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012 - Chapter IV The Critics Part 4 · Victorian Literature

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  Speaker 1: Chapter eleven of Victorian Literature. This is a LibriVox recording.
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  Speaker 1: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
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  Speaker 1: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording
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  Speaker 1: by Ruhi Huck Victorian Literature by Clement Shorter. The Critics,
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  Speaker 1: Part four, eighteen thirty one, eighteen thirty one to eighteen
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  Speaker 1: eighty eight. Biography is the great medium of instruction and
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  Speaker 1: inspiration of that little band of positive philosophers who accept
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  Speaker 1: their gospel from Auguste Comte, whose philosophy positive they have
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  Speaker 1: translated into English. Study the philosophy positive for yourself, says
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  Speaker 1: George Henry Lewis, who with George Eliot, had much enthusiasm
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  Speaker 1: for the new cult. Studied patiently, give it the time
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  Speaker 1: and thought you would not grudge to a new science
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  Speaker 1: or a new language. And then whether you accept or
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  Speaker 1: reject the system, you will find your mental horizon irrevocably enlarged.
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  Speaker 1: But six stout volumes, exclaims the hesitating aspirant. Well, yes,
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  Speaker 1: six volumes, requiring to be mediated as well as read.
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  Speaker 1: I admit that they give pause in this busy, bustling
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  Speaker 1: life of ours. But if you must reflect how willingly
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  Speaker 1: six separate volumes of philosophy would be read in the
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  Speaker 1: course of the year, the undertaking seems less formidable. No
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  Speaker 1: one who considers the immense importance of a doctrine which
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  Speaker 1: will give unity to his life would hesitate to pay
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  Speaker 1: a higher price than that of a year's study. Among
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  Speaker 1: the most gifted of the positivists is Frederick Harrison, whose
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  Speaker 1: order and Progress and choice of books are well known.
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  Speaker 1: Among his companions in literary and religious warfare have been
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  Speaker 1: James Cotter Morrison, who wrote biographies of Saint Bernard and Claire,
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  Speaker 1: war and Macaulay The Service of Man, which was a
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  Speaker 1: contribution to religious propaganda, And Richard Concrave born eighteen eighteen,
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  Speaker 1: who was a pupil of Doctor Arnold at Rugby, and
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  Speaker 1: who has written many thoughtful political tracts. Eighteen o two
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  Speaker 1: to eighteen seventy six, an attempt to popularize Compte by
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  Speaker 1: an abridgment of his great work was made by Harriet Martineau,
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  Speaker 1: who was born at Norwich and was one of the
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  Speaker 1: most versatile of Victorian writers. None of her work has
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  Speaker 1: stood the test of time because she had so little
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  Speaker 1: of real genius. Although possessed, undoubtedly of great intellectual endowments.
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  Speaker 1: Not the less readily should be recognized that she exercised
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  Speaker 1: considerable influence upon her own generation. She wrote many stories
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  Speaker 1: dealing with social subjects, and tales illustrative of political economy,
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  Speaker 1: which dispersed many apoptas pular illusion. In a visit to America,
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  Speaker 1: she learned to sympathize with the Northern States, and perhaps
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  Speaker 1: no writer of the day did so much in England
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  Speaker 1: to excite sympathy with the cause, which ultimately proved victorious.
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  Speaker 1: Biographical sketches were originally published in The Daily News, a
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  Speaker 1: journal to which she was for many years a regular contributor,
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  Speaker 1: and for which she wrote her own obituary notice. Her
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  Speaker 1: historical work is mere compilation, destitute alike of originality in thoroughness,
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  Speaker 1: and the greater part of her other work has proved
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  Speaker 1: to be ephemeral. Such tales, however, as Deerbrook and The
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  Speaker 1: Hour and the Man, have still admiring readers. The publication
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  Speaker 1: of her letters on the Law of Man's Nature in
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  Speaker 1: Development eighteen fifty one excited much controversy, although her fearless
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  Speaker 1: honesty won the respect even of her opponents. Eighteen thirty eight.
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  Speaker 1: A writer who distinguished himself, most notably at one period
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  Speaker 1: by a combination of antagonism to supernatural Christianity and a
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  Speaker 1: gift for writing biography was John Morley. Mister Morley was
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  Speaker 1: born at Blackburn and educated at Cheltenham and at Lincoln College, Oxford.
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  Speaker 1: Much of his work was done in journalism. He edited
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  Speaker 1: in succession The Morning Star, The Literary Gazette, The Fortnightly Review,
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  Speaker 1: The Paul Maul Gazette and Macmillan's Magazine. He resigned the
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  Speaker 1: editorship of the Paul Mahel Gazette in eighteen eighty three
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  Speaker 1: when he entered Parliament as Member of Newcastle on Tyne,
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  Speaker 1: and gave up his post on Macmillan's Magazine on entering
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  Speaker 1: a Liberal cabinet in eighteen eighty six. He still edits
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  Speaker 1: The Englishman of Letters series, a remarkable collection of handy biographies,
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  Speaker 1: for which he wrote a life of Burke. His literary achievement,
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  Speaker 1: apart from his essays, is entirely biographed, but it was
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  Speaker 1: an enormous influence upon the intellectual development of thoughtful young
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  Speaker 1: men at the universities during the seventies and eighties. He
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  Speaker 1: has written lives of Voltaire, Russo and Diderot, which throw
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  Speaker 1: much light on the period prior to the French Revolution
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  Speaker 1: and give abundant evidence that had he not devoted himself
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  Speaker 1: to politics, he would have been able to produce a
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  Speaker 1: history of the French Revolution of inestimable value. On the
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  Speaker 1: other hand, his Life of Cobden was a failure from
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  Speaker 1: a literary standpoint. The essay Uncompromise is a most interesting
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  Speaker 1: development of the fundamental idea of Milton's Rio Pagetika, and
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  Speaker 1: is probably the most exhaustive treatment of the question how
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  Speaker 1: far we are justified in keeping track the expression of
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  Speaker 1: our opinions in deference to the views and customs of
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  Speaker 1: our fellow men eighteen thirty eight. Another good biographer who
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  Speaker 1: gave up to parliament time which might have been better
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  Speaker 1: employed from the point of view of a lover of letters,
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  Speaker 1: is Sir George Otto Trevelyan, whose Life of his uncle,
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  Speaker 1: Lord Macaulay is a delightful biography full of entertainment for
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  Speaker 1: the most frivolous of readers. Not less entertaining is Sir
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  Speaker 1: George Trevelyan's Early History of Charles James Fox eighteen eighty,
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  Speaker 1: a book which makes one wish that the writer had
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  Speaker 1: devoted himself to that epoch of our history, and had
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  Speaker 1: done for the period of the Georges what his uncle
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  Speaker 1: had done for their immediate predecessors. Eighteen hundred and nine
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  Speaker 1: to eighteen eighty five. Lord Houghton wrote poetry as Richard
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  Speaker 1: Moncton Millns, and his lines are still frequently quoted. But
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  Speaker 1: his biography of Keith's Life, Letters and Literary Remains of
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  Speaker 1: John Keats eighteen forty eight, although not now in any
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  Speaker 1: publisher's list, is certain to be long remembered. Lord Houghton's
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  Speaker 1: life was written by his friend Sir Wemyss Reid, author
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  Speaker 1: also over monograph on Charlotte Bronte. His son, after serving
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  Speaker 1: as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, became Earl of Crewe. His daughter,
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  Speaker 1: Florence Henniker, keeps alive the literary tradition of the family
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  Speaker 1: and is known as a writer of short stories nine
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  Speaker 1: to eighteen eighty five, seventeen seventy five to eighteen sixty seven,
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  Speaker 1: seventeen sixty three to eighteen sixty five. Lord Houghton had
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  Speaker 1: a general love of letters and of the society of
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  Speaker 1: literary men, so also had Henry Crabb Robinson, whose diary,
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  Speaker 1: edited by doctor Sadler eighteen sixty nine, brings one in
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  Speaker 1: touch with all the literary men and women of the period.
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  Speaker 1: At his house in Russell Square, Robinson gave breakfasts to
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  Speaker 1: which it became a distinction to be invited. Samuel Rodgers
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  Speaker 1: breakfast have been described in many memoirs. Rogers wrote all
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  Speaker 1: his poems long years before the Queen began to reign,
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  Speaker 1: but he lived for another thirty years, with the reputation
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  Speaker 1: of a good conversationalist and storyteller. His Table Talk was
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  Speaker 1: published in eighteen fifty six and is full of good stories.
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  Speaker 1: Two valuable books concerning Rogers have been written by mister
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  Speaker 1: Pier William Clayden Early Life of Samuel Rogers and Rogers
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  Speaker 1: and his Contemporaries eighteen hundred and ten to eighteen eighty one.
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  Speaker 1: An important biography was written by James Spedding, whose whole
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  Speaker 1: life was devoted to a study of Bacon and to
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  Speaker 1: a thorough destruction of McCauley's criticism upon the great philosopher.
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  Speaker 1: The Letters and the Life of Francis Bacon, including all
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  Speaker 1: his occasional works, newly collected and set forth with a
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  Speaker 1: commentary biographical and historical, was published in seven volumes between
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  Speaker 1: eighteen fifty seven and eighteen seventy four, eighteen oh six
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  Speaker 1: to eighteen sixty three, eighteen twenty six to eighteen seventy
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  Speaker 1: seven eighteen twenty three. Two of the most notable political
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  Speaker 1: philosophers of the era were George Cornewall and Lewis and Bagihart.
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  Speaker 1: Sir George Lewis held important posts in the governments of
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  Speaker 1: his day, being at one time Home Secretary and at
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  Speaker 1: another Secretary of State for War. He wrote a Dialogue
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  Speaker 1: on the Best Form of Government and many other triatses
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  Speaker 1: Walter Bagihart was one of the greatest authorities of his
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  Speaker 1: day on banking and finance. He wrote Physics and Politics,
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  Speaker 1: Economic Studies, and several other works which have little relation
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  Speaker 1: to literature, but his literary studies indicated a critical acquaintance
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  Speaker 1: with the best books. A brilliant publicist of our day
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  Speaker 1: who combines, like Bagihart, a affairs with keen literary instincts
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  Speaker 1: is Goldwyn Smith, who has made his home in Toronto,
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  Speaker 1: Canada for many years now, but who was once intimately
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  Speaker 1: associated with Oxford University. Goldwyn Smith has written many books
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  Speaker 1: in pamphlets, one on the relations between England and America,
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  Speaker 1: another on the political destiny of Canada, and he has
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  Speaker 1: written a short biography of Cowper eighteen o three to
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  Speaker 1: eighteen eighty one. The most famous traveler of the reign,
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  Speaker 1: and one of our greatest men of letters, was George Borrow,
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  Speaker 1: who went to Spain as an agent of the British
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  Speaker 1: and Foreign Bible Society, hence his Bible in Spain, which
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  Speaker 1: has become one of the most popular books in our language,
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  Speaker 1: as it is one of the most fascinating. It was
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  Speaker 1: first published in eighteen forty three under the title of
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  Speaker 1: The Bible in Spain, or Journeys, Adventures and Imprisonments of
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  Speaker 1: an Englishman in an attempt to circulate the scriptures in
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  Speaker 1: the Peninsula. Levengro eighteen fifty one and Romany Raie eighteen
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  Speaker 1: fifty seven have enjoyed almost an equal popularity with The
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  Speaker 1: Bible in Spain. Herman Melville eighteen nineteen to eighteen ninety
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  Speaker 1: one was an American citizen, and his work therefore does
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  Speaker 1: not come within the scope of this volume. I am
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  Speaker 1: the more sorry for this that I consider Melville's name
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  Speaker 1: is entitled to rank with that of George Borrow as
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  Speaker 1: one of the two travelers during the epoch whose books
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  Speaker 1: make literature. It is small disparagement to the majority of
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  Speaker 1: our great travelers that they have not been men of letters,
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  Speaker 1: that their books, although serviceable to their generation, are of
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  Speaker 1: little moment considered from the standpoint of art. Although mister H. M. Stanley,
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  Speaker 1: doctor Nansen, and other adventurous spirits of our time may
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  Speaker 1: be quite as important in the general drift of the
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  Speaker 1: world's doings as any of the literary men whose names
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  Speaker 1: are contained in this volume, their books have no place
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  Speaker 1: whatever in literature. It is noteworthy, however, that books written
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  Speaker 1: by travelers have been, during the past ten years or more,
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  Speaker 1: by far the most popular form of reading apart from fiction.
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  Speaker 1: Interest in historical study and speculative writing seems to have declined.
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  Speaker 1: Interest in travel is as marked as ever seventeen seventy
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  Speaker 1: one to eighteen forty five, seventeen eighty five to eighteen
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  Speaker 1: fifty four, eighteen oh three to eighteen fifty seven, eighteen
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  Speaker 1: oh nine to eighteen ninety, eighteen thirty one to eighteen
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  Speaker 1: ninety four, eighteen fourteen to eighteen nineteen, eighteen twenty eight
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  Speaker 1: to eighteen ninety five, eighteen forty eight to eighteen eighty seven.
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  Speaker 1: The journalism of the Reign has been so intimately associated
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  Speaker 1: with literature that were my space more ample, I should
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  Speaker 1: have chosen to devote a chapter to that subject alone.
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  Speaker 1: Many of the men I have mentioned, perhaps most of them,
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  Speaker 1: have at one time or another, contributed to the journals
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  Speaker 1: or magazines of the day. Even the novelists have a
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  Speaker 1: peculiar interest in journalism because of late years, as large
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  Speaker 1: a proportion of their pecuniary reward has come from what
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  Speaker 1: is called serial publication in this or that magazine or newspaper,
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  Speaker 1: as from book publication. Apart from fiction, access to magazines
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  Speaker 1: and newspapers has become, if it has not always been,
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  Speaker 1: an easy and pleasant way of making oneself heard upon
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  Speaker 1: the subject nearest to one's heart. Literally. Journalists who have
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  Speaker 1: afterwards republished their contributions in volume form include Sidney Smith
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  Speaker 1: and John Wilson at the beginning of the Raign, as
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  Speaker 1: also Douglas Gerald, Mark Lemon, Edmund Yates, Charles Mackay, and
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  Speaker 1: George Augustus Saaler. Sydney Smith left nothing that we can
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  Speaker 1: read to day. He lives as a pleasant memory. We
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  Speaker 1: know that he must have been a liberal minded, as
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  Speaker 1: he was certainly a very witty clergyman. He wrote on
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  Speaker 1: the ballot in eighteen thirty seven and on the Church
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  Speaker 1: Bills in eighteen thirty eight, and went on writing zealously
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  Speaker 1: until his death. The Wit and Wisdom of Sydney Smith
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  Speaker 1: was published in eighteen sixty one. John Wilson has a
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  Speaker 1: more pure literary record. As editor of Blackwood's magazine, he
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  Speaker 1: made that publication of Power in the Land. His Recreations
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  Speaker 1: of Christopher North appeared in eighteen forty two. Many of
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  Speaker 1: his essays and sketches may still be read with real pleasure,
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  Speaker 1: and indeed his influence will be very much alive for
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  Speaker 1: many a year to come. Douglas Gerald is also well
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  Speaker 1: known to day by his Black Eyed Susan and Missus
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  Speaker 1: Caudle's Curtain lectures. His son, Blanchard Gerald eighteen twenty six
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  Speaker 1: to eighteen eighty four, wrote his life. Mark Lemon was
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  Speaker 1: one of the first editors of Punch newspaper. His hundreds
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  Speaker 1: of articles and many novels are all well nigh forgotten,
• 15:15
  Speaker 1: but his name will always receive honorable mention in the
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  Speaker 1: history of journalism. Edmund Yates, who founded the World newspaper
• 15:24
  Speaker 1: in eighteen seventy four, will be remembered by his well
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  Speaker 1: written autobiography, one of the best books of the kind
• 15:31
  Speaker 1: ever issued. Yates wrote many novels, but they have all
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  Speaker 1: passed out of memory. Charles Mackay was an active journalist
• 15:40
  Speaker 1: for a number of years. He wrote novels, poems and criticisms,
• 15:44
  Speaker 1: and an entertaining autobiography entitled forty Years Recollections of Life,
• 15:49
  Speaker 1: literature and public affairs. Doctor MacKaye was father of Eric MacKaye,
• 15:55
  Speaker 1: author of Love Letters of a Violinist, and stepfather of
• 15:58
  Speaker 1: Miss Murray Corelli. The novelist George Augusta Sala, who wrote
• 16:03
  Speaker 1: so continuously for the Daily Telegraph and other journals, was
• 16:07
  Speaker 1: also author of many books, as well as the inevitable
• 16:11
  Speaker 1: autobiography The Land of the Golden Fleece America. He visited
• 16:16
  Speaker 1: and Living London are well known. Richard Jeffries published his
• 16:20
  Speaker 1: Gamekeeper at Home in the Paul Marlgazette. Wood Magic eighteen
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  Speaker 1: eighty one, Bevis eighteen eighty two and the Story of
• 16:30
  Speaker 1: My Heart eighteen eighty three are his best books. These
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  Speaker 1: names suggest one hundred others. The most honored journalist Today's
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  Speaker 1: Frederick Greenwood eighteen thirty, who has edited the Cornhill Magazine
• 16:43
  Speaker 1: and more than one newspaper. He has written poems, stories,
• 16:47
  Speaker 1: and essays, his Lovers Lexicon and Dreams being two of
• 16:51
  Speaker 1: his latest volumes. Another editor of the Cornhill Magazine, James
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  Speaker 1: Payne eighteen thirty, has written many successful novels, of which
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  Speaker 1: Lost Sir Massingbird eighteen sixty four and By Proxy eighteen
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  Speaker 1: seventy eight are perhaps the most popular. Mister Paine's many accomplishments,
• 17:12
  Speaker 1: his delightful humor and gift of genial anecdote have endeared
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  Speaker 1: him to a wider certain eighteen twenty six to eighteen
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  Speaker 1: ninety seven. A journalist of equal distinction was Richard Holt Hutton,
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  Speaker 1: the editor of The Spectator, who, in that journal maintained
• 17:30
  Speaker 1: for thirty five years the high water mark dignified an
• 17:34
  Speaker 1: independent criticism in an age in which the extensive intercourse
• 17:39
  Speaker 1: of authors and critics, the constant communication between the writers
• 17:43
  Speaker 1: of books and the writers for newspapers, has made independent
• 17:47
  Speaker 1: criticism are difficult and indeed almost impossible achievement. Mister Hutton
• 17:54
  Speaker 1: wrote many books, the two of the most notable being
• 17:57
  Speaker 1: essays literary and speculative, which were full of thoughtful and
• 18:01
  Speaker 1: discerning estimates of the works of Wordsworth, George Elliot and
• 18:06
  Speaker 1: other writers. Eighteen seventy four to eighteen sixty five. Memoirs
• 18:12
  Speaker 1: abound in the epoch, although we are mainly indebted to translations.
• 18:17
  Speaker 1: Amiel's Journal translated by Missus Humphrey Ward Marie bash Kurtesev's
• 18:23
  Speaker 1: Diary translated by Matilda Blind reflect one side of this
• 18:28
  Speaker 1: literary taste, while the one thousand and one Memoirs concerning
• 18:32
  Speaker 1: Napoleon the First represent another. The most popular series of
• 18:38
  Speaker 1: political memoirs in English we owe to Charles Cavendish Folk Greville,
• 18:43
  Speaker 1: who became Clerk to the Privy Council in eighteen twenty
• 18:47
  Speaker 1: one and held that post until eighteen sixty. After his death,
• 18:51
  Speaker 1: his diary was edited by mister Henry Reeve. The first
• 18:56
  Speaker 1: series of the Greville Memoirs, dealing with the reign of
• 18:59
  Speaker 1: Joe the Fourth and William the Fourth, appeared in eighteen
• 19:03
  Speaker 1: seventy five and created immense excitement. The later volumes excited
• 19:11
  Speaker 1: less interest. Eighteen sixteen. The Life of the Late Prince
• 19:16
  Speaker 1: Consort eighteen seventy four by Sir Theodore Martin naturally contained
• 19:21
  Speaker 1: no indiscretions, although it did much to enhance if that
• 19:25
  Speaker 1: were possible, Kindly Memories of the Queen's husband. Sir Theodore
• 19:33
  Speaker 1: Martin made his first fame under the pseudonym of bah Goulthier.
• 19:39
  Speaker 1: His book of ballads, written in conjunction with Professor Ethoum,
• 19:44
  Speaker 1: had much success. Sir Theodore Martin also wrote Ethoone's Memoir
• 19:51
  Speaker 1: eighteen sixty seven and the Life of Lord Lindhurst eighteen
• 19:55
  Speaker 1: eighty three. He has translated The Odes of Horace, the
• 20:00
  Speaker 1: Vita Nova of Dante Gohitz first and Heinz Poems and Ballads.
• 20:06
  Speaker 1: In eighteen eighty five he published a sketch of the
• 20:10
  Speaker 1: life of Princess Alice eighteen seventeen to eighteen seventy five.
• 20:17
  Speaker 1: It is difficult to know where to place Sir Arthur Helps,
• 20:20
  Speaker 1: who wrote plays, novels, histories and essays. He was an
• 20:24
  Speaker 1: overrated writer in his time. He's perhaps underrated now. Two
• 20:30
  Speaker 1: series of Friends and Council appeared, the first in eighteen
• 20:34
  Speaker 1: forty seven, the second in eighteen fifty nine. They dealt
• 20:38
  Speaker 1: with all manner of abstract subjects such as war, despotism,
• 20:42
  Speaker 1: and so on, and were very popular. Another volume, Companions
• 20:49
  Speaker 1: of My Solitude, was equally successful. Helps was ration enough
• 20:56
  Speaker 1: to enter into competition with Prescott in treating of the
• 21:00
  Speaker 1: Spanish Conquests of America. But the picturesque books of the
• 21:03
  Speaker 1: earlier writer are still with us, while helps Life of
• 21:08
  Speaker 1: Bizario eighteen sixty nine and Life of Courte eighteen seventy
• 21:13
  Speaker 1: one are almost forgotten. That also is the fate of
• 21:17
  Speaker 1: his romance Realma eighteen sixty eight, and of his tragedies
• 21:21
  Speaker 1: Catherine Douglas and Henry the Second. Sir Arthur Helps was
• 21:26
  Speaker 1: Clerk to the Privy Council, and he edited the principal
• 21:30
  Speaker 1: speeches and addresses of the late Prince Consort eighteen sixty
• 21:35
  Speaker 1: two eighteen nineteen. Sir Arthur Helps also edited for Queen
• 21:41
  Speaker 1: Victoria her Leaves from a Journal of Our Life in
• 21:45
  Speaker 1: the Highlands eighteen sixty eight. The Queen has also published
• 21:50
  Speaker 1: the early days of his Royal Highness and Prince Consort
• 21:54
  Speaker 1: eighteen sixty seven and more Leaves from the Journal of
• 21:57
  Speaker 1: Our Life in the Highlands eighteen eighty ten. Her Majesty
• 22:02
  Speaker 1: has been credited with a genuine taste for letters and
• 22:05
  Speaker 1: a love for good poetry and good fiction with some
• 22:09
  Speaker 1: show of authority. It has been stated that her favorite
• 22:12
  Speaker 1: novelists are Sir Walter Scott, Miss Austen, and Miss Bronte.
• 22:19
  Speaker 1: While it is quite evident to the least inquisitive that
• 22:22
  Speaker 1: many literary theologians have had some measure of her regard.
• 22:28
  Speaker 1: Happily the times have long passed when literature needed the
• 22:31
  Speaker 1: patronage of the powerful. Today it can honorably stand alone.
• 22:36
  Speaker 1: But it is pleasing to remember that the sovereign, whose
• 22:39
  Speaker 1: sixty years of rule makes so remarkable a record in literature,
• 22:43
  Speaker 1: as in many other aspects of the world's progress, has
• 22:47
  Speaker 1: taken a sympathetic interest in the books and bookmen of
• 22:50
  Speaker 1: the epoch. The Queen will have seen reputations blaze forth
• 22:56
  Speaker 1: and figure out ignominiously. She will have seen many a
• 23:00
  Speaker 1: writer hailed for immortal today and forgotten tomorrow. She will
• 23:05
  Speaker 1: have seen, however, a succession of writers Browning in Tennyson, Carlyle,
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  Speaker 1: and Ruskin, most notable of all, who, in their impulse
• 23:15
  Speaker 1: towards high ideals of human brotherhood, in their enthusiasm of humanity,
• 23:20
  Speaker 1: have given us literature without a parallel in history. And
• 23:24
  Speaker 1: she will not be without a sense of gratification, than
• 23:28
  Speaker 1: that literature will go down the ages bearing the name
• 23:32
  Speaker 1: of Victorian. End of the Critics, Part four. End of
• 23:41
  Speaker 1: Victorian Literature by Clement Shorter