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Episode 73 - Communications - Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge · Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

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  Pendix one, Part three Communications communications. In order to have safe surface operations,
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  it is imperative that you maintain good communication with ATC. The controllers understanding
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  can be enhanced by you responding appropriately and using standard phraseology. Figure one seventeen
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  shows a detailed glossary of phraseology that is commonly used in surface operations. Guidelines
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  for clear and accurate communications include the use of proper communication procedures when contacting ATC.
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  Your initial transmission to ATC should contain the following elements. Who you are,
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  aircraft's complete call sign, where you are on the airport, what you
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  want. You should think about what you want to say before communicating it.
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  Alphabetical code for the adis note. You must be alert for stuck microphones prior
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  to contacting ATC. Transmissions should be well filled out before keying transmitter, know
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  what needs to be said, and always check their radio frequencies to ensure that
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  the proper one is being used to transmit. Communication with ATC should be concise
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  and to the point. For unusual situations or lengthy communications, initial contact should
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  be established, then in the next transmission describe the situation. Keep in mind
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  that other aircraft are waiting to contact ATC, so transmissions should be kept to
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  a minimum unless it is an emergency situation. While communicating with ATC, focus
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  on what the controller is instructing and do not perform any non essential tasks.
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  Refer to the AIM Chapter five, Section five Pilot controller roles and responsibilities.
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  Read back any hold short of runway instructions issued by ATC. This readback should
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  include the specific runway designator and taxiway intersection when appropriate, so if there are
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  any misunderstandings or errors they are obvious to ATC. A readback presents the first
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  and most efficient opportunity to catch any miscommunications. It provides a reality check in
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  two ways. It tells the controller, this is what the pilot heard,
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  and it provides the controller of the opportunity to reaffirm that is what he or
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  she meant to say. For detailed information about radio communication phraseology and techniques,
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  refer to Chapter four, Section two of the AIM. Understanding the no tams
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  for the airport is very important when communicating with ATC. No tams provide information
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  regarding taxiway runway closures. With proper knowledge of the airport's no tams, you
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  can assist ATC for example, if ATC clears you to taxi on a closed
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  taxiway or runway, you can inform them if you are unsure of any portion
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  of the taxi clearance, request clarification and or progressive taxi instructions. It is
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  important for you to know that you can request assistance. Note. When instructed
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  to monitor a particular frequency, listen on the frequency and stand by for instructions.
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  Under normal circumstances, do not initiate communications. Examples of taxi instructions initial
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  call up with specific requests Pilot, Teeterborough Ground, Gulf Stream November three,
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  two two, Zulu Quebec Act Behaviation with information Alpha Request taxi to Runway one
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  NINER controller November three, two two, Zulu Quebec, Teeterborough Ground, Runway
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  one niner Taxi via LIMA Line up and wait controller November five, two three.
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  Quebec Quebec Runway two seven, Line up and wait traffic landing Runway three
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  write Pilot November five, two three, Quebec Chebec Runway two seven, Line
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  up and wait, Line up and wait on intersecting runways. Line up and
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  weight can be authorized on intersecting runways. When this is done. Traffic advisories
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  shall be issued to both aircraft depart Your instructions for two aircraft controller November five
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  to three. Quebec Quebec Runway three six at Golf four Line up and wait
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  traffic departing Runway two seven, Pilot November five two three Quebec, Quebec Runway
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  three six at Golf four Line up and wait Controller November one, four to
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  four November MIC Runway two seven cleared for takeoff. Traffic holding in position Runway
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  three six. Departure and arrival. Instructions for two aircraft controller November four seven
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  seven. Zulu Alpha Runway six Line up and wait traffic landing Runway two seven
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  Pilot November four seven seven, Zula Alpha Runway six Line up and Wait Controller
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  November two three four Alpha Golf Runway two seven cleared to land Traffic holding in
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  position Runway six. Intersection departure clearance ATC must state the name of the intersection
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  to you before a line up and wait instruction. You should question ATC.
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  If this does not happen, you should state that they are at an intersection.
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  When questing a takeoff clearance. A controller must also state the name of
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  the intersection when issuing a takeoff clearance controller November four seven seven. Zulu Alpha
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  Runway four Taxiway Bravo line up and wait pilot line up in weight Runway four
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  Taxiway Bravo, November four seven seven. Zulu Alpha ensure that when you read
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  back a clearance for an intersection line up and wait or intersection takeoff, that
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  you state the name of the intersection, even if the controller did not include
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  it in the clearance. Landing clearance ATC may withhold or rescind the landing clearance
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  when an aircraft is in line up and wait on the runway. Landing clearance
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  withheld controller, November four seven seven. Zulu Alpha Runway four Continue traffic holding
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  in position Landing clearance canceled controller November four seven seven. Zulu Alpha Landing clearance
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  canceled Traffic holding in position, continue take off clearance, Landing clearance read back
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  all landing and takeoff clearances with a call sign including the runway designator controller,
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  November one two three. Quebec Yankee Charlotte Tower Runway four right cleared to land
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  pilot November one two three. Quebec Yankee clear to land Runway four right controller
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  November one two three. Quebec Yankee Charlotte Tower Runway five cleared for takeoff pilot.
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  November one, two three. Quebec Yankee cleared for takeoff Runway five land
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  and hold short clearance land and hold short instructions require your acceptance and read back
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  controller. November one, two three. Quebec Yankee Waterloo Tower Runway three six
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  cleared to land hold short runway three zero for departing traffic pilot. November one,
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  two three. Quebec Yankee clear to land runway three six hold short Runway
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  three zero. Figure eighteen A and B shows an example of the land and
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  hold short holding position runway exiting clearance. After landing and reaching taxi speed,
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  you are expected to exit the runway at the first available taxiway or as instructed
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  by ATC. You should remain on the tower frequency until advised to contact ground
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  control controller UNITY three two turn right on taxiway Golf two and contact ground point
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  niner when clear of the runway pilot Unity three two Right on Golf two ground
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  point niner. Initial contact after landing and clearing the runway Pilot Lincoln Ground,
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  November one two three. Quebec Yankee clear of runway two at Bravo Taxi to
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  the ramp controller November one, two three, Quebec Yankee Lincoln Ground Taxi to
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  the ramp via Bravo light gun signals. ATC has a backup system if radio
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  communication fails. Controllers use a light gun that flashes different colors to instruct you
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  what to do. Refer to the Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, Chapter thirteen,
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  Airport Operations for a light gun signal illustration. Even a failed radio transmission
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  is not an excuse for proceeding without a proper clearance. If you are on
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  a runway or taxiway and radio communication with ATC fails, you should one turn
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  towards the tower. Two flash your landing lights several times. Three wait for
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  the light signal from ATC. Four Be patient. If ATC's attention is diverted,
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  it may take a few minutes for a response. Five. If your
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  radios are working, try a frequency other than the one you are currently using.
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  Six call ATC via cell phone. If you have the number available.
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  Signs, markings and lighting. It is important for you to know the meanings
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  of the signs, markings and lights that are used on airports as surface navigational
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  aids. All airport markings are painted on the surface, whereas some signs are
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  vertical and are painted on the surface. An overview of the most common signs
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  and markings are described on the following pages. For more detailed information on runway
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  signs and markings, refer to the aim runway holding position sign. Non compliance
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  with the runway holding position sign may result in the FAA filing a pilot deviation
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  against you. A runway holding position sign is an airport version of a stop
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  sign see figure nineteen. It may be seen as a sign and or its
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  characters painted on the airport pavement. The sign has white characters outlined in black
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  on a red background. It is always co located with the surface painted holding
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  position markings, and is located where taxiways intersect runways. On taxis that intersect
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  the threshold of the takeoff runway, only the designation of the runway may appear
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  on the sign. If a taxiway intersects the runway somewhere other than at the
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  threshold, the sign has the designation of the intersecting runway. The runway numbers
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  on the sign are arranged to corresp on to the relative location of the respective
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  runway thresholds. Figure one Dash twenty shows eighteen dash thirty six to indicate the
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  threshold for runway eighteen is to the left and the threshold for runway thirty six
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  is to the right. The sign also indicates that you are located on taxiway
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  Alpha. If the runway holding position sign is located on a taxiway at the
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  intersection of two runways, the designations for both runways are shown on the sign
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  along with arrows showing the approximate alignment of each runway see Figures one Dash twenty
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  one A and B. In addition to showing the approximate runway alignment, the
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  arrows indicate the direction to the threshold of the runway whose designation is immediately next
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  to each corresponding arrow. This type of taxiway and runway slash runway intersection geometry
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  can be very confusing and create navigational challenges. Extreme caution must be exercised when
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  taxing, onto or crossing this type of intersection. Figure one Dash twenty one
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  A and B shows a depiction of a taxiway runway runway intersection and is also
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  designated as a hot spot on the airport diagram. In the example, taxiway
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  Bravo intersects with two runways thirty one Dash thirteen and thirty five Dash seventeen,
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  which cross each other. Surface painted runway holding position signs may also be used
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  to aid you in determining the holding position. These markings consist of white characters
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  with a black border on a red background and are painted on the left side
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  of the taxiway center line. Figure one Dash twenty two shows a surface painted
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  runway holding position sign that is the holding point for a runway thirty two R
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  Dash fourteen L. You should never allow any part of your aircraft to cross
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  the runway holding position sign, either a vertical or surface painted sign, without
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  a clearance from ATC. Doing so poses a hazard to yourself and others.
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  When the tower is closed or you are operating at a non towered airport,
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  you may taxi pass the runway holding position sign only when the runway is clear
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  of aircraft and there are no aircraft on final approach. You may then proceed
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  with extreme caution runway holding position marking. Non compliance with a runway holding position
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  marking may result in the FAA filing a pilot deviation against you. Runway holding
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  position markings consist of four yellow lines, two solid and two dashed that are
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  painted on the surface and extend across the width of the taxiway to indicate where
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  the aircraft should stop when approaching a runway. These markings are painted across the
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  entire taxiway pavement, are in alignment and are co located with the holding position
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  sign as described above. As you approached the runway, two solid yellow lines
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  and two dashed lines will be visible. Prior to reaching the solid lines,
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  it is imperative to stop and ensure that no portion of the aircraft intersects the
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  first solid yellow line. Do not cross the double solid lines until a clearance
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  from ATC has been received see Figure one Dash twenty three. When the tower
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  is closed or when operating at a non towered airport, you may taxi onto
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  or across the runway only when the runway is clear and there are no aircraft
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  on final approach. You should use extreme caution when crossing or taxiing onto the
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  runway and always look both ways. When exiting the runway, the same markings
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  will be seen, except the aircraft will be approaching the double dashed lines.
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  See Figure one Dash twenty four. In order to be clear of the runway,
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  the entire aircraft must cross both the dashed and solid lines. An ATC
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  clearance is not needed to cross this marking when exiting the runway. Enhanced Taxiway
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  center line markings and most towered airports, the enhanced taxiway center line marking is
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  used to warn you of an upcoming runway. It consists of yellow dashed lines
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  on either side of the normal solid taxiway center line, and the dashes extend
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  up to one hundred and fifty feet prior to a runway holding position marking see
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  Figures one Dash twenty five A and B. They are used to aid you
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  in maintaining awareness during surface movement to reduce runway incursions. Elevated Runway guard lights
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  Elevated runway guard lights RGL, commonly known as wigwag lights, are co located
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  with the runway hold position signs and surface painted hold position markings. They consist
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  of a pair of elevated flashing yellow lights installed on either side of the taxiway
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  near the holding position sign see Figure one Dash twenty six A. Alternatively,
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  they may be a row of in pavement yellow lights installed across the runway at
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  the holding position marking see Figure one Dash twenty six B. Runway guard lights
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  are effective visual aids for helping you identify the runway holding position runway safety area
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  boundary sign. In addition to the runway hold marking, some taxiway stubs also
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  have a runway safety Area boundary sign that faces the runway and is visible to
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  you only when exiting the runway. This sign has a yellow background with black
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  markings and is typically used at towered airports where a controller commonly requests you to
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  report clear of a runway. This sign is intended to provide you with another
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  visual queue that is used as a guide to determine when you are clear of
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  the runway safety boundary area. The sign shown in Figures twenty seven is what
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  you would see when exiting the runway at Taxiway Q LOW and is out of
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  the runway safety area boundary when the entire aircraft passes the sign and the accompanying
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  surface painted marking. End of Section three of Appendix one