Latest / Okay, But... Birds / Okay, but how do you lose 3 billion birds?

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Okay, but how do you lose 3 billion birds? · Okay, But... Birds

• 0:00
  The
• 0:00
  idea
• 0:00
  that
• 0:00
  we've
• 0:01
  lost
• 0:01
  something
• 0:01
  close
• 0:02
  to
• 0:02
  30%
• 0:02
  of
• 0:02
  the
• 0:03
  breeding
• 0:03
  birds
• 0:03
  in
• 0:03
  North
• 0:04
  America
• 0:04
  over
• 0:05
  just
• 0:05
  50
• 0:05
  years
• 0:07
  really
• 0:07
  brings
• 0:07
  home
• 0:08
  the
• 0:08
  fact
• 0:08
  that
• 0:08
  we're
• 0:09
  in
• 0:09
  this.
• 0:09
  We're
• 0:10
  in
• 0:10
  danger
• 0:10
  of
• 0:10
  being
• 0:10
  in
• 0:11
  this
• 0:11
  huge
• 0:11
  mass
• 0:12
  extinction
• 0:12
  period
• 0:13
  that
• 0:13
  otherwise
• 0:14
  is
• 0:14
  a
• 0:14
  mythical
• 0:14
  feature
• 0:15
  of
• 0:15
  the
• 0:15
  distant
• 0:16
  past
• 0:16
  and
• 0:16
  earth.
• 0:40
  It
• 0:40
  sounds
• 0:41
  cliche,
• 0:41
  but
• 0:41
  it's
• 0:42
  hard
• 0:42
  to
• 0:42
  notice
• 0:42
  something
• 0:42
  change
• 0:43
  unless
• 0:43
  it's
• 0:43
  very
• 0:43
  drastic
• 0:44
  and
• 0:44
  something
• 0:45
  close
• 0:45
  to
• 0:45
  home.
• 0:46
  For
• 0:46
  me,
• 0:46
  one
• 0:46
  of
• 0:46
  the
• 0:46
  biggest
• 0:47
  changes
• 0:47
  to
• 0:47
  the
• 0:47
  place
• 0:47
  I
• 0:48
  grew
• 0:48
  up
• 0:48
  was
• 0:48
  the
• 0:48
  development
• 0:49
  of
• 0:49
  a
• 0:49
  subdivision.
• 0:50
  As
• 0:50
  a
• 0:50
  kid,
• 0:50
  I
• 0:51
  had
• 0:51
  free
• 0:51
  reign
• 0:51
  of
• 0:51
  the
• 0:51
  cedar
• 0:52
  forests
• 0:52
  that
• 0:52
  blanket
• 0:53
  the
• 0:53
  shoreline
• 0:53
  of
• 0:53
  Lake
• 0:53
  Huron
• 0:54
  just
• 0:55
  south
• 0:55
  of
• 0:55
  our
• 0:55
  house.
• 0:55
  The
• 0:56
  road
• 0:56
  turned
• 0:56
  from
• 0:56
  tar
• 0:56
  and
• 0:57
  chip
• 0:57
  to
• 0:57
  gravel
• 0:57
  and
• 0:57
  eventually
• 0:58
  to
• 0:58
  a
• 0:58
  well
• 0:58
  worn
• 0:58
  footpath
• 0:59
  through
• 0:59
  the
• 0:59
  woods.
• 1:00
  Things
• 1:00
  have
• 1:01
  changed
• 1:01
  there
• 1:01
  a
• 1:01
  lot.
• 1:02
  Where
• 1:02
  there
• 1:02
  was
• 1:03
  once
• 1:03
  a
• 1:03
  dense
• 1:03
  forest,
• 1:03
  there
• 1:04
  are
• 1:04
  now
• 1:04
  million
• 1:04
  dollar
• 1:05
  homes.
• 1:05
  The
• 1:05
  lots
• 1:05
  have
• 1:06
  been
• 1:06
  stripped
• 1:06
  of
• 1:06
  their
• 1:06
  trees
• 1:07
  and
• 1:07
  people
• 1:07
  have
• 1:07
  put
• 1:07
  in
• 1:07
  lawns.
• 1:08
  It's
• 1:09
  much
• 1:09
  rarer
• 1:09
  now
• 1:09
  to
• 1:09
  see
• 1:10
  a
• 1:10
  ruffed
• 1:10
  grouse
• 1:10
  or
• 1:10
  a
• 1:10
  pileated
• 1:11
  woodpecker,
• 1:12
  both
• 1:12
  species
• 1:12
  that
• 1:13
  favor
• 1:13
  dense
• 1:13
  forests
• 1:14
  to
• 1:14
  urban
• 1:14
  settings.
• 1:15
  And
• 1:15
  this
• 1:15
  is
• 1:15
  an
• 1:15
  example
• 1:16
  from
• 1:16
  my
• 1:16
  life,
• 1:16
  but
• 1:17
  I'm
• 1:17
  sure
• 1:17
  you
• 1:17
  can
• 1:17
  think
• 1:17
  of
• 1:17
  your
• 1:18
  own.
• 1:18
  Habitats
• 1:19
  across
• 1:19
  the
• 1:19
  world
• 1:19
  are
• 1:20
  being
• 1:20
  lost
• 1:20
  at
• 1:20
  alarming
• 1:21
  rates.
• 1:21
  And
• 1:21
  as
• 1:21
  they
• 1:21
  disappear,
• 1:22
  so
• 1:22
  do
• 1:22
  the
• 1:22
  birds
• 1:23
  and
• 1:23
  other
• 1:23
  creatures
• 1:23
  that
• 1:23
  use
• 1:24
  them.
• 1:24
  The
• 1:25
  consequences
• 1:25
  of
• 1:25
  this
• 1:26
  add
• 1:26
  up
• 1:26
  to
• 1:26
  numbers
• 1:26
  that
• 1:27
  are
• 1:27
  hard
• 1:27
  to
• 1:27
  comprehend.
• 1:28
  Which
• 1:28
  brings
• 1:29
  us
• 1:29
  to
• 1:29
  today's
• 1:30
  okay,
• 1:31
  but
• 1:31
  how
• 1:31
  do
• 1:31
  you
• 1:31
  lose
• 1:32
  3
• 1:32
  billion
• 1:32
  birds?
• 1:33
  To
• 1:34
  tackle
• 1:34
  this
• 1:34
  hard
• 1:34
  to
• 1:35
  comprehend
• 1:35
  loss,
• 1:35
  we'll
• 1:36
  talk
• 1:36
  with
• 1:36
  Dr.
• 1:36
  John
• 1:36
  Fitzpatrick,
• 1:37
  former
• 1:38
  director
• 1:38
  of
• 1:38
  the
• 1:38
  Cornell
• 1:39
  Lab
• 1:39
  of
• 1:39
  Ornithology
• 1:39
  and
• 1:40
  one
• 1:40
  of
• 1:40
  the
• 1:40
  brains
• 1:40
  behind
• 1:40
  modern
• 1:41
  birding.
• 1:41
  Both
• 1:42
  ebird
• 1:42
  and
• 1:42
  Merlin
• 1:42
  were
• 1:43
  developed
• 1:43
  while
• 1:43
  John
• 1:43
  was
• 1:43
  director
• 1:44
  of
• 1:44
  the
• 1:44
  lab.
• 1:46
  It's
• 1:46
  one
• 1:46
  of
• 1:46
  those
• 1:46
  numbers
• 1:47
  that's
• 1:47
  hard
• 1:47
  to
• 1:47
  even
• 1:48
  wrap
• 1:48
  your
• 1:48
  head
• 1:48
  around.
• 1:49
  Three
• 1:49
  billion
• 1:50
  birds
• 1:50
  gone.
• 1:51
  Since
• 1:51
  1970,
• 1:52
  North
• 1:52
  America
• 1:53
  has
• 1:53
  lost
• 1:53
  nearly
• 1:54
  a
• 1:54
  third
• 1:54
  of
• 1:54
  its
• 1:54
  total
• 1:55
  bird
• 1:55
  population.
• 1:56
  That's
• 1:56
  not
• 1:56
  just
• 1:57
  a
• 1:57
  few
• 1:57
  rare
• 1:57
  species
• 1:58
  going
• 1:58
  extinct.
• 1:58
  It's
• 1:59
  common
• 1:59
  ones,
• 1:59
  the
• 2:00
  ones
• 2:00
  we
• 2:00
  grew
• 2:00
  up
• 2:00
  seeing
• 2:01
  out
• 2:01
  the
• 2:01
  window,
• 2:01
  declining.
• 2:02
  The
• 2:02
  background
• 2:03
  characters
• 2:03
  of
• 2:03
  our
• 2:03
  daily
• 2:04
  lives.
• 2:05
  Red
• 2:05
  winged
• 2:05
  blackbirds,
• 2:06
  meadowlarks,
• 2:07
  sparrows
• 2:07
  and
• 2:07
  warblers.
• 2:08
  Somewhere
• 2:09
  between
• 2:09
  the
• 2:09
  malls
• 2:10
  and
• 2:10
  highways
• 2:10
  and
• 2:10
  pesticides
• 2:11
  and
• 2:11
  light
• 2:11
  pollution,
• 2:11
  the
• 2:12
  skies
• 2:12
  got
• 2:12
  a
• 2:12
  lot
• 2:13
  quieter.
• 2:14
  And
• 2:14
  the
• 2:14
  thing
• 2:14
  is,
• 2:14
  most
• 2:15
  of
• 2:15
  us
• 2:15
  didn't
• 2:15
  even
• 2:15
  notice
• 2:16
  because
• 2:16
  the
• 2:16
  loss
• 2:16
  wasn't
• 2:17
  sudden,
• 2:17
  it
• 2:17
  wasn't
• 2:18
  dramatic.
• 2:18
  It
• 2:19
  was
• 2:19
  slow,
• 2:19
  sneaky
• 2:20
  and
• 2:20
  staggeringly
• 2:21
  widespread.
• 2:22
  This
• 2:23
  episode
• 2:23
  isn't
• 2:23
  about
• 2:23
  despair,
• 2:24
  it's
• 2:24
  about
• 2:24
  understanding.
• 2:25
  We'll
• 2:26
  look
• 2:26
  at
• 2:26
  what
• 2:26
  the
• 2:26
  data
• 2:26
  actually
• 2:27
  shows,
• 2:27
  why
• 2:27
  birds
• 2:28
  are
• 2:28
  declining
• 2:28
  and
• 2:28
  what
• 2:29
  it
• 2:29
  means
• 2:29
  for
• 2:29
  ecosystems,
• 2:30
  agriculture,
• 2:30
  and
• 2:30
  yes,
• 2:31
  us.
• 2:32
  Because
• 2:32
  birds
• 2:32
  aren't
• 2:33
  just
• 2:33
  pretty,
• 2:33
  they
• 2:34
  pollinate
• 2:34
  they
• 2:35
  control
• 2:35
  pests.
• 2:35
  They
• 2:36
  distribute
• 2:36
  seeds.
• 2:37
  They're
• 2:37
  indicators
• 2:37
  of
• 2:38
  a
• 2:38
  healthy
• 2:38
  planet.
• 2:38
  And
• 2:39
  right
• 2:39
  now,
• 2:39
  the
• 2:39
  alarm
• 2:40
  is
• 2:40
  going
• 2:40
  off.
• 2:41
  Stay
• 2:41
  tuned.
• 2:47
  All
• 2:47
  right,
• 2:47
  so
• 2:48
  welcome
• 2:48
  back,
• 2:48
  everyone.
• 2:48
  I'm
• 2:49
  excited
• 2:49
  today
• 2:49
  to
• 2:49
  have
• 2:49
  Fitz
• 2:50
  with
• 2:50
  us
• 2:51
  to
• 2:51
  talk
• 2:51
  about,
• 2:51
  in
• 2:52
  the
• 2:52
  broadest
• 2:53
  sense,
• 2:53
  bird
• 2:53
  conservation.
• 2:54
  Thanks
• 2:54
  for
• 2:55
  joining
• 2:55
  us.
• 2:55
  Oh,
• 2:56
  it's
• 2:56
  great
• 2:56
  to
• 2:56
  be
• 2:56
  here.
• 2:57
  It's
• 2:57
  great
• 2:57
  to
• 2:57
  see
• 2:57
  you,
• 2:57
  Scott,
• 2:58
  and
• 2:58
  happy
• 2:58
  to
• 2:59
  be
• 2:59
  part
• 3:00
  of
• 3:00
  this.
• 3:00
  Yeah,
• 3:00
  it's
• 3:01
  awesome
• 3:01
  to.
• 3:01
  Awesome
• 3:02
  to
• 3:02
  connect
• 3:02
  after
• 3:03
  having
• 3:03
  spent
• 3:03
  some
• 3:04
  time
• 3:04
  together
• 3:04
  at
• 3:04
  the
• 3:04
  lab
• 3:05
  of
• 3:05
  O.
• 3:05
  For
• 3:05
  sure.
• 3:05
  And
• 3:06
  I
• 3:06
  wanted
• 3:06
  to
• 3:06
  start
• 3:06
  off,
• 3:07
  I
• 3:07
  guess,
• 3:07
  just
• 3:08
  with
• 3:08
  this
• 3:09
  study
• 3:09
  that
• 3:10
  came
• 3:10
  out
• 3:10
  when
• 3:10
  you
• 3:11
  were
• 3:11
  director
• 3:11
  of
• 3:11
  the
• 3:11
  lab.
• 3:12
  So
• 3:12
  you
• 3:12
  were
• 3:12
  director
• 3:12
  of
• 3:12
  the
• 3:13
  lab
• 3:13
  for,
• 3:13
  and
• 3:13
  correct
• 3:14
  me
• 3:14
  if
• 3:14
  I'm
• 3:14
  wrong,
• 3:14
  26
• 3:15
  years.
• 3:15
  That's
• 3:16
  right,
• 3:16
  26
• 3:17
  years
• 3:17
  directing
• 3:18
  this
• 3:19
  for
• 3:19
  me
• 3:19
  before
• 3:19
  I
• 3:19
  started
• 3:20
  there,
• 3:20
  this
• 3:20
  mythical
• 3:20
  place,
• 3:21
  the
• 3:21
  Lab
• 3:21
  of
• 3:21
  Ornithology
• 3:22
  on
• 3:22
  Sapsucker
• 3:23
  Woods
• 3:23
  Road.
• 3:23
  Towards
• 3:24
  the
• 3:24
  end
• 3:24
  of
• 3:24
  your
• 3:24
  time
• 3:24
  as
• 3:25
  director,
• 3:25
  this
• 3:25
  study
• 3:25
  came
• 3:26
  out
• 3:26
  that
• 3:26
  highlighted
• 3:27
  that,
• 3:27
  you
• 3:27
  know,
• 3:27
  we've
• 3:28
  lost
• 3:29
  around
• 3:29
  3
• 3:30
  billion
• 3:30
  birds
• 3:30
  in
• 3:31
  just
• 3:31
  North
• 3:31
  America
• 3:32
  since
• 3:32
  the
• 3:33
  1970s.
• 3:33
  And
• 3:34
  I
• 3:34
  was
• 3:34
  curious,
• 3:34
  what
• 3:34
  were
• 3:35
  your
• 3:35
  first
• 3:35
  reactions
• 3:36
  when
• 3:36
  that
• 3:37
  research
• 3:37
  team
• 3:37
  came
• 3:38
  to
• 3:38
  talk
• 3:38
  to
• 3:38
  you
• 3:38
  about
• 3:38
  their.
• 3:39
  Their
• 3:39
  findings?
• 3:40
  Well,
• 3:40
  it
• 3:40
  was
• 3:41
  first.
• 3:41
  It
• 3:41
  was
• 3:41
  stunning.
• 3:43
  And
• 3:43
  as
• 3:43
  you
• 3:44
  might
• 3:44
  remember
• 3:45
  or
• 3:45
  might
• 3:45
  know,
• 3:45
  that
• 3:46
  study
• 3:46
  was
• 3:47
  actually
• 3:48
  several
• 3:48
  years
• 3:48
  in
• 3:48
  the
• 3:49
  making.
• 3:49
  It
• 3:49
  was
• 3:49
  a.
• 3:49
  It
• 3:50
  was
• 3:50
  a
• 3:51
  collaborative
• 3:52
  effort
• 3:53
  between
• 3:53
  a
• 3:53
  bunch
• 3:53
  of
• 3:54
  lab
• 3:54
  of
• 3:54
  ornithology
• 3:55
  scientists,
• 3:56
  plus
• 3:56
  colleagues
• 3:56
  in
• 3:56
  Canada
• 3:57
  and
• 3:57
  others
• 3:58
  around
• 3:58
  the
• 3:58
  US
• 3:59
  and
• 3:59
  the
• 3:59
  initial
• 4:00
  results
• 4:00
  just
• 4:01
  seemed
• 4:02
  too
• 4:02
  staggering.
• 4:04
  So
• 4:04
  there
• 4:04
  was
• 4:05
  a
• 4:05
  lot
• 4:05
  of
• 4:06
  revisiting
• 4:06
  the
• 4:06
  data,
• 4:07
  checking
• 4:07
  on
• 4:07
  the
• 4:07
  data
• 4:08
  reviewers
• 4:09
  for
• 4:10
  certain
• 4:10
  of
• 4:10
  the.
• 4:11
  A
• 4:11
  couple
• 4:11
  of
• 4:11
  the
• 4:12
  initial
• 4:13
  submissions
• 4:13
  were
• 4:14
  skeptical
• 4:14
  about
• 4:15
  methods.
• 4:15
  And
• 4:15
  so
• 4:15
  there
• 4:16
  was
• 4:16
  actually
• 4:16
  a
• 4:16
  lot
• 4:16
  back
• 4:17
  to
• 4:17
  the
• 4:17
  drawing
• 4:17
  table,
• 4:19
  in
• 4:19
  part
• 4:19
  because
• 4:19
  it
• 4:19
  was
• 4:20
  such
• 4:20
  a
• 4:20
  stunning
• 4:21
  number,
• 4:21
  but
• 4:22
  everything
• 4:23
  got,
• 4:24
  you
• 4:24
  know,
• 4:24
  refined
• 4:25
  statistically
• 4:26
  to
• 4:26
  the
• 4:26
  point
• 4:27
  where
• 4:27
  we
• 4:27
  could
• 4:27
  really
• 4:27
  believe
• 4:28
  it
• 4:28
  from
• 4:28
  several
• 4:29
  different
• 4:29
  sources.
• 4:30
  And
• 4:31
  the
• 4:31
  reaction
• 4:32
  that
• 4:32
  I
• 4:33
  had
• 4:33
  was
• 4:33
  parallel
• 4:34
  with
• 4:34
  the
• 4:34
  reaction
• 4:35
  that
• 4:35
  the.
• 4:35
  That
• 4:36
  the
• 4:36
  world
• 4:36
  had.
• 4:37
  Yeah.
• 4:37
  I
• 4:38
  mean,
• 4:38
  it
• 4:38
  made
• 4:38
  the
• 4:38
  front
• 4:39
  page
• 4:39
  papers
• 4:39
  and
• 4:40
  magazine
• 4:40
  headlines,
• 4:42
  certainly,
• 4:42
  as
• 4:42
  it
• 4:43
  deserved
• 4:43
  to.
• 4:44
  The
• 4:44
  idea
• 4:44
  that
• 4:45
  we've
• 4:45
  lost
• 4:45
  something
• 4:45
  close
• 4:46
  to
• 4:46
  30%
• 4:46
  of
• 4:47
  the
• 4:47
  breeding
• 4:47
  birds
• 4:47
  in
• 4:48
  North
• 4:48
  America
• 4:48
  over
• 4:49
  just
• 4:49
  50
• 4:49
  years
• 4:51
  really
• 4:51
  brings
• 4:52
  home
• 4:52
  the
• 4:52
  fact
• 4:52
  that
• 4:53
  we're
• 4:53
  in
• 4:53
  this.
• 4:53
  We're
• 4:54
  in
• 4:54
  danger
• 4:54
  of
• 4:54
  being
• 4:55
  in
• 4:55
  this
• 4:55
  huge
• 4:56
  mass
• 4:56
  extinction
• 4:57
  period
• 4:58
  that.
• 5:00
  Otherwise
• 5:00
  is
• 5:00
  a
• 5:01
  mythical
• 5:01
  feature
• 5:01
  of
• 5:01
  the
• 5:02
  distant
• 5:02
  past
• 5:02
  and
• 5:03
  Earth.
• 5:04
  So,
• 5:04
  yeah.
• 5:06
  And
• 5:06
  of
• 5:06
  course,
• 5:06
  the
• 5:06
  immediate
• 5:07
  response
• 5:08
  on
• 5:08
  everybody's
• 5:09
  part.
• 5:11
  Are
• 5:11
  two.
• 5:12
  Number
• 5:12
  one,
• 5:12
  why?
• 5:13
  And
• 5:13
  number
• 5:14
  two,
• 5:14
  what
• 5:15
  do
• 5:15
  we
• 5:15
  do
• 5:15
  about
• 5:15
  this?
• 5:16
  And
• 5:17
  so
• 5:17
  that's
• 5:17
  really
• 5:17
  what
• 5:18
  we
• 5:19
  set
• 5:19
  about
• 5:21
  trying
• 5:21
  to
• 5:21
  work
• 5:21
  on
• 5:22
  after
• 5:22
  that
• 5:23
  2019
• 5:23
  publication.
• 5:25
  People
• 5:25
  listening
• 5:26
  might
• 5:26
  not
• 5:26
  know
• 5:26
  that
• 5:26
  it
• 5:27
  takes
• 5:27
  a
• 5:27
  while
• 5:27
  to
• 5:27
  get
• 5:27
  Science
• 5:28
  published,
• 5:28
  you
• 5:29
  have
• 5:29
  to
• 5:29
  be
• 5:29
  very
• 5:29
  confident
• 5:30
  in
• 5:30
  what
• 5:30
  you're
• 5:31
  saying
• 5:31
  and
• 5:31
  often
• 5:32
  come
• 5:32
  at
• 5:33
  things
• 5:33
  from
• 5:33
  different
• 5:33
  angles.
• 5:34
  So
• 5:34
  how
• 5:34
  did
• 5:34
  the
• 5:34
  team
• 5:34
  approach
• 5:35
  that
• 5:35
  with
• 5:35
  this
• 5:35
  paper
• 5:37
  as
• 5:37
  a
• 5:37
  result
• 5:37
  of.
• 5:37
  Some
• 5:38
  reviewers,
• 5:38
  the
• 5:38
  way
• 5:39
  science
• 5:39
  works
• 5:39
  in
• 5:40
  its
• 5:40
  best
• 5:40
  possible
• 5:42
  context
• 5:42
  as
• 5:43
  professionals
• 5:44
  who
• 5:44
  review
• 5:44
  a
• 5:44
  paper
• 5:45
  potentially
• 5:45
  for
• 5:45
  publication,
• 5:47
  bring
• 5:47
  up
• 5:48
  several
• 5:48
  really
• 5:48
  important
• 5:49
  things
• 5:50
  that
• 5:50
  were
• 5:50
  either
• 5:50
  not
• 5:50
  considered
• 5:51
  or
• 5:51
  the
• 5:52
  methods
• 5:52
  that
• 5:54
  allowed
• 5:54
  biases
• 5:55
  to
• 5:55
  creep
• 5:55
  in.
• 5:55
  Interestingly,
• 5:56
  one
• 5:56
  of
• 5:56
  the
• 5:56
  things
• 5:57
  that
• 5:57
  I
• 5:57
  remember
• 5:57
  being
• 5:58
  specifically
• 5:59
  being
• 5:59
  an
• 6:00
  issue
• 6:00
  in
• 6:00
  that
• 6:00
  paper
• 6:01
  was
• 6:02
  how
• 6:02
  to
• 6:02
  graphically
• 6:03
  display
• 6:04
  the
• 6:04
  results.
• 6:06
  And
• 6:07
  some
• 6:07
  of
• 6:07
  the
• 6:08
  reviewers
• 6:08
  comments,
• 6:08
  and
• 6:09
  frankly
• 6:09
  some
• 6:09
  of
• 6:09
  my
• 6:10
  own,
• 6:10
  had
• 6:10
  to
• 6:11
  do
• 6:11
  with
• 6:12
  I
• 6:13
  don't
• 6:13
  see
• 6:13
  these
• 6:13
  graphs
• 6:15
  illustrating
• 6:15
  the
• 6:15
  thing
• 6:16
  that
• 6:16
  you're
• 6:16
  talking
• 6:16
  about
• 6:16
  carefully
• 6:17
  enough
• 6:17
  or
• 6:17
  well
• 6:18
  enough
• 6:18
  or
• 6:18
  clearly
• 6:18
  enough.
• 6:19
  So
• 6:19
  there
• 6:20
  was
• 6:20
  actually
• 6:20
  a
• 6:20
  fair
• 6:20
  amount
• 6:20
  of
• 6:21
  time
• 6:21
  just
• 6:21
  getting
• 6:21
  the
• 6:22
  physical
• 6:23
  presentation
• 6:24
  of
• 6:24
  the
• 6:24
  data
• 6:25
  such
• 6:25
  that
• 6:26
  it
• 6:26
  could
• 6:26
  be
• 6:27
  viewed
• 6:27
  by
• 6:28
  anybody
• 6:29
  from
• 6:29
  the
• 6:29
  professional
• 6:30
  science
• 6:32
  community
• 6:32
  down
• 6:32
  to
• 6:33
  the
• 6:33
  general
• 6:33
  public,
• 6:34
  which
• 6:34
  of
• 6:34
  course
• 6:34
  we
• 6:34
  want
• 6:35
  that
• 6:35
  to
• 6:35
  be
• 6:36
  a
• 6:36
  feature
• 6:36
  of
• 6:36
  the
• 6:36
  paper.
• 6:37
  So
• 6:37
  what
• 6:37
  was
• 6:37
  it
• 6:38
  like
• 6:38
  to
• 6:38
  be
• 6:38
  the
• 6:38
  director
• 6:39
  of
• 6:39
  this
• 6:39
  place
• 6:39
  that
• 6:40
  people
• 6:40
  look
• 6:40
  to
• 6:41
  for
• 6:41
  science
• 6:42
  of
• 6:42
  birds,
• 6:42
  but
• 6:43
  also
• 6:43
  appreciation
• 6:44
  and
• 6:44
  conservation
• 6:44
  of
• 6:45
  birds
• 6:45
  at
• 6:45
  a
• 6:45
  time
• 6:45
  where
• 6:46
  you
• 6:46
  had
• 6:46
  to
• 6:46
  tell
• 6:46
  everyone,
• 6:47
  like,
• 6:47
  look,
• 6:48
  the
• 6:48
  last
• 6:48
  50
• 6:49
  years
• 6:49
  have
• 6:49
  been
• 6:49
  extremely
• 6:50
  bad
• 6:50
  for
• 6:51
  breeding
• 6:51
  birds
• 6:52
  in
• 6:52
  North
• 6:52
  America.
• 6:52
  And
• 6:53
  you
• 6:53
  know,
• 6:54
  this
• 6:54
  trend
• 6:54
  extends
• 6:55
  broader
• 6:55
  than
• 6:55
  North
• 6:56
  America.
• 6:56
  But
• 6:56
  what
• 6:56
  was
• 6:56
  it
• 6:57
  like
• 6:57
  to
• 6:57
  be
• 6:57
  like
• 6:57
  at
• 6:57
  the
• 6:57
  helm
• 6:58
  of
• 6:58
  the
• 6:58
  place
• 6:58
  that
• 6:58
  people
• 6:59
  look
• 7:00
  to
• 7:00
  and
• 7:01
  then
• 7:01
  have
• 7:01
  to
• 7:01
  deliver
• 7:02
  this
• 7:02
  message?
• 7:02
  Well,
• 7:03
  your
• 7:03
  question
• 7:04
  gives
• 7:04
  me
• 7:04
  goosebumps
• 7:05
  a
• 7:05
  little
• 7:05
  bit
• 7:06
  frankly,
• 7:06
  because
• 7:06
  it
• 7:06
  was
• 7:07
  pretty
• 7:07
  darn
• 7:07
  exciting.
• 7:08
  As
• 7:08
  a
• 7:09
  scientist,
• 7:10
  one
• 7:10
  of
• 7:11
  my
• 7:11
  biggest
• 7:11
  hopes
• 7:12
  for
• 7:12
  the
• 7:12
  Cornell
• 7:13
  Lab
• 7:13
  of
• 7:13
  Ornithology
• 7:14
  was
• 7:14
  when
• 7:15
  I
• 7:15
  got
• 7:15
  there
• 7:15
  in
• 7:15
  1995,
• 7:16
  to
• 7:17
  increase
• 7:17
  its
• 7:17
  impact
• 7:18
  on
• 7:19
  the
• 7:19
  world
• 7:19
  as
• 7:20
  a
• 7:20
  result
• 7:20
  of
• 7:21
  really
• 7:21
  deep,
• 7:22
  hard
• 7:23
  hitting
• 7:23
  scientific
• 7:24
  research
• 7:24
  that
• 7:25
  passes
• 7:25
  all
• 7:25
  the
• 7:25
  musters
• 7:26
  of
• 7:26
  review.
• 7:28
  This
• 7:28
  particular
• 7:29
  effort,
• 7:30
  we
• 7:30
  had
• 7:30
  just
• 7:31
  crossed
• 7:31
  the
• 7:31
  threshold
• 7:32
  in
• 7:32
  our
• 7:32
  ability
• 7:33
  to
• 7:33
  use
• 7:35
  the
• 7:35
  NEXRAD
• 7:36
  radar
• 7:36
  system
• 7:37
  to
• 7:37
  actually
• 7:38
  count
• 7:38
  the
• 7:39
  number
• 7:39
  of
• 7:39
  flying
• 7:40
  objects
• 7:40
  that
• 7:40
  were
• 7:41
  migrating
• 7:41
  north
• 7:42
  and
• 7:42
  south
• 7:42
  during
• 7:43
  the
• 7:44
  course
• 7:44
  of
• 7:44
  every
• 7:45
  day
• 7:46
  and
• 7:47
  accumulate
• 7:48
  that
• 7:48
  over
• 7:48
  the
• 7:48
  course
• 7:49
  of
• 7:49
  the
• 7:49
  last
• 7:49
  20
• 7:50
  years.
• 7:51
  And
• 7:51
  the
• 7:51
  idea
• 7:52
  that
• 7:52
  we
• 7:52
  were
• 7:52
  capitalizing
• 7:53
  on
• 7:53
  this
• 7:54
  completely
• 7:55
  modern
• 7:56
  technology
• 7:56
  of
• 7:57
  being
• 7:57
  able
• 7:57
  to
• 7:57
  understand.
• 8:00
  The
• 8:00
  ecology
• 8:01
  of
• 8:01
  airborne
• 8:02
  animals
• 8:03
  as
• 8:04
  they're
• 8:04
  moving
• 8:05
  and
• 8:05
  use
• 8:06
  that
• 8:06
  along
• 8:06
  with
• 8:07
  more
• 8:08
  traditional
• 8:08
  methods
• 8:09
  like
• 8:09
  the
• 8:09
  breeding
• 8:10
  bird
• 8:10
  survey,
• 8:10
  which
• 8:10
  began
• 8:11
  back
• 8:11
  in
• 8:11
  the
• 8:11
  60s.
• 8:13
  So
• 8:13
  independently
• 8:14
  evaluating
• 8:15
  bird
• 8:16
  numbers
• 8:17
  was
• 8:17
  really
• 8:18
  that,
• 8:18
  to
• 8:18
  me
• 8:18
  was
• 8:19
  one
• 8:19
  of
• 8:19
  the
• 8:19
  most
• 8:19
  exciting
• 8:20
  features
• 8:20
  of
• 8:20
  this
• 8:21
  discovery.
• 8:22
  It's
• 8:22
  interesting
• 8:22
  to
• 8:22
  think
• 8:22
  about
• 8:23
  when
• 8:23
  NEXSTRAD
• 8:24
  was
• 8:24
  established.
• 8:26
  No
• 8:26
  one
• 8:26
  I'm
• 8:27
  sure
• 8:27
  thought
• 8:28
  this
• 8:28
  system
• 8:28
  could
• 8:29
  be
• 8:29
  used
• 8:29
  to
• 8:29
  evaluate
• 8:30
  how
• 8:30
  many
• 8:30
  birds
• 8:31
  are
• 8:31
  flying
• 8:31
  through
• 8:31
  the
• 8:31
  skies
• 8:32
  of
• 8:32
  North
• 8:32
  America.
• 8:33
  And
• 8:33
  yet.
• 8:33
  That's
• 8:34
  right
• 8:34
  that's
• 8:34
  right.
• 8:35
  And
• 8:36
  now
• 8:37
  we
• 8:37
  have
• 8:38
  people
• 8:38
  who
• 8:38
  are,
• 8:38
  who
• 8:39
  just,
• 8:40
  you
• 8:40
  know,
• 8:40
  they
• 8:40
  treat
• 8:41
  the
• 8:41
  weather
• 8:41
  as
• 8:41
  noisy
• 8:42
  problems
• 8:42
  that
• 8:43
  get
• 8:43
  out
• 8:43
  of
• 8:43
  the
• 8:43
  system.
• 8:44
  So
• 8:44
  we
• 8:44
  can
• 8:44
  actually
• 8:45
  see
• 8:45
  the
• 8:45
  interesting
• 8:45
  stuff.
• 8:46
  And
• 8:46
  that's
• 8:46
  birds.
• 8:47
  Yeah,
• 8:48
  exactly.
• 8:48
  I
• 8:49
  think
• 8:49
  the
• 8:49
  first
• 8:49
  time
• 8:49
  I
• 8:49
  ever
• 8:49
  saw
• 8:50
  birds
• 8:50
  on
• 8:50
  a
• 8:50
  radar,
• 8:51
  it's
• 8:52
  just
• 8:52
  like
• 8:52
  such
• 8:52
  a
• 8:53
  shocking
• 8:54
  thing
• 8:54
  to
• 8:54
  realize.
• 8:55
  You
• 8:55
  can
• 8:55
  see
• 8:55
  them
• 8:55
  taking
• 8:56
  off
• 8:56
  during
• 8:57
  the
• 8:57
  migration
• 8:57
  period.
• 8:58
  I
• 8:58
  show
• 8:58
  that
• 8:58
  to
• 8:58
  my
• 8:58
  ornithology
• 8:59
  students
• 8:59
  and
• 8:59
  they're
• 9:00
  always
• 9:00
  skeptical
• 9:01
  that
• 9:01
  it's
• 9:01
  actually
• 9:01
  birds.
• 9:02
  But
• 9:02
  yeah,
• 9:02
  it's
• 9:03
  amazing.
• 9:03
  Yeah.
• 9:04
  The
• 9:04
  coolest
• 9:05
  ones
• 9:05
  are
• 9:05
  those
• 9:06
  swallow
• 9:07
  roosts
• 9:07
  which
• 9:08
  emerge
• 9:09
  suddenly
• 9:09
  from
• 9:10
  nothing
• 9:11
  and
• 9:11
  you
• 9:11
  get
• 9:11
  these
• 9:12
  circles
• 9:13
  that
• 9:13
  just
• 9:13
  get
• 9:13
  bigger
• 9:14
  and
• 9:14
  bigger
• 9:14
  and
• 9:14
  bigger
• 9:15
  from
• 9:15
  individual
• 9:16
  spots
• 9:16
  and
• 9:16
  then
• 9:17
  they
• 9:17
  begin
• 9:17
  to
• 9:17
  move
• 9:18
  their
• 9:18
  directions.
• 9:19
  It's
• 9:19
  really
• 9:20
  beautiful.
• 9:21
  It
• 9:21
  is.
• 9:21
  It's
• 9:22
  very,
• 9:22
  very
• 9:22
  beautiful.
• 9:24
  With
• 9:25
  respect
• 9:25
  to
• 9:26
  this
• 9:27
  drastic
• 9:27
  decline
• 9:28
  in
• 9:28
  North
• 9:28
  American
• 9:28
  birds,
• 9:29
  which
• 9:29
  groups
• 9:30
  or
• 9:30
  regions
• 9:30
  have
• 9:30
  been
• 9:31
  hardest
• 9:31
  hit
• 9:31
  and
• 9:32
  how
• 9:32
  did
• 9:32
  the
• 9:32
  paper
• 9:33
  kind
• 9:33
  of
• 9:33
  tackle
• 9:34
  those
• 9:34
  patterns
• 9:35
  and
• 9:35
  communicate
• 9:36
  about
• 9:36
  what
• 9:36
  we
• 9:37
  might
• 9:37
  be
• 9:37
  able
• 9:37
  to
• 9:37
  do?
• 9:38
  Yeah,
• 9:38
  that's
• 9:38
  a
• 9:39
  really
• 9:39
  important
• 9:39
  question.
• 9:40
  That's.
• 9:40
  It
• 9:41
  leads
• 9:41
  to
• 9:41
  some
• 9:42
  interesting
• 9:43
  potential
• 9:43
  solutions.
• 9:44
  The
• 9:45
  what?
• 9:45
  One
• 9:46
  of
• 9:46
  the
• 9:46
  most
• 9:47
  important
• 9:47
  features
• 9:48
  of
• 9:48
  the
• 9:48
  results
• 9:49
  was
• 9:49
  that
• 9:50
  it
• 9:50
  did
• 9:50
  not,
• 9:50
  it
• 9:51
  was
• 9:51
  not
• 9:51
  true
• 9:51
  for
• 9:52
  all
• 9:53
  kinds
• 9:53
  of
• 9:53
  birds
• 9:54
  equally.
• 9:55
  Most
• 9:55
  important,
• 9:55
  probably
• 9:56
  from
• 9:56
  the
• 9:56
  standpoint
• 9:57
  of
• 9:57
  worrying
• 9:57
  about
• 9:57
  the
• 9:57
  future,
• 9:58
  is
• 9:58
  that
• 9:58
  there
• 9:58
  were
• 9:58
  certain
• 9:59
  groups
• 9:59
  of
• 9:59
  birds,
• 10:00
  especially
• 10:00
  those
• 10:01
  that
• 10:01
  lived
• 10:01
  in
• 10:01
  arid
• 10:02
  lands
• 10:03
  and
• 10:03
  in
• 10:04
  grasslands,
• 10:05
  were
• 10:06
  declining
• 10:06
  precipitously,
• 10:08
  so
• 10:08
  that
• 10:08
  some
• 10:08
  of
• 10:08
  them
• 10:08
  were
• 10:09
  dropping
• 10:10
  down
• 10:11
  to
• 10:11
  less
• 10:11
  than
• 10:12
  half
• 10:12
  of
• 10:12
  what
• 10:12
  they'd
• 10:12
  been
• 10:13
  50
• 10:13
  years
• 10:13
  ago,
• 10:14
  whereas
• 10:14
  a
• 10:14
  couple
• 10:14
  of
• 10:15
  groups
• 10:15
  in
• 10:15
  particular
• 10:16
  the
• 10:16
  waterfowl,
• 10:17
  actually
• 10:18
  were
• 10:18
  increasing.
• 10:19
  And
• 10:19
  that
• 10:20
  itself
• 10:20
  was
• 10:21
  a
• 10:21
  really
• 10:21
  interesting
• 10:22
  result
• 10:22
  because
• 10:22
  he
• 10:23
  asked
• 10:23
  the
• 10:23
  question
• 10:23
  quickly,
• 10:23
  well,
• 10:24
  why
• 10:24
  is
• 10:24
  that?
• 10:25
  And
• 10:26
  lo
• 10:26
  and
• 10:26
  behold,
• 10:26
  you
• 10:26
  look
• 10:27
  back
• 10:27
  at
• 10:27
  our
• 10:27
  own
• 10:28
  50
• 10:28
  or
• 10:28
  75
• 10:29
  year
• 10:29
  history
• 10:29
  in
• 10:30
  North
• 10:30
  America.
• 10:31
  And
• 10:31
  beginning
• 10:31
  in
• 10:31
  the
• 10:32
  mid
• 10:32
  20th
• 10:32
  century,
• 10:33
  we
• 10:34
  governments,
• 10:35
  multiple
• 10:35
  governments,
• 10:36
  Canada,
• 10:36
  the
• 10:36
  U.S.
• 10:36
  eventually
• 10:37
  Mexico
• 10:38
  began
• 10:38
  investing
• 10:39
  heavily
• 10:40
  in
• 10:40
  wetland
• 10:41
  habitats,
• 10:42
  passing
• 10:43
  strong
• 10:44
  Wetland
• 10:44
  Protection
• 10:44
  act,
• 10:45
  putting
• 10:46
  lots
• 10:46
  of
• 10:46
  money,
• 10:46
  both
• 10:47
  from
• 10:47
  government
• 10:47
  sources
• 10:48
  and
• 10:48
  from
• 10:48
  private
• 10:49
  sources
• 10:49
  like
• 10:49
  Ducks
• 10:50
  Unlimited,
• 10:50
  into
• 10:51
  the
• 10:53
  protection
• 10:53
  of
• 10:53
  places
• 10:54
  where
• 10:54
  waterfowl
• 10:55
  breed.
• 10:55
  Lo
• 10:56
  and
• 10:56
  behold,
• 10:57
  if
• 10:57
  you
• 10:57
  invest
• 10:58
  in
• 10:58
  the
• 10:58
  habitat
• 10:59
  that
• 10:59
  birds
• 11:00
  need,
• 11:00
  here
• 11:01
  was
• 11:01
  the
• 11:01
  data
• 11:01
  right
• 11:01
  in
• 11:02
  front
• 11:02
  of
• 11:02
  us.
• 11:03
  The
• 11:03
  populations
• 11:04
  respond
• 11:05
  and
• 11:06
  they
• 11:06
  respond
• 11:06
  pretty
• 11:07
  quickly.
• 11:07
  So.
• 11:09
  The
• 11:10
  coolest
• 11:10
  phrase
• 11:10
  I
• 11:11
  remember
• 11:11
  hearing
• 11:11
  this
• 11:11
  was
• 11:12
  before
• 11:12
  the
• 11:12
  paper,
• 11:12
  well
• 11:12
  before
• 11:13
  the
• 11:13
  paper.
• 11:13
  But
• 11:13
  a
• 11:14
  state.
• 11:16
  Game
• 11:16
  biologist
• 11:17
  from
• 11:17
  Tennessee
• 11:18
  at
• 11:19
  a
• 11:19
  conference
• 11:20
  one
• 11:20
  time
• 11:20
  stood
• 11:20
  up
• 11:21
  and
• 11:22
  had
• 11:22
  an
• 11:22
  important
• 11:22
  talk
• 11:23
  and
• 11:23
  started
• 11:23
  the
• 11:23
  talk
• 11:24
  by
• 11:24
  saying,
• 11:25
  we
• 11:25
  all
• 11:25
  have
• 11:25
  to
• 11:25
  recognize
• 11:26
  that
• 11:26
  birds
• 11:27
  are
• 11:27
  just
• 11:27
  like
• 11:27
  ducks.
• 11:31
  If
• 11:32
  we
• 11:32
  invest
• 11:33
  in
• 11:33
  the
• 11:33
  habitats
• 11:34
  that
• 11:34
  they
• 11:35
  require
• 11:35
  to
• 11:36
  live
• 11:36
  in,
• 11:36
  they
• 11:37
  will
• 11:37
  respond
• 11:38
  and
• 11:38
  the
• 11:38
  populations
• 11:39
  will
• 11:39
  grow
• 11:39
  again.
• 11:39
  And
• 11:40
  the
• 11:40
  ducks
• 11:40
  were
• 11:40
  a
• 11:40
  perfect
• 11:41
  example
• 11:41
  and
• 11:42
  the
• 11:42
  big
• 11:42
  question,
• 11:43
  the
• 11:43
  big
• 11:43
  process
• 11:43
  right
• 11:44
  now
• 11:44
  over
• 11:44
  the
• 11:44
  last
• 11:45
  30
• 11:45
  years
• 11:45
  really
• 11:45
  has
• 11:46
  been
• 11:46
  can
• 11:47
  we
• 11:48
  expand
• 11:48
  the
• 11:49
  investment
• 11:49
  in
• 11:51
  the
• 11:51
  habitats
• 11:52
  that
• 11:52
  are
• 11:52
  required
• 11:53
  by
• 11:53
  the
• 11:54
  rest
• 11:54
  of
• 11:54
  the
• 11:54
  birds,
• 11:54
  not
• 11:55
  just
• 11:55
  the
• 11:55
  ducks?
• 11:56
  And
• 11:56
  the
• 11:56
  ones
• 11:56
  that
• 11:57
  need
• 11:57
  it
• 11:57
  the
• 11:57
  most,
• 11:58
  frankly,
• 11:59
  not
• 11:59
  surprisingly,
• 11:59
  are
• 12:00
  the
• 12:00
  ones
• 12:01
  that
• 12:01
  live
• 12:01
  in
• 12:01
  the
• 12:01
  habitats
• 12:02
  that
• 12:02
  have
• 12:02
  been
• 12:04
  ditched
• 12:05
  and
• 12:05
  drained
• 12:05
  and
• 12:06
  mowed
• 12:06
  over
• 12:06
  and
• 12:07
  plowed.
• 12:08
  And
• 12:08
  those
• 12:08
  are
• 12:08
  particularly
• 12:09
  the
• 12:10
  arid
• 12:10
  lands
• 12:11
  and
• 12:11
  the
• 12:11
  grasslands,
• 12:12
  where
• 12:13
  we
• 12:13
  still
• 12:14
  have.
• 12:16
  Really
• 12:16
  quite
• 12:16
  a
• 12:16
  crisis
• 12:17
  underway.
• 12:18
  It's
• 12:18
  not
• 12:18
  the
• 12:19
  only
• 12:19
  crisis,
• 12:19
  by
• 12:19
  the
• 12:19
  way.
• 12:20
  There's
• 12:20
  some
• 12:20
  really
• 12:20
  surprising
• 12:21
  ones
• 12:22
  that
• 12:22
  have
• 12:22
  come
• 12:22
  out
• 12:23
  since
• 12:24
  that
• 12:24
  2019
• 12:25
  paper,
• 12:26
  mainly
• 12:27
  as
• 12:27
  a
• 12:27
  consequence
• 12:28
  of
• 12:29
  the
• 12:30
  huge
• 12:30
  rise
• 12:31
  and
• 12:32
  gaining
• 12:32
  of
• 12:32
  the
• 12:33
  power
• 12:33
  of
• 12:34
  citizen
• 12:34
  participation
• 12:35
  studies
• 12:36
  like
• 12:36
  eBird.
• 12:36
  Can
• 12:37
  you
• 12:37
  talk
• 12:37
  a
• 12:37
  little
• 12:37
  bit
• 12:37
  about
• 12:37
  those?
• 12:38
  We
• 12:38
  invented
• 12:39
  EBIRD
• 12:39
  back
• 12:39
  in
• 12:40
  the
• 12:41
  Stone
• 12:42
  Age,
• 12:42
  before
• 12:42
  the
• 12:42
  year
• 12:43
  2000,
• 12:43
  were
• 12:43
  some
• 12:43
  of
• 12:44
  its
• 12:44
  prototypes
• 12:44
  that
• 12:45
  crashed
• 12:45
  and
• 12:45
  burned.
• 12:46
  But
• 12:46
  from
• 12:46
  those
• 12:48
  smoldering
• 12:49
  embers.
• 12:51
  Emerged,
• 12:51
  with
• 12:52
  the
• 12:52
  help
• 12:52
  of
• 12:52
  the
• 12:52
  National
• 12:53
  Science
• 12:53
  foundation
• 12:54
  grant,
• 12:54
  we
• 12:55
  invented
• 12:55
  the
• 12:56
  thing
• 12:56
  that
• 12:56
  we
• 12:56
  now
• 12:57
  call
• 12:57
  eBird.
• 12:58
  And
• 12:58
  we
• 12:58
  launched
• 12:58
  it
• 12:59
  in
• 12:59
  2002.
• 13:00
  It
• 13:01
  went
• 13:01
  global
• 13:01
  in
• 13:01
  2010.
• 13:02
  This
• 13:02
  is
• 13:02
  an
• 13:03
  opportunity
• 13:03
  for
• 13:04
  anybody
• 13:04
  who
• 13:05
  watches
• 13:05
  birds
• 13:06
  at
• 13:07
  all
• 13:07
  to
• 13:08
  put
• 13:08
  their
• 13:08
  sightings
• 13:09
  into
• 13:09
  a
• 13:09
  database,
• 13:10
  submit
• 13:11
  it
• 13:11
  through
• 13:11
  the
• 13:11
  Internet
• 13:12
  to
• 13:13
  the
• 13:13
  central
• 13:13
  website
• 13:14
  and
• 13:14
  database
• 13:15
  that's
• 13:15
  managed
• 13:15
  at
• 13:15
  Cornell.
• 13:17
  And
• 13:18
  that
• 13:18
  program
• 13:20
  grew
• 13:20
  from
• 13:21
  a
• 13:22
  pretty
• 13:22
  cool.
• 13:25
  Birder.
• 13:27
  Game
• 13:28
  in
• 13:28
  the
• 13:29
  early
• 13:29
  2000s
• 13:30
  to
• 13:31
  a
• 13:32
  massive
• 13:33
  global
• 13:34
  effort
• 13:35
  in
• 13:35
  which
• 13:35
  we
• 13:35
  now
• 13:36
  at
• 13:36
  Cornell
• 13:36
  receive
• 13:37
  on
• 13:38
  the
• 13:38
  order
• 13:38
  of
• 13:39
  two
• 13:39
  to
• 13:39
  two
• 13:39
  and
• 13:40
  a
• 13:40
  half
• 13:40
  million
• 13:40
  checklists
• 13:41
  every
• 13:41
  month
• 13:42
  from
• 13:44
  every
• 13:44
  country
• 13:45
  in
• 13:45
  the
• 13:45
  world.
• 13:47
  Billions,
• 13:48
  now,
• 13:48
  literally
• 13:48
  multiple
• 13:49
  billions
• 13:50
  of
• 13:50
  observations
• 13:50
  of
• 13:51
  birds.
• 13:52
  And
• 13:52
  the
• 13:53
  key
• 13:53
  here
• 13:53
  is
• 13:54
  that
• 13:55
  they're
• 13:55
  all
• 13:57
  geolocated
• 13:58
  because
• 13:58
  people
• 13:58
  put
• 13:59
  them
• 13:59
  in
• 13:59
  by
• 13:59
  phone
• 14:00
  or
• 14:00
  on
• 14:00
  a
• 14:01
  dot
• 14:01
  on
• 14:01
  a
• 14:01
  map.
• 14:02
  So
• 14:02
  we
• 14:02
  now
• 14:02
  can
• 14:03
  map
• 14:03
  with
• 14:04
  incredible
• 14:05
  accuracy
• 14:07
  the
• 14:07
  distributions
• 14:08
  of
• 14:08
  essentially
• 14:09
  every
• 14:09
  species
• 14:09
  of
• 14:10
  bird
• 14:10
  in
• 14:10
  the
• 14:10
  world
• 14:11
  during
• 14:11
  every
• 14:12
  single
• 14:12
  week
• 14:12
  of
• 14:12
  the
• 14:13
  year.
• 14:13
  So
• 14:13
  we
• 14:13
  can
• 14:14
  watch
• 14:14
  migrations
• 14:15
  happen.
• 14:15
  We
• 14:15
  can
• 14:15
  see
• 14:17
  distributions,
• 14:18
  little
• 14:18
  nuances
• 14:19
  of
• 14:19
  distributions.
• 14:20
  And
• 14:20
  all
• 14:21
  the
• 14:21
  while,
• 14:22
  through
• 14:22
  the.
• 14:24
  2000S
• 14:25
  and
• 14:25
  the
• 14:25
  2000
• 14:25
  teens,
• 14:27
  we
• 14:27
  at
• 14:27
  the
• 14:27
  Cornell
• 14:28
  lab,
• 14:28
  and
• 14:28
  you
• 14:28
  might
• 14:28
  remember
• 14:29
  this,
• 14:29
  Scott,
• 14:29
  because
• 14:29
  you
• 14:30
  were
• 14:30
  there
• 14:30
  during
• 14:31
  that
• 14:31
  period,
• 14:31
  we
• 14:32
  were
• 14:32
  all
• 14:32
  saying,
• 14:33
  well,
• 14:33
  the
• 14:33
  holy
• 14:33
  grail
• 14:34
  for
• 14:34
  this
• 14:34
  project
• 14:35
  is
• 14:35
  is
• 14:35
  it
• 14:36
  possible
• 14:36
  that
• 14:36
  we're
• 14:36
  going
• 14:36
  to
• 14:37
  get
• 14:37
  enough
• 14:37
  data
• 14:37
  coming
• 14:38
  in
• 14:38
  that
• 14:39
  we
• 14:39
  can
• 14:39
  start
• 14:39
  with
• 14:40
  great
• 14:40
  statistical
• 14:42
  power,
• 14:43
  we
• 14:43
  can
• 14:43
  start
• 14:44
  using
• 14:44
  EBIRD
• 14:45
  to
• 14:45
  measure
• 14:46
  trends
• 14:47
  of
• 14:47
  populations.
• 14:49
  Again,
• 14:50
  that
• 14:50
  had
• 14:50
  to
• 14:51
  do
• 14:51
  with
• 14:51
  the
• 14:51
  2019
• 14:51
  paper.
• 14:52
  But
• 14:52
  eBird
• 14:53
  wasn't
• 14:54
  mature
• 14:54
  enough
• 14:54
  with
• 14:54
  enough
• 14:55
  data
• 14:55
  to
• 14:55
  use
• 14:56
  for
• 14:56
  that
• 14:56
  paper.
• 14:57
  But
• 14:57
  since
• 14:58
  that
• 14:58
  time,
• 14:59
  it
• 15:00
  has
• 15:00
  really
• 15:01
  gained.
• 15:03
  Use
• 15:03
  authority
• 15:04
  and
• 15:04
  incredible
• 15:05
  power
• 15:06
  for
• 15:06
  understanding
• 15:08
  really
• 15:09
  fine
• 15:09
  grained
• 15:09
  details
• 15:10
  down
• 15:10
  to
• 15:11
  the
• 15:11
  27
• 15:11
  kilometer
• 15:12
  pixel
• 15:13
  across
• 15:13
  the
• 15:13
  landscape
• 15:14
  of
• 15:14
  where
• 15:15
  birds
• 15:15
  are
• 15:16
  increasing
• 15:16
  and
• 15:17
  where
• 15:17
  they're
• 15:17
  declining.
• 15:18
  So
• 15:18
  the,
• 15:19
  it's
• 15:19
  really
• 15:20
  fundamentally
• 15:21
  revolutionary
• 15:22
  in
• 15:22
  our
• 15:22
  understanding
• 15:23
  of
• 15:23
  the
• 15:23
  biology
• 15:24
  of
• 15:24
  planet
• 15:24
  Earth.
• 15:25
  I'll
• 15:25
  give
• 15:25
  you
• 15:25
  one
• 15:26
  example
• 15:26
  that
• 15:26
  has
• 15:26
  really
• 15:27
  captured
• 15:27
  my
• 15:27
  attention
• 15:28
  and
• 15:28
  I've
• 15:28
  begun
• 15:29
  to
• 15:29
  read,
• 15:29
  trying
• 15:30
  to
• 15:30
  help
• 15:31
  the
• 15:31
  process
• 15:31
  of
• 15:31
  understanding
• 15:32
  why
• 15:32
  this
• 15:32
  is
• 15:32
  happening.
• 15:33
  But
• 15:33
  we're
• 15:33
  seeing
• 15:34
  birds
• 15:35
  declining
• 15:35
  right
• 15:36
  now
• 15:37
  that
• 15:37
  are
• 15:37
  some
• 15:38
  of
• 15:38
  the
• 15:38
  commonest
• 15:38
  birds
• 15:39
  on,
• 15:40
  on
• 15:40
  the
• 15:40
  continent.
• 15:41
  In
• 15:41
  the
• 15:41
  case
• 15:41
  of
• 15:41
  North
• 15:42
  America,
• 15:42
  we're
• 15:42
  talking
• 15:43
  about
• 15:43
  birds
• 15:44
  like
• 15:44
  barn
• 15:44
  swallows,
• 15:45
  tree
• 15:45
  swallows,
• 15:46
  birds
• 15:47
  that
• 15:48
  are
• 15:48
  just
• 15:48
  feeding
• 15:49
  in,
• 15:49
  in
• 15:49
  the
• 15:49
  air.
• 15:50
  They're
• 15:50
  feeding,
• 15:50
  they're
• 15:51
  eating
• 15:51
  our
• 15:51
  mosquitoes
• 15:52
  above
• 15:52
  us.
• 15:52
  They're
• 15:52
  eating
• 15:53
  little
• 15:53
  flies
• 15:53
  and
• 15:53
  little
• 15:54
  midges
• 15:54
  and
• 15:54
  things
• 15:55
  and
• 15:55
  you
• 15:55
  know
• 15:56
  what's
• 15:56
  there.
• 15:57
  They
• 15:57
  nest
• 15:57
  colonially
• 15:58
  and
• 15:58
  they
• 15:58
  don't
• 15:58
  really,
• 15:59
  they're
• 15:59
  not
• 15:59
  really
• 15:59
  limited
• 15:59
  by
• 16:00
  nesting
• 16:00
  sites
• 16:00
  at
• 16:01
  all,
• 16:01
  but
• 16:01
  they're
• 16:01
  declining
• 16:02
  precipitously.
• 16:03
  So
• 16:03
  what
• 16:04
  I
• 16:04
  want
• 16:04
  to
• 16:04
  emphasize
• 16:04
  is
• 16:05
  that
• 16:06
  there
• 16:06
  are
• 16:07
  dozens
• 16:08
  of
• 16:08
  species
• 16:08
  of
• 16:08
  birds
• 16:09
  across
• 16:09
  North
• 16:09
  America
• 16:11
  that
• 16:11
  are
• 16:11
  feeding
• 16:12
  on
• 16:12
  things
• 16:12
  that
• 16:13
  we
• 16:13
  would
• 16:13
  have
• 16:13
  thought
• 16:13
  were
• 16:14
  perfectly
• 16:14
  fine.
• 16:14
  They're
• 16:15
  living
• 16:15
  in
• 16:15
  habitats
• 16:16
  that
• 16:16
  seem
• 16:16
  perfectly
• 16:17
  fine
• 16:17
  still,
• 16:18
  but
• 16:18
  they're
• 16:18
  declining
• 16:19
  like
• 16:19
  crazy.
• 16:20
  Red
• 16:20
  winged
• 16:21
  blackbirds
• 16:21
  in
• 16:22
  the
• 16:22
  marshes
• 16:22
  of
• 16:22
  the
• 16:23
  central
• 16:23
  US.
• 16:25
  And
• 16:27
  the
• 16:28
  suspicion
• 16:29
  has
• 16:29
  begun
• 16:30
  to
• 16:30
  creep
• 16:31
  in
• 16:31
  and
• 16:31
  now
• 16:31
  there's
• 16:32
  some
• 16:32
  smoking
• 16:32
  gun
• 16:33
  data.
• 16:34
  Pesticides
• 16:35
  and
• 16:35
  in
• 16:35
  particular
• 16:36
  neonicotinoids
• 16:38
  are,
• 16:39
  are
• 16:40
  so
• 16:40
  pervasive
• 16:41
  in
• 16:41
  the
• 16:41
  habitats
• 16:42
  of.
• 16:42
  That
• 16:43
  they,
• 16:43
  that
• 16:44
  across
• 16:44
  the
• 16:44
  continent
• 16:45
  that
• 16:45
  they're
• 16:46
  affecting
• 16:46
  the
• 16:47
  emergence
• 16:47
  of
• 16:47
  insects.
• 16:48
  So
• 16:48
  that
• 16:48
  insect
• 16:48
  populations
• 16:49
  altogether
• 16:51
  are
• 16:51
  declining.
• 16:52
  And
• 16:52
  of
• 16:52
  course
• 16:52
  we
• 16:53
  know
• 16:53
  from
• 16:53
  independent
• 16:54
  studies
• 16:54
  all
• 16:55
  over
• 16:55
  the
• 16:55
  planet
• 16:55
  now.
• 16:56
  Yeah.
• 16:57
  And
• 16:57
  we
• 16:57
  also
• 16:57
  know
• 16:58
  from
• 16:58
  truck
• 16:58
  drivers
• 16:58
  in
• 16:59
  the
• 16:59
  southern
• 16:59
  United
• 16:59
  States.
• 17:00
  Yeah.
• 17:00
  We're
• 17:01
  just
• 17:01
  not
• 17:01
  hitting
• 17:01
  as
• 17:02
  many
• 17:02
  bugs
• 17:02
  anymore.
• 17:03
  Yeah.
• 17:03
  I
• 17:03
  mean
• 17:04
  I
• 17:04
  noticed
• 17:04
  that
• 17:04
  even
• 17:05
  when
• 17:05
  I
• 17:05
  go
• 17:05
  home
• 17:06
  now,
• 17:06
  the
• 17:06
  windshield
• 17:06
  is
• 17:07
  not
• 17:07
  the
• 17:07
  way
• 17:07
  it
• 17:08
  was
• 17:08
  when
• 17:08
  I
• 17:08
  was
• 17:08
  a
• 17:08
  kid.
• 17:08
  When
• 17:09
  you
• 17:09
  drive
• 17:09
  around
• 17:09
  at
• 17:09
  night
• 17:09
  in
• 17:10
  the
• 17:10
  summer.
• 17:10
  Yeah.
• 17:11
  And
• 17:11
  so
• 17:11
  now
• 17:12
  I'm
• 17:13
  just
• 17:13
  going
• 17:13
  to
• 17:13
  say
• 17:13
  that
• 17:13
  we
• 17:14
  are
• 17:14
  now
• 17:14
  looking
• 17:15
  at
• 17:15
  something
• 17:15
  even
• 17:16
  more
• 17:16
  scary,
• 17:16
  which
• 17:17
  is
• 17:17
  that
• 17:17
  in
• 17:17
  places
• 17:18
  around
• 17:18
  the
• 17:18
  world,
• 17:20
  some
• 17:20
  of
• 17:20
  the
• 17:20
  best
• 17:20
  examples
• 17:21
  are
• 17:21
  in
• 17:21
  the
• 17:22
  Amazon
• 17:22
  basin
• 17:23
  of
• 17:23
  South
• 17:23
  America
• 17:24
  where
• 17:25
  in
• 17:26
  what
• 17:27
  seem
• 17:27
  to
• 17:27
  be
• 17:27
  completely
• 17:28
  pristine
• 17:29
  remote
• 17:29
  sites
• 17:30
  hundreds
• 17:31
  of
• 17:31
  miles
• 17:31
  away
• 17:31
  from
• 17:32
  any
• 17:32
  human
• 17:32
  any
• 17:33
  obvious
• 17:33
  human
• 17:33
  impact
• 17:35
  species
• 17:35
  are,
• 17:36
  insect
• 17:36
  eating
• 17:37
  species
• 17:37
  are
• 17:38
  declining
• 17:39
  and
• 17:39
  they've
• 17:39
  been
• 17:39
  declining
• 17:40
  steadily
• 17:40
  for
• 17:40
  the
• 17:41
  last
• 17:41
  20
• 17:41
  years.
• 17:42
  So
• 17:42
  that
• 17:42
  in
• 17:43
  some
• 17:43
  of
• 17:43
  these
• 17:43
  places
• 17:44
  a
• 17:44
  few
• 17:45
  of
• 17:45
  the
• 17:45
  most
• 17:46
  common
• 17:46
  ground
• 17:47
  story
• 17:47
  birds
• 17:48
  of
• 17:48
  the
• 17:48
  Amazon
• 17:49
  basin
• 17:49
  are
• 17:50
  gone.
• 17:51
  Really?
• 17:52
  They're
• 17:52
  not
• 17:52
  just
• 17:53
  rare,
• 17:53
  they're
• 17:53
  gone.
• 17:54
  Wow.
• 17:54
  And
• 17:55
  I
• 17:55
  mean
• 17:55
  we
• 17:56
  have
• 17:56
  no
• 17:56
  idea
• 17:57
  why
• 17:57
  this
• 17:57
  is
• 17:57
  true.
• 17:58
  And
• 17:58
  I'll
• 17:59
  just
• 17:59
  say,
• 17:59
  and
• 17:59
  this
• 18:00
  is,
• 18:01
  I
• 18:01
  don't
• 18:01
  mean
• 18:01
  to
• 18:01
  be
• 18:01
  alarmist,
• 18:02
  but
• 18:03
  I'm
• 18:03
  reading
• 18:04
  papers
• 18:04
  increasingly
• 18:05
  about
• 18:05
  people
• 18:06
  who
• 18:06
  are
• 18:06
  analyzing
• 18:07
  rainfall
• 18:09
  Actually
• 18:09
  analyzing
• 18:10
  the
• 18:10
  chemical
• 18:10
  composition
• 18:11
  of
• 18:11
  raindrops,
• 18:13
  and
• 18:13
  the
• 18:14
  increasing
• 18:14
  number
• 18:14
  of
• 18:15
  quotes
• 18:15
  are
• 18:15
  saying
• 18:16
  there
• 18:16
  is
• 18:16
  no
• 18:17
  place
• 18:17
  on
• 18:17
  the
• 18:18
  planet
• 18:18
  in
• 18:19
  which
• 18:19
  the
• 18:19
  raindrops
• 18:20
  are
• 18:20
  free
• 18:21
  of
• 18:21
  a
• 18:22
  whole
• 18:22
  host
• 18:22
  of
• 18:23
  chemical
• 18:24
  compounds
• 18:25
  released
• 18:25
  by
• 18:25
  humans
• 18:27
  into
• 18:27
  the
• 18:27
  air
• 18:27
  or
• 18:28
  soils
• 18:28
  or
• 18:28
  waters
• 18:29
  for
• 18:29
  one
• 18:30
  reason
• 18:30
  or
• 18:30
  another.
• 18:31
  So,
• 18:31
  yeah,
• 18:31
  the
• 18:31
  idea
• 18:32
  that
• 18:32
  we're.
• 18:32
  We're
• 18:33
  not
• 18:33
  looking
• 18:33
  at,
• 18:33
  you
• 18:34
  know,
• 18:34
  just
• 18:34
  issues
• 18:35
  around
• 18:36
  rural
• 18:37
  Illinois
• 18:37
  that
• 18:38
  has
• 18:38
  so
• 18:38
  much
• 18:38
  corn
• 18:39
  that
• 18:39
  nothing
• 18:39
  else
• 18:39
  can
• 18:40
  live
• 18:40
  there.
• 18:40
  We're
• 18:41
  talking
• 18:41
  about
• 18:41
  places
• 18:42
  in
• 18:42
  the.
• 18:43
  In
• 18:43
  the.
• 18:44
  In
• 18:44
  Nepal
• 18:45
  and
• 18:45
  India
• 18:46
  and
• 18:46
  South
• 18:46
  America
• 18:47
  and
• 18:47
  Africa
• 18:48
  that
• 18:48
  are
• 18:49
  potentially
• 18:50
  watching
• 18:51
  the
• 18:52
  impacts
• 18:52
  of
• 18:53
  these
• 18:53
  chemicals
• 18:55
  reduce
• 18:55
  the
• 18:55
  populations
• 18:56
  of
• 18:56
  insects
• 18:57
  and
• 18:57
  in
• 18:57
  turn,
• 18:57
  reduce
• 18:58
  the
• 18:58
  population
• 18:58
  of
• 18:59
  animals
• 19:00
  that
• 19:00
  depend
• 19:00
  on
• 19:00
  them.
• 19:01
  So
• 19:01
  that's
• 19:02
  a
• 19:02
  really
• 19:02
  scary.
• 19:04
  Thing
• 19:04
  to
• 19:05
  be
• 19:05
  pondering
• 19:06
  for
• 19:07
  the
• 19:07
  future.
• 19:07
  And
• 19:08
  that
• 19:08
  raises
• 19:08
  the
• 19:08
  question,
• 19:08
  what
• 19:09
  do
• 19:09
  we
• 19:09
  do
• 19:09
  about
• 19:09
  it?
• 19:10
  So,
• 19:10
  Scott,
• 19:11
  what
• 19:11
  the
• 19:11
  hell
• 19:12
  do
• 19:12
  we
• 19:12
  do
• 19:12
  about
• 19:12
  it?
• 19:12
  What
• 19:13
  the
• 19:13
  hell
• 19:13
  do
• 19:13
  we
• 19:13
  do
• 19:13
  about
• 19:14
  it,
• 19:14
  Fitz?
• 19:15
  I
• 19:15
  don't
• 19:15
  know.
• 19:15
  I
• 19:15
  mean,
• 19:15
  this
• 19:16
  insect
• 19:16
  apocalypse,
• 19:17
  obviously,
• 19:18
  you
• 19:18
  know,
• 19:18
  we've
• 19:19
  been
• 19:19
  hearing
• 19:19
  about
• 19:19
  it
• 19:19
  for
• 19:20
  more
• 19:20
  than
• 19:20
  a
• 19:20
  decade
• 19:21
  at
• 19:21
  this
• 19:21
  point,
• 19:21
  and
• 19:22
  in
• 19:23
  different
• 19:23
  places,
• 19:23
  it
• 19:23
  does
• 19:23
  seem
• 19:24
  like
• 19:24
  there
• 19:24
  are
• 19:24
  different
• 19:24
  potential
• 19:25
  drivers,
• 19:25
  whether
• 19:25
  they're
• 19:26
  pesticides
• 19:27
  or
• 19:28
  slight
• 19:28
  temperature
• 19:29
  shifts
• 19:29
  that
• 19:29
  are
• 19:30
  actually
• 19:30
  really
• 19:30
  difficult
• 19:31
  for
• 19:31
  tropical
• 19:31
  insects
• 19:32
  to
• 19:32
  handle.
• 19:32
  I
• 19:33
  think
• 19:33
  for
• 19:33
  me,
• 19:35
  one
• 19:35
  of
• 19:35
  the
• 19:35
  ways
• 19:36
  that
• 19:36
  hit
• 19:36
  home,
• 19:36
  obviously,
• 19:37
  was
• 19:37
  going
• 19:37
  home
• 19:38
  in
• 19:38
  the
• 19:38
  summer
• 19:38
  and
• 19:38
  not
• 19:38
  seeing
• 19:39
  the
• 19:39
  windshield
• 19:39
  covered
• 19:40
  by
• 19:40
  insects
• 19:41
  the
• 19:41
  way
• 19:41
  it
• 19:41
  used
• 19:41
  to
• 19:42
  be.
• 19:42
  But
• 19:42
  then
• 19:42
  hearing
• 19:42
  about
• 19:42
  these
• 19:43
  studies
• 19:43
  from
• 19:43
  remote
• 19:44
  places.
• 19:45
  There
• 19:45
  was
• 19:46
  a
• 19:46
  rainforest
• 19:47
  study
• 19:47
  from
• 19:47
  Puerto
• 19:48
  Rico
• 19:48
  that
• 19:48
  showed
• 19:49
  this
• 19:49
  crazy
• 19:50
  decline
• 19:50
  in
• 19:50
  what
• 19:50
  they
• 19:51
  consider
• 19:51
  to
• 19:51
  be
• 19:51
  primary
• 19:52
  pristine
• 19:52
  rainforest.
• 19:53
  And.
• 19:54
  Yeah,
• 19:54
  what
• 19:54
  do
• 19:54
  we
• 19:55
  do?
• 19:55
  I
• 19:55
  mean,
• 19:55
  get
• 19:55
  a
• 19:55
  better
• 19:56
  handle
• 19:56
  on
• 19:56
  what's
• 19:56
  causing
• 19:57
  it,
• 19:57
  and
• 19:57
  then
• 19:58
  policy.
• 19:58
  Policy
• 19:59
  can
• 20:00
  help,
• 20:00
  right?
• 20:00
  We
• 20:01
  cannot.
• 20:01
  We
• 20:02
  can.
• 20:02
  We
• 20:02
  cannot
• 20:03
  forget
• 20:03
  that.
• 20:03
  I
• 20:04
  mean,
• 20:04
  we
• 20:04
  cannot
• 20:04
  give
• 20:05
  up
• 20:05
  on
• 20:05
  that.
• 20:06
  The.
• 20:06
  The
• 20:07
  pol.
• 20:07
  The
• 20:07
  politics
• 20:08
  of
• 20:08
  policy.
• 20:11
  Move
• 20:11
  up
• 20:11
  and
• 20:12
  down
• 20:12
  like.
• 20:13
  Like
• 20:13
  sine
• 20:13
  waves,
• 20:14
  but
• 20:14
  hopefully,
• 20:14
  like
• 20:15
  sine
• 20:15
  waves,
• 20:15
  they'll
• 20:16
  actually
• 20:16
  come
• 20:16
  back
• 20:17
  into
• 20:17
  force
• 20:18
  where
• 20:19
  we
• 20:19
  can
• 20:19
  actually
• 20:20
  come
• 20:20
  to
• 20:20
  grips
• 20:20
  with
• 20:21
  some
• 20:21
  of
• 20:21
  the.
• 20:21
  At
• 20:21
  least
• 20:21
  the
• 20:22
  worst
• 20:22
  things
• 20:22
  that
• 20:22
  we're
• 20:22
  doing
• 20:23
  that
• 20:23
  are
• 20:23
  most
• 20:23
  obviously
• 20:24
  affecting
• 20:25
  living
• 20:26
  creatures
• 20:26
  around
• 20:27
  the
• 20:27
  world.
• 20:27
  One
• 20:28
  of
• 20:28
  the
• 20:28
  things
• 20:28
  that
• 20:28
  came
• 20:29
  out
• 20:29
  back
• 20:30
  in
• 20:30
  the
• 20:30
  1960s
• 20:31
  and
• 20:31
  70s
• 20:32
  when
• 20:32
  it
• 20:32
  proved
• 20:33
  that
• 20:34
  the.
• 20:34
  The
• 20:35
  pesticide
• 20:35
  DDT
• 20:36
  was
• 20:37
  causing
• 20:37
  the
• 20:38
  inability
• 20:39
  of
• 20:39
  birds
• 20:39
  like
• 20:40
  peregrine
• 20:40
  falcons
• 20:40
  and
• 20:41
  bald
• 20:41
  eagles
• 20:41
  and
• 20:41
  ospreys
• 20:42
  to
• 20:42
  breed
• 20:43
  because
• 20:43
  their
• 20:43
  eggshells
• 20:44
  were
• 20:44
  too
• 20:44
  thin.
• 20:45
  The
• 20:45
  idea
• 20:45
  that
• 20:46
  DDT
• 20:46
  was
• 20:46
  poisoning
• 20:47
  these
• 20:47
  birds
• 20:47
  made
• 20:48
  people
• 20:48
  look.
• 20:48
  Look
• 20:49
  in
• 20:49
  the
• 20:49
  mirror
• 20:49
  and
• 20:49
  say,
• 20:50
  you
• 20:50
  know,
• 20:50
  it's
• 20:51
  kind
• 20:51
  of
• 20:51
  poisoning
• 20:52
  us,
• 20:52
  too.
• 20:53
  We're
• 20:54
  eating
• 20:54
  the
• 20:54
  fish
• 20:54
  out
• 20:54
  of
• 20:55
  the
• 20:55
  sea
• 20:55
  that
• 20:55
  are,
• 20:56
  you
• 20:56
  know,
• 20:56
  concentrating
• 20:57
  all
• 20:57
  this
• 20:57
  stuff.
• 20:58
  And
• 20:58
  so
• 21:00
  we
• 21:00
  have
• 21:00
  to
• 21:00
  be
• 21:01
  able
• 21:01
  to
• 21:02
  project
• 21:03
  into
• 21:03
  the
• 21:03
  future
• 21:03
  about
• 21:04
  that
• 21:04
  kind
• 21:05
  of
• 21:05
  a
• 21:05
  principle.
• 21:05
  If
• 21:06
  we
• 21:06
  understand
• 21:07
  and
• 21:07
  use
• 21:08
  birds
• 21:08
  as
• 21:08
  the
• 21:09
  canary
• 21:09
  in
• 21:09
  the
• 21:09
  coal
• 21:10
  mine
• 21:10
  that
• 21:10
  are
• 21:10
  giving
• 21:10
  us
• 21:10
  a
• 21:11
  signal
• 21:11
  that
• 21:11
  something's
• 21:12
  going
• 21:12
  wrong,
• 21:13
  that's
• 21:14
  the
• 21:14
  opportunity
• 21:14
  for
• 21:15
  us
• 21:15
  to
• 21:15
  say,
• 21:16
  let's
• 21:16
  look
• 21:16
  at
• 21:16
  that
• 21:17
  more
• 21:17
  closely.
• 21:18
  Let's
• 21:18
  examine
• 21:19
  whether
• 21:19
  we're
• 21:19
  using
• 21:20
  these
• 21:21
  chemicals
• 21:21
  in
• 21:22
  appropriate
• 21:22
  amounts
• 21:22
  and
• 21:23
  appropriate
• 21:23
  places
• 21:24
  and.
• 21:24
  Or
• 21:25
  in
• 21:25
  fact,
• 21:25
  needing
• 21:26
  to
• 21:26
  ban
• 21:26
  them
• 21:26
  altogether.
• 21:27
  And
• 21:27
  again,
• 21:27
  here's
• 21:28
  the
• 21:28
  positive
• 21:28
  part.
• 21:30
  Once
• 21:30
  we
• 21:31
  banned
• 21:31
  det
• 21:32
  in
• 21:32
  North
• 21:32
  America,
• 21:33
  instantly
• 21:34
  the
• 21:34
  populations
• 21:35
  of
• 21:35
  bald
• 21:35
  eagles,
• 21:36
  peregrine
• 21:36
  falcons,
• 21:36
  ospreys,
• 21:37
  a
• 21:38
  number
• 21:38
  of
• 21:38
  other
• 21:39
  predators
• 21:39
  like
• 21:40
  Cooper's
• 21:40
  hawks,
• 21:40
  and
• 21:41
  other
• 21:41
  things,
• 21:41
  they.
• 21:41
  They
• 21:41
  began
• 21:42
  to
• 21:42
  rebound.
• 21:42
  The
• 21:43
  population
• 21:44
  curve
• 21:44
  of
• 21:44
  the
• 21:44
  Bald
• 21:45
  Eagle
• 21:45
  from
• 21:45
  1940
• 21:46
  to
• 21:46
  the
• 21:46
  present
• 21:47
  looks
• 21:47
  like
• 21:47
  a
• 21:47
  great
• 21:48
  big
• 21:48
  V.
• 21:50
  Down,
• 21:50
  down,
• 21:50
  down,
• 21:51
  down,
• 21:51
  down.
• 21:51
  Until
• 21:51
  the
• 21:52
  early
• 21:52
  1970s,
• 21:53
  and
• 21:53
  it's
• 21:53
  been
• 21:53
  go
• 21:53
  steadily
• 21:54
  up
• 21:54
  ever
• 21:54
  since.
• 21:56
  So
• 21:56
  birds
• 21:56
  are.
• 21:57
  They
• 21:58
  are
• 21:59
  capable
• 21:59
  of
• 21:59
  quick
• 22:00
  responses
• 22:00
  when
• 22:01
  we
• 22:02
  realize
• 22:02
  what's
• 22:02
  going
• 22:03
  wrong
• 22:03
  and
• 22:03
  change
• 22:03
  our
• 22:03
  behavior.
• 22:07
  You've
• 22:08
  talked,
• 22:08
  I'm
• 22:08
  sure,
• 22:08
  to
• 22:09
  policymakers
• 22:09
  and
• 22:10
  the
• 22:10
  public
• 22:10
  a
• 22:10
  lot.
• 22:11
  There
• 22:11
  was
• 22:11
  a
• 22:11
  big
• 22:11
  response
• 22:12
  to
• 22:13
  our
• 22:13
  understanding
• 22:13
  that
• 22:13
  North
• 22:14
  American
• 22:14
  populations
• 22:15
  of
• 22:15
  birds
• 22:15
  have
• 22:15
  declined.
• 22:16
  And
• 22:16
  that
• 22:16
  response
• 22:17
  is
• 22:17
  because,
• 22:17
  as
• 22:17
  you
• 22:17
  said,
• 22:18
  people
• 22:18
  love
• 22:18
  birds
• 22:19
  and
• 22:19
  want
• 22:20
  birds
• 22:20
  to
• 22:20
  be
• 22:20
  around.
• 22:21
  And
• 22:21
  what
• 22:21
  have
• 22:22
  you
• 22:22
  taken
• 22:22
  away
• 22:22
  from
• 22:22
  those
• 22:22
  conversations,
• 22:23
  either
• 22:23
  about
• 22:24
  the
• 22:24
  public
• 22:24
  or
• 22:24
  about
• 22:25
  how
• 22:25
  to
• 22:25
  influence
• 22:25
  policy
• 22:26
  with
• 22:27
  regards
• 22:27
  to
• 22:27
  birds
• 22:27
  and
• 22:28
  why?
• 22:28
  I
• 22:28
  don't
• 22:28
  know.
• 22:28
  Birds
• 22:29
  just
• 22:29
  seem
• 22:29
  like
• 22:29
  this
• 22:29
  powerful
• 22:30
  tool
• 22:30
  for
• 22:30
  all
• 22:31
  of
• 22:31
  that
• 22:31
  to
• 22:31
  me.
• 22:31
  Yeah,
• 22:32
  I'd
• 22:32
  say
• 22:32
  I
• 22:33
  take
• 22:33
  away
• 22:34
  a
• 22:34
  couple
• 22:34
  of
• 22:34
  negatives
• 22:35
  and
• 22:35
  a
• 22:35
  couple
• 22:35
  of
• 22:35
  positives.
• 22:37
  The
• 22:38
  positives
• 22:38
  are
• 22:39
  that
• 22:39
  birds
• 22:40
  are
• 22:40
  increasingly
• 22:41
  popular.
• 22:43
  The
• 22:43
  proportion
• 22:43
  of
• 22:44
  people
• 22:44
  not
• 22:44
  just
• 22:44
  in
• 22:45
  the
• 22:45
  U.S.
• 22:45
  but
• 22:45
  across
• 22:46
  the
• 22:46
  planet
• 22:47
  who
• 22:47
  are
• 22:47
  interested
• 22:48
  in
• 22:48
  birds,
• 22:48
  who
• 22:48
  know
• 22:49
  about
• 22:49
  birds,
• 22:49
  who
• 22:49
  take
• 22:49
  advantage
• 22:50
  of
• 22:50
  modern
• 22:50
  tools
• 22:51
  like
• 22:51
  the
• 22:51
  ones
• 22:51
  we've
• 22:51
  invented
• 22:52
  called
• 22:52
  Merlin
• 22:52
  and
• 22:53
  ebird
• 22:54
  and
• 22:54
  so
• 22:54
  on.
• 22:54
  The
• 22:54
  bird
• 22:55
  watching
• 22:55
  and
• 22:56
  bird
• 22:56
  appreciation
• 22:57
  is
• 22:57
  rapidly
• 22:58
  growing
• 22:59
  still,
• 23:00
  and
• 23:00
  that's
• 23:01
  a
• 23:01
  good
• 23:01
  sign.
• 23:01
  And
• 23:02
  because
• 23:02
  what
• 23:02
  that
• 23:03
  leads
• 23:03
  to
• 23:05
  at
• 23:05
  local
• 23:06
  levels,
• 23:06
  at
• 23:06
  individual
• 23:07
  levels,
• 23:07
  from
• 23:08
  backyards
• 23:08
  to
• 23:09
  local
• 23:10
  land
• 23:10
  trusts
• 23:11
  to
• 23:12
  friends
• 23:12
  of
• 23:14
  wildlife
• 23:14
  refuges
• 23:15
  and
• 23:15
  so
• 23:15
  on,
• 23:16
  is
• 23:17
  increasing
• 23:17
  public
• 23:18
  attention
• 23:19
  to
• 23:20
  what
• 23:20
  we
• 23:20
  can
• 23:20
  do
• 23:20
  as
• 23:21
  individuals
• 23:21
  to
• 23:22
  save
• 23:23
  little
• 23:23
  bits
• 23:23
  and
• 23:23
  pieces
• 23:24
  of
• 23:24
  our
• 23:24
  habitat,
• 23:25
  to
• 23:25
  affect
• 23:25
  the
• 23:26
  policy
• 23:27
  locally
• 23:28
  or
• 23:28
  regionally
• 23:28
  about
• 23:29
  protection
• 23:30
  of
• 23:31
  important
• 23:31
  areas.
• 23:31
  Wetlands,
• 23:32
  uplands,
• 23:33
  grasslands,
• 23:34
  forests.
• 23:35
  A
• 23:35
  negative
• 23:36
  side,
• 23:36
  I
• 23:36
  guess
• 23:36
  I
• 23:36
  would
• 23:37
  say,
• 23:37
  is
• 23:37
  I'm
• 23:37
  still.
• 23:40
  Appalled.
• 23:40
  Surprised.
• 23:41
  I'll
• 23:41
  just
• 23:41
  say
• 23:43
  no.
• 23:43
  I'm
• 23:43
  appalled
• 23:44
  actually,
• 23:44
  at
• 23:45
  how.
• 23:46
  How
• 23:46
  some
• 23:46
  of
• 23:47
  the
• 23:47
  myths
• 23:47
  continue
• 23:48
  to
• 23:48
  persist
• 23:49
  that,
• 23:49
  like,
• 23:49
  if
• 23:49
  the
• 23:49
  birds,
• 23:50
  if
• 23:50
  the
• 23:50
  habitat's
• 23:51
  gone
• 23:51
  here,
• 23:51
  they.
• 23:52
  Well,
• 23:52
  they
• 23:52
  can
• 23:52
  just.
• 23:53
  They
• 23:53
  can
• 23:53
  fly.
• 23:54
  Yeah.
• 23:54
  They
• 23:54
  can
• 23:55
  go
• 23:55
  somewhere
• 23:55
  else.
• 23:55
  If
• 23:55
  the
• 23:56
  birds,
• 23:56
  you
• 23:57
  know,
• 23:57
  they
• 23:57
  lose
• 23:57
  their
• 23:57
  habitat
• 23:57
  here,
• 23:58
  they.
• 23:58
  They
• 23:58
  can
• 23:58
  move.
• 23:59
  You
• 23:59
  know,
• 23:59
  they're
• 23:59
  not
• 24:00
  Like
• 24:00
  a
• 24:00
  tree,
• 24:00
  they
• 24:01
  can
• 24:01
  move
• 24:02
  and
• 24:02
  of
• 24:02
  course.
• 24:04
  Well,
• 24:05
  where
• 24:05
  are
• 24:05
  they
• 24:05
  moving
• 24:05
  to?
• 24:06
  They're
• 24:06
  moving
• 24:06
  to
• 24:06
  other
• 24:07
  places
• 24:07
  that
• 24:07
  already
• 24:07
  have
• 24:08
  a
• 24:08
  bunch
• 24:08
  of
• 24:08
  birds
• 24:08
  there.
• 24:09
  You
• 24:09
  can't
• 24:10
  just
• 24:10
  keep
• 24:10
  packing
• 24:11
  birds
• 24:11
  into
• 24:11
  smaller
• 24:12
  and
• 24:12
  smaller
• 24:13
  pieces
• 24:14
  of
• 24:14
  habitat.
• 24:16
  A
• 24:16
  recent
• 24:17
  study
• 24:17
  that
• 24:18
  I
• 24:18
  thought
• 24:18
  was
• 24:19
  super
• 24:19
  important,
• 24:20
  using
• 24:21
  ebird
• 24:21
  data,
• 24:22
  but
• 24:22
  as
• 24:23
  a
• 24:23
  parallel
• 24:23
  to
• 24:23
  some
• 24:24
  of
• 24:24
  the
• 24:24
  other
• 24:24
  ones
• 24:25
  that
• 24:25
  we've
• 24:25
  done,
• 24:26
  study
• 24:26
  by
• 24:27
  a
• 24:27
  Princeton
• 24:27
  graduate
• 24:28
  student,
• 24:28
  I
• 24:28
  think
• 24:29
  that
• 24:29
  showed
• 24:30
  that
• 24:31
  the.
• 24:33
  Largest
• 24:33
  drops
• 24:34
  in
• 24:35
  bird
• 24:35
  populations
• 24:36
  in
• 24:36
  the
• 24:36
  US
• 24:38
  Are
• 24:38
  among
• 24:39
  species
• 24:39
  that
• 24:40
  are.
• 24:43
  Common
• 24:44
  and
• 24:44
  well
• 24:45
  known
• 24:45
  across
• 24:45
  the
• 24:46
  landscapes.
• 24:47
  And
• 24:47
  the
• 24:47
  drops
• 24:48
  basically
• 24:48
  reflect
• 24:49
  land
• 24:50
  use
• 24:50
  change.
• 24:52
  And,
• 24:52
  you
• 24:52
  know,
• 24:52
  anytime
• 24:53
  you
• 24:53
  take
• 24:53
  a
• 24:53
  flight
• 24:54
  over
• 24:54
  the
• 24:54
  US
• 24:54
  and
• 24:55
  look
• 24:55
  down
• 24:55
  out
• 24:55
  of
• 24:56
  a
• 24:56
  window,
• 24:56
  I
• 24:57
  always
• 24:57
  take
• 24:57
  a
• 24:57
  window
• 24:57
  seat
• 24:58
  for
• 24:58
  this
• 24:58
  reason.
• 24:58
  I
• 24:58
  just
• 24:59
  want
• 24:59
  to
• 24:59
  get
• 24:59
  a
• 25:00
  picture
• 25:00
  of
• 25:00
  what
• 25:00
  the
• 25:00
  landscape
• 25:01
  is
• 25:01
  like.
• 25:01
  And
• 25:02
  we've
• 25:03
  used
• 25:03
  up
• 25:03
  a
• 25:03
  whole
• 25:03
  lot
• 25:04
  of
• 25:04
  the
• 25:04
  landscape.
• 25:04
  And
• 25:05
  so
• 25:06
  urban
• 25:06
  sprawl,
• 25:06
  suburban
• 25:07
  sprawl,
• 25:09
  horizon
• 25:10
  to
• 25:10
  horizon
• 25:10
  agriculture,
• 25:11
  some
• 25:12
  of
• 25:12
  the
• 25:12
  ways
• 25:13
  in
• 25:13
  which
• 25:13
  we
• 25:14
  are
• 25:14
  using
• 25:15
  the
• 25:15
  landscape.
• 25:17
  One
• 25:17
  could
• 25:18
  actually
• 25:18
  argue
• 25:18
  that
• 25:18
  some
• 25:19
  of
• 25:19
  that
• 25:19
  is
• 25:19
  wasteful,
• 25:20
  but
• 25:20
  certainly
• 25:20
  what
• 25:20
  it's
• 25:21
  doing
• 25:21
  is
• 25:21
  reducing
• 25:22
  the
• 25:22
  opportunity
• 25:23
  for
• 25:23
  even
• 25:23
  some
• 25:24
  of
• 25:24
  our
• 25:24
  most
• 25:24
  common
• 25:24
  birds
• 25:25
  to
• 25:26
  make
• 25:26
  a
• 25:26
  living
• 25:27
  regionally.
• 25:27
  So
• 25:28
  we
• 25:28
  can
• 25:29
  change
• 25:29
  that
• 25:29
  by
• 25:30
  doing
• 25:31
  more
• 25:31
  thoughtful
• 25:32
  zoning
• 25:32
  laws
• 25:32
  and
• 25:33
  some
• 25:34
  fairly
• 25:34
  common
• 25:36
  local.
• 25:38
  Civic
• 25:39
  attention
• 25:39
  to
• 25:40
  the
• 25:40
  fact
• 25:40
  that
• 25:41
  we
• 25:41
  really
• 25:41
  need
• 25:41
  to
• 25:42
  make
• 25:42
  sure
• 25:42
  we're
• 25:43
  investing
• 25:43
  in
• 25:44
  the
• 25:44
  living
• 25:45
  creatures
• 25:45
  that
• 25:45
  are
• 25:45
  side
• 25:46
  by
• 25:46
  side
• 25:46
  with
• 25:46
  us
• 25:47
  out
• 25:47
  there.
• 25:47
  I
• 25:47
  think
• 25:48
  of
• 25:48
  my
• 25:48
  own
• 25:48
  family.
• 25:49
  My
• 25:49
  dad
• 25:49
  became
• 25:49
  a
• 25:50
  birder
• 25:50
  in
• 25:50
  his
• 25:50
  retirement,
• 25:51
  and
• 25:51
  so
• 25:52
  he
• 25:53
  often
• 25:53
  has
• 25:53
  the
• 25:53
  best
• 25:53
  yard
• 25:54
  in
• 25:54
  Canada
• 25:55
  on
• 25:55
  ebird
• 25:55
  now.
• 25:55
  Oh,
• 25:56
  really?
• 25:56
  Yeah,
• 25:57
  yeah,
• 25:57
  he's
• 25:57
  really
• 25:58
  down
• 25:58
  there
• 25:59
  in
• 25:59
  Canada.
• 25:59
  And
• 25:59
  he
• 26:00
  never
• 26:00
  was
• 26:00
  a
• 26:00
  birder
• 26:01
  before.
• 26:02
  He
• 26:02
  didn't
• 26:02
  start
• 26:02
  birding
• 26:03
  until
• 26:03
  after
• 26:03
  he
• 26:03
  retired.
• 26:04
  Yeah,
• 26:04
  he.
• 26:05
  He
• 26:05
  says
• 26:05
  now
• 26:05
  he
• 26:06
  wishes
• 26:06
  he'd
• 26:06
  paid
• 26:07
  more
• 26:07
  attention
• 26:07
  to
• 26:07
  what
• 26:07
  I
• 26:08
  was
• 26:08
  doing
• 26:08
  when
• 26:08
  I
• 26:08
  was,
• 26:09
  you
• 26:09
  know,
• 26:09
  in
• 26:09
  high
• 26:09
  school.
• 26:10
  Instead
• 26:11
  of
• 26:11
  lecturing
• 26:11
  you
• 26:11
  that
• 26:12
  you
• 26:12
  should
• 26:12
  be
• 26:12
  a
• 26:12
  doctor
• 26:13
  or
• 26:13
  a
• 26:13
  lawyer.
• 26:14
  He
• 26:14
  never.
• 26:14
  He
• 26:15
  knew
• 26:15
  I
• 26:15
  was
• 26:15
  never
• 26:15
  going
• 26:16
  that
• 26:16
  direction.
• 26:16
  I
• 26:16
  think
• 26:17
  he.
• 26:17
  When
• 26:17
  I
• 26:17
  asked
• 26:18
  him
• 26:18
  if
• 26:18
  I
• 26:18
  ended
• 26:18
  up
• 26:19
  in
• 26:19
  the
• 26:19
  right
• 26:19
  job,
• 26:20
  he's
• 26:20
  like,
• 26:20
  I
• 26:20
  don't
• 26:20
  know
• 26:20
  what
• 26:20
  else
• 26:21
  you
• 26:21
  would
• 26:21
  have
• 26:21
  done.
• 26:21
  This
• 26:22
  is
• 26:22
  perfect
• 26:22
  for
• 26:22
  you.
• 26:23
  But
• 26:24
  ditto
• 26:24
  me.
• 26:24
  Ditto
• 26:25
  me.
• 26:25
  Yeah.
• 26:25
  But
• 26:26
  it's
• 26:26
  neat
• 26:26
  because
• 26:27
  since
• 26:27
  he
• 26:27
  started
• 26:27
  using
• 26:28
  ebird,
• 26:28
  he
• 26:28
  notices
• 26:30
  the
• 26:30
  cost
• 26:31
  of
• 26:31
  a
• 26:32
  pasture
• 26:32
  being
• 26:32
  turned
• 26:33
  into
• 26:33
  a
• 26:33
  cornfield
• 26:34
  or,
• 26:35
  you
• 26:36
  know,
• 26:36
  like
• 26:36
  you're
• 26:37
  talking
• 26:37
  about
• 26:37
  when
• 26:37
  they're
• 26:37
  putting
• 26:38
  in
• 26:38
  the
• 26:38
  drainage
• 26:38
  tiles
• 26:39
  and
• 26:39
  just
• 26:39
  completely
• 26:40
  obliterating
• 26:40
  these
• 26:40
  habitats
• 26:41
  where,
• 26:41
  you
• 26:42
  know,
• 26:42
  a
• 26:42
  year
• 26:42
  ago
• 26:43
  you
• 26:43
  could
• 26:43
  have
• 26:43
  gone
• 26:43
  and
• 26:43
  seen
• 26:44
  snipe
• 26:44
  in
• 26:44
  the
• 26:44
  spring.
• 26:45
  There's,
• 26:45
  you
• 26:45
  know,
• 26:46
  little
• 26:46
  low,
• 26:46
  wet
• 26:46
  areas
• 26:47
  that
• 26:47
  attract
• 26:48
  migrating
• 26:48
  shorebirds
• 26:49
  and
• 26:49
  the
• 26:50
  speed
• 26:50
  at
• 26:50
  which
• 26:51
  those
• 26:51
  kinds
• 26:51
  of
• 26:51
  habitats
• 26:52
  are
• 26:52
  declining.
• 26:53
  Where
• 26:53
  I
• 26:53
  grew
• 26:53
  up
• 26:53
  is
• 26:54
  crazy.
• 26:54
  You
• 26:55
  know,
• 26:55
  it
• 26:55
  used
• 26:55
  to
• 26:55
  be
• 26:56
  a
• 26:56
  pasture
• 26:57
  county.
• 26:58
  You
• 26:58
  know,
• 26:58
  our
• 26:59
  mascot
• 27:00
  is
• 27:00
  Big
• 27:00
  Bruce,
• 27:01
  a
• 27:02
  large
• 27:02
  steer.
• 27:03
  The
• 27:03
  habitats
• 27:04
  that
• 27:04
  are
• 27:04
  getting
• 27:04
  converted
• 27:04
  to
• 27:05
  cash
• 27:05
  crops
• 27:05
  are
• 27:06
  actually
• 27:07
  really
• 27:07
  good
• 27:08
  for
• 27:09
  many
• 27:09
  grassland
• 27:10
  birds
• 27:10
  that
• 27:10
  now
• 27:11
  are
• 27:11
  among
• 27:11
  the
• 27:11
  fastest
• 27:12
  declining
• 27:12
  in
• 27:12
  Ontario.
• 27:13
  And
• 27:13
  my
• 27:13
  dad
• 27:13
  didn't
• 27:13
  really
• 27:14
  notice
• 27:14
  all
• 27:14
  of
• 27:14
  that
• 27:14
  until
• 27:15
  he
• 27:15
  started
• 27:15
  using
• 27:15
  EBIRD
• 27:16
  and
• 27:16
  logging
• 27:17
  his
• 27:17
  observations
• 27:17
  year
• 27:18
  after
• 27:18
  year
• 27:18
  and
• 27:18
  wanting
• 27:19
  to
• 27:19
  go
• 27:19
  to
• 27:19
  these
• 27:19
  places
• 27:20
  to
• 27:20
  see
• 27:20
  specific
• 27:21
  birds.
• 27:21
  And
• 27:21
  yeah,
• 27:22
  you
• 27:22
  show
• 27:22
  up
• 27:22
  at
• 27:22
  your
• 27:22
  favorite
• 27:23
  pasture
• 27:23
  and
• 27:23
  all
• 27:23
  of
• 27:23
  a
• 27:24
  sudden
• 27:24
  it's
• 27:25
  been
• 27:25
  completely
• 27:25
  flattened
• 27:26
  and
• 27:26
  turned
• 27:26
  into
• 27:26
  a
• 27:27
  cornfield.
• 27:27
  And
• 27:27
  yeah,
• 27:28
  birds
• 27:28
  can't
• 27:28
  live
• 27:29
  there,
• 27:29
  but
• 27:30
  you
• 27:30
  don't
• 27:30
  notice
• 27:30
  it
• 27:30
  until
• 27:31
  you
• 27:31
  notice
• 27:31
  it,
• 27:31
  I
• 27:31
  guess
• 27:32
  is
• 27:32
  the
• 27:32
  thing.
• 27:32
  And
• 27:32
  I
• 27:32
  think
• 27:32
  that's
• 27:33
  such
• 27:33
  a
• 27:33
  great
• 27:33
  power
• 27:33
  of
• 27:33
  ebird,
• 27:34
  getting
• 27:34
  people
• 27:34
  out
• 27:35
  and
• 27:36
  collecting
• 27:36
  these
• 27:36
  long
• 27:37
  term
• 27:37
  data
• 27:37
  sets.
• 27:38
  Yeah.
• 27:38
  One
• 27:38
  of
• 27:38
  the
• 27:38
  things
• 27:39
  that
• 27:39
  I've
• 27:40
  certainly
• 27:40
  experienced
• 27:40
  myself,
• 27:41
  and
• 27:41
  I
• 27:41
  hear
• 27:41
  a
• 27:41
  lot
• 27:41
  of
• 27:42
  people
• 27:42
  who
• 27:42
  have
• 27:42
  been
• 27:43
  bird
• 27:43
  watching
• 27:43
  for
• 27:44
  a
• 27:44
  long
• 27:44
  time
• 27:45
  have
• 27:45
  said
• 27:45
  about
• 27:45
  ebird
• 27:46
  is
• 27:46
  that
• 27:46
  it
• 27:46
  really
• 27:47
  changes.
• 27:47
  It
• 27:48
  changes
• 27:48
  how
• 27:48
  you
• 27:49
  bird
• 27:50
  makes
• 27:51
  you
• 27:51
  attend
• 27:52
  much
• 27:53
  more
• 27:53
  to
• 27:53
  numbers.
• 27:54
  You
• 27:55
  know,
• 27:55
  how
• 27:56
  many
• 27:56
  snow
• 27:56
  geese
• 27:56
  are
• 27:57
  in
• 27:57
  that
• 27:57
  flock
• 27:57
  that's
• 27:58
  come
• 27:58
  die,
• 27:58
  or.
• 27:59
  Is
• 27:59
  that
• 27:59
  even
• 27:59
  possible
• 28:00
  to
• 28:00
  figure
• 28:00
  out.
• 28:01
  Exactly
• 28:02
  how
• 28:02
  many
• 28:02
  pelicans
• 28:02
  in
• 28:02
  that
• 28:03
  line.
• 28:03
  So
• 28:03
  that's
• 28:04
  22
• 28:04
  pelicans.
• 28:05
  Paying
• 28:05
  attention
• 28:05
  to
• 28:06
  numbers
• 28:07
  does
• 28:07
  make
• 28:07
  you
• 28:07
  actually
• 28:08
  think
• 28:08
  longer
• 28:08
  term
• 28:09
  about,
• 28:09
  you
• 28:09
  know,
• 28:09
  the
• 28:09
  numbers
• 28:10
  aren't
• 28:10
  the
• 28:10
  same
• 28:10
  as
• 28:10
  what
• 28:11
  they
• 28:11
  used
• 28:11
  to
• 28:11
  be.
• 28:12
  Is
• 28:12
  that
• 28:12
  what
• 28:12
  you
• 28:12
  expected?
• 28:12
  Like
• 28:13
  when
• 28:13
  you
• 28:13
  guys
• 28:13
  conceptualized
• 28:14
  ebird
• 28:15
  just
• 28:15
  for
• 28:15
  everyone
• 28:15
  listening
• 28:16
  too.
• 28:16
  EBIRD
• 28:17
  is
• 28:17
  now
• 28:17
  the
• 28:18
  largest
• 28:18
  citizen
• 28:18
  science
• 28:19
  database
• 28:19
  on
• 28:19
  planet
• 28:20
  Earth.
• 28:21
  You
• 28:21
  can't
• 28:21
  use
• 28:21
  a
• 28:22
  superlative
• 28:22
  that's
• 28:23
  incorrect
• 28:23
  when
• 28:23
  you're
• 28:24
  talking
• 28:24
  about
• 28:24
  eBird,
• 28:25
  but
• 28:25
  when
• 28:25
  you
• 28:25
  guys
• 28:26
  conceptualized
• 28:26
  it,
• 28:27
  did
• 28:27
  you
• 28:27
  think
• 28:27
  we
• 28:27
  would
• 28:28
  get
• 28:28
  here?
• 28:29
  No.
• 28:29
  I
• 28:29
  mean,
• 28:30
  we
• 28:31
  could
• 28:31
  have
• 28:31
  dreamed,
• 28:32
  maybe
• 28:33
  hallucinated
• 28:34
  a
• 28:34
  couple
• 28:34
  of
• 28:35
  belts
• 28:35
  of
• 28:35
  whiskey
• 28:35
  at
• 28:35
  night
• 28:36
  and
• 28:36
  we
• 28:36
  would
• 28:36
  have
• 28:36
  said,
• 28:36
  yeah,
• 28:37
  SoMeDay
• 28:38
  we'll
• 28:38
  get
• 28:39
  100,000
• 28:40
  checklists
• 28:41
  in
• 28:41
  a
• 28:41
  weekend.
• 28:42
  Well,
• 28:43
  we're
• 28:43
  getting
• 28:43
  more
• 28:43
  than
• 28:43
  that.
• 28:44
  Wow.
• 28:45
  So
• 28:46
  no,
• 28:46
  I
• 28:46
  mean
• 28:46
  we.
• 28:46
  At
• 28:47
  the
• 28:47
  very
• 28:47
  beginning,
• 28:48
  not
• 28:48
  long
• 28:48
  after
• 28:49
  I
• 28:49
  got
• 28:49
  to
• 28:50
  Cornell,
• 28:51
  a
• 28:51
  couple
• 28:51
  of
• 28:51
  people,
• 28:52
  Ken
• 28:52
  Rosenberg,
• 28:54
  Rick
• 28:55
  Bonney,
• 28:55
  came
• 28:55
  into
• 28:56
  my
• 28:56
  office
• 28:56
  and
• 28:56
  said,
• 28:57
  we
• 28:57
  really
• 28:57
  think
• 28:57
  it's
• 28:58
  time
• 28:58
  to
• 28:58
  do
• 28:59
  to
• 28:59
  organize
• 28:59
  a
• 29:00
  national
• 29:00
  checklist
• 29:01
  so
• 29:02
  we
• 29:02
  can
• 29:02
  get
• 29:02
  people
• 29:02
  from
• 29:02
  around
• 29:03
  the
• 29:03
  country
• 29:03
  that
• 29:03
  are
• 29:03
  bird
• 29:04
  watching
• 29:04
  to
• 29:04
  send
• 29:04
  in
• 29:04
  their
• 29:05
  bird
• 29:05
  observations.
• 29:06
  Keep
• 29:06
  in
• 29:06
  mind,
• 29:07
  that
• 29:07
  would
• 29:07
  have
• 29:07
  been
• 29:07
  by
• 29:08
  the
• 29:08
  US
• 29:08
  Postal
• 29:09
  Service.
• 29:12
  Remarkably
• 29:13
  inefficient
• 29:14
  way
• 29:14
  to
• 29:14
  gather
• 29:15
  data.
• 29:15
  Yeah.
• 29:16
  My
• 29:16
  first
• 29:17
  response
• 29:17
  to
• 29:17
  the
• 29:18
  idea
• 29:18
  of
• 29:18
  a
• 29:18
  national
• 29:18
  checklist
• 29:19
  was,
• 29:20
  are
• 29:20
  we
• 29:20
  really
• 29:20
  going
• 29:20
  to
• 29:21
  learn
• 29:21
  more?
• 29:21
  Anything
• 29:22
  that
• 29:22
  we
• 29:22
  don't
• 29:23
  already
• 29:23
  Know
• 29:23
  about
• 29:24
  birds.
• 29:25
  There
• 29:25
  couldn't
• 29:25
  have
• 29:26
  been
• 29:26
  a
• 29:26
  more
• 29:26
  stupid
• 29:27
  and
• 29:27
  ignorant
• 29:27
  response.
• 29:30
  On
• 29:30
  the
• 29:30
  part
• 29:30
  of
• 29:31
  a
• 29:31
  director
• 29:31
  of
• 29:31
  the
• 29:31
  Cornell
• 29:32
  Lab
• 29:32
  than
• 29:33
  that.
• 29:34
  Of
• 29:34
  course,
• 29:34
  it
• 29:35
  was
• 29:35
  the
• 29:35
  advent,
• 29:36
  shortly
• 29:37
  thereafter,
• 29:37
  of
• 29:37
  the
• 29:37
  Internet
• 29:38
  that
• 29:38
  allowed
• 29:38
  us
• 29:38
  to
• 29:39
  imagine
• 29:40
  that
• 29:40
  one
• 29:40
  could
• 29:40
  actually
• 29:40
  do
• 29:41
  efficiently.
• 29:43
  And
• 29:43
  then
• 29:43
  teaming
• 29:43
  up
• 29:44
  with
• 29:44
  Frank
• 29:44
  Gill
• 29:44
  and
• 29:45
  the
• 29:45
  Audubon
• 29:46
  society
• 29:47
  during
• 29:47
  that
• 29:48
  1990s,
• 29:49
  late
• 29:49
  90s
• 29:50
  period,
• 29:50
  you
• 29:50
  know,
• 29:50
  trial
• 29:51
  and
• 29:51
  error,
• 29:51
  getting
• 29:51
  some
• 29:51
  things
• 29:52
  going,
• 29:52
  but
• 29:53
  we.
• 29:53
  We.
• 29:53
  We
• 29:54
  dreamed
• 29:55
  about
• 29:56
  occasional
• 29:56
  big
• 29:57
  days
• 29:57
  or
• 29:57
  something
• 29:58
  like
• 29:58
  that,
• 29:58
  but
• 29:58
  we
• 29:58
  did
• 29:59
  not
• 29:59
  recognize
• 30:00
  how.
• 30:01
  How
• 30:01
  powerful
• 30:02
  and
• 30:02
  how
• 30:02
  pervasive
• 30:04
  and
• 30:04
  how
• 30:04
  important
• 30:05
  this
• 30:06
  project
• 30:06
  would
• 30:06
  end
• 30:06
  up
• 30:07
  being.
• 30:07
  This
• 30:07
  influenced
• 30:08
  the
• 30:08
  world
• 30:08
  and
• 30:08
  our
• 30:08
  understanding,
• 30:09
  like
• 30:09
  you
• 30:09
  said,
• 30:09
  just
• 30:10
  of
• 30:10
  biodiversity
• 30:11
  of
• 30:11
  the
• 30:11
  planet
• 30:11
  and
• 30:11
  made
• 30:12
  things
• 30:12
  so
• 30:12
  much
• 30:12
  more
• 30:13
  accessible
• 30:13
  for,
• 30:14
  really,
• 30:14
  everyone.
• 30:15
  Right.
• 30:15
  And
• 30:15
  then
• 30:15
  you
• 30:16
  add
• 30:16
  Merlin
• 30:16
  on
• 30:17
  top
• 30:17
  of
• 30:17
  that.
• 30:17
  I
• 30:17
  mean,
• 30:17
  Merlin
• 30:18
  is
• 30:19
  incredible
• 30:20
  right
• 30:20
  now,
• 30:22
  how
• 30:22
  it
• 30:22
  changes
• 30:22
  people's
• 30:23
  lives.
• 30:23
  It
• 30:23
  totally
• 30:23
  does.
• 30:23
  And
• 30:24
  then
• 30:24
  you
• 30:24
  see,
• 30:24
  you
• 30:24
  know,
• 30:24
  you
• 30:25
  see
• 30:26
  people.
• 30:26
  You
• 30:26
  never
• 30:27
  would
• 30:27
  have
• 30:27
  expected
• 30:27
  one
• 30:28
  to
• 30:28
  pay
• 30:28
  attention
• 30:28
  to
• 30:29
  birds
• 30:29
  that
• 30:29
  use
• 30:29
  both
• 30:30
  EBIRD
• 30:30
  and
• 30:30
  Merlin,
• 30:31
  and
• 30:32
  they're
• 30:32
  talking
• 30:32
  about
• 30:32
  it
• 30:33
  on
• 30:33
  these
• 30:33
  global
• 30:33
  stages
• 30:34
  that
• 30:34
  it
• 30:34
  just.
• 30:35
  I
• 30:35
  don't
• 30:35
  know.
• 30:36
  Even
• 30:36
  when
• 30:36
  I
• 30:36
  was
• 30:36
  at
• 30:37
  the
• 30:37
  lab,
• 30:37
  you
• 30:37
  know,
• 30:37
  we
• 30:37
  were
• 30:38
  just
• 30:38
  starting
• 30:38
  to
• 30:38
  analyze
• 30:39
  EBIRD
• 30:39
  data
• 30:40
  for
• 30:40
  me
• 30:40
  in
• 30:40
  the
• 30:40
  context
• 30:41
  of
• 30:41
  hybridization
• 30:41
  and
• 30:42
  hybrid
• 30:42
  zones
• 30:42
  and
• 30:43
  how
• 30:43
  they
• 30:43
  respond
• 30:43
  to
• 30:43
  climate.
• 30:44
  And
• 30:44
  we
• 30:45
  can
• 30:45
  do
• 30:45
  so
• 30:45
  much
• 30:46
  more
• 30:46
  of
• 30:46
  that
• 30:46
  now.
• 30:46
  And
• 30:46
  it's
• 30:47
  been,
• 30:47
  you
• 30:47
  know,
• 30:47
  just
• 30:47
  over
• 30:48
  a
• 30:48
  decade.
• 30:48
  It's
• 30:49
  pretty
• 30:49
  impressive.
• 30:50
  I
• 30:50
  just
• 30:50
  came
• 30:50
  back
• 30:51
  from
• 30:51
  a
• 30:51
  trip
• 30:52
  to
• 30:53
  Seychelles
• 30:54
  and
• 30:54
  Kenya
• 30:56
  and
• 30:57
  just
• 30:57
  several
• 30:57
  different
• 30:58
  places
• 30:58
  when
• 30:58
  people
• 31:00
  learned
• 31:00
  I
• 31:00
  was
• 31:00
  from
• 31:00
  Cornell,
• 31:01
  as
• 31:01
  I
• 31:01
  wear
• 31:01
  a
• 31:01
  Cornell
• 31:02
  hat,
• 31:02
  you
• 31:02
  know,
• 31:04
  and
• 31:04
  then
• 31:04
  as
• 31:04
  they
• 31:04
  say,
• 31:05
  well,
• 31:05
  you're
• 31:05
  at
• 31:05
  the
• 31:06
  Cornell
• 31:06
  lab.
• 31:08
  Were
• 31:08
  you
• 31:08
  involved
• 31:09
  in
• 31:09
  eBird?
• 31:10
  And
• 31:10
  it's
• 31:10
  like,
• 31:10
  oh,
• 31:11
  my
• 31:11
  God,
• 31:12
  I
• 31:12
  want
• 31:12
  your
• 31:12
  picture.
• 31:15
  These
• 31:16
  guys
• 31:16
  from
• 31:16
  out
• 31:16
  in
• 31:16
  the
• 31:16
  middle
• 31:17
  of
• 31:17
  the,
• 31:17
  you
• 31:18
  know,
• 31:18
  wild
• 31:18
  lands
• 31:19
  and
• 31:19
  wild
• 31:20
  oceans,
• 31:21
  they're
• 31:22
  using
• 31:22
  Merlin
• 31:22
  and
• 31:22
  ebird.
• 31:23
  Oh,
• 31:23
  I
• 31:24
  get
• 31:24
  these
• 31:24
  little
• 31:24
  Taylor
• 31:24
  Swift
• 31:25
  moments
• 31:25
  where
• 31:25
  I
• 31:25
  can
• 31:25
  just
• 31:26
  stand
• 31:26
  next
• 31:26
  to
• 31:26
  somebody,
• 31:26
  get
• 31:27
  my
• 31:27
  picture
• 31:27
  taken.
• 31:28
  Yeah,
• 31:29
  that's
• 31:29
  awesome.
• 31:31
  We
• 31:31
  didn't
• 31:31
  talk
• 31:31
  about
• 31:31
  cats,
• 31:32
  which
• 31:32
  I
• 31:33
  maybe
• 31:33
  is
• 31:33
  for
• 31:34
  the
• 31:34
  best.
• 31:35
  I'm
• 31:35
  gonna.
• 31:37
  I
• 31:37
  can
• 31:37
  talk
• 31:37
  about
• 31:37
  cats.
• 31:38
  Yeah.
• 31:39
  Oh,
• 31:39
  God.
• 31:41
  You
• 31:41
  know,
• 31:41
  talking
• 31:42
  about
• 31:42
  cats
• 31:42
  as
• 31:42
  one
• 31:43
  of
• 31:43
  the
• 31:43
  major
• 31:43
  predators
• 31:44
  of
• 31:44
  birds
• 31:44
  across
• 31:45
  North
• 31:45
  America.
• 31:46
  Across
• 31:46
  the
• 31:46
  world?
• 31:47
  Yeah.
• 31:47
  Literally
• 31:48
  across
• 31:48
  the
• 31:48
  world.
• 31:49
  I
• 31:49
  know.
• 31:49
  Cats,
• 31:50
  you
• 31:50
  get.
• 31:51
  Think
• 31:51
  about
• 31:51
  what
• 31:51
  they
• 31:52
  are.
• 31:52
  The
• 31:52
  domestic
• 31:52
  cat.
• 31:53
  It's
• 31:53
  a
• 31:53
  subsidized
• 31:54
  recreational
• 31:55
  killer.
• 31:56
  Yep.
• 31:57
  Yeah.
• 31:57
  And
• 31:57
  when
• 31:58
  you
• 31:58
  see
• 31:58
  them,
• 31:58
  like,
• 31:58
  you're
• 31:59
  on
• 31:59
  one
• 31:59
  of
• 31:59
  the
• 31:59
  Galapagos
• 32:00
  Islands
• 32:01
  and
• 32:01
  you
• 32:01
  see
• 32:01
  these
• 32:01
  cats
• 32:02
  just,
• 32:02
  like,
• 32:03
  killing
• 32:03
  the
• 32:03
  rarest
• 32:04
  birds,
• 32:04
  you're
• 32:04
  like,
• 32:05
  why?
• 32:05
  Why
• 32:05
  do
• 32:06
  humans
• 32:06
  have
• 32:06
  to
• 32:06
  bring
• 32:06
  cats.
• 32:07
  Everywhere
• 32:07
  and
• 32:08
  look
• 32:08
  across
• 32:08
  the
• 32:08
  world
• 32:09
  now
• 32:09
  some
• 32:09
  of
• 32:09
  the.
• 32:10
  Still
• 32:10
  the
• 32:10
  rarest
• 32:10
  birds.
• 32:11
  The
• 32:11
  only
• 32:12
  way
• 32:12
  that
• 32:12
  a
• 32:12
  bunch
• 32:12
  of
• 32:13
  these
• 32:13
  birds
• 32:13
  are
• 32:13
  alive
• 32:14
  at
• 32:14
  all
• 32:14
  is
• 32:14
  that
• 32:14
  they.
• 32:15
  A
• 32:15
  few
• 32:15
  got
• 32:16
  rescued
• 32:16
  and
• 32:17
  put
• 32:18
  out
• 32:18
  onto
• 32:18
  little
• 32:19
  islands
• 32:19
  in
• 32:19
  which
• 32:20
  they
• 32:20
  had
• 32:20
  freed.
• 32:20
  The
• 32:21
  island
• 32:21
  of
• 32:21
  cats.
• 32:22
  Yeah.
• 32:23
  So,
• 32:23
  yeah,
• 32:23
  cat's
• 32:24
  a
• 32:24
  major
• 32:25
  predator.
• 32:26
  It's
• 32:26
  not
• 32:26
  the
• 32:26
  only
• 32:27
  one,
• 32:27
  of
• 32:27
  course.
• 32:29
  Mongooses,
• 32:30
  yeah.
• 32:31
  Are
• 32:31
  huge
• 32:32
  across
• 32:32
  the
• 32:32
  tropics
• 32:33
  and,
• 32:34
  well,
• 32:34
  hell,
• 32:34
  goats
• 32:35
  and
• 32:35
  pigs
• 32:35
  and
• 32:35
  other
• 32:36
  things
• 32:36
  too,
• 32:36
  that
• 32:36
  we've
• 32:36
  introduced.
• 32:37
  But
• 32:37
  cats
• 32:38
  are
• 32:39
  direct
• 32:39
  killers
• 32:40
  of
• 32:40
  organisms.
• 32:42
  I
• 32:42
  know
• 32:42
  anyone
• 32:42
  who
• 32:43
  says
• 32:43
  that,
• 32:43
  but
• 32:43
  not
• 32:43
  my
• 32:44
  cat.
• 32:44
  They're
• 32:44
  just
• 32:44
  wrong.
• 32:45
  I
• 32:45
  don't
• 32:45
  care
• 32:46
  how
• 32:46
  fat
• 32:46
  your
• 32:46
  cat.
• 32:47
  Is,
• 32:47
  it
• 32:47
  can
• 32:47
  still
• 32:47
  kill.
• 32:49
  I
• 32:49
  love
• 32:49
  the
• 32:49
  examples.
• 32:50
  I've
• 32:50
  seen
• 32:50
  a
• 32:50
  few
• 32:50
  of
• 32:50
  them
• 32:50
  where
• 32:51
  people
• 32:51
  put
• 32:51
  little,
• 32:52
  you
• 32:52
  know,
• 32:52
  cam.
• 32:53
  Camcorder,
• 32:54
  mini
• 32:54
  camcorders
• 32:55
  on
• 32:55
  their
• 32:55
  cats.
• 32:56
  Yeah,
• 32:56
  they
• 32:56
  say,
• 32:56
  no,
• 32:57
  look
• 32:57
  at
• 32:57
  that.
• 32:57
  My
• 32:58
  cat
• 32:58
  doesn't
• 32:58
  do
• 32:58
  it.
• 32:58
  Yeah.
• 32:59
  Yes,
• 32:59
  your
• 32:59
  cat
• 32:59
  does.
• 33:00
  If
• 33:00
  you
• 33:00
  let
• 33:00
  it
• 33:00
  outside,
• 33:01
  it
• 33:01
  does.
• 33:01
  Yeah,
• 33:01
  right.
• 33:02
  Yeah,
• 33:02
  for
• 33:02
  sure.
• 33:03
  All
• 33:03
  right,
• 33:03
  so
• 33:03
  we've
• 33:03
  reached
• 33:04
  the
• 33:04
  part
• 33:04
  of
• 33:04
  the
• 33:04
  show
• 33:04
  that
• 33:04
  we
• 33:04
  call
• 33:05
  that's
• 33:05
  BS
• 33:05
  or
• 33:05
  that's
• 33:06
  bird
• 33:06
  stuff,
• 33:06
  where
• 33:06
  we
• 33:07
  give
• 33:07
  our
• 33:07
  guests
• 33:07
  a
• 33:07
  chance
• 33:08
  to
• 33:08
  debunk
• 33:08
  a
• 33:08
  myth
• 33:09
  that
• 33:09
  really
• 33:09
  ruffles
• 33:09
  their
• 33:09
  feathers.
• 33:10
  So,
• 33:10
  Fitz,
• 33:10
  what
• 33:11
  do
• 33:11
  you
• 33:11
  want
• 33:11
  to
• 33:11
  call
• 33:11
  BS
• 33:12
  on?
• 33:13
  I
• 33:14
  want
• 33:14
  to
• 33:14
  call
• 33:14
  BS
• 33:14
  on
• 33:15
  the
• 33:15
  idea
• 33:15
  that
• 33:16
  birds,
• 33:17
  because
• 33:17
  they
• 33:17
  can
• 33:17
  fly,
• 33:18
  they're
• 33:19
  actually
• 33:19
  safe
• 33:19
  from
• 33:20
  the
• 33:20
  effects
• 33:20
  of
• 33:20
  humans.
• 33:22
  That
• 33:22
  that's
• 33:22
  just.
• 33:23
  It's
• 33:23
  malarkey.
• 33:25
  What
• 33:26
  do
• 33:26
  we
• 33:26
  think
• 33:26
  the
• 33:26
  birds,
• 33:27
  if
• 33:27
  we
• 33:27
  use
• 33:27
  up
• 33:27
  a
• 33:28
  patch
• 33:28
  of
• 33:28
  habitat
• 33:29
  that
• 33:29
  they
• 33:29
  just
• 33:30
  fly
• 33:30
  to
• 33:30
  some
• 33:30
  other
• 33:30
  spot
• 33:31
  and
• 33:31
  go
• 33:31
  to,
• 33:31
  you
• 33:31
  know,
• 33:32
  use
• 33:32
  that,
• 33:32
  what
• 33:33
  do
• 33:33
  they
• 33:33
  think
• 33:33
  they're
• 33:33
  flying
• 33:33
  into?
• 33:34
  What
• 33:34
  do
• 33:35
  these
• 33:35
  people
• 33:35
  think
• 33:35
  they're
• 33:35
  flying
• 33:36
  into?
• 33:36
  They're
• 33:36
  flying
• 33:36
  into
• 33:36
  places
• 33:37
  that
• 33:37
  are
• 33:37
  already
• 33:38
  populated
• 33:38
  with
• 33:38
  birds.
• 33:39
  So
• 33:39
  you
• 33:40
  can't
• 33:40
  keep
• 33:40
  loading,
• 33:42
  you
• 33:42
  know,
• 33:43
  otherwise
• 33:44
  good
• 33:44
  looking
• 33:44
  pieces
• 33:44
  of
• 33:44
  habitat
• 33:45
  with
• 33:45
  more
• 33:45
  and
• 33:46
  more
• 33:46
  birds
• 33:47
  because
• 33:48
  the
• 33:48
  place
• 33:49
  they
• 33:49
  used
• 33:49
  to
• 33:49
  be
• 33:49
  has
• 33:49
  been
• 33:50
  taken
• 33:50
  away.
• 33:51
  That's
• 33:51
  pure
• 33:52
  bs.
• 33:52
  It's
• 33:52
  one
• 33:52
  of
• 33:53
  the
• 33:53
  worst
• 33:53
  and
• 33:54
  most
• 33:54
  common
• 33:55
  public
• 33:56
  misconceptions
• 33:57
  that
• 33:57
  there
• 33:57
  is.
• 33:58
  Yeah,
• 33:58
  yeah,
• 33:59
  yeah.
• 33:59
  I
• 33:59
  mean,
• 33:59
  it's
• 34:00
  been
• 34:00
  really
• 34:00
  great
• 34:00
  chatting.
• 34:02
  I
• 34:02
  really
• 34:02
  appreciate
• 34:02
  it
• 34:02
  and
• 34:03
  it's
• 34:03
  good
• 34:03
  to
• 34:03
  see
• 34:03
  you.
• 34:03
  Always
• 34:03
  great
• 34:04
  to
• 34:04
  see
• 34:04
  you.
• 34:04
  Always
• 34:04
  great
• 34:05
  to
• 34:05
  talk
• 34:05
  about
• 34:05
  birds.
• 34:06
  Happy
• 34:06
  to
• 34:06
  do
• 34:07
  it
• 34:07
  in
• 34:07
  this
• 34:07
  context.
• 34:08
  And
• 34:08
  congratulations
• 34:09
  on
• 34:09
  a
• 34:10
  cool
• 34:10
  podcast.
• 34:15
  Birds
• 34:15
  are
• 34:15
  dinosaurs.
• 34:16
  And
• 34:16
  around
• 34:16
  here,
• 34:16
  we
• 34:16
  like
• 34:16
  our
• 34:17
  snacks.
• 34:17
  So
• 34:17
  we
• 34:17
  end
• 34:17
  each
• 34:18
  episode
• 34:18
  with
• 34:18
  a
• 34:18
  dinosaur
• 34:19
  nugget.
• 34:19
  Today's
• 34:20
  nugget
• 34:20
  is
• 34:20
  that
• 34:20
  massive
• 34:21
  bird
• 34:21
  loss
• 34:21
  can
• 34:21
  happen
• 34:22
  right
• 34:22
  under
• 34:22
  our
• 34:22
  noses.
• 34:23
  When
• 34:23
  we
• 34:23
  treat
• 34:23
  habitat
• 34:23
  loss
• 34:24
  like
• 34:24
  no
• 34:24
  big
• 34:24
  deal,
• 34:25
  birds
• 34:25
  can't
• 34:25
  just
• 34:26
  move
• 34:26
  on.
• 34:26
  And
• 34:26
  when
• 34:26
  we
• 34:27
  spray
• 34:27
  pesticides,
• 34:27
  we're
• 34:28
  not
• 34:28
  just
• 34:28
  killing
• 34:28
  pests,
• 34:29
  we're
• 34:29
  wiping
• 34:29
  out
• 34:29
  their
• 34:29
  food.
• 34:30
  The
• 34:30
  good
• 34:31
  news,
• 34:31
  smart
• 34:31
  policy
• 34:32
  and
• 34:32
  habitat
• 34:32
  protection
• 34:33
  can
• 34:33
  turn
• 34:33
  it
• 34:33
  around.
• 34:34
  We've
• 34:34
  seen
• 34:34
  this
• 34:34
  with
• 34:35
  rebounds
• 34:35
  of
• 34:35
  raptor
• 34:35
  populations
• 34:36
  after
• 34:36
  DDT
• 34:37
  was
• 34:37
  banned
• 34:37
  and
• 34:38
  waterfowl
• 34:38
  population
• 34:39
  increases
• 34:39
  with
• 34:39
  wetland
• 34:40
  protections.
• 34:42
  That's
• 34:42
  a
• 34:42
  wrap
• 34:42
  on
• 34:42
  this
• 34:42
  week's
• 34:43
  episode.
• 34:43
  Okay,
• 34:43
  but
• 34:43
  how
• 34:44
  do
• 34:44
  you
• 34:44
  lose
• 34:44
  3
• 34:44
  billion
• 34:45
  birds?
• 34:45
  If
• 34:45
  you
• 34:45
  like
• 34:46
  this
• 34:46
  episode,
• 34:46
  leave
• 34:46
  a
• 34:47
  comment
• 34:47
  like
• 34:47
  and
• 34:47
  subscribe.
• 34:48
  We'll
• 34:48
  catch
• 34:48
  you
• 34:48
  next
• 34:49
  time.
• 34:49
  Bye.
• 34:55
  Okay,
• 34:56
  but
• 34:56
  Birds
• 34:57
  is
• 34:57
  hosted
• 34:58
  by
• 34:58
  Scott
• 34:58
  Taylor
• 34:59
  with
• 34:59
  production
• 34:59
  and
• 35:00
  creative
• 35:00
  by
• 35:00
  Zach
• 35:01
  Karl.