Latest / National Geographic Magazine Vol. 08 - 05. May 1897 / National Geographic Magazine Vol 08 - 05 May 1897 - National Geographic Society

Transcript

National Geographic Magazine Vol 08 - 05 May 1897 - National Geographic Society · National Geographic Magazine Vol. 08 - 05. May 1897

• 0:00
  Speaker 1: Section one of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume eighth, May
• 0:06
  Speaker 1: eighteen ninety seven. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 0:11
  Speaker 1: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 0:14
  Speaker 1: to volunteer, please visit liprivox dot org. Recording by Avayi
• 0:20
  Speaker 1: in December two thousand seventeen, the National Geographic Magazine, Volume eight,
• 0:27
  Speaker 1: number five, May eighteen ninety seven. A winter voyage through
• 0:33
  Speaker 1: the Straits of Magellan by the late Admiral R. W.
• 0:37
  Speaker 1: Mead U S. Navy, some twenty six years ago. I
• 0:43
  Speaker 1: received peremptory orders to assume command of the Narragansett and
• 0:48
  Speaker 1: sail forthwith to the Pacific Station. We left Sandy Hook
• 0:52
  Speaker 1: on the first plast of a Norwester, which followed on
• 0:55
  Speaker 1: the heels of a march Equinoctial, being the first steamer
• 0:59
  Speaker 1: of the Navy to leave the port of New York
• 1:02
  Speaker 1: with stun sails set, a low and a loft, and
• 1:05
  Speaker 1: no steam up. Whether it was this tribute to Boreas
• 1:10
  Speaker 1: that brought us good fortune, I do not know. But
• 1:13
  Speaker 1: we made a famous run to the line where Neptune,
• 1:16
  Speaker 1: having come on board and duly shaved and ducked several
• 1:20
  Speaker 1: score green horns our luck for the time deserted us,
• 1:24
  Speaker 1: and for the next two or three weeks the ship
• 1:26
  Speaker 1: fanned along with light airs and tedious calms, until the
• 1:30
  Speaker 1: fortieth day out saw us safely in the beautiful harbor
• 1:34
  Speaker 1: of Firio de Janeiro, tinkering away at a wretched old
• 1:37
  Speaker 1: pair of engines which had broken down when we tried
• 1:41
  Speaker 1: to use them to steam into harbor. Resuming our crews,
• 1:46
  Speaker 1: we were favored by a sea as smooth as glass
• 1:49
  Speaker 1: and with the most charming weather imaginable. But there is
• 1:53
  Speaker 1: a cry of land hoe from a loft, and what
• 1:57
  Speaker 1: we see proves to be Mount Wood, a military peak
• 2:00
  Speaker 1: of moderate elevation on the coast of Patagonia, and in
• 2:05
  Speaker 1: the vicinity of the very port San Jolyan, where Magellan
• 2:08
  Speaker 1: wintered his ships, about two hundred miles north of the Straits.
• 2:13
  Speaker 1: As we approached the land, it seems a pleasanter looking
• 2:16
  Speaker 1: coast than many I have seen, and though no doubt
• 2:20
  Speaker 1: we see it under most favorable circumstances of wind and weather.
• 2:25
  Speaker 1: I inclined to the belief that a popular idea in
• 2:27
  Speaker 1: regard to the dreariness and forbidding character of the shores
• 2:31
  Speaker 1: of Patagonia is a delusion which the commerce of the
• 2:34
  Speaker 1: future will dispel. The day after we made Mount Wood,
• 2:39
  Speaker 1: the weather became thick and the wind's qually, and, not
• 2:43
  Speaker 1: being able to see the land, we ran by the lead.
• 2:47
  Speaker 1: When near Cape Virgins, by our reckoning, the barometer commenced
• 2:51
  Speaker 1: to rise. Now arise in the glass in this latitude
• 2:56
  Speaker 1: fifty degrees south, the barometer having previously stood low. Oh
• 3:00
  Speaker 1: is an almost certain indication of a change of wind,
• 3:03
  Speaker 1: if not bad weather. So all hands were called to
• 3:07
  Speaker 1: reef topsails. Scarcely had the second reef been taken in
• 3:12
  Speaker 1: when the wind shifted in a moment from the north
• 3:15
  Speaker 1: landward north northeast to west southwest and blue in furious gusts.
• 3:21
  Speaker 1: The horizon suddenly cleared, the mists were dispelled, the air
• 3:25
  Speaker 1: became cold and raw, and by the rays of the
• 3:28
  Speaker 1: setting sun it was now three o'clock of a June day,
• 3:32
  Speaker 1: we saw in the distance Cape Virgins, with its abrupt
• 3:35
  Speaker 1: cliff like shore, sixteen miles dead to windward of us.
• 3:40
  Speaker 1: Thus far we had made the voyage from New York
• 3:43
  Speaker 1: entirely under sail, ships of war, not being expected to
• 3:46
  Speaker 1: steam unless necessary, we managed, with the aid of fore
• 3:51
  Speaker 1: and aft canvas, to crawl slowly to windward, and, there
• 3:56
  Speaker 1: being a bright full moon, crossed the great Sarmiento Bank
• 4:00
  Speaker 1: mouth of Cape Virgins, where the rise of the tide
• 4:03
  Speaker 1: is forty three feet, and by eleven o'clock that night
• 4:06
  Speaker 1: was safely at anchor in the straits, some four miles
• 4:10
  Speaker 1: west of Magellan's landfall. To make our voyage intelligible, it
• 4:16
  Speaker 1: will here be necessary to describe the general character of
• 4:19
  Speaker 1: the strait. It is safe to say that there is
• 4:22
  Speaker 1: no other part of the world where as a rule,
• 4:26
  Speaker 1: the weather is so tempestuous and dangerous as it is
• 4:29
  Speaker 1: of Cape Horn. There old Ocean exerts his full sovereignty,
• 4:34
  Speaker 1: and the winds and the waves are almost ceaselessly raging
• 4:38
  Speaker 1: and surging in wild tumult against the bleak forbidding iron
• 4:42
  Speaker 1: bound coast. The climate of Cape Horn is the most
• 4:46
  Speaker 1: stretched on Earth. Fierce storms of rain, hail and snow
• 4:51
  Speaker 1: drift in from the Atlantic, an Arctic and Pacific oceans
• 4:55
  Speaker 1: in everlasting succession, broken only by the furious Willie wars
• 4:59
  Speaker 1: or or Cape Horn squalls. The real difficulties of the
• 5:04
  Speaker 1: voyage commence at Cape Forward, the southern extremity of our continent,
• 5:09
  Speaker 1: which is one hundred seventy miles from Cape Virgins. Here
• 5:14
  Speaker 1: the weather undergoes an entire change, and no matter how
• 5:17
  Speaker 1: pleasant it has been before, the mariner may expect to
• 5:21
  Speaker 1: don his southwester the moment he doubles this precipitous headland
• 5:26
  Speaker 1: worthy of terminating so grand a continent. For steamers and
• 5:31
  Speaker 1: smart sailing schooners, the voyage through is merely one of
• 5:34
  Speaker 1: ordinary care and prudence. But for square rigged sailing craft
• 5:39
  Speaker 1: the difficulties are almost insuperable. Yet one large sailing ship,
• 5:44
  Speaker 1: the frigate Fisgaard, went through in the astonishing time of
• 5:48
  Speaker 1: seventeen days from Cape Virgins to Cape Pillar. The distance
• 5:54
  Speaker 1: by the usual route is three hundred fifteen nautical miles,
• 5:59
  Speaker 1: and to reverse this from the eastward, every course between west,
• 6:03
  Speaker 1: northwest and south southeast must at one time or other
• 6:07
  Speaker 1: be steered. And as the wind is persistently west or
• 6:11
  Speaker 1: southwest or always dead ahead, the difficulties to the sailing
• 6:16
  Speaker 1: ship are readily seen. Moreover, the character of the strait
• 6:20
  Speaker 1: changes materially as the voyager goes west. For to the
• 6:24
  Speaker 1: eastward of Cape Froward, as a rule, the weather is better,
• 6:28
  Speaker 1: the sunshines brighter, anchorages are more convenient, and the dangers
• 6:33
  Speaker 1: of navigation fewer in number. The strait may be geographically
• 6:39
  Speaker 1: divided as follows. One from Cape Virgins to Elizabeth Island,
• 6:44
  Speaker 1: the termination of the second narrows ninety five miles, where
• 6:48
  Speaker 1: the tides are very strong, the rise and fall extraordinary
• 6:52
  Speaker 1: forty three feet, the land comparatively low and entirely destitute
• 6:57
  Speaker 1: of timber. The weather generally good, and anchorage is safe
• 7:02
  Speaker 1: and convenient. Two from Elizabeth Island, where trees first make
• 7:08
  Speaker 1: their appearance and the land commences to rise, to Cape
• 7:11
  Speaker 1: Froward eighty miles. Here anchorages are frequent and safe, timber
• 7:17
  Speaker 1: is plentiful, the tides are weak, not exceeding five feet,
• 7:22
  Speaker 1: and the weather is comparatively pleasant. Three from Cape Froward
• 7:27
  Speaker 1: to Cape Cord fifty miles, with anchorages few and far between.
• 7:32
  Speaker 1: Currents strong and in places dangerous, where they almost constantly
• 7:37
  Speaker 1: tempestuous mountains of great height and bare of vegetation, their
• 7:42
  Speaker 1: peaks covered with snow or ice, natives savage and dangerous,
• 7:46
  Speaker 1: and voyaging even in steamers attended with risk. Lastly, from
• 7:52
  Speaker 1: Cape Cord to the Pacific ninety miles, where there are
• 7:56
  Speaker 1: few anchorages, and some of these as port Mercy dangerous
• 8:00
  Speaker 1: in the extreme. There is very little tide. The weather
• 8:04
  Speaker 1: is stormy nearly all the year, and the high mountains
• 8:07
  Speaker 1: are covered with eternal snow. The land aptly named by
• 8:11
  Speaker 1: Sir John Narborough ye Land of Desolation. When daylight came
• 8:18
  Speaker 1: on the morning after our arrival, we found ourselves anchored
• 8:22
  Speaker 1: off a long, low split of shingle, called by the
• 8:25
  Speaker 1: English navigator's Dungeness, from some fancied resemblance to the headland
• 8:30
  Speaker 1: of that name in the English Channel. To the eastward
• 8:34
  Speaker 1: was Cape Virgins, not unlike the Chalk Cliffs of England.
• 8:39
  Speaker 1: To the westward Loomed Cape Possession, a bold, dark looking headland,
• 8:43
  Speaker 1: while to the south, dimly visible in the gray of
• 8:46
  Speaker 1: the morning, was Macgallan's Land of Fire, a low indented
• 8:51
  Speaker 1: coast just rising above the distant horizon. The straits are
• 8:55
  Speaker 1: sixteen miles wide at this point. Following the usual rule
• 8:59
  Speaker 1: of the man dinner in these parts, we had prepared
• 9:02
  Speaker 1: beforehand our tables for tides, sunrise and sunset. The light
• 9:06
  Speaker 1: yards and top gallant masts were struck all stun sails
• 9:10
  Speaker 1: and booms sent on deck, and everything made snug aloft
• 9:14
  Speaker 1: for steaming against the strong westerly winds we expected to encounter.
• 9:20
  Speaker 1: But our apprehensions of bad weather proved groundless. The southwester
• 9:25
  Speaker 1: had died out, and the day broke calm and comparatively clear.
• 9:30
  Speaker 1: The sun shone out of a leaden hued sky, with
• 9:33
  Speaker 1: just warmth enough to be pleasant, and weighing our anchor
• 9:37
  Speaker 1: with a favorable flood tide, we were soon passing the
• 9:40
  Speaker 1: land at the rate of thirteen knots an hour, though
• 9:43
  Speaker 1: the engineer would have gone wild if anyone had suggested
• 9:46
  Speaker 1: to him the possibility of the Narrogansett's engines driving her
• 9:50
  Speaker 1: over eight knots. The rise and fall of the tide
• 9:54
  Speaker 1: in this part of the strait is very great. It
• 9:57
  Speaker 1: is no less than forty three feet, and the singular
• 10:00
  Speaker 1: circumstance attends the changes of the tidal stream. The flood,
• 10:05
  Speaker 1: which runs with great velocity to the westward, commences about
• 10:09
  Speaker 1: three hours before it is low water by the beach,
• 10:12
  Speaker 1: and so here we were rapidly going west with the
• 10:15
  Speaker 1: flood tide, while apparently the water was everywhere ebbing by
• 10:19
  Speaker 1: the shore. Another feature in the tides east of Cape
• 10:23
  Speaker 1: Forward is that the time of high water grows later
• 10:27
  Speaker 1: as the ship proceeds to the westward, so that it
• 10:30
  Speaker 1: is possible in a fast steamer starting from Cape Virgins
• 10:34
  Speaker 1: with a favorable flood to reach the Chilian settlement at
• 10:37
  Speaker 1: Sandy Point one hundred ten miles in a daylight run
• 10:41
  Speaker 1: in June, which corresponds to our December. As we pass
• 10:48
  Speaker 1: Cape Possession, the wind draws in fresh gusts from the
• 10:51
  Speaker 1: northward and westward, and we set the fore and aft sails,
• 10:55
  Speaker 1: which increases the vessel's speed to fourteen knots. We rapidly
• 11:00
  Speaker 1: approach the first narrows, for the low cliff like shores
• 11:04
  Speaker 1: on each side are now plainly visible, and all hands
• 11:08
  Speaker 1: are on deck to witness the terrible tide race we
• 11:11
  Speaker 1: have heard so much about. By ten o'clock we are
• 11:14
  Speaker 1: fairly in the narrow pass, which is a perfectly straight
• 11:18
  Speaker 1: reach of perpendicular wall like shore nine miles long by
• 11:22
  Speaker 1: two miles broad, with very deep water, precipitous beach at
• 11:27
  Speaker 1: low tide, and a straight rapid current of eight knots
• 11:31
  Speaker 1: an hour. We are fairly flying along the land and
• 11:35
  Speaker 1: by noon, have made over sixty nautical miles since we started.
• 11:40
  Speaker 1: We are clear of the narrows dimly visible astern and
• 11:44
  Speaker 1: skirting the southern shore of Philip Bay. By two o'clock
• 11:49
  Speaker 1: we are nearly up with the second narrows. But now
• 11:52
  Speaker 1: the flant tide is done, and it would be the
• 11:54
  Speaker 1: merest folly to attempt to force the Narrogansett through against
• 11:58
  Speaker 1: the ebb. So we give up all hope of reaching
• 12:00
  Speaker 1: Sandy Point this evening, and steam slowly in for the
• 12:04
  Speaker 1: anchorage under Gregory's summit. On the cliff abreast of the ship,
• 12:10
  Speaker 1: we observe a native camp and see some animals grazing
• 12:14
  Speaker 1: on the downs. Soon there are other signs of life,
• 12:18
  Speaker 1: and a dozen Indians come sweeping along on horseback. They
• 12:22
  Speaker 1: are splendidly mounted and seem a fine athletic race. Now
• 12:27
  Speaker 1: they are on the edge of the bluff making signals
• 12:29
  Speaker 1: to us, but it is too late to communicate with
• 12:32
  Speaker 1: the shore. And moreover, the character of ye native hereabouts
• 12:38
  Speaker 1: is open to suspicion, though to do the Indians simple justice.
• 12:42
  Speaker 1: They have been rendered hostile to all white men by
• 12:45
  Speaker 1: two centuries of brutality at the hands of the Spaniards
• 12:49
  Speaker 1: and their descendants. As a people, these Patagonians are less
• 12:54
  Speaker 1: savage and intractable than the Fuegians or natives of the
• 12:57
  Speaker 1: southern and western shores. There are, in truth some very
• 13:02
  Speaker 1: striking differences between these two races, and it may be
• 13:05
  Speaker 1: well to allude to them here. In the first place,
• 13:09
  Speaker 1: the term Patagonian, unless explained, is apt to mislead, for
• 13:14
  Speaker 1: the whole of the continent south of the parallel of
• 13:17
  Speaker 1: forty degrees is known as Patagonia and is geographically divided
• 13:22
  Speaker 1: by the mountains into Eastern and Western Patagonia, inhabited, as
• 13:26
  Speaker 1: far as we know, by two very different races, though
• 13:30
  Speaker 1: doctor Darwin, in his narrative of the Beagle's Voyage in
• 13:33
  Speaker 1: eighteen thirty one, declares his conviction that they are the
• 13:37
  Speaker 1: same race, and that the present difference is caused by environment.
• 13:42
  Speaker 1: This is probable, as food, climate and environment are doubtless
• 13:47
  Speaker 1: responsible for most racial differences. But strictly speaking, the Patagonians
• 13:53
  Speaker 1: are the natives of Eastern Patagonia. For the inhabitants of
• 13:57
  Speaker 1: the islands along the Smyth Channel north of Magalan Straits
• 14:01
  Speaker 1: and western Patagonia as far as the Gulf of Penas
• 14:05
  Speaker 1: are of the same family as the natives of Tierra
• 14:08
  Speaker 1: del Fuego and are invariably designated as Fuegians. The Patagonians
• 14:14
  Speaker 1: then inhabit the northern side of the straight east of
• 14:17
  Speaker 1: Cape Froward and the chain of mountains known as the
• 14:20
  Speaker 1: Southern Andes, and are probably of the same family as
• 14:24
  Speaker 1: the Araucanians, so justly celebrated for their prowest in their
• 14:29
  Speaker 1: encounters with the steel clad warriors of Spain in the
• 14:32
  Speaker 1: sixteenth century. Of these Patagonians, one explorer who passed some
• 14:38
  Speaker 1: time with them, says quote, they are very tall, finely formed,
• 14:44
  Speaker 1: and athletic, with jet black eyes, black coarse hair, thick lips,
• 14:49
  Speaker 1: and the skin of reddish brown color. They often paint
• 14:53
  Speaker 1: themselves in a hideous manner and then grease themselves all over.
• 14:58
  Speaker 1: They approve the early fashions, Garden of Eden, and so on,
• 15:02
  Speaker 1: with occasionally a mantle of skin thrown over their shoulders.
• 15:06
  Speaker 1: They worship a God of good and a God of evil,
• 15:09
  Speaker 1: and all that happens is considered as directly sent by
• 15:12
  Speaker 1: one or the other of these deities. They do not
• 15:16
  Speaker 1: believe in the final salvation of the wicked. They are
• 15:19
  Speaker 1: averse to Christianity, uncontrollable in a state of anger, and
• 15:24
  Speaker 1: passionately fond of strong drink. Their favorite food is horseflesh
• 15:29
  Speaker 1: and the blood of animals, and though they have cooking utensils,
• 15:32
  Speaker 1: they prefer to eat their meat raw. They subsist by
• 15:36
  Speaker 1: hunting the guanaco An animal never seen in Patagonia to
• 15:40
  Speaker 1: the westward of Cape Froward, but very numerous on the
• 15:44
  Speaker 1: plains of eastern Patagonia. These people live either in camp
• 15:48
  Speaker 1: or on horseback, and do not seem to be fishermen,
• 15:52
  Speaker 1: at least they are not known to have canoes, their
• 15:55
  Speaker 1: bows and arrows. Betoken that they live by hunting, as
• 15:59
  Speaker 1: their arrow heads are both poisoned and unpoisoned, and it
• 16:03
  Speaker 1: is not at all likely they would waste the latter
• 16:05
  Speaker 1: on their enemies. Even so, late as eighteen seventy one
• 16:09
  Speaker 1: it was said they possessed few firearms. They are a bold,
• 16:14
  Speaker 1: warlike and fearless race, possessing certain magnanimous traits, and in
• 16:19
  Speaker 1: this they differ widely from the natives of the southern
• 16:22
  Speaker 1: and western shores of Magallan Straits end quote the same
• 16:29
  Speaker 1: explorers as of the Fuegians. Quote They are an ugly,
• 16:33
  Speaker 1: savage race who in hard times become cannibals, and their
• 16:37
  Speaker 1: most splendid feasts are characterized by dirt, filth, and misery.
• 16:42
  Speaker 1: Christianity seems to have had no power among them. End quote.
• 16:51
  Speaker 1: Everyone who has voyaged in these waters regards the Fuegians
• 16:54
  Speaker 1: as treacherous and dangerous. They are short in stature and
• 16:58
  Speaker 1: of a dirty copper color, their only clothing, even in
• 17:02
  Speaker 1: the coldest weather, being a seal skin or deer skin,
• 17:06
  Speaker 1: worn with the hair outward, and this solitary garment vermin included,
• 17:11
  Speaker 1: they will readily exchange for a little biscuit or tobacco.
• 17:15
  Speaker 1: Darwin admits their cannibalism, which he excuses on the plea
• 17:19
  Speaker 1: of necessity. When pressed by hunger, they kill first their
• 17:24
  Speaker 1: old women and then their dogs, because said one of them, doggie,
• 17:29
  Speaker 1: he catch otter, old woman, she no catchy otter. But
• 17:34
  Speaker 1: usually they live by fishing and what they can gather
• 17:37
  Speaker 1: from the rocks, as for instance, snails and mussels, but
• 17:41
  Speaker 1: they will eagerly devour putrid seal's flesh and the most
• 17:44
  Speaker 1: disgusting offal. They live in huts constructed in a very
• 17:49
  Speaker 1: primitive way of the branches of trees, and have no
• 17:52
  Speaker 1: articles of traffic except their weapons and implements, which are
• 17:56
  Speaker 1: sometimes bought as curiosities. Thievish, cunning and greedy, and great
• 18:02
  Speaker 1: caution is requisite in dealing with them. Attempts have been
• 18:06
  Speaker 1: made by English missionaries to lessen their barbarism, but with
• 18:10
  Speaker 1: no success, a fact which is the more singular as
• 18:14
  Speaker 1: even the Fiji islanders have been rendered subject to the
• 18:17
  Speaker 1: civilizing influences of Christianity. Captain Mayne, who recently resurveyed these
• 18:25
  Speaker 1: waters in h B M Ship Nassau, states that these
• 18:30
  Speaker 1: people pass most of their time in canoes and make
• 18:33
  Speaker 1: voyages from the Straits to the Gulf of penyas a
• 18:36
  Speaker 1: distance of many miles. Though usually but few canoes are
• 18:41
  Speaker 1: seen passing through. It is extraordinary how rapidly a hundred
• 18:45
  Speaker 1: or more will gather together if they can see an
• 18:47
  Speaker 1: opportunity for attacking boats, small vessels or a wreck. How
• 18:53
  Speaker 1: the rendezvous is known is a mystery, says Captain Mayne.
• 18:57
  Speaker 1: But fires are seen smoking all along the coat four miles,
• 19:01
  Speaker 1: and out of every creek a canoe will be seen
• 19:04
  Speaker 1: shooting towards the rallying point. But there is no romance
• 19:07
  Speaker 1: whatever about their appearance. For instead of the graceful shape
• 19:11
  Speaker 1: of the Indian canoe, these miserable craft are simply planks
• 19:16
  Speaker 1: tied together with thongs or fibers of trees, without the
• 19:19
  Speaker 1: slightest regard to foreign and instead of being urged along
• 19:23
  Speaker 1: by paddles, they are rowed by oars rudely made of
• 19:26
  Speaker 1: pieces of board tied to the end of a short pole.
• 19:31
  Speaker 1: On the bottom of the boat, in the middle is
• 19:33
  Speaker 1: a small fire, and on each side of it are
• 19:36
  Speaker 1: crouched six or eight men, women, or children, according to
• 19:40
  Speaker 1: the size of the craft. These are generally, as we
• 19:44
  Speaker 1: have said, almost entirely naked, the women appearing to care
• 19:48
  Speaker 1: less about clothing than the men. A very striking difference
• 19:53
  Speaker 1: between these people and the Patagonians was noticed by Captain
• 19:57
  Speaker 1: Fitzroy in eighteen thirty and subsequently by Captain Mayne in
• 20:02
  Speaker 1: eighteen sixty seven. This is that while the Patagonian will
• 20:06
  Speaker 1: generally drink all the rum he can get, and is
• 20:09
  Speaker 1: always more or less drunk when near a settlement, the
• 20:13
  Speaker 1: Fuegian cannot be persuaded to drink at all, and if
• 20:17
  Speaker 1: he is enticed into tasting strong liquor of any kind
• 20:20
  Speaker 1: will always put it away with a wry face. In fact,
• 20:25
  Speaker 1: this is the solitary redeeming trait in these savages, who
• 20:29
  Speaker 1: are indeed to be dreaded, for they have frequently attacked
• 20:32
  Speaker 1: and overcome the crews of passing vessels. The next morning
• 20:39
  Speaker 1: we were on the way with the first of the flood,
• 20:42
  Speaker 1: and steamed a round Cape Gregory into the second narrows
• 20:46
  Speaker 1: up to Elizabeth Island. The scenery was as tame and
• 20:50
  Speaker 1: uninteresting as possible, but now for the first time we
• 20:54
  Speaker 1: caught sight of the distant mountains to the southward, with
• 20:57
  Speaker 1: their snowy peaks and glaciers, passing the island. We described
• 21:02
  Speaker 1: the clearing above the settlement at Punta Arenas, and soon
• 21:06
  Speaker 1: after the village was in full view, showing to much
• 21:09
  Speaker 1: advantage its white houses and fences dotting the hillsides. It
• 21:14
  Speaker 1: is now a colony of Chile, originally founded as a
• 21:18
  Speaker 1: penal settlement in eighteen forty nine, when the government removed
• 21:22
  Speaker 1: its post from Port Famine, twenty eight miles to the southward.
• 21:26
  Speaker 1: A dreadful tragedy took place in eighteen fifty one, the
• 21:30
  Speaker 1: convicts rising above the garrison, seizing several vessels and murdering
• 21:34
  Speaker 1: the governor and his subordinates with circumstances of atrocious cruelty,
• 21:39
  Speaker 1: since which time the practice of sending felons there has
• 21:42
  Speaker 1: been abandoned. The village consists of about one hundred houses,
• 21:47
  Speaker 1: built upon ground which slopes gradually back from the water.
• 21:52
  Speaker 1: The governor was very enthusiastic about the success of the colony,
• 21:56
  Speaker 1: and showed some gold nuggets found in the little stream
• 21:59
  Speaker 1: east of the village. The attractions of Sandy Point were
• 22:02
  Speaker 1: insufficient to detain us long, and on the next evening
• 22:06
  Speaker 1: we left by moonlight, steaming slowly for that magnificent headland,
• 22:11
  Speaker 1: Cape Froward. The morning sun shone bright and beautiful over
• 22:17
  Speaker 1: the lofty, snow capped hills, while in the valleys, which
• 22:20
  Speaker 1: were entirely free from snow, a flood of golden light
• 22:23
  Speaker 1: upon the dark green foliage of the forest rendered the
• 22:27
  Speaker 1: landscape very charming. The shore, after passing Cape's sun easy
• 22:32
  Speaker 1: draw dotted with numerous little bays, in one of which
• 22:36
  Speaker 1: known as Jack Harbor. The celebrated Bougainville in seventeen sixty
• 22:41
  Speaker 1: four moored his ships and cut timber for the French
• 22:44
  Speaker 1: colony on the Maloi, now the Falkland Islands. The cove,
• 22:49
  Speaker 1: which is hardly larger than an ordinary wet dog, is
• 22:52
  Speaker 1: a romantic looking nook sheltered completely, and to add to
• 22:57
  Speaker 1: his beauty, a sparkling mountain rivulet tusumbles noisily into the
• 23:01
  Speaker 1: sea at its head. At noon, we had reached our
• 23:06
  Speaker 1: extreme southern limit and where off cape forward. Though up
• 23:10
  Speaker 1: to this time the weather had been beautifully clear and pleasant,
• 23:14
  Speaker 1: the moment we rounded this magnificent terminus of our continent
• 23:18
  Speaker 1: we felt a change. The bright sky gave place to
• 23:22
  Speaker 1: an overcast, leaden hued one, The air grew colder, and
• 23:26
  Speaker 1: for the first time since entering the Strait, we felt
• 23:29
  Speaker 1: the willy war. These winds are peculiar to this region,
• 23:34
  Speaker 1: the name being corrupted from the term world's avas of
• 23:38
  Speaker 1: the old navigators and seal hunters. They are rotary squalls
• 23:43
  Speaker 1: which blow at times with indescribable fury, seeming apparently to
• 23:48
  Speaker 1: come from every point of the compass. There is one
• 23:51
  Speaker 1: peculiarity about these squalls which seems to have escaped notice hitherto.
• 23:57
  Speaker 1: This is the singularly mournful whistlings, like the sighing of
• 24:01
  Speaker 1: an Aeolian harp, which invariably precedes and follows them. Cape Froward,
• 24:08
  Speaker 1: fifty three degrees fifty four minutes south seventy one degrees
• 24:13
  Speaker 1: eighteen minutes west is the southern extremity of the continent
• 24:17
  Speaker 1: of America. It is one of the grandest headlands in
• 24:21
  Speaker 1: the world. And I say this after a lengthened experience
• 24:24
  Speaker 1: at sea. Let those who have seen the sea face
• 24:28
  Speaker 1: of Gibraltar imagine a thousand feet added to the rock,
• 24:32
  Speaker 1: and they will have an idea of the grandeur of
• 24:35
  Speaker 1: Cape Froward. But we are now on the home stretch
• 24:38
  Speaker 1: for San Francisco. As the ship doubles the pitch of
• 24:41
  Speaker 1: the cape and edges closer and closer to the eastern
• 24:45
  Speaker 1: shore to avoid the fury of the west wind, of
• 24:48
  Speaker 1: the force of which the white caps and heavy sea
• 24:51
  Speaker 1: in the middle of Froward reach give indications. It was
• 24:57
  Speaker 1: quite dark when the ship reached Fortescue Bay and anchored.
• 25:02
  Speaker 1: This is the most secure anchorage in the strait and
• 25:04
  Speaker 1: may eventually become the principal shopping point of mail steamers.
• 25:09
  Speaker 1: There is an outer and an inner harbor, the latter
• 25:13
  Speaker 1: known as Port Gallant, being accessible for ordinary steam vessels.
• 25:18
  Speaker 1: The view from the anchorage is very fine. There are
• 25:21
  Speaker 1: several prettily wooded islets separating Fortescue Bay from Port Gallant,
• 25:27
  Speaker 1: while Mount Cross, covered with snow, rises gradually to a
• 25:31
  Speaker 1: height of three thousand feet and completely overlooks the anchorage.
• 25:37
  Speaker 1: A few weeks before our arrival off Port Gallant, it
• 25:41
  Speaker 1: had been the scene of a tragical occurrence, the captain
• 25:45
  Speaker 1: and three men of an English vessel, the Propontis, having
• 25:48
  Speaker 1: been murdered by the Fuegians while obtaining water. On our arrival,
• 25:54
  Speaker 1: the Fuegians had apparently deserted that part of the strait.
• 25:58
  Speaker 1: The governor had evidently seemed it impossible to apprehend the
• 26:01
  Speaker 1: wretches concerned in these frightful murders. The fate of these
• 26:06
  Speaker 1: unfortunate men should be a warning to small merchant vessels.
• 26:12
  Speaker 1: The next day was mostly consumed in making the run
• 26:15
  Speaker 1: from Port Gallant to Borgia Bay, the wind being adverse
• 26:19
  Speaker 1: and the tide strongly against us, but the beautiful scenery
• 26:23
  Speaker 1: compensated for the tediousness of the trip. It was by
• 26:27
  Speaker 1: far the finest that we had yet seen. The serrated
• 26:31
  Speaker 1: ranges of mountains on Cordoba peninsula, covered with snow, and
• 26:35
  Speaker 1: glaciers sparkling in the sunlight are very grand. The character
• 26:40
  Speaker 1: of the strait seems to change entirely when a breast
• 26:43
  Speaker 1: of Jerome Channel, at the entrance to which Cordoba Peninsula
• 26:47
  Speaker 1: apparently blocks up the strait, which now assumes all the
• 26:50
  Speaker 1: grandeur and beauty of an alpine lake. The ship anchored
• 26:55
  Speaker 1: in the deep waters of Byron's Island Bay, under the
• 26:58
  Speaker 1: shadows of Borgiama Mountain, towering grandly three thousand feet above
• 27:03
  Speaker 1: our heads. A landing party soon woke the echoes of
• 27:07
  Speaker 1: the mountain with the sharp crack of the rifle, the
• 27:10
  Speaker 1: sound reverberating in prolonged echoes. The scenery on the mountain
• 27:15
  Speaker 1: side is very picturesque, but the ascent is made under difficulties.
• 27:20
  Speaker 1: The deep bay is thoroughly sheltered, and to add to
• 27:24
  Speaker 1: its beauty, three sparkling rivulets fall into it at different points.
• 27:29
  Speaker 1: A peculiar feature of the place, which is a favorite
• 27:32
  Speaker 1: post office, is the great number of boards nailed to
• 27:36
  Speaker 1: the trees, which serve as a rough lock of the
• 27:39
  Speaker 1: numerous vessels that in the last fifty years have touched here.
• 27:43
  Speaker 1: A very conspicuous one drew our attention. It read US
• 27:47
  Speaker 1: Sloop of War Decatur, December eleventh, eighteen fifty four. All Well.
• 27:54
  Speaker 1: This ship had then been eighty days in the strait,
• 27:57
  Speaker 1: and was finally towed through by the Uni States steamer
• 28:01
  Speaker 1: Massachusetts Captain R. W. Mead, father of the writer, Before
• 28:07
  Speaker 1: leaving the Narragansett's board. Five days in the straits, all
• 28:12
  Speaker 1: Well was nailed above the decaturs. The trees at Borgier
• 28:18
  Speaker 1: Bay differ from those at some other points, being of
• 28:21
  Speaker 1: great girth and gnarled and stunted in their growth. As
• 28:25
  Speaker 1: soon as the moon was up, the ship steamed westward
• 28:28
  Speaker 1: past the bold cliff of El Morion the Helmet, and
• 28:32
  Speaker 1: was at last fairly pointed for the great long reach
• 28:35
  Speaker 1: to the Pacific. The lights and shadows reflected by the
• 28:40
  Speaker 1: moon upon the dark waters of the Strait here almost unfathomable.
• 28:45
  Speaker 1: The dark spots under the overhanging cliffs of the lofty
• 28:48
  Speaker 1: mountains at the flood of silver moonlight beyond, rendered the
• 28:52
  Speaker 1: scene one of surpassing beauty. The night was calm and quiet,
• 28:57
  Speaker 1: the stars overhead shone with the picture huliar brilliancy of
• 29:01
  Speaker 1: the high latitude, and everything promised for a quick run
• 29:04
  Speaker 1: to the Pacific. At ten next morning, we had passed
• 29:09
  Speaker 1: Glacier Bay and the chill, dreary coast between it and
• 29:12
  Speaker 1: the Spanish Gulf with the unpronounceable name Saltegua, when a
• 29:17
  Speaker 1: change in the weather became apparent at two o'clock in
• 29:22
  Speaker 1: the afternoon. The Pacific Ocean was only thirty five miles off,
• 29:26
  Speaker 1: but the long swell we now encountered and the stormy
• 29:29
  Speaker 1: appearance of the weather compelled us to choose between a
• 29:32
  Speaker 1: port of refuge or a stormy night in the open street.
• 29:37
  Speaker 1: Portchuruka on Desolation Island seemed the best harbor, and the
• 29:42
  Speaker 1: ship bore up for the narrow entrance, there being no
• 29:46
  Speaker 1: bridge on the narrogansit. The captain took his place on
• 29:49
  Speaker 1: the fauxhall as pilot. The navigating lieutenant held the chart,
• 29:54
  Speaker 1: and an old sailor had a tarpaulin over it to
• 29:57
  Speaker 1: keep it from getting wet. Cav hands were in the
• 30:01
  Speaker 1: chains and at the engine room bell and all hands
• 30:04
  Speaker 1: were called to bring ship to anchor. The steamer was
• 30:08
  Speaker 1: heading for two small rocky islets about fifty yards apart,
• 30:12
  Speaker 1: dimly visible through the sleet and mist. Of a driving squall.
• 30:17
  Speaker 1: The surf broke furiously all along the rocky shore. Slow down,
• 30:22
  Speaker 1: says the captain from his lookout on the foxel and
• 30:25
  Speaker 1: slow it is no soundings. In truth, none could be
• 30:30
  Speaker 1: found here with two hundred fathoms of line. In a
• 30:34
  Speaker 1: few minutes a narrow channel is descried, leading apparently into
• 30:38
  Speaker 1: the very bowels of the mountain, which towers thousands of
• 30:42
  Speaker 1: feet above us port from the foxhil port it is Sir,
• 30:48
  Speaker 1: from the quartermaster at the wheel, and the ship's head
• 30:51
  Speaker 1: flies to starboard, obedient to the helm. All hands are
• 30:56
  Speaker 1: at their stations, both anchors ready at the sidellans fore
• 31:00
  Speaker 1: and aft is profound. We enter the passage, and the
• 31:04
  Speaker 1: helm is alternately hard up and hard down as we
• 31:07
  Speaker 1: thread our way through the narrow pass scarce two hundred
• 31:11
  Speaker 1: yards wide, bordered by rocks and islets, upon which the
• 31:15
  Speaker 1: sea roars and surges dismally. Now we emerge into an
• 31:19
  Speaker 1: inland sea, which, in the thick weather seems almost illimitable.
• 31:24
  Speaker 1: The shore is being perpendicular walls of rock two and
• 31:28
  Speaker 1: three thousand feet in height. The vessel turns short round
• 31:32
  Speaker 1: to port and shoots a hedge toward a little cove
• 31:35
  Speaker 1: under the shadow of an immense mountain. By the mark
• 31:39
  Speaker 1: seventeen comes from the chains and the anchor is let.
• 31:43
  Speaker 1: Go Hauses are run from the ship to one of
• 31:47
  Speaker 1: the few stunted trees to keep the vessel clear of
• 31:50
  Speaker 1: the rocks, and the Narragansett is safely sheltered for the night.
• 31:56
  Speaker 1: Sir John Narborough spoke soberly and truly when he named
• 32:00
  Speaker 1: this sty isle of desolation. Nothing can be more grandly
• 32:04
  Speaker 1: or profoundly desolate than the scenery in the neighborhood of
• 32:08
  Speaker 1: old Field Anchorage Port t Ruka. The term port is
• 32:13
  Speaker 1: an entire misnomer, for beyond two small coves where anchorage
• 32:17
  Speaker 1: may be obtained in from fifteen to forty fathoms of water,
• 32:21
  Speaker 1: there is no bottom to be found with less than
• 32:24
  Speaker 1: fifty or one hundred fathoms of line. In many places
• 32:28
  Speaker 1: there are no soundings at all. The deep inlets of
• 32:32
  Speaker 1: this inland sea are bordered by awful precipices, broken by
• 32:36
  Speaker 1: frightful chasms and ravines. There are a few stunted trees
• 32:41
  Speaker 1: along the beach, but on the mountain side not even
• 32:44
  Speaker 1: the usual moss or lichen, nothing but bare slate colored,
• 32:49
  Speaker 1: savage looking rocks covered with ice and snow. The place
• 32:54
  Speaker 1: is fully sheltered, and all that night the ship lay
• 32:57
  Speaker 1: profoundly quiet, nor to breath of air stirring, though the
• 33:01
  Speaker 1: roar of the sea and the whistling of the furious
• 33:04
  Speaker 1: west wind outside could be distinctly heard. A party left
• 33:08
  Speaker 1: the ship before dark to explore the head of the
• 33:11
  Speaker 1: little cove. They found some signs of vegetation in the
• 33:15
  Speaker 1: gully at the base of the cliff under which the
• 33:18
  Speaker 1: ship was moored, and one of the explorers collected a
• 33:21
  Speaker 1: bouquet of Fuegian flowers. The sailors, however, looking rather toward
• 33:26
  Speaker 1: the practical than the beautiful, found a bed of fine muscles,
• 33:30
  Speaker 1: upon which we all regaled ourselves that evening. The next morning,
• 33:37
  Speaker 1: the weather, though overcast with rain squalls at intervals, was
• 33:41
  Speaker 1: sufficiently favorable to admit of an attempt to leave. Some
• 33:45
  Speaker 1: of the officers seemed dubious of the narraganset's ability to
• 33:49
  Speaker 1: clear the strait, but the captain concluded to take the chances,
• 33:53
  Speaker 1: and at noon Cape Pillar was in sight on the
• 33:56
  Speaker 1: port bow. With a full head of steam and the
• 34:01
  Speaker 1: fore and aft canvas, the ship made good way, and
• 34:04
  Speaker 1: at two o'clock passed out of the strait and steered
• 34:07
  Speaker 1: directly west for an offing. But both the wind and
• 34:11
  Speaker 1: sea were now rapidly rising. At dark it was blowing
• 34:15
  Speaker 1: a furious gale from the west southwest, with one of
• 34:19
  Speaker 1: the most tremendous rolling seas. I ever saw no chance
• 34:23
  Speaker 1: to run back or find an anchorage in such weather
• 34:26
  Speaker 1: as this. At times the squalls of wind, sleet and
• 34:30
  Speaker 1: rain were so thick that we could not see a
• 34:32
  Speaker 1: ship's length. There was nothing to do now but to
• 34:36
  Speaker 1: claw off shore under every inch of storm canvas the
• 34:39
  Speaker 1: vessel could carry, and trusted to the engines to help
• 34:43
  Speaker 1: us to gain an offing. At eight o'clock that night,
• 34:47
  Speaker 1: the hatches fore and aft were securely battened down, and
• 34:51
  Speaker 1: the lee rail of the ship was under water as
• 34:53
  Speaker 1: she struggled under sail and steam against the storm and sea.
• 34:58
  Speaker 1: Dimly visible astern through the furious, driving squalls was Cape Pillar,
• 35:03
  Speaker 1: eight miles distant on the lee beam, where the black
• 35:07
  Speaker 1: rocks of Los Apostoles, the ship drifting slowly southward in
• 35:11
  Speaker 1: dangerous proximity to them. The wind veered constantly from point
• 35:16
  Speaker 1: to point, and the squalls came with blinding and terrific force.
• 35:21
  Speaker 1: But everything held well, and the providence which watches over
• 35:25
  Speaker 1: poor Jack, sent us a slant of wind which enabled
• 35:28
  Speaker 1: us to make an offing during that dark, dismal and
• 35:31
  Speaker 1: anxious night. For eight long days and nights, this state
• 35:37
  Speaker 1: of things continued, the ship vainly struggling to get to
• 35:40
  Speaker 1: the westward, the squalls of sleet and snow never continuing
• 35:44
  Speaker 1: long enough from southwest to enable the vessel to get
• 35:47
  Speaker 1: north at all. On the eighth day, the vessel was
• 35:51
  Speaker 1: nearly as far south as the parallel of Cape Horn,
• 35:54
  Speaker 1: with a fair prospect of being driven round the cape. Altogether,
• 35:59
  Speaker 1: there were but a few tu tons of coal left,
• 36:01
  Speaker 1: and the ship was still one thousand, two hundred miles
• 36:04
  Speaker 1: from Valparaiso. Affairs looked blue. Many of the men were
• 36:09
  Speaker 1: worn out, exhausted by cold and fatigue. Several of the
• 36:13
  Speaker 1: officers were in the same condition. But all ill fortune,
• 36:18
  Speaker 1: as all good fortune, must at some period, come to
• 36:21
  Speaker 1: an end, And so it happened that the next day
• 36:25
  Speaker 1: the wind shifted to the south, and with strong and
• 36:28
  Speaker 1: favoring gales, the old ship went rapidly north under a
• 36:31
  Speaker 1: press of canvas, and in ten days was safely anchored
• 36:35
  Speaker 1: in the harbor of Valparaiso, and so ended the Narragansett's
• 36:41
  Speaker 1: Winter Voyage through the Straits of Magellan. End of Section one.
• 36:54
  Speaker 2: Section two of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume eight May eighteen,
• 36:59
  Speaker 2: nine twenty seven. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 37:04
  Speaker 2: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 37:08
  Speaker 2: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Betty B.
• 37:15
  Speaker 2: Admiral R. W. Mead U s N. When the principal
• 37:20
  Speaker 2: contents of this number of the National Geographic Magazine were
• 37:24
  Speaker 2: sent to the printer, there was no indication that the
• 37:27
  Speaker 2: gallant and accomplished author of the article A Winter Voyage
• 37:31
  Speaker 2: through the Straits of Magellan, would have completed the long
• 37:35
  Speaker 2: and eventful voyage of life before his stirring narrative of
• 37:39
  Speaker 2: one of the most interesting portions of his famous crews
• 37:43
  Speaker 2: in the Narragansett could be placed in the hands of
• 37:46
  Speaker 2: our readers. On the first of May, however, he succumbed
• 37:50
  Speaker 2: to the effects of a surgical operation from which he
• 37:53
  Speaker 2: had been supposed by his friends to have permanently rallied.
• 37:57
  Speaker 2: It is impossible on the eve of going to press
• 38:00
  Speaker 2: to present more than the briefest outline of Admiral Mede's
• 38:04
  Speaker 2: distinguished career, or to render adequate tribute to his memory.
• 38:09
  Speaker 2: It must suffice to remind our readers of his brilliant
• 38:12
  Speaker 2: career at college, of his becoming navigating Officer of the
• 38:16
  Speaker 2: Cumberland before he was nineteen years of age, of his
• 38:20
  Speaker 2: command of a naval division engaged with the enemy before
• 38:25
  Speaker 2: he was twenty five. Of the dauntless courage, good judgment,
• 38:29
  Speaker 2: and unfailing skill that won for him time and again,
• 38:33
  Speaker 2: the commendations of his superior officers, of his historic crews
• 38:38
  Speaker 2: of sixty thousand miles mainly under canvas in the Narragansett,
• 38:43
  Speaker 2: of his success as a professor of seamanship and naval tactics,
• 38:47
  Speaker 2: of his numerous contributions to periodical literature, and of his
• 38:52
  Speaker 2: ever welcome appearances before the National Geographic Society, of which
• 38:57
  Speaker 2: he was an active member. The accompanying the article contains
• 39:01
  Speaker 2: an illusion which we cannot regard as without significance to
• 39:05
  Speaker 2: the providence which watches over poor Jack himself. Handsome, courageous,
• 39:11
  Speaker 2: true hearted, and patriotic, we can say of Admiral Mead
• 39:15
  Speaker 2: in the words of Dibden's Grand Old Sea Song. His
• 39:19
  Speaker 2: form was of the manliest beauty. His heart was kind
• 39:23
  Speaker 2: and soft, faithful. Below he did his duty, and now
• 39:27
  Speaker 2: he's gone aloft j h.
• 39:33
  Speaker 3: End of Section two, Section three of the National Geographic Magazine,
• 39:43
  Speaker 3: Volume eight May eighteen ninety seven. This is a LibriVox recording.
• 39:48
  Speaker 3: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
• 39:51
  Speaker 3: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording
• 39:56
  Speaker 3: by Marianne Spiegel Rica by Signor Ricardo Villefranca, Council General
• 40:03
  Speaker 3: of the Republic of Costa Rica at San Jose, Guatemala.
• 40:09
  Speaker 3: It is impossible to give, within the space allotted to me,
• 40:12
  Speaker 3: a complete idea of Costa Rica, or to describe explicitly
• 40:16
  Speaker 3: its varied resources in industries. I can but dwell briefly
• 40:20
  Speaker 3: on the more important features of the land, the characteristics
• 40:23
  Speaker 3: of the people, and the natural resources of the country.
• 40:27
  Speaker 3: The peculiarly favorable situation of Costa Rica might well be
• 40:31
  Speaker 3: the envy of all nations, for it lies between the
• 40:34
  Speaker 3: continents of the New World and between the Earth's greatest seas.
• 40:38
  Speaker 3: It enjoys a temperate climate with the advantages of a
• 40:41
  Speaker 3: tropical sun. It is one of the smallest of small nations,
• 40:46
  Speaker 3: a true gem of American republics. Its people are peaceful
• 40:50
  Speaker 3: and law abiding. Its republican form of government copied from
• 40:54
  Speaker 3: the United States, is very popular. Its climate is moderate,
• 40:59
  Speaker 3: without extremes of heat or cold, and is remarkably healthful.
• 41:03
  Speaker 3: The dreaded fevers are found only along the swampy coastal fringe,
• 41:07
  Speaker 3: and other low lying land of which there is little.
• 41:10
  Speaker 3: In Costa Rica against visionary dangers, we have a land
• 41:14
  Speaker 3: of prolonged spring and autumnal splendor, a soil upon which
• 41:19
  Speaker 3: the flowers smile with a perennial bloom. Costa Rica is
• 41:24
  Speaker 3: feeble for want of sufficient population, but she possesses a
• 41:27
  Speaker 3: rich store of undeveloped resources in her widely disseminated minerals
• 41:32
  Speaker 3: and the endless productions of her fertile soil. Her forests
• 41:36
  Speaker 3: are in a calculable natural wealth. Throughout the country, the
• 41:40
  Speaker 3: land is thickly covered with gigantic trees, among the finest
• 41:43
  Speaker 3: in the world, and all are of a rare quality,
• 41:47
  Speaker 3: such as mahogany, cedar, rosewood, Lignum vitae, and a number
• 41:53
  Speaker 3: of dye woods. Such as annatto and indigo. Little attention
• 41:58
  Speaker 3: has been given to the forest wealth along the sea shore,
• 42:01
  Speaker 3: where transportation is easy, Some woods have been marketed, but
• 42:05
  Speaker 3: in the interior the trees stand as they did a
• 42:08
  Speaker 3: hundred years ago. In the Metina Valley, the Matina Banana
• 42:12
  Speaker 3: Company is working an extensive plantation and paying large dividends.
• 42:17
  Speaker 3: The extent of this industry cannot be appreciated except at
• 42:20
  Speaker 3: the shipping stations. Hundreds of cars are loaded every day,
• 42:24
  Speaker 3: and the number of boats loaded with bananas far surpasses
• 42:27
  Speaker 3: those carrying any other freight. The harvest never ends from
• 42:33
  Speaker 3: January to December. There is a continuous cutting and marketing.
• 42:37
  Speaker 3: One sees at the same time the budding blossoms, the
• 42:40
  Speaker 3: young fruit, and the fully developed bananas. Those who have
• 42:44
  Speaker 3: seen cotton plants elsewhere, rarely attaining the height of a man,
• 42:48
  Speaker 3: are ill prepared to see cotton trees growing to a
• 42:50
  Speaker 3: height of twelve feet with numberless branches which are tipped
• 42:54
  Speaker 3: by the snowy down. There is nothing that more clearly
• 42:58
  Speaker 3: proves the fertility of Costa Rican soil. The bread fruit
• 43:02
  Speaker 3: tree is also a wonder to northern visitors. The tree
• 43:05
  Speaker 3: is tall and massive, its branches are innumerable, its leaves large,
• 43:10
  Speaker 3: resembling fig leaves, and the characteristic bread fruit, of a
• 43:14
  Speaker 3: greenish yellow color, is the size and shape of a cantalope.
• 43:18
  Speaker 3: The fruit, fried, boiled and baked, very much like potatoes,
• 43:23
  Speaker 3: forms one of the stable foods of the working people.
• 43:27
  Speaker 3: The Costa Rica, Nicaraguan and Panama Canals are such important
• 43:31
  Speaker 3: projects that the nations of the Earth must sooner or
• 43:34
  Speaker 3: later complete them. Costa Rica occupying almost entirely the territory
• 43:38
  Speaker 3: between the two proposed canals, will ere long reap the
• 43:42
  Speaker 3: benefit of such an unparalleled position. The Nicaraguan Canal will
• 43:47
  Speaker 3: be the final event which shall make Costa Rica the
• 43:50
  Speaker 3: true gem of American republics. Only a few years ago,
• 43:54
  Speaker 3: a few shanties mark the present site of Lemon, which
• 43:57
  Speaker 3: today is one of the most important cities by the
• 44:00
  Speaker 3: Caribbean breezes, where tropical trees in the distance overshadow the
• 44:05
  Speaker 3: most elaborate buildings, which are as a rule low. The
• 44:09
  Speaker 3: regular streets are well kept and the churches neat and
• 44:12
  Speaker 3: well attended. In Central American cities, great prominence is given
• 44:16
  Speaker 3: to churches, but at Lemand they are not as elegant
• 44:20
  Speaker 3: as in more typical cities. Here foreigners are numerous, and
• 44:24
  Speaker 3: the native population is neither wealthy nor important. But the
• 44:27
  Speaker 3: places of worship and many of the buildings are of
• 44:30
  Speaker 3: foreign design and foreign material. Lemont has a distinctive appearance,
• 44:35
  Speaker 3: not unlike southern settlements in the United States. English is
• 44:39
  Speaker 3: the prevailing language, and English speaking people conduct most of
• 44:42
  Speaker 3: the business. Nearly one third of the population of the
• 44:46
  Speaker 3: country is in the province of San Jose, a broad
• 44:50
  Speaker 3: expanse containing the main coffee plantations at short distances from
• 44:54
  Speaker 3: the principal cities where the owners generally live. The wealthiest,
• 44:59
  Speaker 3: most prosperous, and most conservative of the towns are Heredia
• 45:03
  Speaker 3: and Alajuela, which are connected with the capital by a railroad.
• 45:08
  Speaker 3: What we shall say about San Jose applies more or
• 45:10
  Speaker 3: less to all Costa Rican cities. In this magnificent neighborhood,
• 45:14
  Speaker 3: the country is studded with fruitful plantations. Here the true
• 45:18
  Speaker 3: population of Costa Rica dwells, since here are found these hardy,
• 45:22
  Speaker 3: simple toilers who wrest from the earth its agricultural products,
• 45:26
  Speaker 3: the true wealth of the soil. An air of ease
• 45:29
  Speaker 3: combined with antique simplicity characterizes the majority of these villages.
• 45:34
  Speaker 3: The city of San Jose at once gives the impression
• 45:37
  Speaker 3: of thrift, not unlike the cities of the United States.
• 45:40
  Speaker 3: The traveler sees two story houses, wide sidewalks, and electric lights.
• 45:46
  Speaker 3: In the center of Walkers Park has recently been placed
• 45:48
  Speaker 3: a handsome monument to commemorate the defeat of the filibuster Walker.
• 45:53
  Speaker 3: Educational facilities are excellent. There are high schools, a school
• 45:58
  Speaker 3: of law, several colleges, public libraries, et cetera. It is
• 46:02
  Speaker 3: safe to say that the number of teachers in Costa
• 46:04
  Speaker 3: Rica far exceeds the number of soldiers. The well kept hotels,
• 46:08
  Speaker 3: like most private residences, are built around a beautiful courtyard,
• 46:12
  Speaker 3: from which every room in the house receives moist cool
• 46:15
  Speaker 3: air charged with natural perfumes of carefully cultivated flowers. Costa
• 46:21
  Speaker 3: Ricans mingle, work and play in the most delightful way
• 46:24
  Speaker 3: in the city's Amusement is often considered more important than business,
• 46:28
  Speaker 3: and means of recreation are abundant. San Jose has a
• 46:31
  Speaker 3: modern theater not equalled in Central America. The Roman Catholic
• 46:36
  Speaker 3: churches in San Jose, Heredia and Alroerra are excellent indications
• 46:41
  Speaker 3: of the wealth of the country. These churches, and particularly
• 46:45
  Speaker 3: the Cathedral of San Jose, are of a design and
• 46:48
  Speaker 3: finish that are rarely surpassed in Spanish America. The people
• 46:52
  Speaker 3: may at times go barefoot and hungry, but the priests
• 46:55
  Speaker 3: never lack enthusiastic support. The home of the Costa Rican
• 47:00
  Speaker 3: is the true pivot of life and the center of
• 47:02
  Speaker 3: all pleasure. The houses are built around the ever present courtyard,
• 47:06
  Speaker 3: a garden spot which is carefully cultivated. In it one
• 47:11
  Speaker 3: finds flowering plants in full bloom throughout the year, and
• 47:15
  Speaker 3: from it every room of the house has a never
• 47:17
  Speaker 3: ceasing current of air charged with a delightful odor. Everybody
• 47:22
  Speaker 3: in Costa Rica who has money in some ambition is
• 47:24
  Speaker 3: either directly or indirectly interested in farms. The gentlemen farmers
• 47:29
  Speaker 3: are the rulers of the land. Coffee farming is the
• 47:32
  Speaker 3: primary industry since Costa Rican coffee has become famous and
• 47:36
  Speaker 3: commands very high prices. Almost anywhere within a radius of
• 47:40
  Speaker 3: fifty miles one can find coffee farms, either in their
• 47:44
  Speaker 3: infancy or in full development, with shade trees to protect
• 47:47
  Speaker 3: the young plants. Coffee plants in bloom are among the
• 47:51
  Speaker 3: most beautiful sites in nature. Three years after the planting
• 47:55
  Speaker 3: of the young coffee bush, it bears its first fruit.
• 47:58
  Speaker 3: The crop increases until the eighth After that, for fifteen years,
• 48:02
  Speaker 3: the crops are more or less Even in the first
• 48:05
  Speaker 3: weeks of December. The berry is of a bright red color,
• 48:08
  Speaker 3: which indicates that the coffee is fully ripe. Every man,
• 48:12
  Speaker 3: woman and child is pressed into the service of picking coffee,
• 48:15
  Speaker 3: and with a basket swung from the waist, picks from
• 48:18
  Speaker 3: sunrise to sunset. This operation is a delicate one and
• 48:23
  Speaker 3: is watched very closely to prevent the leaves from being broken.
• 48:26
  Speaker 3: As the next crop starts from the angle formed by
• 48:29
  Speaker 3: the leaf and branch. The fresh coffee is transported by
• 48:33
  Speaker 3: ox carts, passes through a machine that breaks the outer skin,
• 48:37
  Speaker 3: and is then placed for twenty four hours in water
• 48:40
  Speaker 3: until the syrup like substance that has adhered to the
• 48:42
  Speaker 3: grains is washed away. After it has been washed, the
• 48:46
  Speaker 3: coffee is spread out on a cemented court in smooth beds.
• 48:50
  Speaker 3: Here it remains during the sunshine, but at night and
• 48:53
  Speaker 3: during cloudy days it is gathered into heaps and covered
• 48:56
  Speaker 3: with canvas. The process of spreading and gathering together is
• 49:00
  Speaker 3: continued until the coffee is thoroughly dry. During this operation,
• 49:04
  Speaker 3: no planter neglects to place sentinels around the coffee court,
• 49:08
  Speaker 3: since coffee, even in Costa Rica, is worth forty cents
• 49:11
  Speaker 3: a pound, and a single individual might carry away several
• 49:14
  Speaker 3: hundred dollars worth of it in a few hours. When dry,
• 49:18
  Speaker 3: the coffee is sacked and transported to the factory, where
• 49:21
  Speaker 3: an elaborate process by modern machinery prepares it for the market.
• 49:25
  Speaker 3: The final work is the separation of the black, small,
• 49:28
  Speaker 3: and imperfect berries and classifying them. They are called first, second, third,
• 49:33
  Speaker 3: and fourth classes, and the well known caercolillo or peaberry.
• 49:38
  Speaker 3: This is done by a machine having a long center
• 49:41
  Speaker 3: cylinder with openings of various sizes that correspond with the
• 49:44
  Speaker 3: different classes of coffee. From this machine, the berries are
• 49:48
  Speaker 3: transferred to large tables where girls pick out by hand
• 49:51
  Speaker 3: any impurities not removed by the machines. The coffee is
• 49:55
  Speaker 3: then sacked and marked, each bag weighing one hundred and
• 49:58
  Speaker 3: thirty two pounds. Now that the coffee is ready for
• 50:01
  Speaker 3: export and marked Hamburg, Liverpool, et cetera, a question naturally arises,
• 50:07
  Speaker 3: is there any marked New York, New Orleans? Or Baltimore.
• 50:11
  Speaker 3: I have to answer with deep regret that very little
• 50:13
  Speaker 3: is marked that way, the bulk of the crop being
• 50:15
  Speaker 3: bought by European firms who send their agents several months
• 50:19
  Speaker 3: in advance of harvest time, either to buy outright or
• 50:22
  Speaker 3: to furnish funds with liberal conditions to farmers who agree
• 50:25
  Speaker 3: to consign their crops. American merchants make very little effort
• 50:29
  Speaker 3: to secure the products of Costa Rica or to furnish
• 50:31
  Speaker 3: its markets with the manufactured articles which are produced in
• 50:34
  Speaker 3: the United States. Time does not permit me to speak
• 50:38
  Speaker 3: of other agricultural productions. Costa Rica is capable of producing
• 50:42
  Speaker 3: not only coffee, bananas, cocoa, and sugar cane, but northern
• 50:46
  Speaker 3: fruits and vegetables. There we find peaches, apples, quinces, strawberries
• 50:52
  Speaker 3: and grapes, as well as tomatoes, cabbages, potatoes, corn wheat
• 50:56
  Speaker 3: and other cereals. Costa Rica heretofore has not used enough
• 51:00
  Speaker 3: meat for home consumption. But this is not because cattle
• 51:03
  Speaker 3: will not thrive there. It is because few intelligent attempts
• 51:06
  Speaker 3: have been made. There is abundance of water, a perpetual verdure,
• 51:11
  Speaker 3: and no winter necessitating feeding the cattle of every kind
• 51:14
  Speaker 3: and variety thrive beautifully, and that without any attention or care.
• 51:19
  Speaker 3: Although stock farming is new and people are ill prepared
• 51:21
  Speaker 3: to raise cattle, yet the results are excellent. Even sheep,
• 51:25
  Speaker 3: the last animal in the world that one would expect
• 51:27
  Speaker 3: to do well under a tropical sun, thrive and multiply
• 51:31
  Speaker 3: with remarkable success. Not far from these farms are several
• 51:35
  Speaker 3: peculiar natural springs. The most popular and interesting thermal springs
• 51:39
  Speaker 3: today are those of Agua Caliente, which are frequented by
• 51:43
  Speaker 3: the wealthy citizens of Costa Rica and by foreign visitors.
• 51:47
  Speaker 3: These springs, like most natural waters, are said to be
• 51:50
  Speaker 3: good for nearly all human ailments, but it is certain
• 51:53
  Speaker 3: that they cure rheumatism and skin diseases. One finds among
• 51:57
  Speaker 3: them waters hot enough to boil an egg and of
• 51:59
  Speaker 3: a strong sulfurous odour, while on the other hand, there
• 52:02
  Speaker 3: are others extremely cold. One of the unique primitive structures
• 52:08
  Speaker 3: of the country, which portrays the characteristic ingenuity of early settlers,
• 52:12
  Speaker 3: is the bridge made of bioco, a native vine like
• 52:16
  Speaker 3: growth noted for its great strength to be noticed hanging
• 52:19
  Speaker 3: from large trees. This strange substance is made into a
• 52:23
  Speaker 3: rope which is hung from convenient trees near the banks
• 52:26
  Speaker 3: of the river. The peculiar sensation experienced while crossing is
• 52:30
  Speaker 3: far from a feeling of safety. With every step, the
• 52:33
  Speaker 3: dry woody ropes crack, and the bridge moves not only
• 52:37
  Speaker 3: up and down, but sideways, forward and backward. Entering the
• 52:41
  Speaker 3: Indian reservation of Talamanca, fine views greet the eye of
• 52:45
  Speaker 3: the traveler. Here are the farmhouses of half breeds. There
• 52:49
  Speaker 3: colossal coconut trees with large leaves of which the roofs
• 52:53
  Speaker 3: and sides of huts are made. The true Indian house
• 52:56
  Speaker 3: is built on the beehive plan, and its framework of
• 53:00
  Speaker 3: vine rope is thatched by palm and coconut leaves. Its
• 53:04
  Speaker 3: external appearance is artistic, and the people are comfortable within.
• 53:08
  Speaker 3: The Indians are completely isolated from civilization, are peaceful and
• 53:12
  Speaker 3: never give the government trouble. The men are usually well built,
• 53:16
  Speaker 3: and the women are patient and gentle. They are very
• 53:18
  Speaker 3: thinly clad, as the climate is such that clothing is
• 53:22
  Speaker 3: the least of their wants and is worn only with
• 53:24
  Speaker 3: an idea of adornment. Most clothing is of the local cotton,
• 53:29
  Speaker 3: colored by home dye roots, and certain kinds of shells.
• 53:33
  Speaker 3: Their beds are placed on platforms well up under the roof.
• 53:36
  Speaker 3: The floor is the naked earth. Hammocks are strung about,
• 53:40
  Speaker 3: always occupied, for Costa Rican Indians are not fond of work.
• 53:44
  Speaker 3: The most interesting character in Talamanca is Antonio Sandano, the
• 53:49
  Speaker 3: king to whom the government accords the absolute sovereignty of
• 53:52
  Speaker 3: the Talamanca Indians. The rainfall of Costa Rica is somewhat
• 53:56
  Speaker 3: greater than that of the United States. There is a
• 53:59
  Speaker 3: dry season and a wet season every year, but the
• 54:02
  Speaker 3: rains are never constant, nor are they ever entirely absent. Indeed,
• 54:07
  Speaker 3: the atmospheric moisture is reliable, and droughts never affect plants.
• 54:13
  Speaker 3: It is well to become acquainted with a fact that
• 54:15
  Speaker 3: seems rather curious in reference to rain. It is the
• 54:18
  Speaker 3: one that attracts the attention of foreigners, who, in visiting
• 54:21
  Speaker 3: Central America expect to see rain pouring down constantly. The
• 54:25
  Speaker 3: rain begins at about two o'clock in the afternoon, continuing
• 54:28
  Speaker 3: from a half hour to three hours. But what rain.
• 54:31
  Speaker 3: It seems as though the dikes of the Heavenly Reservoirs
• 54:34
  Speaker 3: have been torn asunder. Another peculiarity still when it rains
• 54:38
  Speaker 3: on the eastern slope, it is clear on the western,
• 54:41
  Speaker 3: and vice versa. To visit the successful mining camps in
• 54:46
  Speaker 3: Costa Rica, one has to ride over rough roads, crossing
• 54:49
  Speaker 3: bridgeless rivers, and traversing thick forests where mahogany, cedar, rubber,
• 54:54
  Speaker 3: and other tropical trees cover the earth and screen the skies.
• 54:59
  Speaker 3: The journey is long and at times tiresome, but to
• 55:02
  Speaker 3: see gold at the end of the journey, mingling with
• 55:05
  Speaker 3: the best of Mother Earth, more than repays for the
• 55:08
  Speaker 3: discomfort of travel. Here is a rain of incomparable mineral richness.
• 55:13
  Speaker 3: But up to the present the mines have been worked
• 55:15
  Speaker 3: in the most primitive way, necessitating great labor and expense.
• 55:19
  Speaker 3: With the importation of new labor saving machines and improved
• 55:22
  Speaker 3: mining methods, there's no doubt that we shall soon see
• 55:25
  Speaker 3: golden streams flowing from the depths of Costa Rica. Throughout
• 55:29
  Speaker 3: the Republic, transportation is largely conducted by caravans with ox
• 55:33
  Speaker 3: teams as the motive power. These carts are heavy, primitive
• 55:38
  Speaker 3: vehicles made by the peasants, the wheels being solid circular
• 55:41
  Speaker 3: discs cut from the stems of large oak trees. The
• 55:45
  Speaker 3: oxen are always objects of regard, as their drivers and
• 55:48
  Speaker 3: owners have an almost supernatural love for them and often
• 55:51
  Speaker 3: prize them more than they do their own wives. The
• 55:55
  Speaker 3: railroad from San Jose to the Pacific coast is partially
• 55:58
  Speaker 3: completed and passes through a fertile, agricultural country in several towns,
• 56:02
  Speaker 3: among them Ala Rouela, with its extensive market. At al Huela,
• 56:07
  Speaker 3: we leave behind us the train and reach Esparta, twelve
• 56:11
  Speaker 3: miles away from Punterinas by mules. From Esparta, one of
• 56:15
  Speaker 3: the oldest towns in Costa Rica, we again take the
• 56:18
  Speaker 3: train to Pontarinas. This is the principal seaport of the
• 56:23
  Speaker 3: Pacific and is connected by steamer with San Francisco. It
• 56:27
  Speaker 3: must be plain that Costa Rica offers industrious immigrants exceptional advantages.
• 56:32
  Speaker 3: Men who can begin life on a plantation or in
• 56:35
  Speaker 3: one of the many industries with a few hundred dollars,
• 56:38
  Speaker 3: can in a few years accumulate a reasonable property, secure
• 56:41
  Speaker 3: a permanent home in a regions or passed nowhere in
• 56:43
  Speaker 3: the world for healthfulness, and lay the foundation for an
• 56:46
  Speaker 3: estate which is certain to increase rapidly in value. Costa
• 56:50
  Speaker 3: Rica is indeed a land of promise to all interested
• 56:53
  Speaker 3: in securing for themselves a future prosperity. It is a
• 56:57
  Speaker 3: land upon which greater nations will air be casting their
• 57:01
  Speaker 3: ambitious eyes.
• 57:04
  Speaker 4: End of section three, Section four of the National Geographic Magazine,
• 57:13
  Speaker 4: Volume eighth, May eighteen ninety seven. This is a LibriVox recording.
• 57:18
  Speaker 4: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
• 57:22
  Speaker 4: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Applied
• 57:27
  Speaker 4: Physiography in South Carolina by L. C. Glen. An interesting
• 57:32
  Speaker 4: physiographic change is now going on in much of the
• 57:35
  Speaker 4: Piedmont section of South Carolina and other cotton growing states,
• 57:39
  Speaker 4: the consequences of which are becoming grave to the owners
• 57:42
  Speaker 4: of the soil, and are threatening soon to result, hunless
• 57:45
  Speaker 4: checked by a proper observance of physiographic laws, in the
• 57:48
  Speaker 4: destruction of much of the most fertile land of the region,
• 57:51
  Speaker 4: a destruction already wrought in many cases. The change referred
• 57:55
  Speaker 4: to is the exceedingly rapid aggradation by the streams as
• 57:59
  Speaker 4: a result of a system of farming that has recently
• 58:01
  Speaker 4: come into vogue in that region. This Piedmont section is
• 58:05
  Speaker 4: an old peneplain that has been uplifted and is now
• 58:08
  Speaker 4: well dissected by the many streams that have cut their
• 58:10
  Speaker 4: way down into the plateau from fifty to one hundred
• 58:13
  Speaker 4: and fifty or more feet below the general level. In
• 58:16
  Speaker 4: some places rapids and falls still occur, but for the
• 58:19
  Speaker 4: most part the streams are at grade and rapid down
• 58:22
  Speaker 4: cutting has ceased, while lateral swinging has widened the valleys
• 58:25
  Speaker 4: and bordered the banks with large tracts of rich alluvial
• 58:28
  Speaker 4: bottom land. On these bottoms, chiefly, the corn of the
• 58:32
  Speaker 4: country has heretofore been raised, while the hillsides and inter
• 58:35
  Speaker 4: stream upland are devoted to the culture of cotton. Before
• 58:39
  Speaker 4: the first settlement of the country, the forest clad slopes
• 58:42
  Speaker 4: furnished waste to the streams very slowly, and they were
• 58:45
  Speaker 4: able to erode for themselves deep channels and keep their
• 58:48
  Speaker 4: valley floors well drained. Although the country has been settled
• 58:52
  Speaker 4: over a hundred years, the system of farming common before
• 58:55
  Speaker 4: the war did not so materially increase the amount of
• 58:58
  Speaker 4: waste furnished to the streams from the hill slopes as
• 59:00
  Speaker 4: to overload them and endanger the fertility of the bottoms.
• 59:04
  Speaker 4: When a field became too poor for profitable cultivation. It
• 59:08
  Speaker 4: was turned out to grow up in old field sedge,
• 59:10
  Speaker 4: and fresh land was cleared. In this way, either much
• 59:13
  Speaker 4: of each stream basin was in original forest or vegetation
• 59:17
  Speaker 4: covered old fields, both of which fed the rainfall to
• 59:20
  Speaker 4: the streams slowly and furnished only a moderate amount of waste.
• 59:24
  Speaker 4: Since the war, the use of commercial fertilizers has become
• 59:27
  Speaker 4: general in this region. By their application, these worn out
• 59:30
  Speaker 4: old fields have again become capable of producing paining crops
• 59:35
  Speaker 4: and have been plowed and planted in cotton. The successful
• 59:38
  Speaker 4: growing of this crop requires such clean culture that, in
• 59:41
  Speaker 4: the almost total neglect of crop rotation, the soil is
• 59:45
  Speaker 4: soon deprived of nearly all its vegetable matter, while the
• 59:47
  Speaker 4: cotton plant furnishes far too few root fibers to hold
• 59:51
  Speaker 4: the soil together and prevent it from washing down into
• 59:53
  Speaker 4: the valleys. When to this is added the fact that
• 59:57
  Speaker 4: terrace plowing is almost unknown, it is readily seen that
• 1:00:00
  Speaker 4: the rain falling on these slopes rapidly gathers into hillside
• 1:00:03
  Speaker 4: gullies and quickly finds its way down to the effluent stream,
• 1:00:07
  Speaker 4: carrying with it an immense amount of detritus. The stream
• 1:00:11
  Speaker 4: is now overloaded and does the only thing possible under
• 1:00:14
  Speaker 4: the circumstances. It drops the portion of its load that
• 1:00:17
  Speaker 4: it is unable to carry. Thus, the channel that of
• 1:00:20
  Speaker 4: old was often five to ten feet deep, is soon
• 1:00:23
  Speaker 4: filled until it is scarcely more than twice on many
• 1:00:25
  Speaker 4: inches in depth. With every rain, the stream now overflows
• 1:00:29
  Speaker 4: its banks, covers the rich floodplain soil with barren sand,
• 1:00:33
  Speaker 4: and spreads desolation over almost its entire area. In the
• 1:00:37
  Speaker 4: case of small streams, the waste has been showered down
• 1:00:39
  Speaker 4: from the valley sides during heavy rains in such quantities
• 1:00:42
  Speaker 4: as in many instances, to completely fill the stream's channel
• 1:00:46
  Speaker 4: and leave it to wander as an outcast, hither and
• 1:00:48
  Speaker 4: thither over the surface which it formerly drained and rendered fertile,
• 1:00:52
  Speaker 4: but on which now it aids in producing marshes and malaria,
• 1:00:56
  Speaker 4: in just retribution, as it were, for its owner's neglect
• 1:00:59
  Speaker 4: of HSIIT geographic laws. It might be well to note
• 1:01:02
  Speaker 4: more fully the regular cycle of change through which the
• 1:01:05
  Speaker 4: flood plane passes before assuming the completely wasted state. As
• 1:01:09
  Speaker 4: the stream bed begins agrading, overflows become easier and hence
• 1:01:13
  Speaker 4: more frequent. The mouths of the artificial drainage. Ditches leading
• 1:01:17
  Speaker 4: from the flood plain into the stream channel soon silt up,
• 1:01:20
  Speaker 4: the drainage becomes poor, and as a consequence, the land
• 1:01:24
  Speaker 4: is longer after overflows in becoming sufficiently dry for cultivation.
• 1:01:29
  Speaker 4: As the aggravation gradually raises the stream surface. Nearer the
• 1:01:32
  Speaker 4: surface of the flood plain see seed prime seed double prime,
• 1:01:37
  Speaker 4: the water level in the land on either side of
• 1:01:39
  Speaker 4: the stream rises pari passu nearer the land's surface b
• 1:01:43
  Speaker 4: b prime be double prime, and thus constantly decreases the
• 1:01:47
  Speaker 4: distance through which capillary attraction must act in raising water
• 1:01:51
  Speaker 4: to the plant roots, and hence makes the land wetter
• 1:01:53
  Speaker 4: and wetter, until finally the culture of corn must be abandoned,
• 1:01:57
  Speaker 4: though now too wet for cultivation, and may yet for
• 1:02:00
  Speaker 4: a short time furnish a rather poor meadow. Since comparatively
• 1:02:04
  Speaker 4: little of the rich alluvial surface has yet been covered
• 1:02:07
  Speaker 4: by the sand, most of which has been disposed of
• 1:02:10
  Speaker 4: in filling the stream channel, it is as though the
• 1:02:12
  Speaker 4: stream realized its inability to directly attack the surface at first,
• 1:02:16
  Speaker 4: and so turned its attention to preparations for a more
• 1:02:19
  Speaker 4: effective attack a little later. By filling its channel with
• 1:02:22
  Speaker 4: sand and thus placing itself in a position to rapidly
• 1:02:25
  Speaker 4: complete the work of destruction when it has once actively begun.
• 1:02:29
  Speaker 4: When it has built up its bed almost even with
• 1:02:31
  Speaker 4: the floodplain's surface level, this work of preparation ends, and
• 1:02:35
  Speaker 4: the work of direct destruction begins. Every overflow now cuts
• 1:02:40
  Speaker 4: channels that lead away from the main stream and spread
• 1:02:43
  Speaker 4: sand far and wide over the plain, burying the fertile soil.
• 1:02:47
  Speaker 4: As the depth of the sand increases, the floodplain becomes
• 1:02:50
  Speaker 4: more barren, until it is finally a waste of sand,
• 1:02:53
  Speaker 4: thinly overgrown with nettles and other sand loving plants, While
• 1:02:57
  Speaker 4: willows fringe the branching channels of the wandering stream, And
• 1:03:00
  Speaker 4: here and there along the margins of the wasted plain,
• 1:03:02
  Speaker 4: and in other chance low places, water collects and forms
• 1:03:06
  Speaker 4: marshes that are soon overgrown with reeds and brushes. The
• 1:03:09
  Speaker 4: cycle of destruction is now complete. Thus, in some sections
• 1:03:13
  Speaker 4: much of the formerly fertile bottom land has already been
• 1:03:16
  Speaker 4: abandoned as worthless. Much more can scarcely be cultivated profitably,
• 1:03:21
  Speaker 4: while but little is so favorably situated as to escape
• 1:03:24
  Speaker 4: entirely the ruinous effect of the continual clean cultivation of
• 1:03:28
  Speaker 4: the hill slopes. The remedy for this destruction is so
• 1:03:31
  Speaker 4: simple and self evident to the student as hardly to
• 1:03:34
  Speaker 4: require statement. The cotton crop must be rotated with some
• 1:03:38
  Speaker 4: crop that will furnish an abundance of rude fibers to
• 1:03:41
  Speaker 4: hold the soil together and prevent it from washing, and
• 1:03:44
  Speaker 4: the hill slopes must be terrace plowed. If this is done,
• 1:03:47
  Speaker 4: the degradation of the hill fields and the aggradation on
• 1:03:50
  Speaker 4: the bottom fields will be checked. If this is not done,
• 1:03:53
  Speaker 4: all the most fertile land will soon become but barren wastes.
• 1:03:57
  Speaker 4: Mention may be made of a lake of aggradation of
• 1:04:00
  Speaker 4: the Red River Louisiana family to be found in the
• 1:04:03
  Speaker 4: northwestern part of Fairfield County, South Carolina, since it is
• 1:04:07
  Speaker 4: due to the same general cause. From a broad open
• 1:04:10
  Speaker 4: valley there runs back into the upland a broadside valley
• 1:04:14
  Speaker 4: that contained a weak stream draining but a small area.
• 1:04:17
  Speaker 4: When the master stream began a grading, it set a
• 1:04:19
  Speaker 4: pace with which the side stream could not keep up.
• 1:04:22
  Speaker 4: Its mouth was sealed up, and it was forced to
• 1:04:25
  Speaker 4: lake itself before gaining an exit, thus covering to a
• 1:04:28
  Speaker 4: depth of eight or ten feet a considerable area that
• 1:04:31
  Speaker 4: before the war had been planted in corn and of
• 1:04:35
  Speaker 4: section four, Section five of the National Geographic Magazine, volume
• 1:04:45
  Speaker 4: eighth May eighteen ninety seven. This is a LibriVox recording.
• 1:04:50
  Speaker 4: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
• 1:04:53
  Speaker 4: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Shaikh said,
• 1:05:00
  Speaker 4: by Ernest de Sasseville, the Souciette the geography of this
• 1:05:05
  Speaker 4: city has just published a fine map of Africa. On
• 1:05:08
  Speaker 4: looking over it, I noticed that, Shaikh said, on the
• 1:05:11
  Speaker 4: south coast of Arabia was given as French territory. This
• 1:05:14
  Speaker 4: surprised me, as Philip's map of the Nile Valley gives
• 1:05:17
  Speaker 4: it as an English possession, making Aiden the center of
• 1:05:20
  Speaker 4: a large territory extending to and including. Sheikh said, on
• 1:05:25
  Speaker 4: consulting a German map, I found it given neither as
• 1:05:28
  Speaker 4: English nor French, but as part of the province of
• 1:05:30
  Speaker 4: the Yemen and therefore Turkish. I then called on Monsieur Goothio,
• 1:05:35
  Speaker 4: general secretary of the Commercial Geographic Society, who informed me
• 1:05:39
  Speaker 4: that it was positively French territory, although wrongfully occupied by
• 1:05:43
  Speaker 4: a Turkish garrison. Monsieur Gosthio, having suggested certain authentic sources
• 1:05:48
  Speaker 4: of information. I proceeded to make further investigations, and in
• 1:05:51
  Speaker 4: view of the growing interest in Eastern affairs, I ventured
• 1:05:54
  Speaker 4: to submit the result to the readers of the National
• 1:05:56
  Speaker 4: Geographic Magazine. The territory of Babel Mandeb was well known
• 1:06:00
  Speaker 4: in antiquity. On its southern side was the important port
• 1:06:04
  Speaker 4: of Ocolis. The fall of the Roman power in Egypt
• 1:06:07
  Speaker 4: and the Red Sea brought also that of Ocolis, whose
• 1:06:10
  Speaker 4: rooms are still visible, and trade with India went by
• 1:06:13
  Speaker 4: way of the Persian Gulf. When under the Sultan Selim
• 1:06:17
  Speaker 4: the First the Red Sea regained its importance, it was
• 1:06:20
  Speaker 4: Aiden that was selected as the chief port. Since the
• 1:06:23
  Speaker 4: downfall of the Caliphate, the territory of Babel Mandeb has
• 1:06:27
  Speaker 4: been left to govern itself. It is inhabited by the
• 1:06:30
  Speaker 4: tribe of the acem Ed Dourin, who have always held
• 1:06:33
  Speaker 4: their independence against the Turks. This independence was indirectly recognized
• 1:06:37
  Speaker 4: both by Turkey and by England. It was of the
• 1:06:40
  Speaker 4: Shaik of the acem Ed Dourain that the Governor of
• 1:06:43
  Speaker 4: Eden asked permission to dig wells on the territory of
• 1:06:46
  Speaker 4: Babel Mandeb to obtain water for the garrison of Perim,
• 1:06:49
  Speaker 4: a Turkish vessel having been wrecked on the Arabian coast
• 1:06:52
  Speaker 4: south of Moka. It was to this same shake that
• 1:06:55
  Speaker 4: her owner applied for help. In eighteen sixty three, an
• 1:06:58
  Speaker 4: English vessel was wrecked on the coast of Babel Mandeb
• 1:07:01
  Speaker 4: and looted by the natives. The English governor of Aiden
• 1:07:04
  Speaker 4: applied to the Kaimakam of Moca her redress, but the
• 1:07:08
  Speaker 4: Kaimakam said he could do nothing as the Turkish authority
• 1:07:11
  Speaker 4: did not extend south of Moca. In October eighteen sixty eight,
• 1:07:15
  Speaker 4: the firm of Raban dan Basin of Marseilles entered into
• 1:07:19
  Speaker 4: negotiations with the Sheik of the acem Ed Durin Ali
• 1:07:22
  Speaker 4: Tabat and purchased from him a part of the territory
• 1:07:25
  Speaker 4: of Babel Mandeb, including the Bay of Sheikh said at
• 1:07:28
  Speaker 4: about four hundred thousand acres of land adjoining Naturally, England
• 1:07:32
  Speaker 4: did not like to see France take possession of so
• 1:07:34
  Speaker 4: important a strategic point, but not wishing to openly oppose France,
• 1:07:38
  Speaker 4: she is said to have stirred up Turkey to claim
• 1:07:41
  Speaker 4: it as included in her dominion. Accordingly, a small Turkish
• 1:07:45
  Speaker 4: garrison landed in Turks Bay to take possession of Sheikh Said,
• 1:07:48
  Speaker 4: but warned by the French consul at Aden. The French
• 1:07:50
  Speaker 4: ship brewer was immediately despatched to protect the small colony
• 1:07:54
  Speaker 4: of Sheikh Said. Early in eighteen seventy, the firm of
• 1:07:57
  Speaker 4: Raban dan Basen erected a two story bill Seldingham began
• 1:08:00
  Speaker 4: to lay in coal supplies. A few weeks later, the
• 1:08:03
  Speaker 4: Franco Prussian War broke out and England, having declared her neutrality,
• 1:08:08
  Speaker 4: refused to allow French ships to call at Aden. The
• 1:08:11
  Speaker 4: French government then officially took possession of Shakesaid by making
• 1:08:15
  Speaker 4: it a coaling station and a refuge for French warships.
• 1:08:19
  Speaker 4: After the Treaty of Frankfurt, Shaksaid was abandoned. Raband and
• 1:08:23
  Speaker 4: Basin continued to occupy it for some time, but finally
• 1:08:26
  Speaker 4: withdrew after launching a declaration as to their rights and
• 1:08:29
  Speaker 4: ownership with the Turkish authorities. In eighteen eighty four, the
• 1:08:33
  Speaker 4: French press again took up the subject and the government
• 1:08:36
  Speaker 4: sent out some surveyors and engineers, who found the place
• 1:08:39
  Speaker 4: occupied by a Turkish garrison. In eighteen eighty five, the
• 1:08:42
  Speaker 4: Turkish government officially announced its occupation by a notice published
• 1:08:46
  Speaker 4: in a newspaper of Sana, the capital of Yemen. It
• 1:08:49
  Speaker 4: is very evident that the occupation, I mean a thorough
• 1:08:52
  Speaker 4: military occupation of Shaksaid would be of the highest importance
• 1:08:55
  Speaker 4: to France in view of the enormous development of her
• 1:08:58
  Speaker 4: colonial empire, and especial of England's continued occupation of Egypt.
• 1:09:03
  Speaker 4: The way to the Indian Ocean and the Far East
• 1:09:05
  Speaker 4: has become almost as important to France as it is
• 1:09:07
  Speaker 4: to England, and it is hardly fair that one nation
• 1:09:10
  Speaker 4: should possess all the keys to the gates of the
• 1:09:12
  Speaker 4: famous waterway to the exclusion of all other nations. France's
• 1:09:16
  Speaker 4: present occupation of the territory of Hoboc on the west
• 1:09:19
  Speaker 4: side of the Straits of Babel Mandeb with the port
• 1:09:22
  Speaker 4: of Djibouti is very good as a commercial position, but
• 1:09:25
  Speaker 4: as a strategic point it can only acquire importance by
• 1:09:28
  Speaker 4: the addition of Shaksaied on the east side. This incident
• 1:09:32
  Speaker 4: of Shaksaied furnishes an example of inaccurate map making by
• 1:09:36
  Speaker 4: men who are apparently more zealous and patriotic than learned
• 1:09:39
  Speaker 4: and accurate. Whatever may be said of the claims of
• 1:09:42
  Speaker 4: France to the territory in question. It does not appear
• 1:09:44
  Speaker 4: that England has ever had the shadow of a claim
• 1:09:47
  Speaker 4: to it, and mister Philip ought to know that the
• 1:09:49
  Speaker 4: use of a brush and some color to make a
• 1:09:51
  Speaker 4: territory appear to be either English, French or Turkish according
• 1:09:55
  Speaker 4: to one's patriotic ambitions does not make it so. Geographer's
• 1:09:59
  Speaker 4: odds to stick to official facts and not mislead by
• 1:10:03
  Speaker 4: marking on the maps on official and inaccurate boundaries. Ernest Disassoville, Paris,
• 1:10:09
  Speaker 4: April twelfth, eighteen ninety seven.
• 1:10:18
  Speaker 2: Section six of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume eight May
• 1:10:23
  Speaker 2: eighteen ninety seven. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 1:10:28
  Speaker 2: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 1:10:31
  Speaker 2: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Betty B.
• 1:10:38
  Speaker 2: Geographic Literature Bulletin of the Department of Labor, number nine,
• 1:10:43
  Speaker 2: edited by Carol D. Wright, Commissioner or In W. Weaver,
• 1:10:47
  Speaker 2: Chief Clerk, Pages one hundred nine to two hundred thirty six.
• 1:10:51
  Speaker 2: Rand mcnallyan Companies road Maps and Cycling Guide to Westchester County,
• 1:10:56
  Speaker 2: New York, Chicago and New York Ran mcnallyan cum Company.
• 1:11:00
  Speaker 2: Fifty cents Magnetic Declination in the United States, by Henry Gannett,
• 1:11:06
  Speaker 2: from the seventeenth Annual Report of the US Geological Survey, Washington,
• 1:11:11
  Speaker 2: eighteen ninety six, pages two hundred three to four hundred
• 1:11:15
  Speaker 2: forty with map and diagrams. Statistical Abstract of the United
• 1:11:20
  Speaker 2: States eighteen ninety six. Nineteenth Number, prepared by the Bureau
• 1:11:25
  Speaker 2: of Statistics under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury,
• 1:11:29
  Speaker 2: pages Roman numeral twelve plus four hundred Washington, eighteen ninety seven.
• 1:11:35
  Speaker 2: The Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States for
• 1:11:39
  Speaker 2: the year ending June thirtieth, eighteen ninety six, prepared in
• 1:11:43
  Speaker 2: the Bureau of Statistics, U S. Treasury Department, Worthington, c. Ford,
• 1:11:48
  Speaker 2: Chief of Bureau, Volume one, pages one through Roman numeral
• 1:11:54
  Speaker 2: one hundred forty seven plus one through seven hundred sixty.
• 1:11:59
  Speaker 2: Volume five two, pages seven hundred sixty one through fourteen
• 1:12:03
  Speaker 2: hundred thirty two. It is rarely that the bi monthly
• 1:12:07
  Speaker 2: bulletin of the Department of Labor fails to present some
• 1:12:10
  Speaker 2: useful contribution to the literature of economic geography. Two articles
• 1:12:16
  Speaker 2: in the March number are worthy of note. In this connection,
• 1:12:19
  Speaker 2: the Padrone System and the Padrone Banks by John Corn
• 1:12:24
  Speaker 2: and the Dutch Society for General Welfare by Professor J.
• 1:12:28
  Speaker 2: Howard Gore, pH d. Of the Columbian University. Nothing could
• 1:12:33
  Speaker 2: better illustrate the extraordinary popularity of cycling than the publication
• 1:12:38
  Speaker 2: for the express use of Wheelman of the Attractive Handbook
• 1:12:42
  Speaker 2: and large Scale road Maps of Westchester County, New York,
• 1:12:46
  Speaker 2: recently issued by Rand McNally and Company. While the easy
• 1:12:50
  Speaker 2: accessibility to an immense population of the interesting and delightful
• 1:12:54
  Speaker 2: region described will no doubt fully justify the publishers in
• 1:12:59
  Speaker 2: their venture, the publication is none the less a notable
• 1:13:02
  Speaker 2: one and worthy of high commendation. Henry Garnett, whose versatility
• 1:13:07
  Speaker 2: of mind as a geographer, statistician, and diligent investigator in
• 1:13:12
  Speaker 2: many other lines of scientific inquiry is continually enriching our
• 1:13:17
  Speaker 2: technical literature, has compiled for the Annual Report of the
• 1:13:21
  Speaker 2: Geological Survey, an elaborate series of tables and diagrams relative
• 1:13:26
  Speaker 2: to the variations of the compass. While the chief aim
• 1:13:30
  Speaker 2: of the author has been to show the approximate declination
• 1:13:34
  Speaker 2: for the year nineteen hundred at twenty two thousand different
• 1:13:37
  Speaker 2: points in the United States. He gives us an interesting
• 1:13:41
  Speaker 2: historical review of the secular variation, and briefly notices the
• 1:13:45
  Speaker 2: various other changes to which the magnetic declination is subject.
• 1:13:51
  Speaker 2: The high standard of excellence that has characterized the publications
• 1:13:55
  Speaker 2: of the Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department under
• 1:13:59
  Speaker 2: mister Worthington's ford is fully maintained in the Report on
• 1:14:03
  Speaker 2: the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States for
• 1:14:07
  Speaker 2: the fiscal year eighteen ninety five to ninety six, and
• 1:14:11
  Speaker 2: in the new number of the Statistical Abstract. The latter
• 1:14:15
  Speaker 2: is more comprehensive and correspondingly more valuable than ever before.
• 1:14:20
  Speaker 2: In a country whose official statistical publications are as voluminous
• 1:14:24
  Speaker 2: as those of the United States, such an abstract is indispensable,
• 1:14:29
  Speaker 2: and the provision made by Congress for its publication should
• 1:14:33
  Speaker 2: be such as to admit of a careful analysis of
• 1:14:36
  Speaker 2: such statistical data as may, from time to time become available,
• 1:14:41
  Speaker 2: and of an absolutely accurate presentation of them in a
• 1:14:45
  Speaker 2: summarized form. J. H. End of Section six, Section seven
• 1:14:58
  Speaker 2: of the National Geograph Magazine, Volume eight, May eighteen ninety seven.
• 1:15:04
  Speaker 2: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
• 1:15:08
  Speaker 2: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
• 1:15:12
  Speaker 2: visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Betty B. Geographic Serials.
• 1:15:19
  Speaker 2: The Journal of the Royal Colonial Institute for April contains
• 1:15:24
  Speaker 2: a valuable paper on the dairy industry in the Colonies
• 1:15:28
  Speaker 2: by mister Samuel Lowe. The Scottish Geographical Magazine for April
• 1:15:33
  Speaker 2: contains an excellent physical and political description of Ceylon by
• 1:15:37
  Speaker 2: mister L. B. Clarence and an historical article treating of
• 1:15:43
  Speaker 2: the British in South America by Colonel Howard Vincent. The
• 1:15:47
  Speaker 2: Geographical Journal for April contains several articles of interest, including
• 1:15:53
  Speaker 2: the first crossing of Spitzbergen by Sir W. Martin Conway,
• 1:15:58
  Speaker 2: two years travel in Yugahunda an Joro and on the
• 1:16:02
  Speaker 2: Upper Nile by Lieutenant C. F. S. Vandeleur, the Southern
• 1:16:07
  Speaker 2: border lands of Afghanistan by Captain A. H. McMahon, the
• 1:16:12
  Speaker 2: Perso Balloch Boundary by Colonel Holditch, and the River Oder.
• 1:16:17
  Speaker 2: The last article of the volume is by Professor A. W.
• 1:16:21
  Speaker 2: Andrews on the teaching of geography in relation to history.
• 1:16:26
  Speaker 2: This article has a special interest to members of the
• 1:16:29
  Speaker 2: National Geographic Society, inasmuch as is in line with the
• 1:16:34
  Speaker 2: course of afternoon lectures recently completed. The Journal of the
• 1:16:38
  Speaker 2: Manchester Geographical Society January through March opens with an article
• 1:16:44
  Speaker 2: entitled the Mendi Country and some of the Customs and
• 1:16:48
  Speaker 2: Characteristics of its people, by Reverend William Vivian. This is
• 1:16:53
  Speaker 2: a little known region between Sierra Leone and Liberia. Sir W.
• 1:16:58
  Speaker 2: Maxwell contributes an article on the results of the Ashanti
• 1:17:02
  Speaker 2: expedition in eighteen ninety five ninety six, which is supplemented
• 1:17:06
  Speaker 2: by a description of the Niger River and territories by
• 1:17:10
  Speaker 2: Major Hampton Jackson. The work of the House Association is
• 1:17:15
  Speaker 2: summarized by Reverend W. Robinson in a paper read at
• 1:17:19
  Speaker 2: the Liverpool meeting of the British Association and published here.
• 1:17:24
  Speaker 2: The botany and zoology of Uganda and other parts of
• 1:17:28
  Speaker 2: Equatorial Africa are the subject of papers by Reverend F. C. Smith,
• 1:17:33
  Speaker 2: and the number concludes with an excellent article on Queensland
• 1:17:37
  Speaker 2: by General Sir Henry W. Normand. The Transactions of the
• 1:17:41
  Speaker 2: Liverpool Geographical Society for the year eighteen ninety six include
• 1:17:47
  Speaker 2: several interesting and valuable papers. The first entitled Railways in
• 1:17:52
  Speaker 2: Africa by Major Darwin describes not only the existing lines
• 1:17:56
  Speaker 2: of railway, but the lines of water communication and the
• 1:18:00
  Speaker 2: railway routes needed in the future. Miss M. H. Kingsley
• 1:18:04
  Speaker 2: writes on the ascent of Cameroon's Peak and travels in
• 1:18:09
  Speaker 2: French Congo, the Narrative of an Interesting Journey. Mister gray
• 1:18:14
  Speaker 2: Hill writes the narrative of a Journey to Petra, and
• 1:18:18
  Speaker 2: mister W. A. L. Fletcher of a Journey toward Lassa.
• 1:18:22
  Speaker 2: Mister J. C Ernest Parkes gives a short description of
• 1:18:27
  Speaker 2: the man eating people of the Imperi, and mister James
• 1:18:30
  Speaker 2: Irvine furnishes a description of the Kingdom of Benin, written
• 1:18:35
  Speaker 2: about the year sixteen thirty and abridged from the folio
• 1:18:39
  Speaker 2: edition of John Ogilby published in sixteen seventy. The volume
• 1:18:44
  Speaker 2: closes with the summary of the scientific results of doctor
• 1:18:48
  Speaker 2: Nansen's North Polar Expedition by Professor Mohn. The April Bulletin
• 1:18:54
  Speaker 2: of the American Geographical Society is an exceptionally interesting numbers.
• 1:19:00
  Speaker 2: Mister Cosmos Mendelef writes on the influence of geographic environment,
• 1:19:05
  Speaker 2: discussing its application to the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico
• 1:19:09
  Speaker 2: and Arizona. Doctor George M. Dawson summarizes in two and
• 1:19:14
  Speaker 2: one half pages the geographical work in Canada in the
• 1:19:18
  Speaker 2: year eighteen ninety six. Professor R. S. Tarr continues his
• 1:19:23
  Speaker 2: series of papers on the physical geography of New York State.
• 1:19:28
  Speaker 2: Mister James Douglas furnishes an historical article entitled the Consolidation
• 1:19:33
  Speaker 2: of the Iroquois Confederacy, and mister Francis C. Nicholas contributes
• 1:19:38
  Speaker 2: a paper upon the economic importance of geological and physical
• 1:19:43
  Speaker 2: conditions in Tropical America. The Washington Letter of mister F. H.
• 1:19:48
  Speaker 2: Newell contains an admirable summary of the situation regarding forest reserves.
• 1:19:54
  Speaker 2: The record of geographical progress is exceptionally full, and this
• 1:19:59
  Speaker 2: with map and book notices closes the number. Among the
• 1:20:04
  Speaker 2: recent publications in the JOHNS. Hopkins University Studies is one
• 1:20:08
  Speaker 2: entitled The Street Railway System of Philadelphia, Its History and
• 1:20:13
  Speaker 2: Present Condition, by doctor Frederick W. S. Spears. The street
• 1:20:18
  Speaker 2: railway system in that city commenced in eighteen fifty eight
• 1:20:22
  Speaker 2: when the first line was opened. The history of the
• 1:20:25
  Speaker 2: development of the system was probably very similar to that
• 1:20:29
  Speaker 2: of other American cities. Extensions being sought by railway companies
• 1:20:34
  Speaker 2: and promoters, and strenuously opposed by the majority of the
• 1:20:38
  Speaker 2: people living upon the threatened streets. In eighteen seventy six,
• 1:20:43
  Speaker 2: the system had grown until it comprised two hundred eighty
• 1:20:46
  Speaker 2: nine miles, operated by seventeen separate companies, which were associated
• 1:20:51
  Speaker 2: in a pool under the control of a board of
• 1:20:54
  Speaker 2: railway presidents. In eighteen eighty the current began to set
• 1:20:58
  Speaker 2: strongly toward Monopo, and the movement went on until in
• 1:21:02
  Speaker 2: eighteen ninety five all the mileage of the city, amounting
• 1:21:06
  Speaker 2: to four hundred thirty miles, was in the hands of
• 1:21:09
  Speaker 2: four companies, and in eighteen ninety six the Union Traction Company,
• 1:21:14
  Speaker 2: a new company formed for the purpose, obtained control of
• 1:21:18
  Speaker 2: all the lines of Philadelphia, with the exception of one
• 1:21:21
  Speaker 2: short line twenty four miles in length, the Hestonville, Mantua
• 1:21:26
  Speaker 2: and Fairmount Road. Besides giving a history of the lines,
• 1:21:30
  Speaker 2: the paper treats in extenso of the financial aspect of
• 1:21:34
  Speaker 2: the system, the price of franchise privileges, the principal item
• 1:21:39
  Speaker 2: of which is the paving of the streets, estimated by
• 1:21:42
  Speaker 2: the Bureau of Highways at nine million dollars. It contains
• 1:21:46
  Speaker 2: a chapter on the public control of the railway system
• 1:21:50
  Speaker 2: and upon municipal ownership and corporate influence in the city government.
• 1:21:55
  Speaker 2: The relations of the railways to their employees is treated
• 1:21:59
  Speaker 2: in a separate chapter HG end of Section seven, Section
• 1:22:12
  Speaker 2: eight of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume eight May eighteen
• 1:22:17
  Speaker 2: ninety seven. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings
• 1:22:22
  Speaker 2: are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer,
• 1:22:26
  Speaker 2: please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Betty B. MISCELLANEA.
• 1:22:32
  Speaker 2: The Map of the United States, published by the General
• 1:22:35
  Speaker 2: Land Office in eighteen ninety six, represented in broad lines
• 1:22:40
  Speaker 2: the original territory of the United States and the several
• 1:22:44
  Speaker 2: accessions made to it by purchase or otherwise. Among the
• 1:22:48
  Speaker 2: mistakes perpetuated by this map is that of representing Oregon
• 1:22:53
  Speaker 2: i e. The present states of Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and
• 1:22:58
  Speaker 2: part of Montana a portion of the Louisiana Purchase. This
• 1:23:02
  Speaker 2: mistake is taken as a text by Colonel James O.
• 1:23:06
  Speaker 2: Broadhead for a critical review entitled the Louisiana Purchase Extent
• 1:23:11
  Speaker 2: of Territory Acquired by the Purchase, published by the Missouri
• 1:23:16
  Speaker 2: Historical Society Colonel Broadhead shows most conclusively that Louisiana extended
• 1:23:22
  Speaker 2: on the northwest only to the limits of the Mississippi
• 1:23:26
  Speaker 2: Drainage basin. The conclusion is not a new one, but
• 1:23:30
  Speaker 2: we are obliged to Colonel Broadhead for many new items
• 1:23:33
  Speaker 2: of evidence. If anything were needed to settle the matter
• 1:23:37
  Speaker 2: beyond peradventure, the proofs which he brings forward should be conclusive. HG.
• 1:23:45
  Speaker 2: End of Section eight, end of the National Geographic Magazine,
• 1:23:50
  Speaker 2: Volume eight, May eighteen ninety seven.