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Why Your Smart Thermostat Won't Stay On · Cool Talk with Hartzell's | Your HVAC Questions, Answered!

• 0:00
  SPEAKER_00: Right now, um thousands of homeowners are probably boxing up perfectly good, smart thermostats, utterly convinced they bought a broken unit.
• 0:10
  SPEAKER_01: Oh yeah.
• 0:11
  SPEAKER_01: It happens every single day.
• 0:12
  SPEAKER_00: Right.
• 0:12
  SPEAKER_00: You know the scenario.
• 0:14
  SPEAKER_00: You embark on this weekend project, you take this beautiful, sleek piece of technology out of the box, wire it up to your wall, and you just expect a simple outcome.
• 0:23
  SPEAKER_01: Naturally.
• 0:24
  SPEAKER_00: But instead it turns on for maybe an hour, keeps rebooting, or you know, the screen just goes permanently black right in the middle of the day.
• 0:30
  SPEAKER_01: Aaron Powell Yeah.
• 0:31
  SPEAKER_01: And the immediate assumption for almost anyone in that situation is that they got a lemon from the factory.
• 0:36
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, it's incredibly common, but it really highlights this uh fascinating collision between modern digital technology and legacy physical infrastructure.
• 0:45
  SPEAKER_00: Aaron Powell Exactly.
• 0:46
  SPEAKER_00: So we are taking a deep dive today to unpack why that device isn't actually broken at all.
• 0:50
  SPEAKER_01: Aaron Powell Not even a little bit.
• 0:52
  SPEAKER_00: Right.
• 0:52
  SPEAKER_00: Our mission is to explore the mystery of a single crucial element that is likely missing from your wall.
• 0:59
  SPEAKER_00: It's called the Sea Wire.
• 1:00
  SPEAKER_01: The infamous Seawire.
• 1:01
  SPEAKER_00: Yes.
• 1:02
  SPEAKER_00: And by the time we are done today, we're going to empower you to understand exactly how your heating and cooling equipment gets its power, you know, the actual physics of why your new thermostat is struggling, and what you can safely check yourself before you just give up in frustration.
• 1:19
  SPEAKER_01: And to guide us through this, we're relying on the brilliant field notes of Dave Hartzall.
• 1:24
  SPEAKER_00: Ah.
• 1:25
  SPEAKER_01: He is a Nate certified master HVAC technician from Hartzall's Heat and Air in Kingfisher, Oklahoma.
• 1:31
  SPEAKER_00: Which is awesome because he has what, like 47 years in the trade?
• 1:34
  SPEAKER_01: 47 years, yeah.
• 1:35
  SPEAKER_01: I mean, he has essentially seen the entire evolution of home climate control unfold in real time.
• 1:42
  SPEAKER_01: So we're using his insights to strip away all the complex industry jargon and you know look at the actual mechanisms operating behind your drywall.
• 1:49
  SPEAKER_00: Okay, let's unpack this because we are blaming the thermostat.
• 1:51
  SPEAKER_00: But the thermostat is essentially just a wall-mounted computer, right?
• 1:55
  SPEAKER_00: It's just looking for a reliable power source.
• 1:57
  SPEAKER_01: That's all it is.
• 1:58
  SPEAKER_00: Trying to run a smart thermostat without a C-wire, um, it's like buying a high-performance sports car, pulling it up to the gas station, and realizing the pump nozzle is a completely different shape than your fuel tank.
• 2:09
  SPEAKER_01: That's a great way to look at it.
• 2:10
  SPEAKER_00: You wouldn't blame the engine for not starting.
• 2:13
  SPEAKER_00: You'd recognize there's a fundamental delivery problem.
• 2:15
  SPEAKER_01: Aaron Powell Right.
• 2:16
  SPEAKER_01: And that delivery problem begins down in your basement or uh your attic.
• 2:21
  SPEAKER_01: To understand the missing wire, we first have to understand the power source itself.
• 2:25
  SPEAKER_00: Okay.
• 2:26
  SPEAKER_01: People often assume their thermostat runs on standard house current, you know, the same 120 volts that powers a wall outlet or a television.
• 2:33
  SPEAKER_00: Aaron Powell Which would be terrifying to have right behind a tiny plastic dial.
• 2:37
  SPEAKER_01: Exactly.
• 2:38
  SPEAKER_01: Pushing 120 volts through those thin little wires in your walls just to operate a simple control switch would be highly inefficient and entirely unnecessary.
• 2:47
  SPEAKER_00: Aaron Powell So the system relies on a translator of sorts.
• 2:50
  SPEAKER_00: Down at the furnace or the air handler, there is a small device called a transformer.
• 2:54
  SPEAKER_00: And the physics of how this transformer works is um it's actually quite elegant.
• 2:59
  SPEAKER_00: It literally transforms the electrical pressure.
• 3:01
  SPEAKER_01: Aaron Powell It does.
• 3:02
  SPEAKER_01: It relies on magnetic induction.
• 3:04
  SPEAKER_01: So inside that transformer, there are two separate coils of copper wire.
• 3:08
  SPEAKER_01: They're wrapped around a shared metal core.
• 3:10
  SPEAKER_01: Okay.
• 3:10
  SPEAKER_01: The 120 volt current from your home's breaker panel enters the primary coil.
• 3:15
  SPEAKER_01: And as it flows through, it generates this fluctuating magnetic field in that metal core.
• 3:20
  SPEAKER_01: Right.
• 3:20
  SPEAKER_01: That magnetic field then sweeps across the secondary coil, which has uh far fewer turns of wire.
• 3:27
  SPEAKER_00: Oh, and because it has fewer turns of wire, that magnetic field induces a much smaller, safer control voltage, right?
• 3:33
  SPEAKER_01: You got it.
• 3:34
  SPEAKER_01: It steps that massive house current down to exactly 24 volts.
• 3:38
  SPEAKER_00: Wow.
• 3:38
  SPEAKER_00: So it's sipping power, not gulping it down.
• 3:41
  SPEAKER_01: Precisely.
• 3:41
  SPEAKER_01: Those 24 volts are then sent up the walls through a bundle of thin colored wires right to your thermostat.
• 3:48
  SPEAKER_01: The entire climate control system uses this low voltage language to communicate.
• 3:52
  SPEAKER_00: But there's a catch.
• 3:53
  SPEAKER_00: There is.
• 3:54
  SPEAKER_00: All right.
• 3:54
  SPEAKER_01: Here is the fundamental rule of electricity.
• 3:57
  SPEAKER_01: For a complete circuit to provide continuous power to any device, it requires a dedicated return path.
• 4:03
  SPEAKER_01: Electricity cannot simply arrive at a destination.
• 4:06
  SPEAKER_01: It must flow continuously in a complete circle back to the source.
• 4:10
  SPEAKER_00: Okay, so what does this all mean?
• 4:11
  SPEAKER_00: Is it like a well, is it like a closed plumbing loop?
• 4:15
  SPEAKER_00: You know, you need water to flow out of the faucet and a drain for it to leave, otherwise the system just backs up.
• 4:20
  SPEAKER_00: So the C wire completes that loop for the electricity.
• 4:24
  SPEAKER_01: What's fascinating here is that your analogy is spot on.
• 4:27
  SPEAKER_01: The C stands for common.
• 4:29
  SPEAKER_01: It acts as that return pipe for the electricity.
• 4:32
  SPEAKER_01: It ensures the thermostat is always powered 24 hours a day, establishing this continuous loop even when the heat or the air conditioning isn't actively running.
• 4:42
  SPEAKER_00: Got it.
• 4:43
  SPEAKER_01: Without that specific return path, the continuous 24 volt electrical flow simply cannot happen.
• 4:49
  SPEAKER_01: The loop is broken.
• 4:50
  SPEAKER_00: Well, if this continuous power loop is so foundational to making a thermostat function, why wasn't it just a standard feature in every single home built over the last century?
• 4:59
  SPEAKER_00: Like why is this suddenly a problem for modern homeowners?
• 5:02
  SPEAKER_01: Aaron Powell To answer that, we have to trace the engineering history back to the mid-20th century.
• 5:07
  SPEAKER_01: Think about those classic round honeywell dials or um the old rectangular mercury thermostats.
• 5:14
  SPEAKER_00: Oh yeah, the ones you just slide back and forth.
• 5:16
  SPEAKER_01: Right.
• 5:17
  SPEAKER_01: Those devices are marvels of mechanical engineering.
• 5:20
  SPEAKER_01: But they did not need constant electrical power to function.
• 5:24
  SPEAKER_01: They were essentially just mechanical switches on the wall.
• 5:26
  SPEAKER_00: Wait, did they use zero power when they were just sitting there?
• 5:29
  SPEAKER_01: Zero.
• 5:29
  SPEAKER_01: Absolutely zero standby power.
• 5:31
  SPEAKER_00: That's brilliant when you think about it.
• 5:33
  SPEAKER_01: It really is.
• 5:34
  SPEAKER_01: They relied on a purely physical mechanism, specifically a bimetal coil.
• 5:39
  SPEAKER_01: So engineers took two different types of metal that expand and contract at different rates when exposed to heat, and they bonded them together into a spiral spring.
• 5:48
  SPEAKER_01: So as the room temperature dropped, that physical coil would naturally contract and tighten.
• 5:53
  SPEAKER_00: Oh wow.
• 5:54
  SPEAKER_01: And attached to the end of that coil was a tiny glass vial containing a drop of liquid mercury.
• 6:01
  SPEAKER_01: As the coil tightened, it mechanically tilted the glass bulb.
• 6:04
  SPEAKER_00: And then the mercury would slosh over a set of internal metal contacts, physically closing the circuit.
• 6:09
  SPEAKER_01: Exactly.
• 6:10
  SPEAKER_01: The 24 volt current from the transformer would travel up the wall, pass through the mercury, and travel back down a separate trigger wire just to tell the furnace to kick on.
• 6:19
  SPEAKER_01: They only borrowed power for the exact instant they called for heating or cooling.
• 6:24
  SPEAKER_01: Amazing.
• 6:25
  SPEAKER_01: And because they had no digital screens to illuminate, no microprocessors analyzing your daily schedule, and no Wi-Fi antennas pinging a router, they didn't need constant power.
• 6:36
  SPEAKER_00: So builders in the construction trade realized they could just save materials.
• 6:39
  SPEAKER_01: Right.
• 6:40
  SPEAKER_01: Whenever a house was built, electricians ran only the necessary wires to switch the fan, the heat, and the AC on.
• 6:46
  SPEAKER_01: They left the common wire out of the bundle entirely.
• 6:49
  SPEAKER_01: It was this elegant, hyper-efficient system that worked flawlessly for decades.
• 6:54
  SPEAKER_00: But that brilliant mid-century efficiency is exactly what causes today's digital bottlenecks.
• 6:59
  SPEAKER_00: We're taking a modern device that demands continuous energy and plugging it into a wall where the legacy infrastructure was designed to provide zero continuous energy.
• 7:07
  SPEAKER_00: Because a smart thermostat never truly sleeps.
• 7:10
  SPEAKER_00: It's a miniature computer on your wall.
• 7:13
  SPEAKER_00: It has a bright display, runs software, and needs a steady, heavy diet of power, not just a temporary SIP.
• 7:20
  SPEAKER_01: Which brings us to the phenomenon known in the HBAC trade as power stealing.
• 7:25
  SPEAKER_00: Ah, power stealing.
• 7:26
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 7:27
  SPEAKER_01: When you install a smart thermostat on an older wall, lacking that dedicated common return wire, the device still desperately tries to power itself.
• 7:36
  SPEAKER_01: So it initiates a very clever but highly problematic engineering trick.
• 7:40
  SPEAKER_00: Since it doesn't have a dedicated return path, the thermostat starts siphoning tiny amounts of current through the regular heating and cooling trigger wires to trickle charge its internal battery.
• 7:50
  SPEAKER_00: Here's where it gets really interesting.
• 7:52
  SPEAKER_00: It's basically pickpocketing power from your furnace just to keep its Wi-Fi connection alive.
• 7:57
  SPEAKER_01: If we connect this to the bigger picture, it explains so much of the downstream chaos.
• 8:02
  SPEAKER_01: To understand why this pickpocketing is bad, we have to look at the furnace control board.
• 8:06
  SPEAKER_01: Down at the furnace, those trigger wires are connected to mechanical relays.
• 8:10
  SPEAKER_00: And a relay is an electromagnetic switch, right?
• 8:12
  SPEAKER_01: Correct.
• 8:13
  SPEAKER_01: When a full 24 volt current flows down the wire, it charges a coil, creates a strong magnetic pull, and snaps a heavy metal contact closed to start the massive furnace motors.
• 8:25
  SPEAKER_00: But those relays have a specific threshold.
• 8:27
  SPEAKER_00: They need a minimum amount of electrical current to actually snap closed.
• 8:31
  SPEAKER_01: Right.
• 8:32
  SPEAKER_01: And power stealing relies on sneaking a trickle of current that is purposely kept just below that activation threshold.
• 8:39
  SPEAKER_01: It's like someone sneaking tiny sips from a high pressure water hose.
• 8:42
  SPEAKER_00: Okay, so as long as the thermostat only takes tiny sips, the furnace relay just ignores the current.
• 8:47
  SPEAKER_01: Exactly.
• 8:47
  SPEAKER_01: But a smart thermostat's power demands fluctuate wildly.
• 8:51
  SPEAKER_01: When it suddenly decides to download a software update over Wi-Fi, or you just walk past it and the screen aggressively lights up, the internal battery drains rapidly.
• 8:59
  SPEAKER_00: Oh, I see where this is going.
• 9:01
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
• 9:01
  SPEAKER_01: The thermostat panics and tries to draw a much larger gulp of power through the trigger wire.
• 9:06
  SPEAKER_00: And when that trickle becomes a gulp, it crosses the threshold.
• 9:09
  SPEAKER_00: The furnace relay detects the sudden rush of current and assumes it's being commanded to turn on.
• 9:14
  SPEAKER_01: The relay snaps closed, the furnace roars to life, but a fraction of a second later, the thermostat's battery is momentarily satisfied, the current draw drops back below the threshold, and the relay springs open again, shutting the furnace right back down.
• 9:28
  SPEAKER_00: Wow.
• 9:28
  SPEAKER_00: And this creates a condition called short cycling.
• 9:31
  SPEAKER_00: Yeah.
• 9:31
  SPEAKER_00: Where the equipment clicks on, runs for a few seconds, and violently shuts right back off.
• 9:37
  SPEAKER_00: Over and over.
• 9:38
  SPEAKER_00: That has to be incredibly destructive to the mechanical components of a heating and cooling system.
• 9:43
  SPEAKER_01: Oh, it causes immense wear and tear on the blower motors, the igniters, the compressors.
• 9:47
  SPEAKER_01: And from the homeowner's perspective, the new smart device appears haunted.
• 9:51
  SPEAKER_00: Right.
• 9:51
  SPEAKER_01: The screen flashes, the furnace stutters, and the immediate conclusion is that the thermostat is permanently broken.
• 9:57
  SPEAKER_01: In reality, the wiring in the wall is the actual ghost.
• 10:01
  SPEAKER_01: The digital device is just gasping for power in an analog system.
• 10:05
  SPEAKER_00: So once you realize your thermostat isn't possessed by a demon, and it's simply starved for that continuous 24 volt electrical loop, how do you actually verify the problem and fix it safely?
• 10:17
  SPEAKER_00: Because obviously, playing around with the central nervous system of a house requires some caution.
• 10:21
  SPEAKER_00: Can you just pop it off the wall and look?
• 10:24
  SPEAKER_01: You can.
• 10:24
  SPEAKER_01: The diagnostic process begins right at the wall.
• 10:27
  SPEAKER_01: Most modern smart thermostats are designed to pop straight off their base plate with a gentle tug.
• 10:33
  SPEAKER_01: You just pull the faceplate off and expose the underlying wiring block.
• 10:36
  SPEAKER_00: And you'll see little terminals marked with letters, right?
• 10:39
  SPEAKER_00: Like R for power, W for heat, Y for cooling, G for the fan, and C for common.
• 10:44
  SPEAKER_01: Exactly.
• 10:45
  SPEAKER_01: If the terminal mark C is empty, you have found the culprit.
• 10:48
  SPEAKER_01: But the building trade has a secret that fools well-meaning DIIers all the time.
• 10:53
  SPEAKER_00: Ooh, what's that?
• 10:54
  SPEAKER_01: Well, when electricians wired homes in the 70s, 80s, and 90s, they rarely ran individual strands of wire.
• 11:01
  SPEAKER_01: They pulled a standardized multiconductor cable off a spool.
• 11:04
  SPEAKER_01: This jacketed cable usually contained five or more wires, even if the old mercury dial only required four.
• 11:10
  SPEAKER_00: Oh.
• 11:11
  SPEAKER_00: So the installer hooked up the four necessary wires and simply took the extra wire, like a blue or brown one, wrapped it tightly around the outer jacket of the bundle, and shoved it back inside the drywall cavity, leaving it entirely unused.
• 11:25
  SPEAKER_01: Precisely.
• 11:26
  SPEAKER_01: If you gently pull that wire bundle out of the wall a few inches, you will very often find that unused wire.
• 11:33
  SPEAKER_00: So if I see an unused wire back there, I can just jam it into the C terminal and I'm done.
• 11:37
  SPEAKER_01: No, no, absolutely not.
• 11:39
  SPEAKER_00: Uh, I figured there was a catch.
• 11:41
  SPEAKER_01: It goes back to the physics of the continuous loop.
• 11:44
  SPEAKER_01: Landing it on the C terminal at the thermostat does absolutely nothing if the other end of that wire, 40 feet away, down in your basement at the furnace control board, is also just dangling uselessly in the air.
• 11:54
  SPEAKER_00: Makes sense.
• 11:54
  SPEAKER_00: It has to be physically connected at both ends to complete the circuit.
• 11:58
  SPEAKER_01: Right.
• 11:58
  SPEAKER_01: You have to go down to the furnace, remove the metal service panel, find where that exact same wire bundle enters the equipment, locate the unused colored strand, and secure it to the corresponding C screw terminal on the circuit board.
• 12:11
  SPEAKER_00: However, there is a massive safety imperative here.
• 12:14
  SPEAKER_00: Before you unscrew a single panel on your equipment or touch any wiring, you must kill the power to the entire system at your home's main breaker box.
• 12:23
  SPEAKER_01: I cannot stress this enough.
• 12:25
  SPEAKER_01: People often assume that because it's a low voltage 24 volt system, they can work on it while it is live.
• 12:31
  SPEAKER_00: Bad idea.
• 12:31
  SPEAKER_01: Very bad idea.
• 12:32
  SPEAKER_01: While 24 volts generally will not harm human skin, the equipment itself is highly sensitive.
• 12:38
  SPEAKER_01: If you're manipulating wires at the thermostat or the control board and the bare copper of the red power wire accidentally brushes against the bare copper of the common wire, it creates a direct, unresisted dead short.
• 12:50
  SPEAKER_00: Oh boy.
• 12:51
  SPEAKER_00: And because that electrical loop has no resistance to slow it down, an immense surge of current rushes backward directly into the transformer we discussed earlier.
• 12:59
  SPEAKER_01: It will instantly pop the internal safety fuse on the control board.
• 13:02
  SPEAKER_01: And if the board doesn't have a blade fuse, that surge will literally melt the delicate copper windings inside the transformer, destroying it with a loud pop and a puff of ozone.
• 13:11
  SPEAKER_00: So suddenly a simple wire connection turns into a major component failure that leaves your entire house without climate control.
• 13:18
  SPEAKER_01: Exactly.
• 13:19
  SPEAKER_01: Killing the power at the breaker panel takes two seconds and avoids a massive headache.
• 13:24
  SPEAKER_00: Definitely.
• 13:24
  SPEAKER_00: Now what if we investigate the wall cavity and there truly is no hidden, unused wire?
• 13:30
  SPEAKER_00: Like the builder only pulled a cable with exactly four strands, and every single one is actively carrying a signal for heat, cooling, or the fan.
• 13:39
  SPEAKER_01: If you lack the physical wire, the industry has engineered alternative solutions.
• 13:44
  SPEAKER_01: Many reputable smart thermostat manufacturers include an Adawire adapter kit right in the box.
• 13:50
  SPEAKER_00: Oh handy.
• 13:51
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, it's a small electronic module that you wire directly into the furnace control board.
• 13:55
  SPEAKER_01: It utilizes this fascinating concept called multiplexing.
• 13:59
  SPEAKER_00: Multiplexing.
• 13:59
  SPEAKER_00: That's essentially the science of sending two different signals down a single lane of traffic, right?
• 14:03
  SPEAKER_01: Exactly.
• 14:04
  SPEAKER_01: The kit uses electronic components called diodes.
• 14:07
  SPEAKER_01: The 24 volt power coming from the transformer operates on an alternating current, meaning the electrical flow is constantly reversing direction.
• 14:14
  SPEAKER_01: It creates a sine waves with a top half and a bottom half.
• 14:17
  SPEAKER_00: Okay, I follow you.
• 14:18
  SPEAKER_01: The diodes in the Attawire kit act as one-way valves.
• 14:21
  SPEAKER_01: They clip that sine wave in half.
• 14:23
  SPEAKER_01: So it sends the command to turn on the air conditioning using only the top half of the electrical waves, and it sends the command to turn on the fan using only the bottom half of the wave.
• 14:32
  SPEAKER_00: By stacking those two signals onto one single physical wire, it frees up the old dedicated fan wire.
• 14:39
  SPEAKER_00: You can then repurpose that newly liberated wire to serve as your dedicated C wire, establishing your continuous return loop without having to tear up in your drywall.
• 14:48
  SPEAKER_01: It is an incredible piece of electrical sleight at hand, but it also means you are fundamentally altering how the control board receives signals.
• 14:55
  SPEAKER_01: Right.
• 14:56
  SPEAKER_01: So if you open up your furnace panel and the labyrinth of wires inside looks confusing, or it doesn't match the clean diagrams printed in the adapter kit manual, it is time to pause the weekend project.
• 15:06
  SPEAKER_00: This is a practical piece of advice Dave Hartzell strongly emphasizes.
• 15:11
  SPEAKER_00: Power stealing is not a viable long-term solution, and miswiring a multiplexer can severely damage your equipment.
• 15:18
  SPEAKER_01: It's all about understanding the boundaries of the machinery you rely on.
• 15:21
  SPEAKER_01: If you need a professional to map out the wiring and establish that critical power loop, and you happen to be in the Kingfisher area, Dave advises listeners to call Hart Cells Heat and Air at 405-375-4822.
• 15:35
  SPEAKER_00: They're family run, Nate certified, and with 47 years of experience, they can certainly find your missing loop safely.
• 15:42
  SPEAKER_00: It's always good to have a dedicated professional you can trust when the unseen infrastructure of your home gets a little too complex for a Saturday afternoon.
• 15:50
  SPEAKER_01: Absolutely.
• 15:51
  SPEAKER_00: So let's recap the core takeaways from our deep dive today.
• 15:54
  SPEAKER_00: Your fancy new smart thermostat is a computer, not a purely mechanical switch.
• 15:59
  SPEAKER_00: It requires a steady, uninterrupted feed of electrical power to maintain its screen, its wireless radios, and its sensors.
• 16:06
  SPEAKER_01: And the C-wire, or common wire, is the necessary return path that completes the 24 volt electrical loop to keep that computer awake and stable.
• 16:14
  SPEAKER_01: If it misbehaves, if the screen goes black, or your furnace starts clicking on and off wildly, do not automatically assume the technology is defective.
• 16:21
  SPEAKER_00: Right, check for the missing loop first.
• 16:24
  SPEAKER_00: You know, this exploration raises an important question about the spaces we inhabit.
• 16:28
  SPEAKER_00: As we enthusiastically upgrade our homes piece by piece, moving from standard mechanical deadbolts to motorized smart locks, from standard light switches to intelligent automated lighting grids, we are essentially forcing mid-20th century physical infrastructure to support 21st century digital demands.
• 16:48
  SPEAKER_01: It's so true.
• 16:49
  SPEAKER_01: The physical bones of our houses, the copper wiring, the breaker panels, the ductwork, they've largely remained static, but our electrical and dated demands on those bones have skyrocketed.
• 16:59
  SPEAKER_00: Yeah.
• 17:00
  SPEAKER_01: Makes you wonder, what other invisible missing wires, outdated thresholds, or legacy foundations are lurking just behind your drywall, waiting to clash with your next wave of smart home upgrades?
• 17:10
  SPEAKER_00: It really makes you think twice about the silent hidden systems operating in the walls of the place you sleep every night.
• 17:16
  SPEAKER_00: I want you to stay curious, keep asking questions, and look a little closer at the everyday infrastructure around you.
• 17:22
  SPEAKER_00: Because sometimes the problem isn't a broken machine, it's just a missing connection.