1: That's the one, yeah. Absolutely gigantic as per the name.
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  Speaker 2: Yeah.
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  Speaker 1: So primates are kind of line of animals can get
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  Speaker 1: really big.
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  Speaker 2: And along the same lines of the timeline of discovery
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  Speaker 2: of that is fascinating too. Because I think it was
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  Speaker 2: in the 1920s, an archaeologist was in an apothecary shop
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  Speaker 2: in China. And he found molars. that were from a
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  Speaker 2: primate that didn't make any sense.
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  Speaker 1: They were really big.
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  Speaker 2: Yeah, huge. He's like, where did you get this? And
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  Speaker 2: he went there and then that's where they found jawbones
• 12:43
  Speaker 2: and things. So there's some, we used to think that
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  Speaker 2: they were bipedal because I've read that before, but now
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  Speaker 2: they're thinking that not, not necessarily. And that they might've been,
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  Speaker 2: because like a lot of people thought that's Bigfoot. You know,
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  Speaker 2: there's this myth that persists throughout Native American cultures, everywhere else. Yeah,
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  Speaker 2: they think it might have been an enormous orangutan. Look
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  Speaker 2: at that movie. What was it, The Jungle Book?
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  Speaker 1: Jungle Book, yeah.
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  Speaker 2: Yeah. So a 10-foot-tall orangutan, like what? I mean, it
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  Speaker 2: just makes sense. If there's the people, you brought up
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  Speaker 2: florists before. Now we also know about those little hobbit
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  Speaker 2: people that lived on the island of Flores that were
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  Speaker 2: these three-foot-tall tiny little people.
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  Speaker 1: Mm-hmm.
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  Speaker 2: So the island dwarfism, and then there's a totally different
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  Speaker 2: version of human beings, of the human chain, the human tree.
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  Speaker 2: Who knows? Who knows what these Denisovans look like?
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  Speaker 1: And island gigantism is also a thing in nature. We
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  Speaker 1: see that and we see island dwarfism.
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  Speaker 2: With reptiles, right?
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  Speaker 1: So it could apply to primates and to humans.
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  Speaker 2: Sure, as long as they had enough food. Yeah. It's
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  Speaker 2: just the idea of a Denisovan. I mean, they only
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  Speaker 2: discovered them in 2010, right?
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  Speaker 1: Oh, yeah, Sony. And we have hardly anything about them.
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  Speaker 2: How many are we missing? You know what I mean?
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  Speaker 1: We literally have, like, a tooth, a jawbone, and this thighbone,
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  Speaker 1: and a few other things.
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  Speaker 2: Right, and how many other versions of humans are we missing?
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  Speaker 1: Yeah, there's ghost populations in our DNA. We know we're
• 14:14
  Speaker 1: missing humans. Like, there are other types of humans that
• 14:17
  Speaker 1: we just have nothing for.
• 14:18
  Speaker 2: Yeah, that's weird.
• 14:20
  Speaker 1: That's so weird.
• 14:20
  Speaker 2: That show, Human, have you ever seen that show? It's on... God,
• 14:24
  Speaker 2: is it a BBC show?
• 14:25
  Speaker 1: Oh, yeah. No, I watched that.
• 14:26
  Speaker 2: Very interesting.
• 14:27
  Speaker 1: It's good.
• 14:28
  Speaker 2: But she was on a podcast recently talking about this
• 14:31
  Speaker 2: ghost DNA and how weird it is that a few
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  Speaker 2: hundred thousand years ago something happened and there's this DNA
• 14:38
  Speaker 2: that's in there that's like, what is this? What's this stuff?
• 14:41
  Speaker 1: Yeah, there's so many populations of humans that we think
• 14:45
  Speaker 1: existed because of our DNA, but we don't know who
• 14:47
  Speaker 1: they were. We've never found them. And they could be,
• 14:50
  Speaker 1: you know... very close to us, but also with significant differences.
• 14:54
  Speaker 1: And it's just, it's all up in the end. Same
• 14:57
  Speaker 1: with so much of prehistory. We just, we don't know. Yeah.
• 15:01
  Speaker 2: And I wonder like what kind of a society, what
• 15:04
  Speaker 2: kind of, if do, do they find stone tools? With Denisovans?
• 15:08
  Speaker 2: Do they know that yet?
• 15:09
  Speaker 1: It's really hard to attribute stone tools to anything because
• 15:12
  Speaker 1: if you just have the tools, you don't know what
• 15:14
  Speaker 1: human used them, what human made them.
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  Speaker 2: Right.
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  Speaker 1: Because you have to find like a skeleton and it's
• 15:19
  Speaker 1: so hard to find a skeleton next to the tools.
• 15:21
  Speaker 1: And even then you don't actually know if it was
• 15:22
  Speaker 1: that that made the tools. We don't know.