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Okay, but can birds keep up with climate change? · Okay, But... Birds

• 0:00
  Every
• 0:00
  time
• 0:00
  the
• 0:00
  birds
• 0:01
  in
• 0:01
  my
• 0:01
  backyard
• 0:02
  eat
• 0:02
  all
• 0:02
  my
• 0:02
  fruit
• 0:03
  and
• 0:03
  I'm
• 0:04
  super
• 0:04
  frustrated
• 0:05
  and
• 0:05
  I'm
• 0:05
  like,
• 0:05
  darn
• 0:06
  you
• 0:06
  birds,
• 0:06
  stop
• 0:07
  eating
• 0:07
  my
• 0:07
  fruit.
• 0:08
  I
• 0:08
  have
• 0:08
  to
• 0:08
  pause
• 0:09
  and
• 0:09
  say,
• 0:09
  well,
• 0:10
  they
• 0:10
  need
• 0:11
  the
• 0:11
  fruit
• 0:11
  maybe
• 0:11
  more
• 0:12
  than
• 0:12
  I
• 0:12
  do.
• 0:13
  Yeah,
• 0:13
  they
• 0:13
  can't
• 0:14
  go
• 0:14
  over
• 0:14
  to
• 0:15
  the
• 0:15
  local
• 0:15
  Whole
• 0:15
  Foods
• 0:16
  or
• 0:16
  whatever
• 0:16
  you
• 0:16
  guys
• 0:17
  have
• 0:17
  in
• 0:17
  your
• 0:17
  neighborhood.
• 0:41
  As
• 0:41
  a
• 0:41
  kid
• 0:42
  back
• 0:42
  in
• 0:42
  rural
• 0:42
  Canada,
• 0:43
  seasons
• 0:43
  didn't
• 0:44
  feel
• 0:44
  like
• 0:44
  a
• 0:44
  debate.
• 0:44
  Winter
• 0:45
  showed
• 0:45
  up,
• 0:45
  stayed
• 0:46
  too
• 0:46
  long,
• 0:46
  and
• 0:47
  then
• 0:47
  spring
• 0:47
  arrived
• 0:47
  in
• 0:48
  that
• 0:48
  dramatic
• 0:48
  last
• 0:49
  minute
• 0:49
  way
• 0:49
  where
• 0:50
  everything
• 0:50
  melts
• 0:50
  at
• 0:50
  once
• 0:51
  and
• 0:51
  you
• 0:51
  suddenly
• 0:52
  remember
• 0:52
  what
• 0:52
  the
• 0:52
  color
• 0:53
  green
• 0:53
  looks
• 0:53
  like.
• 0:54
  The
• 0:54
  calendar
• 0:54
  and
• 0:55
  the
• 0:55
  outdoors
• 0:55
  were
• 0:55
  mostly
• 0:56
  in
• 0:56
  agreement.
• 0:57
  You
• 0:57
  could
• 0:57
  plan
• 0:57
  your
• 0:57
  life
• 0:58
  around
• 0:58
  when
• 0:58
  things
• 0:58
  usually
• 0:59
  happen
• 0:59
  and
• 1:00
  for
• 1:00
  the
• 1:00
  most
• 1:00
  part,
• 1:00
  nature
• 1:01
  would
• 1:01
  show
• 1:01
  up
• 1:02
  on
• 1:02
  time.
• 1:03
  But
• 1:03
  now,
• 1:04
  living
• 1:04
  in
• 1:04
  Denver,
• 1:05
  the
• 1:05
  timing
• 1:05
  is
• 1:06
  weird.
• 1:07
  You
• 1:07
  get
• 1:07
  a
• 1:07
  70
• 1:08
  degree
• 1:08
  day
• 1:08
  in
• 1:08
  February
• 1:09
  that
• 1:09
  feels
• 1:09
  like
• 1:10
  it
• 1:10
  should
• 1:10
  come
• 1:10
  with
• 1:10
  an
• 1:10
  apology.
• 1:11
  Then
• 1:11
  a
• 1:12
  late
• 1:12
  snow
• 1:12
  that
• 1:12
  makes
• 1:12
  you
• 1:13
  question
• 1:13
  whether
• 1:13
  snow
• 1:14
  and
• 1:14
  winter
• 1:14
  still
• 1:15
  go
• 1:15
  together.
• 1:16
  Every
• 1:16
  summer
• 1:16
  we
• 1:17
  see
• 1:17
  record
• 1:17
  temperatures,
• 1:18
  records
• 1:18
  that
• 1:18
  are
• 1:19
  becoming
• 1:19
  the
• 1:19
  norm.
• 1:20
  And
• 1:20
  the
• 1:20
  birds
• 1:20
  are
• 1:20
  out
• 1:20
  here
• 1:21
  trying
• 1:21
  to
• 1:21
  run
• 1:21
  their
• 1:21
  entire
• 1:22
  annual
• 1:22
  schedule.
• 1:23
  Migration,
• 1:24
  breeding,
• 1:25
  feeding,
• 1:25
  surviving,
• 1:26
  based
• 1:27
  on
• 1:27
  cues
• 1:27
  that
• 1:27
  are
• 1:27
  shifting
• 1:28
  under
• 1:28
  their
• 1:28
  feet.
• 1:29
  They're
• 1:29
  tiny,
• 1:29
  terrifyingly
• 1:30
  efficient
• 1:30
  feet.
• 1:31
  Globally,
• 1:32
  things
• 1:32
  are
• 1:32
  changing
• 1:33
  very
• 1:33
  fast.
• 1:34
  This
• 1:34
  hits
• 1:35
  close
• 1:35
  to
• 1:35
  home
• 1:35
  for
• 1:35
  me
• 1:36
  because
• 1:36
  a
• 1:36
  lot
• 1:36
  of
• 1:36
  my
• 1:36
  own
• 1:37
  research
• 1:37
  has
• 1:37
  focused
• 1:37
  on
• 1:38
  chickadees.
• 1:38
  These
• 1:39
  tiny
• 1:39
  winter
• 1:39
  proof,
• 1:40
  big
• 1:40
  brained
• 1:41
  birds
• 1:41
  that
• 1:41
  somehow
• 1:41
  survive
• 1:42
  conditions
• 1:42
  that
• 1:42
  I
• 1:43
  certainly
• 1:43
  could
• 1:43
  not.
• 1:44
  We've
• 1:44
  studied
• 1:44
  how
• 1:45
  chickadees
• 1:45
  respond
• 1:45
  to
• 1:46
  harsh
• 1:46
  winters,
• 1:46
  changing
• 1:47
  conditions
• 1:47
  and
• 1:48
  what
• 1:48
  it
• 1:48
  takes
• 1:48
  to
• 1:48
  make
• 1:49
  it
• 1:49
  through.
• 1:49
  But
• 1:50
  even
• 1:50
  with
• 1:50
  all
• 1:50
  that
• 1:50
  work,
• 1:51
  there's
• 1:51
  this
• 1:51
  bigger,
• 1:51
  broader
• 1:52
  question
• 1:52
  that
• 1:52
  my
• 1:53
  chickadee
• 1:53
  brain
• 1:53
  doesn't
• 1:54
  fully
• 1:54
  understand.
• 1:55
  What
• 1:55
  happens
• 1:56
  when
• 1:56
  the
• 1:56
  entire
• 1:56
  map
• 1:57
  changes?
• 1:57
  When
• 1:58
  the
• 1:58
  right
• 1:58
  place
• 1:58
  to
• 1:58
  live
• 1:59
  moves
• 1:59
  and
• 1:59
  the
• 1:59
  right
• 2:00
  time
• 2:00
  to
• 2:00
  do
• 2:00
  everything
• 2:01
  shifts.
• 2:01
  And
• 2:02
  you're
• 2:02
  a
• 2:02
  bird
• 2:02
  whose
• 2:02
  whole
• 2:03
  life
• 2:03
  is
• 2:03
  built
• 2:03
  around
• 2:04
  being
• 2:04
  in
• 2:04
  the
• 2:04
  right
• 2:04
  place
• 2:05
  at
• 2:05
  the
• 2:05
  right
• 2:05
  time.
• 2:06
  At
• 2:06
  least
• 2:06
  you
• 2:07
  can
• 2:07
  fly,
• 2:07
  I
• 2:07
  suppose.
• 2:08
  And
• 2:09
  then
• 2:09
  you
• 2:09
  start
• 2:09
  noticing
• 2:10
  the
• 2:10
  clues
• 2:10
  in
• 2:10
  your
• 2:10
  own
• 2:11
  neighborhood
• 2:11
  or
• 2:11
  the
• 2:11
  neighborhood
• 2:12
  you
• 2:12
  grew
• 2:12
  up
• 2:12
  in.
• 2:13
  Birds
• 2:13
  that
• 2:14
  used
• 2:14
  to
• 2:14
  feel
• 2:14
  like
• 2:14
  they
• 2:14
  belonged
• 2:15
  somewhere
• 2:15
  else.
• 2:16
  Like
• 2:16
  where
• 2:16
  I'm
• 2:16
  from,
• 2:17
  I'm
• 2:17
  seeing
• 2:17
  new
• 2:17
  faces
• 2:18
  show
• 2:18
  up
• 2:18
  that
• 2:18
  make
• 2:18
  me
• 2:19
  do
• 2:19
  a
• 2:19
  double
• 2:19
  take
• 2:19
  because
• 2:20
  my
• 2:20
  brain
• 2:20
  still
• 2:20
  has
• 2:21
  a
• 2:21
  little
• 2:21
  internal
• 2:22
  we
• 2:22
  don't
• 2:22
  have
• 2:22
  those
• 2:23
  here
• 2:23
  alarm.
• 2:24
  The
• 2:24
  world
• 2:24
  is
• 2:25
  warming,
• 2:25
  habitats
• 2:25
  are
• 2:26
  shifting
• 2:26
  and
• 2:26
  birds
• 2:26
  are
• 2:26
  responding
• 2:27
  in
• 2:27
  real
• 2:27
  time.
• 2:28
  Not
• 2:28
  as
• 2:28
  a
• 2:28
  future
• 2:29
  prediction,
• 2:29
  but
• 2:29
  as
• 2:29
  an
• 2:30
  ongoing
• 2:30
  update.
• 2:31
  Which
• 2:31
  brings
• 2:31
  us
• 2:32
  to
• 2:32
  the
• 2:32
  topic
• 2:32
  of
• 2:32
  today's
• 2:33
  episode.
• 2:33
  Okay,
• 2:34
  but
• 2:34
  can
• 2:34
  birds
• 2:34
  keep
• 2:35
  up
• 2:35
  with
• 2:35
  climate
• 2:35
  change?
• 2:36
  And
• 2:36
  to
• 2:36
  help
• 2:36
  us
• 2:36
  answer
• 2:37
  that
• 2:37
  question,
• 2:37
  we're
• 2:37
  talking
• 2:37
  with
• 2:38
  Dr.
• 2:38
  Morgan
• 2:38
  Tingley.
• 2:39
  Morgan
• 2:39
  is
• 2:40
  a
• 2:40
  professor
• 2:40
  of
• 2:40
  ecology
• 2:41
  and
• 2:41
  evolutionary
• 2:41
  biology
• 2:42
  at
• 2:42
  UCLA
• 2:43
  and
• 2:43
  studies
• 2:43
  how
• 2:44
  birds
• 2:44
  respond
• 2:44
  to
• 2:44
  climate
• 2:45
  change
• 2:45
  at
• 2:45
  large
• 2:45
  scales,
• 2:46
  where
• 2:46
  they
• 2:46
  live,
• 2:47
  how
• 2:47
  those
• 2:47
  ranges
• 2:48
  move
• 2:48
  and
• 2:48
  what
• 2:48
  helps
• 2:49
  them
• 2:49
  adapt
• 2:49
  and
• 2:49
  what
• 2:50
  quietly
• 2:50
  prevents
• 2:50
  them,
• 2:51
  even
• 2:51
  when
• 2:51
  the
• 2:51
  new
• 2:51
  habitat
• 2:52
  looks
• 2:52
  perfect
• 2:52
  on
• 2:52
  paper.
• 2:53
  In
• 2:53
  other
• 2:53
  words,
• 2:54
  he's
• 2:54
  one
• 2:54
  of
• 2:54
  the
• 2:54
  people
• 2:54
  you
• 2:55
  really
• 2:55
  want
• 2:55
  in
• 2:55
  the
• 2:56
  group
• 2:56
  chat,
• 2:56
  when
• 2:56
  you're
• 2:56
  trying
• 2:57
  to
• 2:57
  understand
• 2:57
  whether
• 2:58
  birds
• 2:58
  can
• 2:58
  actually
• 2:58
  keep
• 2:59
  up
• 2:59
  with
• 2:59
  a
• 2:59
  planet
• 2:59
  that's
• 3:00
  changing
• 3:00
  faster
• 3:00
  than
• 3:01
  it
• 3:01
  has
• 3:01
  for
• 3:01
  many
• 3:02
  millions
• 3:02
  of
• 3:02
  years.
• 3:03
  Because
• 3:04
  the
• 3:04
  phrase
• 3:04
  keeping
• 3:04
  up
• 3:05
  gets
• 3:05
  tossed
• 3:05
  around
• 3:05
  a
• 3:06
  lot.
• 3:06
  And
• 3:06
  it
• 3:06
  sounds
• 3:07
  simple
• 3:07
  until
• 3:07
  you
• 3:07
  think
• 3:08
  about
• 3:08
  what
• 3:08
  it
• 3:08
  really
• 3:08
  means.
• 3:09
  Is
• 3:09
  it
• 3:09
  distance?
• 3:10
  Like,
• 3:10
  can
• 3:11
  you
• 3:11
  physically
• 3:11
  move
• 3:12
  north
• 3:12
  or
• 3:12
  uphill
• 3:13
  fast
• 3:13
  enough?
• 3:14
  Is
• 3:14
  it
• 3:14
  timing?
• 3:15
  Can
• 3:15
  you
• 3:15
  still
• 3:15
  show
• 3:16
  up
• 3:16
  when
• 3:16
  spring
• 3:16
  food
• 3:16
  peaks?
• 3:17
  Is
• 3:17
  it
• 3:18
  having
• 3:18
  somewhere
• 3:18
  to
• 3:18
  go
• 3:19
  at
• 3:19
  all?
• 3:19
  Because
• 3:19
  you
• 3:20
  can
• 3:20
  move
• 3:20
  all
• 3:20
  you
• 3:20
  want.
• 3:21
  But
• 3:21
  if
• 3:21
  the
• 3:21
  next
• 3:21
  stop
• 3:21
  is
• 3:22
  a
• 3:22
  parking
• 3:22
  lot
• 3:22
  and
• 3:22
  a
• 3:22
  housing
• 3:23
  development,
• 3:23
  congratulations.
• 3:24
  You've
• 3:25
  arrived
• 3:25
  at
• 3:25
  a
• 3:26
  problem,
• 3:26
  a
• 3:26
  big
• 3:26
  one.
• 3:27
  And
• 3:27
  even
• 3:27
  when
• 3:27
  a
• 3:28
  bird
• 3:28
  can
• 3:28
  move,
• 3:28
  there's
• 3:29
  the
• 3:29
  calendar
• 3:29
  problem,
• 3:29
  the
• 3:30
  phenology
• 3:30
  problem.
• 3:31
  Spring
• 3:32
  arrives
• 3:32
  early,
• 3:32
  but
• 3:32
  the
• 3:33
  insects
• 3:33
  peak
• 3:33
  at
• 3:33
  a
• 3:33
  different
• 3:34
  time.
• 3:34
  Flowers
• 3:35
  bloom
• 3:35
  on
• 3:35
  one
• 3:35
  schedule,
• 3:36
  caterpillars
• 3:36
  hit
• 3:37
  their
• 3:37
  boom
• 3:37
  on
• 3:37
  another
• 3:38
  schedule.
• 3:38
  And
• 3:39
  suddenly
• 3:39
  the
• 3:39
  thing
• 3:39
  you've
• 3:40
  timed
• 3:40
  perfectly
• 3:40
  for
• 3:41
  thousands
• 3:41
  of
• 3:41
  years
• 3:42
  becomes
• 3:42
  a
• 3:42
  coin
• 3:42
  flip.
• 3:43
  And
• 3:43
  if
• 3:43
  you're
• 3:44
  raising
• 3:44
  chicks,
• 3:44
  that's
• 3:44
  not
• 3:45
  acute
• 3:45
  inconvenience,
• 3:46
  that's
• 3:46
  survival.
• 3:48
  So
• 3:48
  today
• 3:48
  we're
• 3:48
  going
• 3:49
  to
• 3:49
  talk
• 3:49
  about
• 3:49
  what
• 3:49
  keeping
• 3:50
  up
• 3:50
  really
• 3:50
  means,
• 3:51
  how
• 3:51
  scientists
• 3:51
  measure
• 3:52
  it,
• 3:52
  and
• 3:52
  what
• 3:52
  the
• 3:52
  cleanest
• 3:53
  examples
• 3:53
  are
• 3:53
  that
• 3:53
  birds
• 3:54
  are
• 3:54
  already
• 3:54
  shifting
• 3:55
  their
• 3:55
  ranges
• 3:55
  right
• 3:56
  now.
• 3:56
  We'll
• 3:57
  talk
• 3:57
  about
• 3:57
  whether
• 3:57
  birds
• 3:58
  always
• 3:58
  move
• 3:58
  north
• 3:58
  or
• 3:59
  uphill,
• 3:59
  or
• 3:59
  whether
• 4:00
  the
• 4:00
  story
• 4:00
  gets
• 4:00
  more
• 4:01
  complicated
• 4:01
  and
• 4:02
  sometimes,
• 4:02
  frankly,
• 4:03
  more
• 4:03
  unsettling.
• 4:04
  We'll
• 4:04
  talk
• 4:04
  about
• 4:05
  why
• 4:05
  some
• 4:05
  birds
• 4:05
  still
• 4:05
  don't
• 4:06
  show
• 4:06
  up
• 4:06
  in
• 4:06
  places
• 4:07
  that
• 4:07
  seem
• 4:07
  newly
• 4:07
  suitable
• 4:08
  and
• 4:08
  what's
• 4:09
  actually
• 4:09
  blocking
• 4:09
  them.
• 4:10
  We'll
• 4:10
  talk
• 4:10
  about
• 4:11
  timing
• 4:11
  mismatches
• 4:12
  and
• 4:12
  what
• 4:13
  happens
• 4:13
  when
• 4:13
  the
• 4:13
  whole
• 4:13
  seasonal
• 4:14
  playlist
• 4:14
  changes
• 4:15
  but
• 4:15
  your
• 4:15
  body
• 4:15
  is
• 4:16
  still
• 4:16
  listening
• 4:16
  to
• 4:16
  the
• 4:17
  old
• 4:17
  track.
• 4:17
  And
• 4:18
  then
• 4:18
  we'll
• 4:18
  end
• 4:18
  where
• 4:18
  I
• 4:19
  think
• 4:19
  we
• 4:19
  all
• 4:19
  want
• 4:19
  to
• 4:19
  end,
• 4:20
  with
• 4:20
  action.
• 4:20
  And
• 4:20
  hope.
• 4:21
  Not
• 4:21
  vague
• 4:21
  hope,
• 4:21
  not
• 4:22
  thoughts
• 4:22
  and
• 4:22
  prayers,
• 4:22
  but
• 4:23
  for
• 4:23
  birds.
• 4:23
  Real
• 4:24
  things
• 4:24
  that
• 4:24
  actually
• 4:25
  help
• 4:25
  birds
• 4:25
  keep
• 4:25
  up
• 4:26
  and
• 4:26
  a
• 4:26
  realistic
• 4:26
  reason
• 4:27
  to
• 4:27
  believe
• 4:27
  the
• 4:27
  next
• 4:27
  10
• 4:28
  to
• 4:28
  20
• 4:28
  years
• 4:28
  can
• 4:28
  still
• 4:29
  be
• 4:29
  shaped
• 4:29
  by
• 4:29
  what
• 4:29
  we
• 4:29
  choose
• 4:30
  to
• 4:30
  protect,
• 4:31
  restore
• 4:31
  and
• 4:31
  connect.
• 4:33
  After
• 4:33
  the
• 4:33
  break,
• 4:33
  Dr.
• 4:34
  Morgan
• 4:34
  Tingley
• 4:34
  helps
• 4:35
  us
• 4:35
  answer
• 4:35
  the
• 4:35
  question
• 4:35
  behind
• 4:36
  the
• 4:36
  episode
• 4:36
  title.
• 4:37
  Okay,
• 4:37
  but
• 4:38
  can
• 4:38
  birds
• 4:38
  keep
• 4:38
  up
• 4:38
  with
• 4:38
  climate
• 4:39
  change?
• 4:39
  And
• 4:40
  if
• 4:40
  not,
• 4:40
  what
• 4:40
  does
• 4:40
  it
• 4:41
  take
• 4:41
  to
• 4:41
  give
• 4:41
  them
• 4:41
  a
• 4:41
  fighting
• 4:42
  chance?
• 4:42
  Stay
• 4:43
  tuned.
• 4:48
  Well,
• 4:49
  welcome
• 4:49
  back,
• 4:49
  everyone,
• 4:50
  and
• 4:50
  thanks
• 4:50
  for
• 4:50
  joining
• 4:50
  us.
• 4:51
  Morgan,
• 4:51
  really
• 4:51
  appreciate
• 4:52
  you
• 4:52
  being
• 4:52
  here.
• 4:52
  Thanks
• 4:53
  for
• 4:53
  having
• 4:53
  me.
• 4:53
  Yeah,
• 4:54
  so
• 4:54
  I
• 4:54
  thought
• 4:54
  we
• 4:54
  could
• 4:54
  start
• 4:54
  off
• 4:55
  just
• 4:55
  thinking
• 4:55
  about
• 4:56
  this
• 4:56
  often
• 4:57
  used
• 4:57
  phrase,
• 4:58
  birds
• 4:58
  may
• 4:58
  not
• 4:58
  be
• 4:59
  able
• 4:59
  to
• 4:59
  keep
• 4:59
  up
• 4:59
  with
• 4:59
  climate
• 5:00
  change.
• 5:01
  What
• 5:01
  does
• 5:01
  keeping
• 5:02
  up
• 5:02
  mean
• 5:03
  beyond
• 5:03
  that?
• 5:03
  How
• 5:03
  would
• 5:03
  we
• 5:04
  measure
• 5:04
  whether
• 5:04
  they're
• 5:05
  keeping
• 5:05
  up?
• 5:05
  Mostly
• 5:06
  we're
• 5:06
  talking
• 5:06
  about
• 5:07
  how
• 5:07
  birds
• 5:08
  are
• 5:08
  responding
• 5:08
  to
• 5:09
  temperature.
• 5:09
  Okay,
• 5:10
  when
• 5:10
  we
• 5:10
  say
• 5:10
  climate
• 5:11
  change,
• 5:12
  we
• 5:12
  do
• 5:12
  mean
• 5:12
  more
• 5:13
  than
• 5:13
  global
• 5:13
  warming.
• 5:14
  But
• 5:14
  in
• 5:14
  reality,
• 5:15
  even
• 5:16
  scientists,
• 5:17
  like,
• 5:17
  most
• 5:18
  of
• 5:18
  the
• 5:18
  time
• 5:18
  when
• 5:18
  we're
• 5:18
  studying
• 5:19
  climate
• 5:19
  change,
• 5:19
  we're
• 5:20
  still
• 5:20
  studying
• 5:20
  a
• 5:21
  world
• 5:21
  that's
• 5:21
  getting
• 5:21
  warmer.
• 5:23
  And
• 5:24
  so
• 5:24
  a
• 5:25
  lot
• 5:25
  of
• 5:25
  the
• 5:25
  research
• 5:25
  that
• 5:26
  I've
• 5:26
  done,
• 5:27
  and
• 5:27
  I
• 5:27
  know
• 5:27
  people
• 5:27
  do
• 5:28
  on
• 5:29
  birds
• 5:29
  keeping
• 5:29
  up
• 5:30
  with
• 5:30
  climate
• 5:30
  change
• 5:30
  is
• 5:31
  like,
• 5:31
  how
• 5:31
  do
• 5:31
  they
• 5:31
  adapt
• 5:32
  to
• 5:32
  generally
• 5:33
  warming
• 5:33
  temperatures?
• 5:35
  And
• 5:35
  so
• 5:36
  the
• 5:36
  easiest
• 5:37
  way
• 5:37
  we
• 5:37
  think
• 5:37
  about
• 5:38
  that,
• 5:38
  or
• 5:38
  the
• 5:38
  first
• 5:39
  way
• 5:39
  we
• 5:39
  think
• 5:39
  about
• 5:39
  that
• 5:40
  is
• 5:41
  birds
• 5:41
  moving
• 5:42
  to
• 5:42
  where
• 5:42
  it's
• 5:42
  colder.
• 5:44
  That
• 5:44
  is
• 5:44
  to
• 5:44
  say
• 5:44
  the
• 5:45
  world
• 5:45
  is
• 5:45
  getting
• 5:45
  warmer.
• 5:46
  Maybe
• 5:46
  it's
• 5:47
  now
• 5:47
  a
• 5:47
  little
• 5:47
  too
• 5:47
  hot
• 5:47
  for
• 5:48
  where
• 5:48
  you
• 5:48
  are.
• 5:48
  You
• 5:49
  need
• 5:49
  to
• 5:49
  go
• 5:49
  someplace
• 5:50
  colder.
• 5:51
  And
• 5:51
  so
• 5:51
  that
• 5:52
  enters
• 5:52
  us
• 5:52
  into
• 5:52
  the
• 5:53
  realm
• 5:53
  of
• 5:53
  thinking
• 5:53
  about
• 5:55
  distributional
• 5:55
  shifts
• 5:56
  or
• 5:56
  range
• 5:57
  shifts,
• 5:57
  essentially
• 5:58
  bird
• 5:58
  populations
• 5:59
  moving
• 5:59
  to
• 5:59
  different
• 6:00
  places
• 6:00
  on
• 6:00
  the
• 6:00
  planet,
• 6:01
  trying
• 6:01
  to
• 6:02
  stay
• 6:02
  in
• 6:03
  the
• 6:03
  same
• 6:03
  climate
• 6:03
  they
• 6:04
  have
• 6:04
  been
• 6:04
  used
• 6:04
  to
• 6:05
  for
• 6:05
  millions
• 6:05
  of
• 6:06
  years.
• 6:06
  And
• 6:07
  so
• 6:07
  they
• 6:07
  will
• 6:08
  go
• 6:08
  someplace
• 6:08
  else.
• 6:09
  So
• 6:09
  often
• 6:09
  that
• 6:10
  means
• 6:10
  something
• 6:10
  like
• 6:11
  going
• 6:11
  higher
• 6:11
  up
• 6:11
  in
• 6:12
  mountains
• 6:12
  or
• 6:12
  going
• 6:13
  closer
• 6:13
  to
• 6:14
  the
• 6:14
  poles
• 6:14
  here
• 6:15
  in
• 6:15
  North
• 6:15
  America,
• 6:16
  moving
• 6:16
  farther
• 6:16
  north.
• 6:17
  When
• 6:17
  we're
• 6:18
  thinking
• 6:18
  about
• 6:18
  whether
• 6:19
  or
• 6:19
  not
• 6:19
  birds
• 6:19
  can
• 6:19
  keep
• 6:20
  up,
• 6:20
  we're
• 6:21
  talking
• 6:21
  about
• 6:22
  can
• 6:22
  they
• 6:23
  actually
• 6:24
  move
• 6:25
  fast
• 6:26
  enough
• 6:27
  to
• 6:28
  keep
• 6:28
  up
• 6:28
  with
• 6:29
  the
• 6:29
  pace
• 6:29
  of
• 6:30
  a
• 6:30
  warming
• 6:30
  world?
• 6:31
  In
• 6:32
  that
• 6:32
  context,
• 6:32
  then,
• 6:33
  for
• 6:33
  you
• 6:33
  and
• 6:33
  your
• 6:33
  research,
• 6:34
  like,
• 6:34
  what
• 6:34
  do
• 6:34
  you
• 6:34
  think
• 6:34
  is
• 6:35
  the
• 6:35
  simplest
• 6:35
  or
• 6:35
  clearest
• 6:36
  example
• 6:36
  of
• 6:36
  birds
• 6:37
  that
• 6:37
  are
• 6:37
  already
• 6:38
  doing
• 6:38
  that?
• 6:38
  I
• 6:39
  became
• 6:39
  aware
• 6:39
  of
• 6:39
  this
• 6:40
  relatively
• 6:40
  early
• 6:41
  on
• 6:41
  as
• 6:41
  a
• 6:41
  birdwatcher,
• 6:42
  before
• 6:42
  I
• 6:42
  was
• 6:43
  a
• 6:43
  scientist.
• 6:45
  But
• 6:45
  we
• 6:45
  know
• 6:45
  that
• 6:46
  there's
• 6:46
  been
• 6:46
  birds
• 6:46
  that
• 6:46
  have
• 6:46
  been
• 6:47
  moving
• 6:47
  north,
• 6:47
  particularly
• 6:48
  in
• 6:48
  eastern
• 6:48
  North
• 6:48
  America,
• 6:49
  for
• 6:49
  about
• 6:50
  50
• 6:50
  years
• 6:50
  or
• 6:50
  so.
• 6:52
  Species
• 6:53
  like
• 6:53
  northern
• 6:53
  mockingbirds.
• 6:55
  I
• 6:55
  grew
• 6:55
  up
• 6:55
  in
• 6:55
  New
• 6:55
  England
• 6:57
  in
• 6:57
  like,
• 6:58
  sort
• 6:58
  of
• 6:58
  Connecticut
• 6:59
  and
• 7:00
  other
• 7:00
  northern
• 7:01
  states.
• 7:02
  And,
• 7:03
  you
• 7:03
  know,
• 7:04
  in
• 7:04
  the
• 7:04
  1950s,
• 7:05
  1960s,
• 7:05
  mockingbirds
• 7:06
  wouldn't
• 7:06
  be
• 7:06
  there.
• 7:07
  Cardinals
• 7:08
  I
• 7:08
  don't
• 7:08
  think
• 7:08
  were
• 7:09
  there
• 7:09
  until
• 7:10
  maybe
• 7:10
  the
• 7:11
  70s.
• 7:13
  Carolina
• 7:14
  Wrens
• 7:14
  colonized
• 7:15
  New
• 7:15
  England
• 7:16
  in
• 7:16
  my
• 7:16
  lifetime.
• 7:17
  Yeah.
• 7:18
  Red
• 7:18
  bellied
• 7:19
  woodpeckers
• 7:19
  also
• 7:20
  colonized
• 7:20
  New
• 7:20
  England
• 7:21
  in
• 7:21
  my
• 7:21
  lifetime.
• 7:22
  And
• 7:23
  so
• 7:24
  there
• 7:24
  are
• 7:24
  other
• 7:24
  factors
• 7:25
  at
• 7:25
  play
• 7:25
  with
• 7:26
  some
• 7:26
  of
• 7:26
  those
• 7:26
  expansions.
• 7:27
  But
• 7:27
  as
• 7:27
  a
• 7:27
  whole,
• 7:28
  a
• 7:29
  lot
• 7:29
  of
• 7:29
  these
• 7:29
  things
• 7:29
  are
• 7:29
  species
• 7:30
  moving
• 7:30
  north
• 7:31
  because
• 7:31
  the
• 7:31
  world's
• 7:31
  getting
• 7:32
  warmer.
• 7:33
  Yeah.
• 7:33
  And
• 7:34
  they're
• 7:34
  able
• 7:34
  to
• 7:34
  maybe
• 7:35
  survive
• 7:35
  the
• 7:35
  warmer
• 7:36
  winters.
• 7:36
  And
• 7:37
  the
• 7:37
  red
• 7:37
  bellied
• 7:37
  woodpecker
• 7:38
  one
• 7:38
  is
• 7:38
  a
• 7:38
  great
• 7:38
  example
• 7:40
  because
• 7:40
  where
• 7:40
  I
• 7:40
  grew
• 7:40
  up,
• 7:41
  which
• 7:41
  is
• 7:41
  I
• 7:41
  guess
• 7:42
  technically
• 7:42
  the
• 7:42
  Midwest,
• 7:43
  although
• 7:43
  I
• 7:43
  don't
• 7:43
  really
• 7:43
  understand
• 7:44
  how
• 7:44
  Ontario
• 7:45
  is.
• 7:46
  Anyways,
• 7:47
  Canada
• 7:47
  and
• 7:47
  the
• 7:47
  United
• 7:48
  States
• 7:48
  use
• 7:48
  different
• 7:48
  terms
• 7:49
  for
• 7:50
  that
• 7:50
  area,
• 7:50
  but
• 7:50
  I
• 7:51
  grew
• 7:51
  up
• 7:51
  in
• 7:51
  Ontario.
• 7:51
  And
• 7:52
  yeah,
• 7:52
  like
• 7:53
  we
• 7:53
  never
• 7:53
  had
• 7:53
  red
• 7:53
  bellied
• 7:54
  woodpeckers
• 7:54
  coming
• 7:54
  to
• 7:54
  the
• 7:55
  feeders
• 7:55
  at
• 7:55
  all.
• 7:55
  And
• 7:56
  I
• 7:56
  went
• 7:56
  away
• 7:56
  to
• 7:57
  college,
• 7:57
  came
• 7:57
  back
• 7:57
  and
• 7:58
  saw
• 7:58
  them
• 7:58
  at
• 7:58
  the
• 7:58
  feeders
• 7:59
  and
• 7:59
  was
• 7:59
  like,
• 7:59
  what
• 7:59
  the
• 8:00
  heck?
• 8:00
  And
• 8:00
  my
• 8:00
  dad's
• 8:00
  like,
• 8:01
  oh
• 8:01
  yeah,
• 8:01
  they're
• 8:01
  just
• 8:02
  like
• 8:02
  here
• 8:02
  now.
• 8:02
  Which
• 8:03
  is
• 8:03
  shocking
• 8:04
  as
• 8:04
  someone
• 8:04
  who
• 8:05
  watched
• 8:05
  birds
• 8:05
  their
• 8:05
  whole
• 8:06
  childhood
• 8:06
  and
• 8:06
  never
• 8:06
  saw
• 8:06
  them.
• 8:07
  Eh?
• 8:07
  Yeah.
• 8:08
  So
• 8:09
  I
• 8:09
  learned
• 8:09
  to
• 8:09
  look
• 8:10
  at
• 8:10
  nature
• 8:10
  from
• 8:10
  my
• 8:11
  grandmother
• 8:11
  and
• 8:11
  she
• 8:12
  lived
• 8:12
  in
• 8:12
  Connecticut.
• 8:13
  She
• 8:13
  lived
• 8:13
  in
• 8:13
  Connecticut
• 8:13
  basically
• 8:14
  her
• 8:14
  entire
• 8:14
  life.
• 8:15
  And
• 8:16
  she
• 8:17
  was
• 8:17
  like
• 8:17
  a
• 8:17
  bird
• 8:17
  watcher,
• 8:18
  but
• 8:18
  not
• 8:18
  in
• 8:18
  like
• 8:19
  the
• 8:19
  current
• 8:19
  serious
• 8:20
  hardcore
• 8:21
  type
• 8:21
  of
• 8:21
  birdwatcher.
• 8:23
  And
• 8:24
  so
• 8:24
  she
• 8:24
  had
• 8:24
  like
• 8:24
  a
• 8:24
  1947
• 8:26
  version
• 8:26
  of
• 8:26
  the
• 8:26
  Peterson
• 8:27
  Guide
• 8:27
  to
• 8:27
  Birds
• 8:27
  of
• 8:27
  the
• 8:28
  World,
• 8:28
  or
• 8:28
  sorry,
• 8:28
  birds
• 8:29
  of
• 8:29
  Eastern
• 8:29
  North
• 8:29
  America,
• 8:30
  which
• 8:30
  is
• 8:30
  what
• 8:30
  she
• 8:30
  used.
• 8:31
  But
• 8:31
  in
• 8:31
  the
• 8:32
  back
• 8:32
  of
• 8:32
  it,
• 8:32
  right,
• 8:32
  she,
• 8:33
  in
• 8:33
  pencil,
• 8:33
  she
• 8:33
  had
• 8:34
  written
• 8:34
  all
• 8:35
  of
• 8:35
  the
• 8:35
  birds
• 8:35
  that
• 8:35
  she'd
• 8:36
  seen
• 8:36
  and
• 8:37
  the
• 8:37
  date
• 8:37
  in
• 8:37
  which
• 8:37
  she
• 8:38
  saw
• 8:38
  them.
• 8:39
  And
• 8:39
  one
• 8:40
  of
• 8:40
  the
• 8:40
  very
• 8:40
  last
• 8:41
  birds
• 8:41
  she
• 8:41
  ever
• 8:41
  added
• 8:42
  to
• 8:42
  this
• 8:42
  list
• 8:43
  was
• 8:43
  red
• 8:43
  bellied
• 8:43
  woodpecker
• 8:44
  that
• 8:44
  I
• 8:44
  think
• 8:44
  first
• 8:44
  showed
• 8:45
  up
• 8:45
  in
• 8:45
  her
• 8:45
  yard
• 8:45
  in
• 8:45
  like
• 8:46
  1987.
• 8:48
  Yeah,
• 8:48
  cool.
• 8:49
  Even,
• 8:49
  you
• 8:49
  know,
• 8:50
  showing
• 8:50
  how
• 8:50
  even
• 8:50
  though
• 8:51
  that
• 8:51
  she'd
• 8:51
  been
• 8:51
  birding
• 8:52
  in
• 8:52
  this
• 8:52
  area
• 8:52
  for
• 8:53
  decades,
• 8:54
  like
• 8:54
  it
• 8:54
  took
• 8:55
  her
• 8:55
  until
• 8:55
  then
• 8:55
  to
• 8:56
  see
• 8:56
  it.
• 8:57
  Yeah,
• 8:57
  those,
• 8:58
  those
• 8:58
  changes
• 8:58
  are
• 8:58
  stark
• 8:59
  and
• 8:59
  they're
• 8:59
  happening
• 8:59
  now
• 8:59
  like
• 9:00
  within
• 9:00
  our
• 9:00
  lifetimes.
• 9:01
  And
• 9:01
  we're
• 9:01
  not
• 9:01
  that
• 9:01
  old,
• 9:01
  but
• 9:01
  we
• 9:02
  see
• 9:02
  those
• 9:02
  changes,
• 9:02
  which
• 9:03
  is.
• 9:04
  We're
• 9:05
  getting
• 9:05
  older.
• 9:05
  Scott.
• 9:06
  No,
• 9:07
  no,
• 9:07
  you,
• 9:08
  you
• 9:08
  be
• 9:09
  quiet.
• 9:11
  In
• 9:11
  the
• 9:11
  context
• 9:11
  of
• 9:11
  these
• 9:12
  shifts
• 9:12
  then,
• 9:12
  are
• 9:12
  birds
• 9:13
  always
• 9:13
  moving
• 9:13
  north
• 9:14
  or
• 9:14
  uphill?
• 9:14
  Or
• 9:15
  are
• 9:15
  we
• 9:15
  seeing
• 9:15
  any
• 9:16
  kind
• 9:16
  of
• 9:16
  what
• 9:16
  we
• 9:16
  think
• 9:16
  are
• 9:17
  responses
• 9:17
  to
• 9:17
  climate
• 9:17
  change
• 9:18
  that
• 9:18
  aren't
• 9:19
  intuitive?
• 9:19
  In
• 9:20
  that
• 9:20
  sense,
• 9:20
  we're
• 9:21
  seeing
• 9:21
  a
• 9:21
  huge.
• 9:22
  Variety
• 9:22
  of
• 9:22
  different
• 9:23
  responses.
• 9:24
  And
• 9:24
  so
• 9:25
  that's
• 9:25
  due
• 9:25
  to
• 9:25
  a
• 9:25
  handful
• 9:26
  of
• 9:26
  things.
• 9:27
  One
• 9:27
  is
• 9:28
  generally
• 9:29
  as
• 9:29
  you
• 9:29
  go
• 9:30
  farther
• 9:30
  towards
• 9:30
  the
• 9:31
  pole,
• 9:31
  or
• 9:31
  if
• 9:32
  you
• 9:32
  go
• 9:32
  higher
• 9:32
  up
• 9:32
  a
• 9:33
  mountain,
• 9:33
  it
• 9:34
  gets
• 9:34
  colder.
• 9:35
  And
• 9:35
  so
• 9:35
  you
• 9:35
  expect
• 9:36
  in
• 9:36
  really
• 9:37
  average
• 9:37
  terms
• 9:37
  that
• 9:37
  species
• 9:38
  will
• 9:38
  move
• 9:38
  in
• 9:39
  those
• 9:39
  directions.
• 9:40
  In
• 9:40
  reality,
• 9:41
  actually,
• 9:41
  the
• 9:42
  world
• 9:42
  and
• 9:42
  the
• 9:42
  environment
• 9:43
  is
• 9:43
  very
• 9:43
  complex.
• 9:44
  And
• 9:44
  so
• 9:45
  there
• 9:45
  are
• 9:46
  places
• 9:46
  where
• 9:47
  if
• 9:47
  you're
• 9:48
  on
• 9:48
  a
• 9:48
  mountain,
• 9:48
  it
• 9:48
  can
• 9:49
  be
• 9:49
  colder
• 9:49
  if
• 9:49
  you
• 9:49
  just
• 9:50
  move
• 9:50
  from
• 9:50
  a
• 9:50
  south
• 9:51
  facing
• 9:51
  slope
• 9:51
  to
• 9:51
  a
• 9:52
  north
• 9:52
  facing
• 9:52
  slope.
• 9:53
  And
• 9:53
  actually
• 9:53
  if
• 9:53
  you
• 9:54
  sometimes
• 9:54
  move
• 9:54
  from
• 9:55
  an
• 9:55
  exposed
• 9:55
  ridge
• 9:56
  to
• 9:57
  a
• 9:57
  lower
• 9:58
  down
• 9:59
  ravine,
• 10:00
  you
• 10:00
  actually
• 10:00
  can
• 10:00
  get
• 10:01
  these
• 10:01
  cold
• 10:02
  air
• 10:02
  drafts
• 10:02
  that
• 10:03
  come
• 10:03
  down
• 10:03
  the
• 10:04
  mountaintop.
• 10:04
  And
• 10:05
  so
• 10:05
  temperature
• 10:06
  isn't
• 10:06
  perfectly
• 10:08
  decreasing
• 10:08
  as
• 10:09
  you
• 10:09
  go
• 10:09
  up.
• 10:09
  And
• 10:10
  so
• 10:10
  you
• 10:10
  can
• 10:10
  start
• 10:10
  to
• 10:11
  see
• 10:12
  through
• 10:12
  micro
• 10:12
  topography
• 10:13
  and
• 10:13
  the
• 10:14
  way
• 10:14
  that
• 10:14
  climate
• 10:14
  varies
• 10:15
  across
• 10:15
  entire
• 10:15
  mountain
• 10:16
  systems
• 10:16
  that
• 10:16
  some
• 10:17
  species
• 10:17
  are
• 10:18
  actually
• 10:18
  shifting
• 10:18
  downwards.
• 10:19
  That's
• 10:20
  one
• 10:20
  reason.
• 10:21
  The
• 10:21
  even
• 10:21
  bigger
• 10:21
  reason
• 10:22
  is
• 10:22
  we
• 10:22
  started
• 10:23
  this
• 10:23
  conversation
• 10:23
  by
• 10:24
  making
• 10:24
  a
• 10:24
  simplification
• 10:25
  which
• 10:25
  is
• 10:26
  with
• 10:26
  simplifying
• 10:26
  global
• 10:27
  climate
• 10:27
  change
• 10:28
  to
• 10:28
  just
• 10:28
  temperature.
• 10:29
  And
• 10:30
  of
• 10:30
  course,
• 10:30
  it's
• 10:31
  everything.
• 10:31
  And
• 10:31
  particularly
• 10:32
  it's
• 10:32
  not
• 10:32
  just
• 10:33
  temperature,
• 10:33
  it's
• 10:33
  also
• 10:33
  precipitation,
• 10:34
  how
• 10:35
  much
• 10:35
  wet
• 10:35
  and
• 10:36
  rain
• 10:36
  there
• 10:36
  is.
• 10:37
  And
• 10:38
  that
• 10:38
  is
• 10:38
  also
• 10:38
  really
• 10:39
  important
• 10:39
  for
• 10:40
  birds,
• 10:40
  as
• 10:40
  well
• 10:41
  as
• 10:41
  lots
• 10:41
  of
• 10:41
  other
• 10:41
  species,
• 10:42
  particularly
• 10:42
  plants
• 10:43
  and
• 10:43
  things
• 10:43
  like
• 10:43
  that.
• 10:44
  And
• 10:44
  so
• 10:45
  precipitation,
• 10:47
  we
• 10:48
  often
• 10:48
  think
• 10:48
  of
• 10:48
  it
• 10:48
  as
• 10:48
  second
• 10:49
  because
• 10:49
  it's
• 10:49
  much
• 10:49
  harder
• 10:50
  to
• 10:50
  characterize
• 10:50
  in
• 10:51
  the
• 10:51
  context
• 10:51
  of
• 10:51
  climate
• 10:52
  change.
• 10:53
  And
• 10:53
  because
• 10:53
  it's
• 10:54
  difficult,
• 10:54
  we
• 10:54
  just
• 10:54
  don't
• 10:55
  want
• 10:55
  to
• 10:55
  engage
• 10:55
  with
• 10:55
  it.
• 10:56
  We're
• 10:56
  like,
• 10:56
  oh,
• 10:56
  let's
• 10:56
  talk
• 10:56
  about
• 10:57
  temperature.
• 10:57
  Because
• 10:57
  it's
• 10:58
  easy,
• 10:58
  we
• 10:58
  know
• 10:58
  it's
• 10:58
  increasing.
• 10:59
  Parts
• 11:00
  of
• 11:00
  the
• 11:00
  world
• 11:00
  are
• 11:00
  getting
• 11:01
  wetter,
• 11:01
  parts
• 11:01
  of
• 11:01
  the
• 11:01
  world
• 11:01
  are
• 11:02
  getting
• 11:02
  drier.
• 11:03
  Parts
• 11:03
  of
• 11:03
  the
• 11:03
  world.
• 11:04
  The
• 11:04
  actual
• 11:05
  absolute
• 11:06
  amount
• 11:06
  of
• 11:06
  rain
• 11:06
  is
• 11:07
  staying
• 11:07
  the
• 11:07
  same,
• 11:07
  but
• 11:07
  it's
• 11:07
  just
• 11:08
  coming
• 11:08
  at
• 11:08
  different
• 11:08
  times
• 11:09
  in
• 11:09
  different
• 11:09
  amounts.
• 11:11
  Here
• 11:11
  in
• 11:11
  California,
• 11:12
  we
• 11:12
  have
• 11:12
  these
• 11:12
  hydrographic
• 11:13
  whiplash
• 11:15
  periods
• 11:15
  where
• 11:16
  that's
• 11:17
  the
• 11:17
  sciencey
• 11:18
  term
• 11:18
  right
• 11:18
  now,
• 11:18
  where
• 11:19
  it's
• 11:19
  like
• 11:19
  deluge
• 11:20
  for
• 11:21
  a
• 11:21
  year
• 11:21
  and
• 11:21
  then
• 11:21
  drought
• 11:22
  for
• 11:22
  two
• 11:22
  years.
• 11:24
  And
• 11:24
  so
• 11:25
  all
• 11:25
  of
• 11:25
  that
• 11:25
  makes
• 11:25
  the
• 11:26
  current
• 11:27
  way
• 11:27
  that
• 11:27
  the
• 11:28
  world
• 11:28
  is
• 11:28
  changing
• 11:28
  with
• 11:28
  climate
• 11:29
  difficult,
• 11:29
  but
• 11:30
  it
• 11:30
  also
• 11:30
  makes
• 11:31
  the
• 11:32
  future
• 11:32
  prediction
• 11:33
  of
• 11:33
  how
• 11:33
  the
• 11:33
  world
• 11:34
  is
• 11:34
  going
• 11:34
  to
• 11:34
  change
• 11:34
  really
• 11:34
  difficult.
• 11:36
  We
• 11:36
  see
• 11:36
  a
• 11:36
  lot
• 11:36
  more
• 11:37
  variety
• 11:38
  and
• 11:38
  variation
• 11:39
  than
• 11:39
  just
• 11:39
  like
• 11:39
  these
• 11:39
  simple
• 11:40
  hypotheses
• 11:41
  about
• 11:42
  species
• 11:42
  shifting
• 11:43
  up
• 11:43
  or
• 11:43
  shifting
• 11:44
  to
• 11:44
  the
• 11:44
  north.
• 11:45
  Like
• 11:45
  here
• 11:45
  on
• 11:45
  the
• 11:45
  Front
• 11:46
  Range.
• 11:46
  We
• 11:47
  don't
• 11:47
  see
• 11:47
  a
• 11:48
  long
• 11:48
  term
• 11:48
  change
• 11:48
  in
• 11:48
  precipitation
• 11:49
  yet.
• 11:50
  At
• 11:50
  least
• 11:50
  our
• 11:50
  records
• 11:51
  go
• 11:51
  back
• 11:51
  into
• 11:51
  the
• 11:52
  40s,
• 11:52
  early
• 11:53
  50s,
• 11:53
  and
• 11:54
  over
• 11:54
  that
• 11:54
  time
• 11:54
  there's
• 11:54
  no
• 11:55
  directional
• 11:55
  change.
• 11:56
  It's
• 11:56
  not
• 11:56
  getting
• 11:56
  drier,
• 11:57
  even
• 11:57
  though,
• 11:57
  you
• 11:58
  know,
• 11:58
  that's
• 11:58
  like
• 11:58
  the
• 11:59
  anecdotal.
• 11:59
  Oh,
• 12:00
  we're
• 12:00
  getting
• 12:00
  less
• 12:00
  snow,
• 12:01
  we
• 12:01
  are
• 12:01
  getting
• 12:01
  less
• 12:02
  snow,
• 12:02
  but
• 12:02
  we're
• 12:02
  getting
• 12:02
  more
• 12:03
  precipitation
• 12:03
  in
• 12:03
  the
• 12:03
  form
• 12:04
  of
• 12:04
  rain,
• 12:04
  different
• 12:04
  times
• 12:05
  of
• 12:05
  year.
• 12:05
  Speaking
• 12:05
  to
• 12:06
  that,
• 12:06
  that
• 12:06
  variation
• 12:07
  and
• 12:07
  that
• 12:07
  can
• 12:07
  have
• 12:07
  huge
• 12:07
  impacts
• 12:08
  on.
• 12:09
  Yeah,
• 12:09
  when
• 12:09
  does
• 12:09
  green
• 12:09
  up
• 12:10
  happen?
• 12:10
  When
• 12:11
  are
• 12:11
  insects
• 12:11
  available
• 12:12
  for
• 12:12
  birds?
• 12:13
  And
• 12:13
  that
• 12:13
  variation,
• 12:14
  I
• 12:14
  think,
• 12:14
  can
• 12:14
  lead
• 12:15
  to
• 12:15
  this.
• 12:16
  Why
• 12:16
  are
• 12:16
  birds
• 12:16
  not
• 12:17
  showing
• 12:17
  up
• 12:17
  where
• 12:17
  we
• 12:17
  think
• 12:17
  they
• 12:17
  could
• 12:18
  be
• 12:18
  to
• 12:18
  that
• 12:18
  point
• 12:19
  then
• 12:19
  in
• 12:19
  your
• 12:19
  current
• 12:20
  research
• 12:20
  right
• 12:20
  now,
• 12:20
  what
• 12:21
  are
• 12:21
  you
• 12:21
  really
• 12:21
  focusing
• 12:21
  on
• 12:22
  in
• 12:22
  terms
• 12:22
  of
• 12:22
  understanding
• 12:23
  climate
• 12:23
  change
• 12:23
  and
• 12:24
  bird
• 12:24
  distributional
• 12:25
  shifts
• 12:25
  or
• 12:26
  persistence
• 12:27
  in
• 12:27
  given
• 12:27
  areas?
• 12:28
  One
• 12:28
  of
• 12:28
  the
• 12:28
  things
• 12:28
  that
• 12:29
  I've
• 12:29
  been
• 12:30
  trying
• 12:30
  to
• 12:30
  do
• 12:31
  recently
• 12:32
  is
• 12:33
  move
• 12:34
  beyond
• 12:34
  just
• 12:35
  distributional
• 12:36
  shifts
• 12:36
  to
• 12:37
  also
• 12:37
  thinking
• 12:38
  about
• 12:38
  how
• 12:39
  all
• 12:39
  of
• 12:39
  the
• 12:40
  ways
• 12:40
  that
• 12:40
  birds
• 12:41
  can
• 12:41
  respond
• 12:42
  to
• 12:42
  climate.
• 12:43
  I
• 12:44
  can
• 12:44
  think
• 12:44
  of
• 12:44
  a
• 12:45
  bird
• 12:45
  responding
• 12:45
  to
• 12:46
  a
• 12:46
  warming
• 12:46
  world
• 12:46
  by
• 12:47
  having
• 12:47
  actually
• 12:48
  a
• 12:49
  big
• 12:49
  metaphorical
• 12:50
  ecological
• 12:51
  evolutionary
• 12:52
  toolbox
• 12:53
  that
• 12:53
  it
• 12:53
  can
• 12:53
  use
• 12:54
  to
• 12:55
  cope
• 12:56
  with
• 12:56
  this
• 12:57
  changing
• 12:57
  world.
• 12:58
  One
• 12:58
  of
• 12:58
  those
• 12:59
  tools
• 12:59
  is
• 12:59
  just
• 13:00
  a
• 13:01
  population
• 13:01
  shift
• 13:02
  or
• 13:02
  an
• 13:02
  individual
• 13:03
  movement
• 13:04
  shift
• 13:04
  changing
• 13:05
  where
• 13:05
  you
• 13:05
  live
• 13:06
  to
• 13:06
  change
• 13:06
  the
• 13:07
  exposure
• 13:07
  that
• 13:07
  you
• 13:07
  have,
• 13:09
  a
• 13:10
  second
• 13:10
  tool
• 13:11
  could
• 13:11
  be
• 13:12
  actually
• 13:13
  changing
• 13:14
  your
• 13:14
  body
• 13:14
  shape
• 13:15
  or
• 13:15
  your
• 13:15
  body
• 13:16
  size.
• 13:16
  Obviously
• 13:17
  individuals
• 13:17
  can't
• 13:18
  do
• 13:18
  that
• 13:18
  themselves,
• 13:18
  but
• 13:19
  populations
• 13:19
  can
• 13:20
  do
• 13:20
  over
• 13:20
  generations.
• 13:21
  And
• 13:22
  the
• 13:22
  third
• 13:22
  would
• 13:22
  be
• 13:23
  changing
• 13:24
  their
• 13:24
  seasonal
• 13:25
  exposure.
• 13:26
  So
• 13:28
  the
• 13:28
  science
• 13:28
  word
• 13:29
  is
• 13:29
  phenology,
• 13:31
  which
• 13:31
  is
• 13:31
  the
• 13:32
  seasonal
• 13:32
  timing
• 13:32
  of
• 13:33
  expected
• 13:33
  events,
• 13:34
  which
• 13:34
  for
• 13:34
  a
• 13:34
  bird
• 13:35
  could
• 13:35
  be
• 13:35
  when
• 13:35
  it
• 13:35
  migrates,
• 13:36
  when
• 13:36
  it
• 13:37
  breeds,
• 13:37
  when
• 13:37
  it
• 13:37
  lays
• 13:37
  its
• 13:38
  eggs,
• 13:38
  when
• 13:38
  its
• 13:38
  eggs
• 13:39
  hatch,
• 13:40
  when
• 13:40
  it
• 13:41
  does
• 13:41
  its
• 13:41
  fall
• 13:42
  migration.
• 13:43
  All
• 13:43
  of
• 13:43
  those
• 13:43
  timings
• 13:44
  actually
• 13:45
  control
• 13:47
  birds
• 13:47
  have
• 13:48
  different
• 13:48
  sensitivities
• 13:48
  to
• 13:49
  climate
• 13:49
  at
• 13:49
  different
• 13:49
  times
• 13:50
  of
• 13:50
  its
• 13:50
  life.
• 13:51
  When
• 13:53
  those
• 13:53
  events
• 13:53
  happen
• 13:54
  will
• 13:54
  determine
• 13:55
  how
• 13:55
  exposed
• 13:56
  it
• 13:56
  is
• 13:56
  to
• 13:57
  different
• 13:57
  types
• 13:57
  of
• 13:57
  climate.
• 13:58
  If
• 13:58
  you
• 13:58
  can
• 13:58
  just
• 13:59
  shift
• 13:59
  some
• 13:59
  of
• 13:59
  those
• 14:00
  timings,
• 14:00
  you
• 14:01
  can
• 14:01
  actually
• 14:01
  change
• 14:02
  how
• 14:02
  much
• 14:02
  climate
• 14:03
  affects
• 14:03
  you.
• 14:05
  What
• 14:05
  I've
• 14:05
  been
• 14:05
  trying
• 14:05
  to
• 14:05
  do
• 14:06
  is
• 14:06
  trying
• 14:06
  to
• 14:06
  actually
• 14:06
  understand
• 14:07
  all
• 14:07
  of
• 14:07
  these
• 14:07
  different
• 14:08
  tools
• 14:08
  in
• 14:08
  the
• 14:08
  toolbox
• 14:09
  to
• 14:09
  kind
• 14:10
  of
• 14:10
  think
• 14:10
  about
• 14:10
  a
• 14:11
  more
• 14:11
  holistic
• 14:13
  overall
• 14:14
  picture
• 14:14
  of
• 14:15
  how
• 14:15
  birds
• 14:16
  respond
• 14:16
  to
• 14:17
  a
• 14:17
  warming
• 14:17
  world.
• 14:18
  Yeah,
• 14:19
  that's
• 14:19
  awesome.
• 14:19
  I
• 14:19
  mean,
• 14:19
  I
• 14:19
  think
• 14:20
  the
• 14:20
  holistic
• 14:21
  approach
• 14:21
  is
• 14:21
  super
• 14:21
  important,
• 14:22
  but
• 14:22
  like
• 14:23
  you're
• 14:23
  pointing
• 14:23
  out,
• 14:23
  it
• 14:24
  hasn't
• 14:24
  really
• 14:24
  been
• 14:24
  taken.
• 14:25
  Are
• 14:25
  there
• 14:25
  any
• 14:25
  examples
• 14:26
  from
• 14:26
  your
• 14:26
  research
• 14:26
  that
• 14:26
  you
• 14:27
  think
• 14:27
  in
• 14:27
  the
• 14:27
  context
• 14:28
  of
• 14:28
  like
• 14:28
  this
• 14:28
  more
• 14:29
  holistic
• 14:29
  framework
• 14:29
  are
• 14:30
  really
• 14:30
  interesting
• 14:31
  how
• 14:31
  birds
• 14:31
  might
• 14:32
  be
• 14:32
  adapting
• 14:32
  or
• 14:32
  are
• 14:32
  adapting
• 14:33
  to
• 14:33
  change?
• 14:33
  You
• 14:34
  know,
• 14:34
  we've
• 14:34
  done,
• 14:34
  we've
• 14:35
  published
• 14:35
  some
• 14:36
  work
• 14:36
  looking
• 14:36
  at
• 14:37
  how.
• 14:37
  Right.
• 14:38
  Birds
• 14:38
  body
• 14:38
  sizes
• 14:39
  are
• 14:39
  changing,
• 14:40
  which
• 14:41
  is
• 14:41
  a
• 14:41
  really
• 14:41
  cool
• 14:42
  idea.
• 14:43
  And
• 14:44
  the
• 14:44
  idea
• 14:44
  behind
• 14:44
  this
• 14:44
  is
• 14:45
  that
• 14:46
  as
• 14:46
  the
• 14:46
  world
• 14:46
  gets
• 14:47
  warmer,
• 14:47
  we
• 14:48
  expect
• 14:48
  species
• 14:49
  to
• 14:49
  get
• 14:49
  smaller.
• 14:50
  There's
• 14:51
  some
• 14:52
  good
• 14:52
  biophysical
• 14:53
  reasons
• 14:54
  for
• 14:54
  this,
• 14:54
  that
• 14:55
  if
• 14:56
  you're
• 14:56
  a
• 14:56
  smaller
• 14:57
  body
• 14:57
  size,
• 14:57
  you're
• 14:58
  more
• 14:58
  able
• 14:58
  to
• 14:58
  sort
• 14:59
  of
• 14:59
  dissipate
• 14:59
  heat.
• 15:00
  Whereas
• 15:00
  if
• 15:00
  you're
• 15:00
  a
• 15:00
  big
• 15:01
  rounder
• 15:02
  body
• 15:02
  size,
• 15:02
  you
• 15:03
  contain
• 15:03
  heat
• 15:04
  more.
• 15:06
  Which
• 15:06
  is
• 15:06
  why
• 15:06
  like
• 15:06
  when
• 15:07
  you
• 15:07
  go
• 15:07
  up
• 15:07
  to
• 15:07
  the
• 15:07
  Arctic,
• 15:08
  the
• 15:08
  species
• 15:08
  are
• 15:09
  kind
• 15:09
  of
• 15:09
  bigger
• 15:09
  and
• 15:09
  fatter.
• 15:11
  And
• 15:11
  if
• 15:11
  you
• 15:11
  go
• 15:11
  down
• 15:11
  to
• 15:12
  the
• 15:12
  equator,
• 15:12
  species
• 15:12
  are
• 15:13
  smaller
• 15:13
  and
• 15:13
  leaner.
• 15:15
  And
• 15:15
  so
• 15:16
  as
• 15:16
  the
• 15:16
  world
• 15:16
  gets
• 15:16
  warmer,
• 15:17
  we'd
• 15:17
  expect
• 15:17
  actual
• 15:18
  populations
• 15:19
  to
• 15:19
  get
• 15:20
  smaller
• 15:20
  in
• 15:20
  body
• 15:20
  size,
• 15:21
  which
• 15:22
  is
• 15:22
  what
• 15:22
  we're
• 15:22
  finding.
• 15:23
  Like
• 15:23
  we're
• 15:24
  finding
• 15:24
  that
• 15:24
  birds
• 15:25
  bodies
• 15:25
  are
• 15:26
  shrinking
• 15:26
  in
• 15:26
  size.
• 15:27
  That
• 15:27
  doesn't
• 15:27
  happen
• 15:28
  at
• 15:28
  the
• 15:28
  individual
• 15:28
  level.
• 15:29
  It
• 15:29
  happens
• 15:29
  over
• 15:29
  generations.
• 15:30
  And
• 15:31
  so
• 15:31
  it's
• 15:31
  just
• 15:31
  really
• 15:31
  cool
• 15:32
  to
• 15:32
  see
• 15:32
  that
• 15:32
  happening
• 15:34
  alongside
• 15:34
  all
• 15:35
  of
• 15:35
  these
• 15:35
  other
• 15:35
  things.
• 15:36
  Yeah,
• 15:36
  for
• 15:36
  sure.
• 15:36
  That's
• 15:37
  such
• 15:37
  a
• 15:37
  major
• 15:37
  change.
• 15:38
  And
• 15:38
  what
• 15:38
  kind
• 15:38
  of
• 15:39
  data
• 15:39
  sets
• 15:39
  are
• 15:39
  you
• 15:39
  using
• 15:39
  to
• 15:41
  draw
• 15:41
  those
• 15:41
  conclusions
• 15:42
  about
• 15:42
  long
• 15:42
  term
• 15:43
  reductions
• 15:43
  in
• 15:43
  body
• 15:44
  size
• 15:44
  and
• 15:45
  in
• 15:45
  what
• 15:45
  birds
• 15:45
  are
• 15:45
  you
• 15:46
  really
• 15:46
  seeing
• 15:46
  it
• 15:46
  the
• 15:46
  most?
• 15:47
  Yeah,
• 15:48
  so
• 15:48
  the
• 15:48
  work
• 15:48
  that
• 15:49
  I've
• 15:49
  done
• 15:49
  is
• 15:49
  actually
• 15:50
  based
• 15:50
  off
• 15:50
  of
• 15:50
  banding
• 15:51
  data.
• 15:52
  Okay.
• 15:52
  People
• 15:53
  have
• 15:53
  looked
• 15:53
  at
• 15:53
  this
• 15:54
  with
• 15:54
  Multiple
• 15:54
  different
• 15:54
  data
• 15:55
  sorts.
• 15:55
  One,
• 15:56
  there's
• 15:56
  been
• 15:57
  a
• 15:57
  handful
• 15:57
  of
• 15:57
  studies
• 15:57
  that
• 15:57
  have
• 15:58
  used
• 15:58
  museum
• 15:58
  specimens.
• 15:59
  The
• 15:59
  big
• 15:59
  study
• 16:00
  that
• 16:00
  we
• 16:00
  did
• 16:00
  was
• 16:00
  using
• 16:02
  about
• 16:03
  four
• 16:03
  decades
• 16:03
  of
• 16:04
  banding
• 16:04
  data,
• 16:05
  standardized
• 16:06
  banding
• 16:06
  data
• 16:07
  on
• 16:07
  breeding,
• 16:08
  like
• 16:08
  during
• 16:09
  of
• 16:10
  of
• 16:10
  the
• 16:10
  breeding
• 16:10
  season.
• 16:11
  So
• 16:11
  you're
• 16:11
  capturing
• 16:11
  birds
• 16:12
  kind
• 16:12
  of
• 16:13
  where
• 16:13
  they're
• 16:13
  living
• 16:13
  in
• 16:13
  the
• 16:13
  summer,
• 16:14
  which
• 16:14
  should
• 16:14
  generally
• 16:15
  be
• 16:15
  where
• 16:15
  they're
• 16:16
  exposed
• 16:16
  to
• 16:16
  the
• 16:16
  hottest
• 16:17
  temperatures,
• 16:17
  right?
• 16:18
  Yeah.
• 16:18
  And
• 16:19
  so
• 16:19
  you
• 16:19
  just
• 16:19
  capture
• 16:20
  them
• 16:20
  in
• 16:20
  mist
• 16:20
  nets,
• 16:21
  you
• 16:21
  measure
• 16:21
  their
• 16:21
  body
• 16:22
  size.
• 16:22
  So
• 16:23
  usually
• 16:23
  that's
• 16:23
  just
• 16:23
  weight,
• 16:25
  but
• 16:25
  we
• 16:25
  kind
• 16:26
  of
• 16:26
  control,
• 16:26
  we
• 16:26
  control
• 16:27
  for
• 16:28
  wing
• 16:29
  length
• 16:29
  and
• 16:29
  things
• 16:29
  like
• 16:29
  that
• 16:30
  to
• 16:30
  kind
• 16:30
  of
• 16:30
  get
• 16:30
  a
• 16:30
  standardized
• 16:31
  measurement
• 16:33
  and
• 16:34
  then
• 16:34
  release
• 16:34
  them.
• 16:35
  And
• 16:35
  you
• 16:35
  do
• 16:36
  this
• 16:36
  year
• 16:36
  after
• 16:37
  year
• 16:37
  and
• 16:37
  decade
• 16:37
  after
• 16:38
  decade.
• 16:38
  And
• 16:38
  so
• 16:39
  within
• 16:39
  those
• 16:39
  populations
• 16:40
  you
• 16:40
  can
• 16:40
  start
• 16:40
  to
• 16:41
  look
• 16:41
  to
• 16:41
  see
• 16:41
  how
• 16:41
  this
• 16:42
  is
• 16:42
  shifting.
• 16:42
  And
• 16:42
  because
• 16:43
  of
• 16:43
  that
• 16:43
  data,
• 16:44
  and
• 16:44
  I
• 16:44
  think
• 16:44
  in
• 16:44
  general
• 16:45
  where
• 16:45
  people
• 16:45
  have
• 16:46
  seen
• 16:46
  this
• 16:46
  the
• 16:46
  most
• 16:46
  is
• 16:46
  with
• 16:47
  small
• 16:47
  songbirds.
• 16:48
  So
• 16:49
  things
• 16:49
  like
• 16:49
  warblers
• 16:50
  and
• 16:50
  sparrows
• 16:50
  and
• 16:51
  buntings
• 16:51
  and
• 16:51
  grosbeaks
• 16:52
  and
• 16:52
  tanagers
• 16:53
  and
• 16:53
  stuff
• 16:53
  like
• 16:53
  that.
• 16:54
  Yeah.
• 16:55
  Which
• 16:55
  all
• 16:55
  have
• 16:55
  relatively
• 16:56
  short
• 16:56
  generation
• 16:57
  times.
• 16:57
  So
• 16:57
  across
• 16:58
  a
• 16:58
  40
• 16:59
  year
• 16:59
  period,
• 17:00
  if
• 17:00
  you're
• 17:01
  going
• 17:01
  to
• 17:01
  expect
• 17:01
  to
• 17:01
  see
• 17:01
  change
• 17:02
  in
• 17:02
  a
• 17:02
  bird
• 17:02
  population
• 17:03
  at
• 17:03
  that
• 17:04
  level,
• 17:04
  like
• 17:04
  body
• 17:05
  size
• 17:05
  changes,
• 17:06
  you
• 17:06
  might
• 17:06
  not
• 17:06
  expect
• 17:06
  to
• 17:07
  see
• 17:07
  it
• 17:07
  in
• 17:07
  albatross,
• 17:08
  which
• 17:08
  have
• 17:08
  very,
• 17:08
  very
• 17:09
  long
• 17:09
  generation
• 17:09
  times
• 17:10
  and
• 17:10
  live
• 17:10
  a
• 17:10
  long
• 17:10
  time,
• 17:10
  versus
• 17:11
  these
• 17:11
  little
• 17:11
  warblers
• 17:12
  and
• 17:12
  sparrows,
• 17:13
  which
• 17:13
  have
• 17:13
  average
• 17:13
  lifespans
• 17:14
  of
• 17:15
  two
• 17:15
  years.
• 17:17
  Some
• 17:17
  live
• 17:17
  longer,
• 17:18
  obviously,
• 17:18
  but
• 17:18
  they
• 17:19
  don't
• 17:19
  live
• 17:19
  very
• 17:19
  long.
• 17:20
  Yeah,
• 17:20
  those,
• 17:20
  those
• 17:20
  poor
• 17:21
  albatross
• 17:21
  are
• 17:21
  going
• 17:22
  to
• 17:22
  have
• 17:22
  to
• 17:22
  find
• 17:23
  some
• 17:23
  other
• 17:23
  way
• 17:23
  to.
• 17:24
  Right.
• 17:24
  Yeah.
• 17:25
  Respond
• 17:25
  to
• 17:25
  temperature.
• 17:26
  Yeah.
• 17:27
  Which
• 17:27
  is,
• 17:28
  it's
• 17:28
  pretty
• 17:28
  sobering
• 17:29
  to
• 17:29
  think
• 17:29
  about
• 17:29
  that.
• 17:29
  A
• 17:29
  lot
• 17:29
  of,
• 17:30
  a
• 17:30
  lot
• 17:30
  of
• 17:30
  these,
• 17:31
  you
• 17:31
  know,
• 17:31
  a
• 17:31
  lot
• 17:31
  of
• 17:31
  birds
• 17:32
  aren't
• 17:32
  that
• 17:32
  long
• 17:32
  lived
• 17:33
  and
• 17:33
  maybe
• 17:33
  they
• 17:33
  can
• 17:33
  rapidly
• 17:34
  evolve.
• 17:34
  But
• 17:34
  there
• 17:34
  are
• 17:35
  so
• 17:35
  many
• 17:35
  species
• 17:36
  that,
• 17:36
  that
• 17:36
  have
• 17:37
  these
• 17:37
  long
• 17:37
  generation
• 17:38
  times
• 17:38
  and
• 17:38
  the
• 17:38
  speed
• 17:38
  of
• 17:39
  change
• 17:39
  is,
• 17:40
  is
• 17:40
  maybe
• 17:41
  too
• 17:41
  fast
• 17:41
  for
• 17:41
  adaptation
• 17:42
  to,
• 17:43
  to
• 17:43
  give
• 17:43
  them
• 17:43
  a
• 17:43
  leg
• 17:43
  up
• 17:44
  on,
• 17:44
  on
• 17:44
  what's
• 17:45
  going
• 17:45
  on.
• 17:46
  I
• 17:46
  mean,
• 17:46
  phenology
• 17:46
  can
• 17:47
  mean
• 17:47
  a
• 17:47
  lot
• 17:47
  of
• 17:47
  things.
• 17:47
  Have
• 17:48
  you
• 17:48
  guys
• 17:48
  been
• 17:48
  measuring
• 17:48
  that
• 17:49
  in
• 17:49
  the
• 17:49
  populations
• 17:50
  you've
• 17:50
  been
• 17:50
  looking
• 17:50
  at
• 17:50
  like
• 17:50
  this
• 17:51
  match
• 17:51
  between
• 17:51
  food
• 17:52
  availability
• 17:52
  and
• 17:52
  when
• 17:53
  the
• 17:53
  chicks
• 17:53
  are
• 17:53
  there?
• 17:54
  The
• 17:54
  general
• 17:55
  idea
• 17:55
  behind
• 17:55
  bird
• 17:56
  phenology
• 17:56
  and
• 17:56
  a
• 17:56
  lot
• 17:56
  of
• 17:56
  bird
• 17:57
  phenology
• 17:57
  research
• 17:58
  is
• 17:58
  that
• 17:58
  there
• 17:59
  is
• 17:59
  this
• 18:00
  peak
• 18:00
  in
• 18:01
  food
• 18:01
  abundance
• 18:02
  that
• 18:02
  is
• 18:03
  kind
• 18:04
  of
• 18:04
  actually
• 18:04
  driven
• 18:05
  almost
• 18:05
  purely
• 18:06
  by
• 18:06
  caterpillar
• 18:07
  abundance.
• 18:08
  Yeah.
• 18:08
  And
• 18:09
  caterpillar
• 18:09
  density.
• 18:11
  And
• 18:11
  that
• 18:12
  that
• 18:12
  peak
• 18:12
  abundance
• 18:13
  of
• 18:13
  food
• 18:14
  is
• 18:14
  going
• 18:14
  to
• 18:14
  happen
• 18:15
  sometime
• 18:15
  in
• 18:16
  early
• 18:16
  June.
• 18:16
  Right.
• 18:17
  It's
• 18:17
  like
• 18:17
  a
• 18:17
  month
• 18:18
  after
• 18:18
  leaf
• 18:19
  out.
• 18:20
  So
• 18:20
  caterpillars
• 18:21
  eat
• 18:21
  leaves.
• 18:22
  Leaves
• 18:23
  emerge
• 18:23
  in
• 18:23
  the
• 18:23
  springtime
• 18:24
  in
• 18:24
  deciduous
• 18:25
  areas.
• 18:25
  And
• 18:26
  as
• 18:26
  Those
• 18:26
  leaves
• 18:27
  grow
• 18:27
  when
• 18:27
  they're
• 18:28
  first
• 18:28
  starting.
• 18:29
  They
• 18:29
  don't
• 18:29
  have
• 18:29
  chemical
• 18:30
  defenses,
• 18:33
  so
• 18:33
  they're
• 18:34
  nutritious
• 18:35
  and
• 18:35
  digestible.
• 18:37
  But
• 18:37
  as
• 18:37
  the
• 18:37
  leaf
• 18:38
  develops,
• 18:40
  the
• 18:40
  tree
• 18:40
  which
• 18:41
  tries
• 18:41
  to
• 18:41
  prevent
• 18:42
  its
• 18:42
  leaves
• 18:43
  from
• 18:43
  being
• 18:43
  eaten,
• 18:44
  puts
• 18:44
  all
• 18:44
  these
• 18:44
  more
• 18:45
  chemical
• 18:45
  defenses
• 18:45
  into
• 18:46
  the
• 18:46
  leaf.
• 18:46
  And
• 18:46
  so
• 18:46
  the
• 18:47
  leaf
• 18:47
  becomes
• 18:47
  less
• 18:47
  palatable.
• 18:49
  Plenty
• 18:50
  of
• 18:50
  things
• 18:50
  can
• 18:50
  still
• 18:50
  eat
• 18:51
  it.
• 18:51
  But
• 18:51
  there's
• 18:52
  this
• 18:52
  bonanza.
• 18:53
  It's
• 18:53
  like
• 18:53
  this
• 18:53
  food
• 18:53
  bonanza
• 18:54
  early
• 18:54
  in
• 18:54
  the
• 18:54
  spring
• 18:55
  which
• 18:55
  leads
• 18:55
  to
• 18:55
  this
• 18:56
  huge
• 18:56
  increase
• 18:57
  of
• 18:57
  caterpillars.
• 18:58
  And
• 18:59
  that,
• 18:59
  that
• 19:00
  should
• 19:00
  be
• 19:00
  this
• 19:01
  food
• 19:01
  resource
• 19:02
  peak
• 19:02
  that
• 19:02
  birds
• 19:03
  should
• 19:03
  be
• 19:03
  trying
• 19:03
  to
• 19:04
  optimize
• 19:06
  to
• 19:06
  have
• 19:07
  their
• 19:07
  hungry
• 19:08
  baby
• 19:08
  mouths
• 19:09
  accessible
• 19:10
  during
• 19:10
  that
• 19:11
  time
• 19:11
  of
• 19:11
  peak
• 19:11
  availability
• 19:12
  so
• 19:12
  that
• 19:13
  the
• 19:13
  adults
• 19:13
  a
• 19:14
  can
• 19:14
  raise
• 19:14
  as
• 19:14
  many
• 19:15
  young
• 19:15
  as
• 19:15
  possible
• 19:15
  and
• 19:15
  also
• 19:16
  work
• 19:16
  as
• 19:17
  little
• 19:17
  as
• 19:17
  possible
• 19:17
  to
• 19:18
  get
• 19:18
  that
• 19:18
  food
• 19:18
  that
• 19:19
  the
• 19:19
  kids
• 19:19
  require.
• 19:20
  Yeah,
• 19:21
  the
• 19:21
  caterpillar
• 19:22
  piece
• 19:22
  is
• 19:22
  interesting.
• 19:22
  I
• 19:23
  mean,
• 19:23
  it
• 19:23
  would
• 19:23
  have
• 19:23
  been
• 19:23
  a
• 19:23
  very
• 19:24
  different
• 19:24
  end
• 19:24
  for
• 19:24
  the
• 19:24
  very
• 19:25
  hungry
• 19:25
  caterpillar
• 19:26
  if
• 19:26
  it
• 19:27
  had
• 19:27
  been
• 19:27
  around
• 19:27
  during
• 19:28
  peak
• 19:28
  food
• 19:28
  availability.
• 19:29
  But
• 19:29
  like,
• 19:29
  caterpillars
• 19:30
  are
• 19:30
  nutritionally
• 19:31
  very,
• 19:31
  very
• 19:31
  dense.
• 19:32
  And
• 19:33
  yeah,
• 19:33
  it's
• 19:34
  interesting
• 19:34
  how
• 19:34
  many
• 19:34
  songbirds
• 19:35
  rely
• 19:36
  on
• 19:37
  a
• 19:37
  lot
• 19:37
  of
• 19:37
  caterpillars,
• 19:38
  lepidopterans,
• 19:39
  moths
• 19:39
  and
• 19:39
  butterflies
• 19:40
  to
• 19:40
  feed
• 19:40
  their
• 19:40
  chicks.
• 19:42
  And
• 19:42
  I
• 19:42
  think,
• 19:42
  yeah,
• 19:42
  that,
• 19:43
  that
• 19:43
  is
• 19:44
  shifting
• 19:44
  in
• 19:44
  so
• 19:44
  many
• 19:45
  places,
• 19:45
  like
• 19:45
  leaf
• 19:45
  out.
• 19:46
  Like,
• 19:46
  I,
• 19:46
  you
• 19:47
  know,
• 19:47
  I
• 19:47
  think
• 19:47
  in
• 19:47
  Denver,
• 19:48
  some
• 19:48
  trees
• 19:48
  are
• 19:49
  already
• 19:49
  like
• 19:50
  the
• 19:50
  leaves
• 19:50
  are
• 19:50
  sort
• 19:50
  of
• 19:50
  coming
• 19:51
  out
• 19:51
  because
• 19:51
  you've
• 19:51
  had
• 19:51
  such
• 19:51
  a
• 19:52
  warm
• 19:52
  winter,
• 19:53
  which
• 19:53
  means
• 19:53
  the
• 19:54
  availability
• 19:54
  of
• 19:54
  food
• 19:55
  for
• 19:55
  insects
• 19:55
  next
• 19:55
  spring
• 19:56
  is
• 19:56
  really
• 19:57
  already
• 19:57
  altered,
• 19:58
  which
• 19:58
  will
• 19:58
  affect
• 19:59
  our
• 19:59
  local
• 19:59
  birds.
• 20:00
  And
• 20:00
  that's
• 20:00
  exactly
• 20:01
  what
• 20:02
  the
• 20:02
  concern
• 20:02
  is,
• 20:03
  right?
• 20:03
  Because
• 20:03
  like,
• 20:04
  leaf
• 20:04
  out
• 20:05
  is
• 20:05
  temperature
• 20:05
  driven.
• 20:06
  Like
• 20:06
  trees
• 20:07
  respond
• 20:08
  to
• 20:08
  temperature
• 20:09
  and
• 20:09
  light
• 20:10
  levels.
• 20:11
  But,
• 20:12
  you
• 20:12
  know,
• 20:12
  temperature
• 20:12
  can
• 20:13
  really
• 20:14
  cause
• 20:15
  leaf
• 20:15
  out.
• 20:15
  Early
• 20:18
  caterpillars
• 20:19
  are
• 20:19
  going
• 20:19
  to
• 20:19
  also
• 20:20
  be
• 20:20
  very,
• 20:20
  very
• 20:21
  strongly
• 20:21
  temperature
• 20:22
  driven.
• 20:22
  It's
• 20:23
  almost
• 20:23
  like
• 20:23
  a
• 20:24
  pure
• 20:24
  mathematical
• 20:25
  model
• 20:25
  about
• 20:25
  how
• 20:25
  many
• 20:25
  days
• 20:26
  above
• 20:26
  freezing
• 20:27
  you
• 20:27
  can
• 20:27
  get
• 20:28
  in
• 20:28
  order
• 20:28
  for
• 20:28
  caterpillars
• 20:29
  to
• 20:29
  emerge.
• 20:29
  And
• 20:30
  so
• 20:30
  caterpillars
• 20:31
  are
• 20:31
  expected
• 20:31
  to
• 20:32
  be
• 20:32
  pretty
• 20:32
  well
• 20:33
  tied
• 20:33
  to
• 20:34
  the
• 20:34
  trees.
• 20:35
  But
• 20:37
  Scott,
• 20:38
  most
• 20:38
  of
• 20:38
  our
• 20:38
  small
• 20:39
  insectivorous
• 20:39
  birds
• 20:40
  are
• 20:40
  migratory,
• 20:40
  right?
• 20:41
  Like,
• 20:41
  they
• 20:41
  don't
• 20:41
  spend
• 20:42
  the
• 20:42
  winter
• 20:42
  in
• 20:42
  Colorado.
• 20:43
  They
• 20:43
  do
• 20:43
  spend
• 20:43
  the
• 20:44
  winter
• 20:44
  in
• 20:44
  California,
• 20:45
  but
• 20:45
  a
• 20:45
  lot
• 20:45
  of
• 20:45
  them
• 20:45
  don't
• 20:46
  spend
• 20:46
  the
• 20:46
  winter
• 20:46
  in
• 20:46
  Colorado
• 20:47
  and
• 20:48
  they're
• 20:48
  off
• 20:48
  having
• 20:48
  fun
• 20:49
  in
• 20:49
  Mexico
• 20:50
  or
• 20:50
  Panama
• 20:51
  or
• 20:52
  Brazil
• 20:52
  or
• 20:52
  something
• 20:53
  like
• 20:53
  that.
• 20:53
  And
• 20:54
  so
• 20:54
  they
• 20:54
  don't
• 20:54
  know,
• 20:56
  they
• 20:56
  don't
• 20:56
  get
• 20:56
  the
• 20:57
  weather
• 20:57
  down
• 20:57
  in
• 20:57
  Brazil
• 20:58
  of
• 20:58
  what's
• 20:58
  going
• 20:58
  on
• 20:58
  in
• 20:59
  Colorado.
• 20:59
  And
• 20:59
  so
• 20:59
  if
• 21:00
  it's
• 21:00
  a
• 21:00
  really
• 21:00
  early
• 21:00
  spring
• 21:01
  in
• 21:01
  Colorado,
• 21:02
  they're
• 21:02
  likely
• 21:03
  to
• 21:03
  return
• 21:04
  at
• 21:04
  the
• 21:04
  normal
• 21:05
  time
• 21:05
  and
• 21:05
  be
• 21:06
  like,
• 21:06
  oh,
• 21:06
  darn,
• 21:07
  like
• 21:07
  I
• 21:07
  missed
• 21:08
  it.
• 21:08
  And
• 21:09
  there's
• 21:09
  a
• 21:09
  lot
• 21:09
  of
• 21:10
  Variation
• 21:10
  like
• 21:11
  we
• 21:11
  look
• 21:11
  for
• 21:11
  this
• 21:11
  stuff,
• 21:11
  and
• 21:12
  the
• 21:12
  reality
• 21:12
  is
• 21:12
  that
• 21:12
  we
• 21:13
  do
• 21:13
  find
• 21:13
  this,
• 21:13
  right?
• 21:14
  So,
• 21:14
  like
• 21:15
  when
• 21:15
  in
• 21:16
  years
• 21:16
  where
• 21:16
  it's
• 21:17
  a
• 21:17
  really
• 21:17
  early
• 21:17
  spring,
• 21:18
  we
• 21:19
  find
• 21:19
  that
• 21:20
  the
• 21:20
  birds
• 21:21
  both,
• 21:21
  when
• 21:21
  they
• 21:21
  arrive
• 21:22
  in
• 21:22
  North
• 21:22
  America,
• 21:22
  they
• 21:22
  actually
• 21:23
  do
• 21:23
  their
• 21:24
  migration
• 21:24
  faster.
• 21:26
  Particularly
• 21:26
  we
• 21:26
  see
• 21:26
  this
• 21:26
  on
• 21:27
  the
• 21:27
  east
• 21:27
  coast,
• 21:27
  that
• 21:27
  if
• 21:27
  it's
• 21:28
  an
• 21:28
  early
• 21:28
  spring
• 21:28
  kind
• 21:29
  of
• 21:29
  everywhere
• 21:29
  on
• 21:29
  the
• 21:29
  east
• 21:30
  coast,
• 21:30
  the
• 21:30
  birds
• 21:31
  will
• 21:31
  hit
• 21:32
  Louisiana,
• 21:33
  they'll
• 21:33
  hit
• 21:33
  the
• 21:34
  Gulf
• 21:34
  coast,
• 21:34
  have
• 21:34
  them
• 21:34
  cross
• 21:35
  the
• 21:35
  Gulf
• 21:35
  of
• 21:35
  Mexico
• 21:36
  at
• 21:36
  the
• 21:36
  kind
• 21:36
  of
• 21:37
  normal
• 21:37
  time,
• 21:38
  they'll
• 21:38
  hit
• 21:38
  the
• 21:38
  Gulf
• 21:39
  coast
• 21:39
  heading
• 21:40
  north,
• 21:40
  and
• 21:40
  they
• 21:40
  will
• 21:40
  actually
• 21:41
  travel
• 21:41
  faster
• 21:43
  in
• 21:43
  years
• 21:43
  of
• 21:43
  early
• 21:44
  spring
• 21:44
  than
• 21:44
  in
• 21:45
  years
• 21:45
  of
• 21:45
  normal
• 21:45
  spring.
• 21:46
  Because
• 21:46
  presumably
• 21:47
  they're
• 21:47
  sensing
• 21:48
  that
• 21:48
  they're
• 21:48
  behind
• 21:49
  the
• 21:49
  expected
• 21:50
  seasonal
• 21:50
  phenology.
• 21:51
  And
• 21:52
  so
• 21:52
  they
• 21:52
  will
• 21:52
  get
• 21:52
  to
• 21:53
  their
• 21:53
  breeding
• 21:53
  sites
• 21:54
  and
• 21:54
  they
• 21:55
  still
• 21:55
  might
• 21:55
  end
• 21:55
  up
• 21:56
  being
• 21:56
  late
• 21:56
  and
• 21:56
  kind
• 21:57
  of
• 21:57
  behind
• 21:57
  the
• 21:57
  peak.
• 21:58
  And
• 21:59
  that
• 21:59
  is
• 21:59
  a
• 21:59
  problem.
• 22:00
  We
• 22:00
  do
• 22:00
  find
• 22:00
  that
• 22:01
  actually
• 22:01
  when
• 22:01
  they
• 22:01
  become
• 22:02
  really
• 22:02
  mismatched
• 22:03
  from
• 22:03
  the
• 22:04
  local
• 22:04
  seasonal
• 22:05
  phenology,
• 22:06
  that
• 22:06
  they
• 22:07
  end
• 22:07
  up
• 22:07
  having
• 22:08
  things
• 22:08
  like
• 22:08
  producing
• 22:09
  fewer
• 22:09
  yang.
• 22:10
  And
• 22:10
  so
• 22:11
  there
• 22:11
  is
• 22:11
  a
• 22:11
  cost,
• 22:13
  and
• 22:14
  it's
• 22:14
  a
• 22:14
  cost
• 22:14
  that
• 22:15
  we
• 22:16
  expect
• 22:16
  unfortunately,
• 22:16
  to
• 22:17
  increase
• 22:17
  in
• 22:17
  the
• 22:17
  future
• 22:18
  that
• 22:18
  birds
• 22:18
  will
• 22:19
  become
• 22:19
  more
• 22:19
  mistimed.
• 22:20
  Yeah.
• 22:20
  And
• 22:21
  I
• 22:21
  think
• 22:21
  it's
• 22:21
  important
• 22:21
  to
• 22:21
  point
• 22:22
  out
• 22:22
  that
• 22:22
  the
• 22:22
  world
• 22:23
  has
• 22:23
  always
• 22:23
  been
• 22:23
  variable.
• 22:25
  The
• 22:25
  reality
• 22:25
  is
• 22:26
  birds
• 22:26
  should
• 22:26
  have
• 22:26
  a
• 22:26
  sense
• 22:27
  for
• 22:27
  what
• 22:27
  you're
• 22:28
  describing,
• 22:28
  but
• 22:28
  that
• 22:29
  maybe
• 22:29
  the
• 22:29
  speed
• 22:30
  at
• 22:30
  which
• 22:30
  they
• 22:30
  have
• 22:30
  to
• 22:30
  go
• 22:31
  now
• 22:31
  because
• 22:31
  of
• 22:31
  how
• 22:31
  advanced
• 22:32
  it
• 22:32
  is
• 22:32
  or
• 22:33
  the
• 22:33
  regularity
• 22:34
  with
• 22:34
  which
• 22:34
  things
• 22:35
  are
• 22:35
  mistimed
• 22:36
  is
• 22:36
  increasing
• 22:36
  in
• 22:37
  frequency.
• 22:38
  And
• 22:38
  so
• 22:38
  they
• 22:38
  do
• 22:38
  have
• 22:39
  some
• 22:39
  ability
• 22:39
  to
• 22:40
  respond
• 22:40
  to
• 22:40
  that,
• 22:40
  but
• 22:41
  maybe
• 22:41
  not
• 22:41
  fast
• 22:41
  enough,
• 22:42
  like
• 22:42
  you're
• 22:42
  pointing
• 22:42
  out,
• 22:42
  or
• 22:43
  not.
• 22:43
  You
• 22:43
  know,
• 22:44
  every
• 22:44
  year
• 22:44
  you
• 22:44
  have
• 22:44
  to
• 22:45
  have
• 22:45
  this
• 22:45
  accelerated
• 22:46
  migration.
• 22:47
  And
• 22:47
  those
• 22:47
  fitness
• 22:48
  costs
• 22:48
  are
• 22:48
  real.
• 22:48
  You
• 22:49
  know,
• 22:49
  if
• 22:49
  you're
• 22:49
  only
• 22:49
  raising
• 22:50
  half
• 22:50
  the
• 22:50
  chicks
• 22:50
  you
• 22:50
  raise
• 22:51
  a
• 22:51
  year.
• 22:51
  If
• 22:51
  you
• 22:51
  think
• 22:51
  about
• 22:52
  how
• 22:52
  many
• 22:52
  birds
• 22:53
  die
• 22:53
  every
• 22:53
  year
• 22:54
  because
• 22:55
  of
• 22:55
  predators
• 22:55
  or
• 22:55
  all
• 22:56
  the
• 22:56
  other
• 22:56
  stressors
• 22:56
  that
• 22:57
  we
• 22:57
  are
• 22:57
  also
• 22:57
  adding
• 22:57
  to
• 22:58
  the
• 22:58
  planet,
• 22:58
  then
• 22:59
  you
• 22:59
  can't
• 22:59
  have
• 22:59
  a
• 22:59
  lot
• 22:59
  of
• 23:00
  years
• 23:00
  with
• 23:00
  less
• 23:00
  offspring
• 23:01
  before
• 23:01
  you
• 23:01
  see
• 23:01
  pretty
• 23:02
  significant
• 23:02
  overall
• 23:03
  declines
• 23:03
  in
• 23:04
  birds,
• 23:04
  which.
• 23:05
  Which
• 23:05
  we
• 23:05
  are
• 23:05
  seeing.
• 23:05
  So
• 23:06
  there's
• 23:06
  actually
• 23:07
  strong
• 23:07
  reasons
• 23:07
  why
• 23:08
  birds
• 23:08
  should
• 23:08
  not
• 23:09
  be
• 23:09
  trying
• 23:09
  to
• 23:10
  actually
• 23:10
  hit
• 23:10
  the
• 23:11
  peak
• 23:11
  of
• 23:11
  food
• 23:11
  availability
• 23:12
  that
• 23:13
  they
• 23:13
  should
• 23:13
  actually
• 23:13
  be
• 23:14
  trying
• 23:14
  to
• 23:14
  hit
• 23:15
  a
• 23:15
  little
• 23:15
  beyond
• 23:15
  it.
• 23:16
  And
• 23:16
  part
• 23:16
  of
• 23:16
  it
• 23:16
  is
• 23:16
  like
• 23:17
  the
• 23:17
  idea
• 23:17
  that
• 23:17
  you
• 23:17
  can't
• 23:18
  actually
• 23:19
  hit
• 23:19
  the
• 23:19
  bullseye
• 23:20
  exactly
• 23:21
  with
• 23:21
  the
• 23:21
  timing,
• 23:22
  but
• 23:22
  that
• 23:22
  if
• 23:23
  you
• 23:23
  in
• 23:23
  that
• 23:23
  if
• 23:24
  you
• 23:24
  unfortunately
• 23:25
  arrive
• 23:25
  too
• 23:26
  early,
• 23:26
  it's
• 23:27
  actually
• 23:27
  much
• 23:28
  worse
• 23:28
  than
• 23:28
  if
• 23:28
  you
• 23:28
  arrive
• 23:29
  too
• 23:29
  late.
• 23:29
  See,
• 23:29
  if
• 23:30
  you
• 23:30
  arrive
• 23:30
  too
• 23:30
  early,
• 23:31
  a,
• 23:31
  it's
• 23:31
  like
• 23:32
  potentially
• 23:32
  still
• 23:33
  really
• 23:33
  cold
• 23:33
  and
• 23:34
  you're
• 23:34
  just
• 23:34
  going
• 23:34
  to
• 23:34
  die
• 23:35
  of
• 23:35
  hypothermia.
• 23:36
  But
• 23:36
  also
• 23:36
  like,
• 23:37
  your
• 23:37
  eggs
• 23:37
  hatch
• 23:37
  and
• 23:38
  there's
• 23:38
  just
• 23:38
  no
• 23:38
  food
• 23:39
  available.
• 23:40
  Right.
• 23:40
  Like,
• 23:41
  in
• 23:42
  a
• 23:42
  normal
• 23:42
  year.
• 23:42
  Okay.
• 23:43
  Actually,
• 23:43
  Denver
• 23:44
  is
• 23:44
  so
• 23:44
  strange,
• 23:45
  but
• 23:45
  it's
• 23:45
  so
• 23:46
  weird.
• 23:46
  Talk
• 23:46
  about
• 23:46
  it.
• 23:47
  I'm
• 23:48
  not
• 23:48
  used
• 23:48
  to
• 23:48
  living
• 23:48
  here,
• 23:48
  and
• 23:48
  I've
• 23:49
  been
• 23:49
  here
• 23:49
  for
• 23:49
  a
• 23:49
  while.
• 23:50
  I
• 23:50
  was
• 23:50
  going
• 23:50
  to
• 23:50
  say
• 23:50
  in
• 23:50
  a
• 23:51
  normal
• 23:51
  year,
• 23:52
  you
• 23:52
  know,
• 23:52
  like,
• 23:52
  let's
• 23:53
  say
• 23:53
  the
• 23:53
  bird.
• 23:53
  Like,
• 23:54
  the
• 23:54
  babies
• 23:54
  hatch
• 23:54
  on
• 23:54
  June
• 23:55
  1st,
• 23:56
  but
• 23:56
  if,
• 23:56
  like,
• 23:56
  if
• 23:57
  they
• 23:57
  arrived
• 23:57
  on
• 23:57
  June
• 23:58
  1st,
• 23:58
  know,
• 23:58
  for
• 23:58
  some
• 23:58
  reason
• 23:58
  the
• 23:59
  babies
• 23:59
  hatched,
• 23:59
  like,
• 23:59
  May
• 24:00
  15th,
• 24:01
  there
• 24:01
  just
• 24:01
  might
• 24:01
  be
• 24:02
  nothing
• 24:02
  available.
• 24:04
  Whereas
• 24:04
  on
• 24:04
  June
• 24:05
  15th,
• 24:05
  okay,
• 24:05
  you're
• 24:06
  two
• 24:06
  weeks
• 24:06
  behind
• 24:06
  the
• 24:07
  peak,
• 24:07
  but
• 24:07
  there's
• 24:08
  still
• 24:08
  plenty.
• 24:08
  Like,
• 24:09
  everything
• 24:09
  is
• 24:10
  green,
• 24:10
  everything
• 24:10
  is
• 24:11
  sunny.
• 24:11
  Everyone's
• 24:11
  happy
• 24:12
  because
• 24:12
  the
• 24:12
  winter's
• 24:12
  over
• 24:13
  and
• 24:14
  there's
• 24:14
  plenty
• 24:14
  of
• 24:14
  food
• 24:14
  left
• 24:15
  to
• 24:15
  eat.
• 24:16
  And
• 24:16
  so,
• 24:16
  you
• 24:17
  know,
• 24:17
  the
• 24:18
  costs
• 24:18
  of
• 24:18
  being
• 24:19
  late
• 24:19
  are
• 24:19
  much
• 24:19
  less
• 24:20
  than
• 24:20
  the
• 24:20
  costs
• 24:20
  of
• 24:21
  being
• 24:21
  early.
• 24:25
  There's
• 24:26
  always
• 24:26
  those,
• 24:27
  like,
• 24:27
  gray,
• 24:29
  bitterly
• 24:30
  cold
• 24:30
  days
• 24:31
  in,
• 24:31
  like,
• 24:31
  March.
• 24:32
  Yeah.
• 24:33
  Yeah.
• 24:33
  Where
• 24:33
  you're
• 24:34
  just
• 24:34
  hoping
• 24:34
  for
• 24:34
  some
• 24:35
  sign
• 24:35
  because
• 24:35
  you
• 24:36
  still
• 24:36
  know
• 24:36
  in
• 24:36
  reality
• 24:37
  that,
• 24:37
  like,
• 24:37
  everything
• 24:38
  is,
• 24:38
  like,
• 24:38
  six
• 24:38
  weeks
• 24:39
  to
• 24:39
  eight
• 24:39
  weeks
• 24:39
  away.
• 24:40
  Yeah.
• 24:41
  But,
• 24:41
  like,
• 24:41
  the
• 24:41
  Cardinals
• 24:42
  have
• 24:42
  suddenly
• 24:43
  started
• 24:43
  singing.
• 24:44
  Yeah.
• 24:44
  You
• 24:44
  know
• 24:45
  how
• 24:45
  I
• 24:45
  used
• 24:45
  to,
• 24:45
  like,
• 24:45
  seek
• 24:46
  that
• 24:46
  out
• 24:46
  early?
• 24:47
  So
• 24:47
  I
• 24:47
  don't.
• 24:47
  I
• 24:48
  don't
• 24:48
  watch
• 24:48
  golf.
• 24:48
  I
• 24:49
  don't.
• 24:49
  No
• 24:49
  offense.
• 24:50
  Golf
• 24:50
  is
• 24:50
  whatever,
• 24:51
  fine.
• 24:52
  People
• 24:52
  love
• 24:52
  it.
• 24:52
  I
• 24:53
  don't.
• 24:53
  But
• 24:53
  I
• 24:53
  would
• 24:53
  watch
• 24:53
  the
• 24:54
  Masters
• 24:54
  because
• 24:55
  the
• 24:55
  Masters
• 24:55
  was
• 24:56
  broadcast
• 24:56
  in.
• 24:57
  When
• 24:57
  does
• 24:57
  it
• 24:58
  happen?
• 24:58
  March
• 24:58
  or
• 24:58
  even
• 24:59
  April.
• 24:59
  It's
• 24:59
  happened
• 25:00
  at
• 25:00
  a
• 25:00
  time
• 25:00
  where
• 25:00
  I
• 25:01
  was
• 25:01
  living.
• 25:01
  The
• 25:02
  Cardinals
• 25:02
  hadn't
• 25:02
  even
• 25:03
  really
• 25:03
  started
• 25:03
  singing
• 25:03
  yet.
• 25:03
  But
• 25:04
  if
• 25:04
  you
• 25:04
  watch,
• 25:04
  it
• 25:04
  takes
• 25:05
  place.
• 25:05
  In
• 25:05
  Augusta,
• 25:05
  Georgia,
• 25:06
  right?
• 25:06
  It
• 25:06
  does,
• 25:06
  right?
• 25:07
  Yeah.
• 25:07
  So
• 25:07
  it
• 25:07
  was
• 25:07
  already,
• 25:08
  like,
• 25:08
  full
• 25:08
  on
• 25:08
  spring
• 25:09
  in
• 25:09
  Georgia,
• 25:09
  and
• 25:09
  you
• 25:10
  could
• 25:10
  hear
• 25:10
  all
• 25:10
  the
• 25:10
  eastern
• 25:11
  songbirds
• 25:11
  singing.
• 25:12
  And
• 25:12
  I
• 25:12
  was
• 25:12
  just,
• 25:12
  like,
• 25:13
  sitting,
• 25:13
  watching
• 25:14
  golf,
• 25:14
  mildly
• 25:14
  caring
• 25:15
  about
• 25:15
  who
• 25:15
  won,
• 25:15
  but
• 25:15
  mostly
• 25:16
  like,
• 25:16
  yes,
• 25:16
  spring
• 25:17
  is
• 25:17
  somewhere,
• 25:18
  which
• 25:18
  feels
• 25:19
  pretty
• 25:19
  sad,
• 25:19
  but
• 25:20
  I
• 25:20
  did
• 25:20
  it
• 25:20
  every
• 25:20
  year.
• 25:21
  I
• 25:21
  thought,
• 25:21
  wait,
• 25:21
  but
• 25:22
  are
• 25:22
  the
• 25:22
  birds
• 25:22
  in
• 25:22
  the
• 25:22
  background
• 25:23
  of
• 25:23
  the
• 25:23
  Masters
• 25:24
  true?
• 25:25
  I
• 25:25
  think
• 25:25
  so,
• 25:26
  yeah.
• 25:26
  I
• 25:26
  think
• 25:26
  Augusta
• 25:27
  is
• 25:27
  actually,
• 25:27
  like,
• 25:27
  quite
• 25:28
  habitat
• 25:28
  rich.
• 25:29
  I
• 25:29
  mean,
• 25:29
  unless.
• 25:30
  Isn't
• 25:31
  there
• 25:31
  a
• 25:31
  famous
• 25:31
  example
• 25:32
  of
• 25:32
  them
• 25:32
  playing
• 25:32
  a
• 25:32
  song
• 25:33
  of
• 25:33
  a
• 25:33
  Bachmann's
• 25:33
  warbler
• 25:34
  during
• 25:34
  the
• 25:34
  Masters?
• 25:35
  Really?
• 25:36
  I
• 25:38
  fact
• 25:38
  check
• 25:38
  this,
• 25:39
  but
• 25:40
  where
• 25:40
  there's
• 25:40
  an
• 25:40
  example
• 25:41
  like
• 25:41
  that,
• 25:42
  there's,
• 25:42
  like,
• 25:42
  they
• 25:43
  played.
• 25:43
  Maybe
• 25:44
  it
• 25:44
  wasn't
• 25:44
  the
• 25:44
  Masters.
• 25:45
  I
• 25:45
  swear
• 25:46
  that
• 25:46
  during
• 25:47
  a
• 25:47
  broadcast
• 25:48
  of
• 25:48
  the
• 25:48
  Masters,
• 25:49
  they
• 25:49
  played
• 25:49
  a
• 25:49
  recording
• 25:50
  of
• 25:50
  a
• 25:50
  Bachmann's
• 25:50
  warbler,
• 25:51
  which
• 25:51
  is
• 25:51
  an
• 25:51
  extinct
• 25:52
  species,
• 25:53
  just
• 25:53
  to
• 25:53
  mess
• 25:54
  with
• 25:54
  birdwatchers.
• 25:55
  Oh,
• 25:56
  really?
• 25:56
  Ooh.
• 25:57
  Well,
• 25:57
  it
• 25:58
  gave
• 25:58
  me
• 25:58
  hope
• 25:58
  in
• 25:59
  the
• 25:59
  spring,
• 25:59
  so
• 25:59
  maybe
• 26:00
  I
• 26:00
  don't
• 26:00
  care.
• 26:01
  Oh,
• 26:02
  shit.
• 26:02
  I
• 26:02
  was
• 26:03
  duped.
• 26:05
  News
• 26:05
  flash,
• 26:06
  Masters
• 26:07
  golf
• 26:07
  subject
• 26:08
  to
• 26:10
  sound
• 26:11
  enhancement.
• 26:12
  I
• 26:13
  had
• 26:13
  no
• 26:13
  Idea.
• 26:14
  I
• 26:14
  just
• 26:14
  thought
• 26:14
  it
• 26:14
  was
• 26:14
  like
• 26:14
  how
• 26:15
  Augusta
• 26:15
  sounded.
• 26:19
  From
• 26:20
  your
• 26:20
  perspective
• 26:20
  and
• 26:21
  your
• 26:21
  focus
• 26:21
  on
• 26:22
  studying
• 26:22
  climate
• 26:22
  change
• 26:23
  in
• 26:23
  birds,
• 26:24
  it
• 26:24
  can
• 26:24
  be
• 26:24
  pretty
• 26:25
  like
• 26:25
  a
• 26:25
  downer
• 26:25
  a
• 26:26
  lot
• 26:26
  of
• 26:26
  the
• 26:26
  time.
• 26:26
  And
• 26:26
  I
• 26:27
  think
• 26:27
  people
• 26:27
  listening
• 26:28
  might
• 26:28
  be
• 26:28
  wondering,
• 26:28
  you
• 26:29
  know,
• 26:30
  what
• 26:30
  things
• 26:31
  should
• 26:31
  we
• 26:31
  be
• 26:32
  hopeful
• 26:32
  for
• 26:32
  in
• 26:32
  the
• 26:32
  context
• 26:33
  of,
• 26:33
  like,
• 26:33
  what
• 26:33
  birds
• 26:34
  can
• 26:34
  do
• 26:34
  and
• 26:34
  how
• 26:34
  they
• 26:35
  can
• 26:35
  respond?
• 26:36
  What
• 26:36
  might
• 26:36
  be
• 26:37
  realistic
• 26:37
  to
• 26:37
  hope
• 26:38
  for,
• 26:38
  you
• 26:38
  know,
• 26:38
  in
• 26:38
  the
• 26:39
  shorter
• 26:39
  term
• 26:39
  or
• 26:39
  longer
• 26:40
  term
• 26:40
  for
• 26:41
  bird
• 26:41
  populations
• 26:41
  in
• 26:42
  general?
• 26:43
  Everywhere
• 26:44
  that
• 26:44
  we've
• 26:44
  imagined,
• 26:45
  every
• 26:45
  tool
• 26:46
  that
• 26:46
  we've
• 26:46
  imagined
• 26:47
  that
• 26:47
  birds
• 26:47
  could
• 26:48
  use
• 26:48
  to
• 26:48
  respond
• 26:49
  to
• 26:49
  climate
• 26:49
  change,
• 26:50
  we
• 26:51
  find
• 26:51
  evidence
• 26:51
  that
• 26:51
  they
• 26:51
  use
• 26:52
  it.
• 26:53
  So
• 26:54
  it's
• 26:54
  not
• 26:54
  that
• 26:54
  they
• 26:55
  just
• 26:55
  have
• 26:55
  one
• 26:55
  hammer
• 26:56
  in
• 26:56
  that
• 26:56
  toolkit,
• 26:57
  but
• 26:57
  they
• 26:57
  got
• 26:57
  a
• 26:57
  whole
• 26:57
  variety
• 26:58
  of
• 26:58
  different
• 26:58
  things,
• 26:59
  and
• 26:59
  they're
• 26:59
  using
• 26:59
  them
• 27:00
  all
• 27:00
  now.
• 27:00
  They're
• 27:01
  using
• 27:01
  them
• 27:01
  to
• 27:01
  different
• 27:01
  efficiencies,
• 27:03
  and
• 27:03
  it's
• 27:03
  unclear
• 27:04
  whether
• 27:04
  or
• 27:04
  not,
• 27:05
  unfortunately,
• 27:05
  the
• 27:06
  toolkit
• 27:06
  is
• 27:06
  going
• 27:07
  to
• 27:07
  be
• 27:07
  enough
• 27:08
  for
• 27:08
  every
• 27:09
  species
• 27:09
  in
• 27:09
  every
• 27:10
  place.
• 27:11
  But
• 27:11
  there's
• 27:12
  a
• 27:12
  lot
• 27:12
  of
• 27:12
  different
• 27:12
  ways
• 27:13
  that
• 27:13
  they
• 27:13
  can
• 27:13
  adapt.
• 27:13
  And
• 27:14
  of
• 27:14
  course,
• 27:14
  you
• 27:14
  know,
• 27:14
  birds
• 27:15
  have
• 27:15
  existed
• 27:16
  on
• 27:16
  this
• 27:16
  planet
• 27:17
  for
• 27:18
  millions
• 27:19
  of
• 27:19
  years.
• 27:20
  Yeah.
• 27:20
  Tens
• 27:20
  of
• 27:20
  millions
• 27:21
  of
• 27:21
  years.
• 27:21
  Tens
• 27:21
  of
• 27:21
  millions
• 27:22
  of
• 27:22
  years.
• 27:23
  And
• 27:23
  they've
• 27:23
  adapted
• 27:24
  now,
• 27:24
  you
• 27:25
  know,
• 27:25
  the
• 27:25
  pace
• 27:25
  right
• 27:25
  now
• 27:26
  is
• 27:26
  real
• 27:26
  fast.
• 27:27
  And
• 27:27
  so
• 27:27
  there's,
• 27:27
  you
• 27:28
  know,
• 27:29
  undoubtedly
• 27:30
  we
• 27:30
  might
• 27:30
  lose
• 27:31
  species,
• 27:31
  and
• 27:31
  certainly
• 27:32
  we're
• 27:32
  going
• 27:32
  to
• 27:32
  lose
• 27:32
  populations
• 27:33
  in
• 27:33
  the
• 27:33
  future,
• 27:35
  but
• 27:35
  we're
• 27:36
  going
• 27:36
  to
• 27:36
  still
• 27:36
  have
• 27:36
  birds.
• 27:37
  Because
• 27:37
  in
• 27:37
  addition
• 27:37
  to
• 27:38
  the
• 27:38
  fact
• 27:38
  that
• 27:39
  birds
• 27:40
  have
• 27:40
  a
• 27:40
  lot
• 27:40
  of
• 27:40
  different
• 27:40
  ways
• 27:41
  of
• 27:41
  coping
• 27:42
  and
• 27:42
  that
• 27:42
  a
• 27:43
  lot
• 27:43
  of
• 27:43
  us
• 27:43
  want
• 27:43
  to
• 27:43
  help
• 27:44
  them
• 27:44
  and
• 27:44
  we
• 27:45
  will
• 27:45
  be
• 27:45
  helping
• 27:45
  them
• 27:45
  and
• 27:46
  are
• 27:46
  helping
• 27:46
  them,
• 27:47
  there's
• 27:48
  also
• 27:48
  some
• 27:49
  species
• 27:49
  that
• 27:49
  do
• 27:49
  really
• 27:50
  well
• 27:50
  and
• 27:50
  that
• 27:50
  are
• 27:50
  really
• 27:51
  flexible,
• 27:52
  and
• 27:52
  those
• 27:53
  birds
• 27:53
  will
• 27:53
  be
• 27:53
  just
• 27:54
  fine.
• 27:56
  Yeah,
• 27:56
  yeah.
• 27:57
  It's
• 27:57
  important
• 27:57
  to
• 27:57
  remember
• 27:57
  that
• 27:58
  I
• 27:58
  think
• 27:58
  that
• 27:58
  there's
• 27:59
  going
• 27:59
  to
• 27:59
  be
• 27:59
  variation
• 28:00
  in
• 28:00
  what
• 28:00
  happens,
• 28:00
  but
• 28:01
  life
• 28:01
  is
• 28:01
  resilient.
• 28:02
  And
• 28:03
  I
• 28:03
  always
• 28:03
  think
• 28:03
  about,
• 28:03
  like,
• 28:04
  in
• 28:04
  the
• 28:04
  context
• 28:04
  of
• 28:04
  recommendations,
• 28:05
  like,
• 28:06
  you
• 28:06
  know,
• 28:07
  what
• 28:07
  can
• 28:07
  a
• 28:07
  conservation
• 28:08
  decision
• 28:08
  maker
• 28:09
  do?
• 28:09
  It's
• 28:09
  like,
• 28:09
  protect
• 28:10
  habitat,
• 28:11
  you
• 28:11
  know,
• 28:11
  wherever
• 28:12
  you
• 28:12
  can
• 28:12
  protect
• 28:13
  it,
• 28:13
  whether
• 28:13
  it's
• 28:13
  farther
• 28:14
  north
• 28:14
  or
• 28:14
  farther
• 28:15
  downslope.
• 28:15
  Like,
• 28:16
  without
• 28:16
  those
• 28:17
  areas,
• 28:17
  natural
• 28:17
  areas
• 28:18
  for
• 28:18
  certain
• 28:18
  species
• 28:18
  to
• 28:19
  go,
• 28:19
  they
• 28:19
  don't
• 28:19
  have
• 28:20
  hope.
• 28:20
  But
• 28:20
  habitat
• 28:21
  protection
• 28:22
  gives
• 28:22
  them
• 28:22
  the
• 28:23
  potential
• 28:23
  to
• 28:23
  have
• 28:24
  the
• 28:24
  time
• 28:24
  to
• 28:24
  adapt
• 28:25
  or
• 28:25
  whatever.
• 28:25
  And,
• 28:26
  yeah,
• 28:27
  absolutely.
• 28:27
  The
• 28:27
  more
• 28:28
  that
• 28:28
  we
• 28:28
  can
• 28:28
  actually
• 28:28
  protect
• 28:29
  areas
• 28:30
  and
• 28:30
  keep
• 28:30
  them
• 28:31
  viable
• 28:31
  and
• 28:32
  healthy
• 28:32
  for
• 28:32
  birds,
• 28:34
  birds
• 28:35
  will
• 28:35
  have
• 28:35
  an
• 28:36
  extra
• 28:36
  level
• 28:37
  of
• 28:37
  adaptation.
• 28:39
  Every
• 28:39
  time
• 28:39
  the
• 28:39
  birds
• 28:40
  in
• 28:40
  my
• 28:40
  backyard
• 28:41
  eat
• 28:41
  all
• 28:41
  my
• 28:41
  fruit,
• 28:42
  and
• 28:42
  I'm
• 28:43
  super
• 28:43
  frustrated,
• 28:44
  and
• 28:44
  I'm
• 28:44
  like,
• 28:44
  darn
• 28:45
  you,
• 28:45
  birds,
• 28:45
  stop
• 28:46
  eating
• 28:46
  my
• 28:46
  fruit.
• 28:47
  I
• 28:47
  have
• 28:47
  to
• 28:47
  pause
• 28:48
  and
• 28:48
  say,
• 28:48
  well,
• 28:49
  they
• 28:49
  need
• 28:50
  the
• 28:50
  fruit
• 28:50
  maybe
• 28:50
  more
• 28:51
  than
• 28:51
  I
• 28:51
  do.
• 28:52
  Yeah,
• 28:52
  they
• 28:52
  can't
• 28:53
  Go
• 28:53
  over
• 28:53
  to
• 28:54
  the
• 28:54
  local
• 28:54
  Whole
• 28:54
  Foods
• 28:55
  or
• 28:55
  whatever
• 28:55
  you
• 28:55
  guys
• 28:56
  have
• 28:56
  in
• 28:56
  your
• 28:56
  neighborhood.
• 28:57
  So
• 28:57
  what
• 28:58
  eats
• 28:58
  your
• 28:58
  citrus
• 28:59
  Woodpeckers?
• 28:59
  Well,
• 29:00
  actually,
• 29:00
  citrus
• 29:01
  are
• 29:01
  weird.
• 29:01
  Like
• 29:01
  they're
• 29:01
  fruiting
• 29:02
  at
• 29:02
  the
• 29:02
  same
• 29:02
  time
• 29:02
  that
• 29:02
  they
• 29:03
  blossom
• 29:03
  kind
• 29:03
  of.
• 29:04
  Yeah.
• 29:04
  And
• 29:05
  so
• 29:05
  we're
• 29:05
  about
• 29:06
  a
• 29:06
  few
• 29:06
  weeks
• 29:06
  away
• 29:07
  from,
• 29:07
  like,
• 29:07
  citrus
• 29:08
  blooming
• 29:09
  season,
• 29:09
  which
• 29:09
  is
• 29:09
  a
• 29:10
  lovely
• 29:10
  time
• 29:10
  you
• 29:10
  should
• 29:10
  visit.
• 29:11
  The
• 29:11
  air
• 29:12
  smells
• 29:12
  amazing
• 29:12
  in
• 29:13
  Southern
• 29:13
  California,
• 29:15
  but,
• 29:15
  yeah,
• 29:15
  the
• 29:15
  orange
• 29:16
  crowned
• 29:16
  warblers
• 29:16
  and
• 29:17
  things
• 29:17
  will
• 29:18
  eat
• 29:18
  the
• 29:18
  blossoms.
• 29:20
  But
• 29:20
  really,
• 29:21
  this
• 29:21
  is
• 29:21
  a
• 29:21
  very
• 29:22
  Southern
• 29:22
  California
• 29:23
  thing.
• 29:23
  But
• 29:23
  it's
• 29:23
  our
• 29:24
  persimmons.
• 29:25
  Oh,
• 29:25
  we
• 29:26
  have
• 29:26
  the
• 29:27
  figs,
• 29:27
  too.
• 29:27
  The
• 29:27
  figs
• 29:29
  I
• 29:29
  can't
• 29:29
  actually
• 29:29
  ever
• 29:30
  harvest
• 29:30
  because
• 29:31
  the
• 29:31
  house
• 29:31
  finches
• 29:32
  in
• 29:32
  particular
• 29:33
  will
• 29:33
  just
• 29:33
  destroy
• 29:34
  them.
• 29:34
  But
• 29:35
  the
• 29:35
  persimmons
• 29:36
  are
• 29:36
  because
• 29:36
  they
• 29:37
  have
• 29:37
  a
• 29:37
  hard
• 29:37
  exterior,
• 29:38
  but
• 29:39
  a
• 29:39
  noddles
• 29:39
  woodpecker
• 29:40
  will
• 29:40
  come
• 29:40
  first.
• 29:41
  And
• 29:42
  the
• 29:42
  Nolls
• 29:42
  woodpecker
• 29:43
  is
• 29:43
  like
• 29:43
  the
• 29:43
  ripeness
• 29:44
  tester.
• 29:45
  And
• 29:46
  just
• 29:46
  drilling
• 29:47
  into
• 29:47
  each
• 29:48
  one,
• 29:48
  being
• 29:48
  like,
• 29:48
  oh,
• 29:49
  is
• 29:49
  this
• 29:49
  one
• 29:49
  right?
• 29:49
  Is
• 29:49
  this
• 29:50
  one
• 29:50
  right?
• 29:50
  Is
• 29:50
  this
• 29:50
  one
• 29:50
  right?
• 29:51
  And
• 29:51
  if
• 29:51
  it
• 29:51
  finds
• 29:52
  the
• 29:52
  right
• 29:52
  one,
• 29:53
  then
• 29:53
  it's
• 29:53
  like,
• 29:54
  okay,
• 29:54
  I'm
• 29:54
  gonna
• 29:54
  eat
• 29:54
  the
• 29:54
  whole
• 29:55
  persimmon.
• 29:56
  Oh,
• 29:56
  wow.
• 29:56
  But
• 29:56
  then
• 29:57
  it
• 29:57
  has
• 29:57
  now
• 29:57
  left
• 29:58
  holes
• 29:58
  in
• 29:58
  every
• 29:59
  other
• 29:59
  persimmon.
• 30:00
  And
• 30:00
  so
• 30:01
  then,
• 30:01
  like,
• 30:01
  the
• 30:01
  house
• 30:01
  finches
• 30:02
  and
• 30:02
  the
• 30:02
  yellow
• 30:02
  rump
• 30:02
  warblers
• 30:03
  are
• 30:03
  like,
• 30:04
  oh,
• 30:04
  now
• 30:04
  I
• 30:04
  have
• 30:04
  an
• 30:05
  opportunity
• 30:05
  for
• 30:05
  attack
• 30:06
  because
• 30:07
  the
• 30:07
  woodpeckers
• 30:08
  drilled
• 30:08
  through
• 30:09
  the
• 30:09
  hard
• 30:09
  exterior.
• 30:09
  And
• 30:09
  so
• 30:10
  then
• 30:10
  they
• 30:10
  will
• 30:10
  go
• 30:10
  in
• 30:11
  and
• 30:11
  just
• 30:11
  hollow
• 30:11
  the
• 30:11
  thing
• 30:12
  out.
• 30:12
  Oh,
• 30:13
  man.
• 30:13
  And
• 30:13
  then
• 30:13
  there's
• 30:14
  also
• 30:14
  the
• 30:14
  raccoons
• 30:14
  and
• 30:15
  the
• 30:15
  possums.
• 30:16
  I
• 30:16
  even
• 30:16
  had
• 30:16
  a
• 30:17
  coyote
• 30:17
  that
• 30:17
  has
• 30:18
  learned
• 30:18
  to
• 30:18
  climb
• 30:18
  my
• 30:18
  tree
• 30:18
  and
• 30:19
  eat
• 30:19
  the
• 30:19
  persimmons.
• 30:20
  Really?
• 30:20
  Yeah.
• 30:21
  It's
• 30:21
  a
• 30:21
  whole
• 30:22
  wildlife
• 30:22
  bonanza
• 30:23
  back
• 30:23
  here.
• 30:24
  Yeah.
• 30:24
  Okay,
• 30:25
  we've
• 30:25
  reached
• 30:25
  the
• 30:25
  part
• 30:26
  of
• 30:26
  the
• 30:26
  show
• 30:26
  that
• 30:26
  we
• 30:26
  call
• 30:26
  that's
• 30:27
  BS
• 30:27
  or
• 30:27
  that's
• 30:28
  bird
• 30:28
  stuff,
• 30:28
  where
• 30:28
  we
• 30:28
  give
• 30:29
  our
• 30:29
  guests
• 30:29
  an
• 30:29
  opportunity
• 30:30
  to
• 30:30
  debunk
• 30:30
  a
• 30:30
  myth
• 30:31
  that
• 30:31
  ruffles
• 30:31
  their
• 30:31
  feathers.
• 30:32
  So,
• 30:32
  Morgan,
• 30:33
  what
• 30:33
  do
• 30:33
  you
• 30:33
  want
• 30:33
  to
• 30:33
  call
• 30:33
  BS
• 30:34
  on?
• 30:35
  I
• 30:35
  want
• 30:35
  to
• 30:36
  call
• 30:36
  BS
• 30:37
  on
• 30:37
  the
• 30:37
  idea
• 30:38
  that
• 30:38
  if
• 30:38
  you
• 30:39
  feed
• 30:40
  birds
• 30:40
  in
• 30:40
  the
• 30:41
  fall,
• 30:41
  that
• 30:41
  it
• 30:42
  can
• 30:42
  prevent
• 30:42
  them
• 30:42
  from
• 30:43
  migrating.
• 30:44
  This
• 30:44
  is
• 30:44
  a
• 30:45
  common
• 30:46
  misconception,
• 30:47
  particularly
• 30:47
  with
• 30:47
  hummingbirds,
• 30:49
  where
• 30:49
  people
• 30:49
  are
• 30:49
  worried
• 30:50
  that
• 30:50
  if
• 30:50
  they
• 30:50
  keep
• 30:51
  their
• 30:51
  hummingbird
• 30:51
  feeders
• 30:52
  out,
• 30:52
  and
• 30:52
  even
• 30:53
  particularly
• 30:53
  in
• 30:53
  the
• 30:54
  east,
• 30:54
  that
• 30:55
  ruby
• 30:55
  throated
• 30:56
  hummingbirds
• 30:56
  won't
• 30:57
  migrate
• 30:57
  and
• 30:57
  that
• 30:58
  they
• 30:58
  will
• 30:58
  sort
• 30:59
  of
• 30:59
  hang
• 30:59
  around
• 30:59
  because
• 31:00
  they're
• 31:00
  dependent
• 31:00
  on
• 31:00
  this
• 31:01
  feeder,
• 31:01
  and
• 31:01
  then
• 31:01
  they'll
• 31:01
  die
• 31:02
  off.
• 31:03
  And
• 31:03
  that
• 31:04
  is
• 31:04
  not
• 31:04
  true.
• 31:05
  Birds
• 31:06
  are
• 31:06
  undergoing
• 31:07
  lots
• 31:07
  of
• 31:07
  different
• 31:08
  cues
• 31:08
  that
• 31:08
  tell
• 31:09
  them
• 31:09
  when
• 31:09
  to
• 31:09
  migrate,
• 31:10
  and
• 31:11
  a
• 31:12
  lot
• 31:12
  of
• 31:12
  that
• 31:12
  is,
• 31:12
  like,
• 31:12
  light
• 31:13
  level
• 31:13
  and
• 31:13
  temperature,
• 31:14
  and
• 31:14
  some
• 31:14
  of
• 31:14
  it
• 31:14
  is
• 31:15
  food
• 31:15
  availability
• 31:15
  too.
• 31:16
  But
• 31:17
  when
• 31:18
  birds
• 31:18
  need
• 31:18
  to
• 31:18
  migrate.
• 31:19
  They're
• 31:19
  gone.
• 31:20
  They're
• 31:20
  gonna
• 31:20
  go.
• 31:20
  Yeah.
• 31:21
  And,
• 31:21
  and
• 31:21
  so
• 31:22
  it's
• 31:22
  like
• 31:22
  actually
• 31:22
  pretty
• 31:23
  good
• 31:23
  advice
• 31:23
  to
• 31:24
  keep
• 31:24
  your
• 31:24
  hummingbird
• 31:25
  feeders
• 31:25
  up
• 31:25
  in
• 31:25
  the
• 31:25
  east
• 31:26
  coast,
• 31:26
  you
• 31:26
  know,
• 31:27
  for
• 31:27
  several
• 31:27
  weeks
• 31:28
  after
• 31:28
  you've
• 31:28
  seen
• 31:28
  the
• 31:29
  last
• 31:29
  hummingbird.
• 31:29
  Because
• 31:30
  you
• 31:30
  never
• 31:30
  know
• 31:30
  if
• 31:30
  another
• 31:31
  hummingbird
• 31:31
  from
• 31:31
  farther
• 31:32
  north
• 31:32
  is
• 31:32
  coming
• 31:32
  through
• 31:33
  a
• 31:33
  little
• 31:34
  late
• 31:34
  and
• 31:34
  just
• 31:34
  needs
• 31:35
  a
• 31:35
  snack,
• 31:35
  a
• 31:36
  fuel
• 31:36
  up
• 31:36
  on
• 31:36
  their
• 31:36
  way
• 31:37
  south.
• 31:38
  Absolutely,
• 31:38
  yeah.
• 31:39
  And
• 31:39
  for
• 31:39
  the
• 31:39
  hummingbird
• 31:40
  feeders,
• 31:40
  no
• 31:41
  red
• 31:41
  dye.
• 31:41
  You
• 31:41
  don't
• 31:42
  have
• 31:42
  to
• 31:43
  one
• 31:43
  part
• 31:43
  sugar
• 31:44
  to
• 31:44
  four
• 31:44
  parts
• 31:44
  water.
• 31:46
  Don't
• 31:46
  do
• 31:46
  one
• 31:46
  part
• 31:47
  sugar
• 31:47
  to
• 31:47
  one
• 31:48
  part
• 31:48
  water.
• 31:48
  They
• 31:48
  don't
• 31:49
  need
• 31:49
  like
• 31:49
  simple
• 31:50
  syrup
• 31:50
  slurry.
• 31:51
  Yeah,
• 31:51
  I
• 31:52
  mean,
• 31:52
  they
• 31:52
  do
• 31:52
  like
• 31:52
  sugarier
• 31:53
  water,
• 31:54
  but
• 31:54
  yeah,
• 31:54
  one
• 31:54
  to
• 31:55
  four.
• 31:55
  So
• 31:55
  one
• 31:55
  part
• 31:55
  sugar.
• 31:56
  I
• 31:56
  mean,
• 31:56
  they
• 31:56
  will
• 31:57
  love
• 31:57
  is
• 31:57
  good.
• 31:58
  I
• 31:58
  shouldn't
• 31:58
  say
• 31:58
  this,
• 31:59
  but
• 31:59
  they
• 31:59
  will
• 31:59
  love
• 31:59
  a
• 32:00
  really
• 32:00
  sugary
• 32:00
  water.
• 32:01
  But
• 32:01
  the
• 32:01
  problem
• 32:01
  is
• 32:01
  that
• 32:02
  that
• 32:02
  will
• 32:02
  attract
• 32:02
  a
• 32:03
  lot
• 32:03
  of
• 32:03
  ants,
• 32:03
  will
• 32:03
  attract
• 32:03
  bees,
• 32:05
  and
• 32:05
  it
• 32:05
  goes,
• 32:05
  it
• 32:05
  spoils
• 32:06
  really
• 32:06
  quickly,
• 32:07
  really
• 32:07
  fast.
• 32:07
  And
• 32:08
  so
• 32:08
  that
• 32:09
  the
• 32:09
  more
• 32:09
  sugary
• 32:10
  water
• 32:10
  is
• 32:10
  like,
• 32:11
  it
• 32:11
  just
• 32:11
  will
• 32:12
  end
• 32:12
  up
• 32:12
  probably
• 32:12
  growing
• 32:13
  bacteria
• 32:13
  and,
• 32:14
  and
• 32:14
  hurting
• 32:14
  your
• 32:14
  hummingbirds.
• 32:15
  Totally.
• 32:16
  Thank
• 32:16
  you
• 32:16
  so
• 32:16
  much
• 32:17
  for
• 32:17
  being
• 32:17
  here,
• 32:17
  Morgan.
• 32:17
  It's
• 32:18
  been
• 32:18
  really
• 32:18
  awesome
• 32:18
  to
• 32:18
  hear
• 32:18
  about
• 32:18
  your
• 32:19
  research
• 32:19
  and
• 32:19
  get
• 32:19
  to
• 32:19
  chat
• 32:20
  about
• 32:20
  birds
• 32:20
  and
• 32:21
  climate
• 32:21
  change.
• 32:22
  It's
• 32:22
  been
• 32:22
  great
• 32:22
  to
• 32:22
  be
• 32:23
  here.
• 32:23
  Thanks,
• 32:23
  Scott.
• 32:27
  Birds
• 32:28
  are
• 32:28
  dinosaurs,
• 32:28
  and
• 32:28
  around
• 32:29
  here
• 32:29
  we
• 32:29
  like
• 32:29
  our
• 32:29
  snacks.
• 32:30
  So
• 32:30
  we
• 32:30
  end
• 32:30
  each
• 32:30
  episode
• 32:31
  with
• 32:31
  a
• 32:31
  dinosaur
• 32:31
  nugget.
• 32:32
  Today's
• 32:32
  dinosaur
• 32:33
  nugget
• 32:33
  is
• 32:33
  that
• 32:33
  birds
• 32:34
  have
• 32:34
  many
• 32:34
  ways
• 32:34
  of
• 32:35
  adjusting
• 32:35
  and
• 32:35
  adapting
• 32:35
  to
• 32:36
  climate
• 32:36
  change.
• 32:36
  But
• 32:36
  the
• 32:37
  speed
• 32:37
  with
• 32:37
  which
• 32:37
  any
• 32:38
  specific
• 32:38
  bird
• 32:38
  species
• 32:39
  will
• 32:39
  adapt
• 32:40
  depends
• 32:40
  on
• 32:40
  generation
• 32:40
  time.
• 32:41
  We're
• 32:41
  already
• 32:42
  seeing
• 32:42
  changes
• 32:42
  like
• 32:42
  the
• 32:42
  evolution
• 32:43
  of
• 32:43
  smaller
• 32:43
  body
• 32:44
  size
• 32:44
  in
• 32:44
  shorter
• 32:44
  lived
• 32:45
  species.
• 32:46
  That's
• 32:46
  a
• 32:46
  wrap
• 32:46
  on
• 32:46
  this
• 32:47
  week's
• 32:47
  episode.
• 32:47
  Okay,
• 32:48
  but
• 32:48
  can
• 32:48
  birds
• 32:48
  keep
• 32:48
  up
• 32:49
  with
• 32:49
  climate
• 32:49
  change?
• 32:49
  If
• 32:50
  you
• 32:50
  like
• 32:50
  this
• 32:50
  episode,
• 32:51
  leave
• 32:51
  a
• 32:51
  comment
• 32:51
  like
• 32:52
  and
• 32:52
  subscribe.
• 32:53
  Thanks
• 32:53
  for
• 32:53
  listening
• 32:53
  or
• 32:54
  watching.
• 32:54
  We
• 32:55
  love
• 32:55
  our
• 32:55
  apple
• 32:55
  family,
• 32:55
  which
• 32:56
  is
• 32:56
  dominating.
• 32:56
  But
• 32:57
  did
• 32:57
  you
• 32:57
  know
• 32:57
  you
• 32:57
  can
• 32:57
  watch
• 32:57
  our
• 32:58
  episodes
• 32:58
  on
• 32:58
  Spotify
• 32:59
  or
• 32:59
  YouTube.
• 32:59
  We'll
• 33:00
  catch
• 33:00
  you
• 33:00
  next
• 33:00
  time.
• 33:01
  Byeee.
• 33:06
  Okay,
• 33:07
  But...
• 33:07
  Birds
• 33:08
  is
• 33:08
  hosted
• 33:08
  by
• 33:08
  Scott
• 33:09
  Taylor
• 33:10
  with
• 33:10
  production
• 33:10
  and
• 33:10
  creative
• 33:11
  by
• 33:11
  Zach
• 33:11
  Karl.