Transcript

The Long Walls · I Believe

0:13
SPEAKER_00: They came for him in the night as men come for the things they fear.
0:17
SPEAKER_00: The house was small and made of stone and set against a hillside in a country not his own.
0:24
SPEAKER_00: He knew they would come.
0:26
SPEAKER_00: He had seen it in a dream.
0:28
SPEAKER_00: A woman.
0:29
SPEAKER_00: She had held his head in her arms and painted his face as though preparing him for the earth.
0:35
SPEAKER_00: He woke to the smell of smoke.
0:37
SPEAKER_00: The fire climbed the walls and found the timber roof and the room filled with a light that was not daylight.
0:44
SPEAKER_00: He rose and gathered the bedding and the cloaks and threw them on the flames, but the flames took them and grew.
0:52
SPEAKER_00: Outside he could hear the men shifting in the dark.
0:56
SPEAKER_00: They would not come in.
0:58
SPEAKER_00: They knew who he was and what he had been, and not one among them would face him in the close space of a burning room.
1:06
SPEAKER_00: He wrapped his cloak around his left arm.
1:09
SPEAKER_00: He drew his dagger with his right hand.
1:12
SPEAKER_00: He was forty-six years old, and he had fought at Potidea and at Delium, and had commanded fleets and toppled governments, and seduced a king's wife, and betrayed every city that ever loved him.
1:25
SPEAKER_00: He went through the fire, through the door untouched, the flames behind him and the blade before him, and the men scattered like dogs.
1:35
SPEAKER_00: Not one stood, not one raised a sword.
1:40
SPEAKER_00: They fell back into the darkness, and from the darkness they threw their javelins and their arrows.
1:46
SPEAKER_00: They killed him from a distance, men who would not speak their names.
1:51
SPEAKER_00: The woman came to him after the killers had gone.
1:54
SPEAKER_00: She pulled the robes from her own body and wrapped him in them and buried him with what she had, which was not much.
2:01
SPEAKER_00: She had loved him.
2:03
SPEAKER_00: Athens had loved him.
2:05
SPEAKER_00: Sparta had loved him and feared him, and Persia had sheltered him, and all of them in their time had tried to use him, and all of them in their time had sent him away.
2:16
SPEAKER_00: Now he lay in the dirt in Phrygia with a courtesan's garments for a shroud, and the empire he had broken was still breaking.
2:25
SPEAKER_00: Three years after the ships went down.
2:28
SPEAKER_00: He had stood on the stone steps of the assembly and told a democracy that patience was cowardice, that what they had wasn't enough, that strength meant reaching, always reaching.
2:40
SPEAKER_00: They believed him.
2:42
SPEAKER_00: They sent the fleet, and they spent the rest of their history trying to recover what they had already owned.
2:51
SPEAKER_00: Twenty-four centuries later, ships move through the Strait of Hormuz again.
2:55
SPEAKER_00: Slowly, only with permission.
2:58
SPEAKER_00: Iranian armed forces watch from the coast, and the ships that pass have paid to pass, a million dollars or more per crossing, in yuan and cryptocurrency, and the men who own them call it progress.
3:13
SPEAKER_00: A Greek-owned bulk carrier was the first through.
3:16
SPEAKER_00: 400 tankers waiting behind it in the Persian Gulf like cattle at a gate.
3:22
SPEAKER_00: There was a time when oil moved through the strait every hour of every day.
3:27
SPEAKER_00: A hundred tankers a week threading the narrows between Iran and Oman.
3:32
SPEAKER_00: And the arrangement that kept them moving was not a show of force.
3:35
SPEAKER_00: It was the quiet way.
3:37
SPEAKER_00: Patient, the way that asked nothing of the Navy and nothing of the taxpayer, and cost no one a single life.
3:45
SPEAKER_00: At a moment of strength, we chose weakness.
3:48
SPEAKER_00: This is that story.
3:50
SPEAKER_00: Blood and salt, salt and blood.
4:01
SPEAKER_01: I'm Joel Douglas, and I believe in America.
4:04
SPEAKER_01: Thanks for joining me.
4:09
SPEAKER_02: Act one, the beautiful man.
4:13
SPEAKER_02: Summer 416 BC.
4:17
SPEAKER_02: A man named Alcibiades entered seven chariots in the races at Olympia.
4:21
SPEAKER_02: No private citizen had ever done this.
4:23
SPEAKER_02: No king had done it.
4:24
SPEAKER_02: His teams took you first, second, and fourth.
4:27
SPEAKER_02: Euripides wrote him a victory ode.
4:29
SPEAKER_02: He fed the tens of thousands of spectators from gold and silver vessels he had borrowed from the Athenian state treasury.
4:35
SPEAKER_02: He did not ask permission.
4:36
SPEAKER_02: No one stopped him because no one in Athens could stop Alcibiades from doing anything.
4:41
SPEAKER_02: He was born into the highest family in the city.
4:44
SPEAKER_02: His father died in battle when the boy was three, and Pericles himself took the child as his ward.
4:50
SPEAKER_02: He grew up in the house of the man who built the Athenian Empire.
4:54
SPEAKER_02: He learned how power worked by watching it at the dinner table.
4:57
SPEAKER_02: He was beautiful.
4:58
SPEAKER_02: Plutarch says the beauty flowered out with each successive season of his life and made him lovely in boyhood and youth and manhood alike.
5:05
SPEAKER_02: He cultivated it.
5:06
SPEAKER_02: He knew what beauty was worth in a democracy where citizens voted with their eyes as much as their ears.
5:12
SPEAKER_02: He had a lisp.
5:13
SPEAKER_02: His R's L's.
5:15
SPEAKER_02: The comic poets mocked him for it.
5:17
SPEAKER_02: The young men of Athens copied it.
5:18
SPEAKER_02: They copied the way he walked and the way he wore his robes and the way he let his cloak drag along the ground behind him.
5:25
SPEAKER_02: He set fashions the way a stone makes ripples.
5:27
SPEAKER_02: He did not follow anything.
5:29
SPEAKER_02: He bought a dog.
5:30
SPEAKER_02: An extraordinary animal, large and beautiful.
5:34
SPEAKER_02: He paid 70 minas for it.
5:36
SPEAKER_02: A working man in Athens earned one drachma a day.
5:39
SPEAKER_02: Seventy minas was 7,000 drachmas.
5:42
SPEAKER_02: The whole city talked about the dog and its price and the arrogance of the man who paid it.
5:46
SPEAKER_02: Then Alcibiades cut off the dog's tail.
5:49
SPEAKER_02: His friends came to him in alarm.
5:51
SPEAKER_02: All of Athens is talking about this, they said.
5:54
SPEAKER_02: Everyone is angry.
5:55
SPEAKER_02: He laughed.
5:56
SPEAKER_02: That is exactly what I want, he said.
5:58
SPEAKER_02: Let them talk about the dog, then they will not say something worse about me.
6:02
SPEAKER_02: He understood something about democracies that Pericles had understood before him, but would never have exploited.
6:08
SPEAKER_02: A democracy is a creature of attention.
6:11
SPEAKER_02: Control what it watches, and you control what it does.
6:14
SPEAKER_02: Give it a scandal it can chew on so it won't notice the larger thing beneath it.
6:18
SPEAKER_02: Alcibiades wasn't just vain, he was a propagandist of the self.
6:22
SPEAKER_02: Every outrage was calculated, every scandal, a screen.
6:26
SPEAKER_02: The most complicated thing about him was Socrates.
6:29
SPEAKER_02: At Potidea, in 432, Athens besieged the rebellious colony through a brutal winter.
6:35
SPEAKER_02: Alcibiades was young and serving his first campaign.
6:38
SPEAKER_02: The fighting was close and ugly, the kind of siege work where men die in ditches for a few yards of frozen ground.
6:45
SPEAKER_02: Alcibiades was wounded, he went down in the line, and the enemy came for him, and Socrates stepped over his body and fought them off alone.
6:53
SPEAKER_02: The philosopher in his threadbare cloak standing between his student and the spears, he saved the boy's life, and then he used his influence to make sure Alcibiades received the prize for valor, not himself, the student.
7:07
SPEAKER_02: He thought that tying honor to the young man's name might anchor the ambition to something worthy.
7:12
SPEAKER_02: Twelve years later, Adelium Alcibiades repaid the debt.
7:17
SPEAKER_02: Athens lost the battle badly, the line broke, and the men ran.
7:22
SPEAKER_02: Alcibiades on horseback, he could have ridden clear.
7:25
SPEAKER_02: Instead, he found Socrates, retreating on foot through the chaos, an old man with a shield and no horse and a field full of cavalry, and he refused to leave him.
7:35
SPEAKER_02: He rode beside the philosopher and kept the pursuing army off him until they were both clear.
7:40
SPEAKER_02: He loved Socrates, not just love.
7:43
SPEAKER_02: He loved him and wanted to be him.
7:45
SPEAKER_02: In Plato's symposium, Alcibiades bursts into a dinner party, uninvited, and drunk and crowned with ribbons.
7:52
SPEAKER_02: He delivers a speech about Socrates that is half confession and half accusation.
7:56
SPEAKER_02: He says Socrates is the only human being who has ever made him feel ashamed of the way he lives.
8:01
SPEAKER_02: He says he knows he should listen.
8:03
SPEAKER_02: He knows the philosopher is right about the care of the soul and the dangers of ambition and the hollowness of public adoration.
8:10
SPEAKER_02: But he cannot do it.
8:11
SPEAKER_02: The roar of the crowd is louder than the voice of the philosopher.
8:15
SPEAKER_02: The people want him, and he cannot say no to the people because the people are a mirror, and in the mirror he is a god.
8:21
SPEAKER_02: Socrates could not save him.
8:23
SPEAKER_02: Athens would remember.
8:24
SPEAKER_02: When they put the philosopher on trial decades later, the ghost of Alcibiades was in the room.
8:30
SPEAKER_02: You were supposed to make him better.
8:31
SPEAKER_02: You were his teacher.
8:32
SPEAKER_02: Look what he became.
8:36
SPEAKER_00: Every democracy has an Alcibiades.
8:38
SPEAKER_00: The question is whether it listens to him.
8:41
SPEAKER_00: He grew up in the house that built the strategy.
8:44
SPEAKER_00: The Athens Empire won by not fighting.
8:47
SPEAKER_00: The walls protected the corridor between the city and the port.
8:51
SPEAKER_00: The navy controlled the sea.
8:53
SPEAKER_00: Tribute paid for everything.
8:55
SPEAKER_00: The rule was simple: do not overextend.
8:58
SPEAKER_00: Be patient.
8:59
SPEAKER_00: Sit in strength and let time grind the enemy down.
9:03
SPEAKER_00: It worked.
9:05
SPEAKER_00: By 421, the war with Sparta had lasted ten years, and both sides had bled enough to stop.
9:13
SPEAKER_00: Sparta's myth of invincibility died its facteria when 120 of its finest warriors surrendered rather than fight to the last man.
9:23
SPEAKER_00: Athens had lost its northern stronghold at Amphipolis.
9:27
SPEAKER_00: The hawks on both sides lay in the ground.
9:31
SPEAKER_00: A cautious old general named Nicius brokered a treaty sworn to last fifty years.
9:37
SPEAKER_00: It held poorly.
9:38
SPEAKER_00: Corinth refused to sign.
9:40
SPEAKER_00: So did Megara and Boeotia.
9:43
SPEAKER_00: The peace was a phantom, a truce built on exhaustion rather than trust.
9:49
SPEAKER_00: But Athens inside that phantom was formidable.
9:53
SPEAKER_00: The empire still functioned.
9:55
SPEAKER_00: The treasury held thousands of talents.
9:58
SPEAKER_00: Three hundred warships sat in the harbor.
10:02
SPEAKER_00: Their sacred reserve, a thousand talents and a hundred ships locked on the Acropolis, remained untouched.
10:09
SPEAKER_00: The assembly had made it a capital offense to even propose spending it.
10:14
SPEAKER_00: The strategy wasn't glamorous.
10:16
SPEAKER_00: It did not produce victory odes or feasts served on golden plates.
10:21
SPEAKER_00: It was the kind of strength that looks like patience and feels like restraint and wins by never having to fight.
10:28
SPEAKER_00: Alcibiades had watched it work his entire life.
10:32
SPEAKER_00: He had eaten dinner with it, he had grown up inside the house of the man who designed it, and he couldn't stand it.
10:39
SPEAKER_00: He couldn't see that strength isn't fighting.
10:42
SPEAKER_00: Strength is not having to fight.
10:46
SPEAKER_02: In 2015, after years of quiet negotiation, Iran agreed to limit its nuclear program.
10:54
SPEAKER_02: Oman, Iran's neighbor across the Strait of Hormuz, brokered the deal.
10:58
SPEAKER_02: It was imperfect.
11:00
SPEAKER_02: Iran was still hostile, still funding proxies across the region, still testing missiles.
11:05
SPEAKER_02: But enrichment was capped, inspectors were on the ground, and the Strait of Hormuz was open.
11:11
SPEAKER_02: Twenty percent of the world's oil moved through that corridor every day.
11:15
SPEAKER_02: The arrangement cost America nothing.
11:18
SPEAKER_02: No warships in the narrows, no coalition escorts, no tolls.
11:23
SPEAKER_02: Oil moved because diplomacy made the conditions for it to move.
11:27
SPEAKER_02: That was strength.
11:28
SPEAKER_02: Even if it did not feel strong, it felt like compromise, patience, the kind of thing that gets called weakness by people who don't know what strength really is.
11:38
SPEAKER_02: The corridor open and unguarded is stronger than the corridor forced open at the point of a gun.
11:46
SPEAKER_00: Back to Athens, spring 415 BC.
11:50
SPEAKER_00: Envoys arrived from Sicily begging for help against Syracuse.
11:54
SPEAKER_00: They brought sixty talents of silver and stories of vast wealth waiting to be taken.
11:59
SPEAKER_00: The stories were lies.
12:01
SPEAKER_00: Alcibiades stood before the assembly.
12:04
SPEAKER_00: An empire that does not grow, he said, will be consumed by those that do.
12:09
SPEAKER_00: Syracuse is becoming a rival.
12:12
SPEAKER_00: Sicily's grain feeds our enemies.
12:15
SPEAKER_00: And look at us.
12:16
SPEAKER_00: The world believes we are invincible.
12:19
SPEAKER_00: Let us make it true.
12:21
SPEAKER_00: Nisius argued against him.
12:23
SPEAKER_00: He called it Eros out of season.
12:26
SPEAKER_00: Eros.
12:27
SPEAKER_00: Not anger, not strategy.
12:29
SPEAKER_00: Brazen want, like a dog in heat.
12:32
SPEAKER_00: The peace with Sparta would not survive the fleet's departure.
12:36
SPEAKER_00: Even if Athens took Sicily, it could never hold it.
12:41
SPEAKER_00: A power feared from a distance, he said, is stronger than a power that arrives and can be measured.
12:47
SPEAKER_00: Let Syracuse wonder.
12:49
SPEAKER_00: The wondering is stronger than the doing.
12:53
SPEAKER_00: They heard him.
12:54
SPEAKER_00: They respected him.
12:56
SPEAKER_00: They voted the other way.
12:58
SPEAKER_00: Then Nisius made his mistake.
13:00
SPEAKER_00: He didn't want the expedition at all and tried to sabotage it.
13:03
SPEAKER_00: His plan was to make the requirements so absurdly large that the assembly would look at the price and say it wasn't worth it.
13:11
SPEAKER_00: It was a bluff.
13:13
SPEAKER_00: He bet that sticker shock would kill the thing he couldn't kill with an argument.
13:17
SPEAKER_00: The bluff backfired catastrophically.
13:20
SPEAKER_00: Instead of recoiling at the cost, the assembly heard a hundred and thirty warships and five thousand infantry, and thought we're so powerful we can afford that.
13:31
SPEAKER_00: The scale that was supposed to frighten them made them feel invincible.
13:35
SPEAKER_00: And because Nitius had now publicly defined what the expedition required, he couldn't walk it back.
13:41
SPEAKER_00: He'd set the floor and the assembly held him to it.
13:45
SPEAKER_00: Then they made him command it.
13:47
SPEAKER_00: He was the man who argued hardest against the expedition, who tried to kill it with its own budget, who believed it was madness.
13:56
SPEAKER_00: They put him in charge.
13:58
SPEAKER_00: Sick, reluctant, superstitious nicius, leading an army he never wanted into a war he knew was wrong.
14:06
SPEAKER_00: The few who saw the madness were afraid to raise their hands.
14:10
SPEAKER_00: In a democracy on fire, prudence is treason.
14:14
SPEAKER_00: Socrates told his students it would end in ruin.
14:18
SPEAKER_00: Meeton the astronomer set his own house on fire to keep his son off the ships.
14:23
SPEAKER_00: It was the sanest act in Athens that spring.
14:27
SPEAKER_00: The fleet sailed from Piraeus in midsummer.
14:30
SPEAKER_00: The entire city came to the harbor.
14:32
SPEAKER_00: The fleet sat in the water fully manned, bronze rams catching the light.
14:37
SPEAKER_00: The harbor smelled of tar and sweat and salt, and the wood of three hundred ships baking in the sun.
14:45
SPEAKER_00: A trumpet sounded and the harbor fell silent.
14:49
SPEAKER_00: Every crew, every marine, every officer, and the thousands on the shore joined in prayer.
14:56
SPEAKER_00: Officers poured wine into the sea from gold and silver cups.
15:00
SPEAKER_00: The fleet rowed out through the harbor mouth and into the saronic gulf.
15:05
SPEAKER_00: Once clear, they raced, ship against ship across open water.
15:10
SPEAKER_00: The fastest ships in the world, crewed by the finest sailors in the world, because they were Athenian, and they were young, and the sea was theirs, and nothing could touch them.
15:19
SPEAKER_00: Athens believed it was invincible.
15:22
SPEAKER_00: Alcibiades had said so.
15:25
SPEAKER_00: Their Eros made the saying true.
15:30
SPEAKER_02: Back to America.
15:32
SPEAKER_02: We walked away from the Iranian deal.
15:34
SPEAKER_02: Then we killed their supreme leader.
15:36
SPEAKER_02: The arguments were old.
15:38
SPEAKER_02: The deal was insufficient.
15:40
SPEAKER_02: Iran couldn't be trusted.
15:41
SPEAKER_02: Containment was appeasement.
15:43
SPEAKER_02: Patience was cowardice.
15:45
SPEAKER_02: Strength meant striking.
15:47
SPEAKER_02: The crowd caught the same fire.
15:49
SPEAKER_02: Not reason, appetite, the desire for action that feels like power.
15:55
SPEAKER_02: The ones who saw the madness did not speak.
15:57
SPEAKER_02: In a democracy at war, dissent is treason.
16:00
SPEAKER_02: The fleet sailed.
16:02
SPEAKER_02: It was made of different things.
16:03
SPEAKER_02: Stealth bombers, aircraft carriers, more airplanes than ships.
16:08
SPEAKER_02: The cheering was in different rooms, but it was the same fleet.
16:12
SPEAKER_02: We believed we were invincible.
16:17
SPEAKER_00: Act two.
16:21
SPEAKER_00: Before the ships reached Sicily, Athens destroyed itself.
16:25
SPEAKER_00: On the morning of June 7th, the citizens woke to find that nearly every Hermai in the city had been mutilated in the night.
16:33
SPEAKER_00: The Hermai were sacred stone pillars of the god Hermes.
16:37
SPEAKER_00: They stood at every doorway and crossroads and boundary in Athens.
16:42
SPEAKER_00: Someone had smashed their faces and broken off their phalluses in a single coordinated sweep.
16:49
SPEAKER_00: Hundreds of them between dusk and dawn.
16:52
SPEAKER_00: The city panicked.
16:54
SPEAKER_00: This wasn't vandalism.
16:56
SPEAKER_00: It was a message.
16:57
SPEAKER_00: Only a large, organized, and fearless conspiracy could have done this.
17:02
SPEAKER_00: Suspicion fell immediately on Alcibiades and his aristocratic drinking clubs.
17:08
SPEAKER_00: Officials offered witnesses immunity.
17:11
SPEAKER_00: They came forward and testified that Alcibiades and his circle had been staging drunken parodies of the sacred Eleusinian mysteries in private homes, mocking the holiest rites in Athens for sport.
17:24
SPEAKER_00: Alcibiades demanded a trial before the fleet sailed.
17:29
SPEAKER_00: Clear my name now, he said.
17:31
SPEAKER_00: It would be madness to send a general to war with a death sentence hanging over his head.
17:36
SPEAKER_00: His enemies knew better.
17:38
SPEAKER_00: They knew he was popular with the army.
17:40
SPEAKER_00: They let him sail.
17:42
SPEAKER_00: They would wait until the troops were gone, and the city was afraid, and then they would come for him.
17:48
SPEAKER_00: The fleet reached Sicily.
17:50
SPEAKER_00: Alcibiades was establishing a base at Catana when a warship arrived from Athens with orders to bring him home for trial.
17:58
SPEAKER_00: He knew what that meant.
18:00
SPEAKER_00: A rigged trial.
18:01
SPEAKER_00: A terrified jury.
18:03
SPEAKER_00: If he went along, he would be executed.
18:07
SPEAKER_00: He agreed to follow the warship in his own ship.
18:10
SPEAKER_00: At Thuri in southern Italy.
18:12
SPEAKER_00: He slipped away in the night.
18:14
SPEAKER_00: Athens condemned him to death in absence, confiscated his property.
18:19
SPEAKER_00: The priests cursed his name publicly.
18:22
SPEAKER_00: Alcibiades, the most brilliant military mind in the Greek world, defected to Sparta.
18:28
SPEAKER_00: He told the Spartans everything where Athens was weak, where to strike.
18:34
SPEAKER_00: He gave them two pieces of advice that would destroy the empire he had built.
18:39
SPEAKER_00: First, assign a permanent garrison to cut Athens off from its silver mines and farmland.
18:46
SPEAKER_00: Second, send a general to Syracuse immediately.
18:50
SPEAKER_00: One competent Spartan commander would change everything.
18:53
SPEAKER_00: They sent Gilippus, one man.
18:56
SPEAKER_00: It was enough.
18:59
SPEAKER_00: Following Alcibiades' desertion, command of the Athenian expedition fell entirely to Nitius.
19:06
SPEAKER_00: The man who never wanted the war was now alone with it.
19:09
SPEAKER_00: The aggressive third in command died in an early skirmish.
19:13
SPEAKER_00: The weight of it all fell on Nitias, and he was sick with a kidney ailment that left him in constant pain.
19:20
SPEAKER_00: He was cautious by nature.
19:23
SPEAKER_00: The caution deepened into paralysis.
19:26
SPEAKER_00: Still, Athens had nearly won.
19:28
SPEAKER_00: They had Syracuse bottled up by land and sea.
19:32
SPEAKER_00: They were building a wall around the city to starve it into surrender.
19:37
SPEAKER_00: Syracuse was fractured, demoralized, on the verge of capitulating.
19:43
SPEAKER_00: Then Gilippus arrived.
19:44
SPEAKER_00: The Spartans slipped through a gap in the unfinished Athenian blockade with a small force.
19:50
SPEAKER_00: He rallied the defenders, restructured their command, he began building a counter wall that cut across the Athenian siege lines.
19:59
SPEAKER_00: The initiative shifted overnight.
20:02
SPEAKER_00: Nisius, who had almost won by patience, now found himself losing by the same slow arithmetic.
20:09
SPEAKER_00: He wrote desperate letters home, begging to be recalled.
20:13
SPEAKER_00: Athens refused.
20:15
SPEAKER_00: Instead of cutting its losses, the democracy doubled down.
20:20
SPEAKER_00: They emptied the treasury and sent a second massive fleet under Demosthenes, one of their most capable generals.
20:27
SPEAKER_00: It was the same logic that had launched the expedition in the first place.
20:31
SPEAKER_00: They had too much invested to stop now.
20:34
SPEAKER_00: Brazen Eros.
20:36
SPEAKER_00: Demosthenes arrived and saw immediately that the Athenians were losing a war of attrition.
20:42
SPEAKER_00: He launched a night assault on the high ground at Epipole.
20:46
SPEAKER_00: The Athenians took a fort in the moonlight and pushed forward into the dark.
20:52
SPEAKER_00: Command disintegrated.
20:53
SPEAKER_00: Men could see armed bodies in the dark, but couldn't tell who was who.
20:59
SPEAKER_00: Panic, friendly fire, men killing men who fought for the same side.
21:05
SPEAKER_00: The night assault failed.
21:07
SPEAKER_00: But all hope was not lost.
21:10
SPEAKER_00: The fleet was still intact.
21:11
SPEAKER_00: The harbor was still open.
21:13
SPEAKER_00: They could still go home.
21:15
SPEAKER_00: Demosthenes wanted to leave immediately.
21:20
SPEAKER_00: They gave the order to evacuate.
21:22
SPEAKER_00: On the night of August 27, 413 BC, a lunar eclipse darkened the sky over Syracuse.
21:31
SPEAKER_00: Nicius consulted his soothsayers.
21:34
SPEAKER_00: His best seer had recently died.
21:36
SPEAKER_00: The men who remained told him what superstitious men want to hear.
21:41
SPEAKER_00: Wait, don't move the army for 27 days, appease the gods.
21:45
SPEAKER_00: The omen demands it.
21:47
SPEAKER_00: Nitius obeyed.
21:48
SPEAKER_00: Twenty seven days.
21:50
SPEAKER_00: Syracuse used every one of them.
21:52
SPEAKER_00: They blocked the harbor mouth with a chain of ships.
21:56
SPEAKER_00: When the Athenians finally tried to fight their way out, The confined space of the harbor negated their superior seamanship.
22:05
SPEAKER_00: Syracuse had reinforced their prows to smash head on into the lighter Athenian ships.
22:11
SPEAKER_00: The fleet was crushed.
22:13
SPEAKER_00: Forty thousand men were now stranded on hostile ground, with no ships, no supplies, and no hope of rescue.
22:20
SPEAKER_00: They abandoned their sick and wounded and marched inland.
22:25
SPEAKER_00: The Syracuse cavalry harried them day and night, raining spears on the column, picking off stragglers, cutting off water.
22:34
SPEAKER_00: The army held together for days on discipline and desperation.
22:38
SPEAKER_00: And then it broke at the river Astinaris.
22:41
SPEAKER_00: The men were mad with thirst.
22:43
SPEAKER_00: The vanguard abandoned formation and rushed into the riverbed.
22:47
SPEAKER_00: They trampled each other trying to reach the water.
22:50
SPEAKER_00: They became tangled in their own baggage and weapons and bodies.
22:55
SPEAKER_00: Syracuse's infantry stood on the banks above them and drove spears and javelins into the mass of men below.
23:02
SPEAKER_00: Troops waded into the shallows and butchered the living among the dying.
23:07
SPEAKER_00: The river ran with mud and blood, and the Athenians, who were still alive, fought each other to drink it.
23:15
SPEAKER_00: Syracuse executed the generals, despite Sparta wanting to take them alive.
23:20
SPEAKER_00: They herded 7,000 Athenian survivors into the stone quarries of Syracuse.
23:26
SPEAKER_00: Roofless pits carved into the rock.
23:29
SPEAKER_00: They baked in the Sicilian sun by day and froze at night.
23:34
SPEAKER_00: The Syracusans fed them half a pint of water and a pint of raw grain per day.
23:40
SPEAKER_00: The men relieved themselves where they stood because there was no room to move.
23:44
SPEAKER_00: The dead were left to rot among the living.
23:48
SPEAKER_00: After eight months, Syracuse sold Athenian allies into slavery.
23:53
SPEAKER_00: They left the Athenians in the pits.
23:55
SPEAKER_00: A few were freed.
23:57
SPEAKER_00: Plutarch says the Sicilians loved the poetry of Euripides.
24:01
SPEAKER_00: Athenian prisoners who could recite his verses from memory were given food, water, sometimes their freedom.
24:09
SPEAKER_00: The empire's last currency was its culture, traded line by line for a cup of water in a quarry.
24:15
SPEAKER_00: Few out of many returned home.
24:20
SPEAKER_02: Back to America.
24:21
SPEAKER_02: On February 28, 2026, the United States and Israel launched a joint military offensive against Iran.
24:29
SPEAKER_02: They killed the Supreme Leader in the opening strikes.
24:32
SPEAKER_02: The stated objectives were to eliminate Iran's nuclear capability and neutralize the regime as a regional threat.
24:39
SPEAKER_02: Within days, Iran closed the Strait of Hormuz, the most important shipping choke point in the world.
24:44
SPEAKER_02: They mined the waterway.
24:46
SPEAKER_02: The IRGC declared the corridor shut to all traffic and began attacking commercial shipping.
24:52
SPEAKER_02: Tankers burned off the coast of Basra.
24:54
SPEAKER_02: Drones struck port facilities in Oman.
24:57
SPEAKER_02: The insurance markets designated the entire Persian Gulf a war zone.
25:02
SPEAKER_02: Brent crude passed$100 a barrel, then$126, California gas crossed$5 a gallon.
25:09
SPEAKER_02: Dubai crude hit$166, its highest price in history.
25:14
SPEAKER_02: The largest disruption to global energy supply since the 1970s happened in weeks.
25:19
SPEAKER_02: Fertilizer prices climbed 20%.
25:22
SPEAKER_02: Aluminum, helium, sulfur, the invisible supply chains that hold the modern world together depend on that corridor, and the corridor was gone.
25:30
SPEAKER_02: A man in Wyoming, paying more for diesel to run his tractor, a woman in Ohio paying more for groceries and not knowing why.
25:38
SPEAKER_02: The price of the Eros arriving at the kitchen table.
25:42
SPEAKER_02: 426 tankers sat in the Persian Gulf with nowhere to go.
25:47
SPEAKER_02: 19 LNG carriers, 34 LPG vessels, hundreds of container ships.
25:54
SPEAKER_02: Their hulls ticked in the heat.
25:56
SPEAKER_02: Rust bloomed along the water lines where the salt had done its work for six weeks with no one to stop it.
26:03
SPEAKER_02: Then the ceasefire.
26:04
SPEAKER_02: Both sides claimed victory.
26:06
SPEAKER_02: Missiles were still launching hours after the deal was announced.
26:09
SPEAKER_02: Israel said it didn't include Lebanon and kept striking.
26:12
SPEAKER_02: Iran said passage through the strait would require coordination with its armed forces.
26:17
SPEAKER_02: The terms contradicted each other before the ink was dry.
26:20
SPEAKER_02: Ships began to move slowly.
26:22
SPEAKER_02: A Greek-owned bulk carrier was the first through, creeping past Laric Island under IRGC escort, then another.
26:30
SPEAKER_02: They paid to pass, up to$2 million per crossing.
26:33
SPEAKER_02: In Chinese UN and cryptocurrency, the IRGC watching from the coast, Iran's parliament began codifying transit fees into permanent law.
26:42
SPEAKER_02: Iran and Oman started drafting a bilateral protocol to formalize joint governance of the waterway.
26:48
SPEAKER_02: The Strait of Hormuz would not return to its pre-war status.
26:51
SPEAKER_02: The ceasefire holds or it doesn't.
26:53
SPEAKER_02: It doesn't matter.
26:54
SPEAKER_02: Iran holds it hostage.
26:56
SPEAKER_02: Athens didn't die immediately after Sicily.
26:58
SPEAKER_02: The city unlocked its sacred reserve, launched ships they had sworn never to touch.
27:03
SPEAKER_02: They fought on for nearly a decade.
27:05
SPEAKER_02: They won battles.
27:06
SPEAKER_02: But at a moment of strength, they chose weakness.
27:09
SPEAKER_02: The position they held before the fleet sailed, treasury full, empire intact, strategy working was gone.
27:16
SPEAKER_02: It would never come back.
27:17
SPEAKER_02: Everything after Sicily was scrambling, spending what should never have been spent, fighting wars that were never necessary, trying to recover what they had already owned.
27:27
SPEAKER_02: We are in that scramble now.
27:29
SPEAKER_02: Before our attacks, Iran had a supreme leader with the last name Khamenei, no nuclear weapons, and the strait was open.
27:36
SPEAKER_02: Now, Iran has a supreme leader with the last name Khamenei, no nuclear weapons, and Iran gets a million dollars for every ship that passes through the most important shipping choke point in the world.
27:48
SPEAKER_02: The deal we had cost nothing.
27:50
SPEAKER_02: The deal we are making will cost something every day, forever, and the price will go up, and it will be paid at every gas pump and every grocery store and every fertilizer depot in every country on earth.
28:07
SPEAKER_01: The Strait.
28:09
SPEAKER_01: The Strait of Hormuz is 14 miles wide at the Narrows.
28:13
SPEAKER_01: Every ship that passes through it today pays tribute to Iran.
28:16
SPEAKER_01: Before the war, oil moved the way water moves through a pipe, unnoticed.
28:21
SPEAKER_01: The infrastructure of global commerce so ordinary that no one thought about it, the way no one thinks about electricity until the lights go out.
28:29
SPEAKER_01: Iran is building something permanent.
28:31
SPEAKER_01: Their parliament is codifying transit fees into law.
28:34
SPEAKER_01: They are drafting a bilateral protocol with Oman to formalize joint governance of the waterway.
28:41
SPEAKER_01: The IRGC collects payment at Larak Island and Chinese Yuan and cryptocurrency.
28:46
SPEAKER_01: A million dollars, two million.
28:49
SPEAKER_01: The price is whatever they say it is, because the ships have no other way through and everyone at the table knows it.
28:55
SPEAKER_01: This is not a crisis.
28:56
SPEAKER_01: A crisis ends.
28:58
SPEAKER_01: This is a new condition.
28:59
SPEAKER_01: The Strait of Hormuz will not return to its pre-war status.
29:03
SPEAKER_01: Every barrel of oil that moves through that corridor now carries a tax that did not exist eight weeks ago.
29:09
SPEAKER_01: That tax doesn't stay at the strait.
29:11
SPEAKER_01: It moves through the refinery and onto the tanker truck, and then the highway and the gas station, and onto the receipt and into the kitchen.
29:18
SPEAKER_01: Diesel in Wyoming, groceries in Ohio, fertilizer in Kansas, propane in Minnesota, school lunches in every district that buys food, moved by trucks that burn fuel that carries the toll.
29:31
SPEAKER_01: The man who has never heard of the Strait of Hormuz is paying for it every time he starts his truck.
29:36
SPEAKER_01: The woman who has never seen a tanker is paying for it every time she feeds her kids.
29:40
SPEAKER_01: Oil has fallen below a hundred dollars a barrel since the ceasefire, but it is far from the seventy dollars it was the day before the strikes.
29:49
SPEAKER_01: The best outcome for us now is worse than what we had for free before the first strike landed.
29:55
SPEAKER_01: That is the price of Eros the wanting.
30:00
SPEAKER_01: The appetite that felt like power and bought us a toll road instead of the free highway we had.
30:06
SPEAKER_01: The Eros will come again, it always does, and it will feel like strength.
30:11
SPEAKER_01: The next Alcibiades will stand on the steps and tell the democracy that patience is cowardice.
30:17
SPEAKER_01: The crowd will catch fire.
30:18
SPEAKER_01: The few who see the madness will be afraid to raise their hands.
30:22
SPEAKER_01: The only answer to that is to build something the Eros cannot break.
30:25
SPEAKER_01: There's a pipeline that does not exist.
30:27
SPEAKER_01: It would run from the Gulf Coast of Texas to Southern California.
30:31
SPEAKER_01: Right now, California imports crude oil from the Persian Gulf.
30:36
SPEAKER_01: Every barrel pays the toll.
30:38
SPEAKER_01: Every barrel crosses 14 miles of water controlled by a country we just bombed.
30:42
SPEAKER_01: Meanwhile, Houston sits on more oil than it can move.
30:46
SPEAKER_01: The Jones Act, a law passed in 1920, requires that goods shipped between American ports travel on American-built, American crewed vessels.
30:55
SPEAKER_01: It is cheaper to ship oil from the Middle East to Los Angeles than to ship it from Houston.
31:02
SPEAKER_01: We need to hear that sentence twice.
31:04
SPEAKER_01: It is cheaper to ship oil from the Middle East to Los Angeles than to ship it from Houston.
31:09
SPEAKER_01: There are pipelines that do not exist through Saudi Arabia to the Red Sea.
31:14
SPEAKER_01: Port capacity that does not exist at Fujaira in the UAE, on the far side of the strait, beyond Iran's reach.
31:21
SPEAKER_01: Infrastructure across the globe that would make the Strait of Hormuz irrelevant.
31:25
SPEAKER_01: None of it is ready.
31:27
SPEAKER_01: All of it takes years.
31:28
SPEAKER_01: Every year it takes, the toll architecture becomes permanent.
31:32
SPEAKER_01: We have known this for fifty years, since the oil embargo of nineteen seventy three, since the first time a foreign power used energy as a weapon, and we stood in line at gas stations and swore never again.
31:45
SPEAKER_01: We swore, we did not build.
31:47
SPEAKER_01: Pericles built the long walls, two limestone corridors connecting Athens to its port at Piraeus.
31:53
SPEAKER_01: They were not beautiful, they were not heroic.
31:56
SPEAKER_01: No one wrote victory odes about them, but they made Athens immune to siege.
32:00
SPEAKER_01: They guaranteed that the navy could be fed, and the treasury could be filled, and the empire could function no matter what any enemy did on land.
32:08
SPEAKER_01: They were the dull, patient, unglamorous work of a democracy that understood the difference between strength and the appearance of strength.
32:16
SPEAKER_01: Jones Act reform is a long wall.
32:19
SPEAKER_01: A pipeline to California is a long wall.
32:22
SPEAKER_01: A port at Fujera is a long wall.
32:25
SPEAKER_01: Saudi pipelines to the Red Sea are long walls.
32:28
SPEAKER_01: They are limestone and labor in the boring work of building something decisive, whether our Republic is wise or foolish.
32:36
SPEAKER_01: That is not a strategic failure.
32:38
SPEAKER_01: That is a failure of stewardship.
32:40
SPEAKER_01: We owed it to the man in Wyoming filling half a tank.
32:44
SPEAKER_01: The woman in Ohio staring at a grocery receipt she cannot explain to her children.
32:48
SPEAKER_01: To every American whose daily life is tethered to a 14-mile corridor on the other side of the world that we never built around, because the oil was cheap and the strait was open, and the future was someone else's problem.
33:00
SPEAKER_01: The future is here.
33:02
SPEAKER_01: If we choose to do nothing, it will be denominated in Yuan.
33:06
SPEAKER_01: I commanded a nuclear weapons strike squadron.
33:10
SPEAKER_01: We trained our crews for a mission we prayed we would never fly.
33:13
SPEAKER_01: The strongest thing we ever did in uniform was stand the watch over America and her allies.
33:19
SPEAKER_01: Patient, ready.
33:21
SPEAKER_01: The quiet discipline of decisive capability held in reserve.
33:25
SPEAKER_01: We are strongest when we rest in strength, when we have power and choose not to use it.
33:31
SPEAKER_01: When the pipelines are built and the quarters are free and the oil moves, and no one has to rescue downed strike eagle pilots because the infrastructure made bravery unnecessary.
33:42
SPEAKER_01: Build the long walls.
33:44
SPEAKER_01: Blood and salt, salt and blood.
33:48
SPEAKER_01: I believe in America.