Latest / How To Protect The Ocean / Coral Restoration In Trouble: Why Saving Reefs Takes More Planting Coral

Transcript

Coral Restoration In Trouble: Why Saving Reefs Takes More Planting Coral · How To Protect The Ocean

• 0:00
  Coral reefs are
• 0:01
  bleaching again this year.
• 0:03
  This is the fourth year in a row where
• 0:05
  the Great Barrier Reef has
• 0:06
  bleached a significant amount.
• 0:08
  Will it recover? Probably for the most
• 0:10
  part it will recover as it's recovered
• 0:12
  over the last four years.
• 0:14
  However, what is this going to do at time
• 0:18
  after time after time to the longevity of
• 0:20
  the coral reefs in
• 0:21
  the Great Barrier Reef,
• 0:22
  as well as around the world? And does
• 0:24
  restoration, coral
• 0:25
  restoration, help reestablish corals,
• 0:28
  not only locally, but will it help
• 0:30
  overall in the fight to protect corals?
• 0:33
  We're going to talk about that on today's
• 0:34
  episode of the How to
• 0:35
  Protect the Ocean podcast.
• 0:36
  Let's start the show.
• 0:39
  Hey, everybody. Welcome back to another
• 0:40
  exciting episode of the How
• 0:41
  to Protect the Ocean podcast.
• 0:42
  I'm your host, Andrew Lewin, and this is
• 0:44
  the podcast where you find out what's
• 0:45
  happening with the ocean,
• 0:46
  how you can speak up for the ocean and
• 0:48
  what you can do to live for a better
• 0:49
  ocean by taking action.
• 0:52
  I'm going to tell you something here. I'm
• 0:53
  going to admit something.
• 0:54
  This is a bit controversial.
• 0:55
  When I saw this article, I was a little
• 0:58
  worried about bringing it up.
• 1:00
  It was in that cosmos and they tend to
• 1:02
  have pretty good articles.
• 1:04
  And I was worried because coral
• 1:06
  restoration is very popular right now.
• 1:08
  And this is something that a lot of
• 1:09
  people are doing, especially locally, to
• 1:11
  try and do something to reestablish the
• 1:14
  local coral population and protect it
• 1:16
  from not only bleaching,
• 1:17
  but other significant factors such as
• 1:20
  water pollution, coastal development,
• 1:22
  overfishing, a lot of different things.
• 1:24
  And those cumulative impacts can affect
• 1:27
  not only wild, like an untouched and
• 1:30
  preserved population, but can
• 1:31
  also harm coral restoration.
• 1:34
  So there's a lot of stuff
• 1:35
  going on in this article.
• 1:36
  And I want to talk about it.
• 1:37
  I have thoughts, you
• 1:38
  know, always restoration.
• 1:40
  And this is the real crux of the matter
• 1:42
  is restoration is always more expensive
• 1:44
  and harder than
• 1:46
  preservation or conservation.
• 1:48
  Let me say that again. Restoration is
• 1:50
  always more expensive and harder than
• 1:52
  preservation and conservation.
• 1:54
  So that means if we have a healthy coral
• 1:56
  population or even a somewhat healthy
• 1:59
  coral population that has not been
• 2:01
  degraded to the point where it requires
• 2:02
  restoration, it's actually cheaper to
• 2:04
  protect than it is to
• 2:06
  bring back those corals, right?
• 2:08
  And either, you know, farm them on land
• 2:11
  and bring them back into
• 2:12
  the water and plant them.
• 2:13
  That's always more expensive. And this is
• 2:16
  not just for coral restoration. This is
• 2:18
  for any type of restoration in the wild.
• 2:20
  Like I remember working for the
• 2:21
  Department of Fisheries and Oceans, we
• 2:23
  would do restoration projects in the
• 2:24
  Great Lakes and it would cost like
• 2:26
  hundreds of thousands of dollars just to
• 2:28
  put rocks in for fish habitat.
• 2:30
  Like these are just rocks, nothing
• 2:32
  special. They're just rocks that you
• 2:34
  would normally find there.
• 2:35
  They were just dredged or they were just
• 2:36
  moved and they wanted to restore a
• 2:38
  specific fish population.
• 2:39
  They know they like these rocks of that
• 2:41
  area. They would go grab the rocks. They
• 2:43
  would get higher bars. They would bring
• 2:45
  it in. They would pile it up and it would
• 2:46
  create fish habitat.
• 2:47
  It wasn't difficult, but it was super
• 2:49
  expensive. Like hundreds and hundreds of
• 2:51
  thousands of dollars and you're just
• 2:52
  sitting there and you're just like, this
• 2:54
  would have been really great if we just
• 2:55
  kept it the way it was.
• 2:57
  If we had just been proactive instead of
• 2:59
  reactive and said, hey, you know what?
• 3:01
  Let's just protect this fish
• 3:02
  habitat here in the Great Lakes.
• 3:03
  But sometimes we don't know the damage
• 3:05
  that we cause because we rush into
• 3:07
  things. Hint, hint, deep sea mining. Just
• 3:09
  gonna say it. Just gonna say it.
• 3:12
  We don't want to rush into things when we
• 3:13
  do stuff, especially as humans, that is
• 3:15
  extractive, right? Or that
• 3:17
  will alter a fish habitat.
• 3:19
  Now here in Canada, I can't speak for
• 3:20
  anywhere else, but here in Canada, I know
• 3:22
  it's a rule as part of the Fisheries Act
• 3:24
  that if you are going to harm fish
• 3:26
  habitat here in Canada, whether it's in
• 3:28
  the ocean or in freshwater lakes or
• 3:30
  rivers or streams, you have
• 3:32
  to compensate the government.
• 3:32
  You have to say, hey, you know what? I
• 3:34
  know we're going to be altering this fish
• 3:37
  habitat. So I'm going to give money to
• 3:39
  another project that's
• 3:40
  restoring fish habitat.
• 3:41
  And that's how they got the money to do
• 3:43
  the restoration in other places, which
• 3:45
  they'll probably get money to restore the
• 3:47
  place that they're actually altering at
• 3:48
  that point at some point down the road
• 3:50
  when they realize, oh man,
• 3:51
  we really screwed up here.
• 3:53
  We shouldn't have done this in the first
• 3:54
  place. And that's not just science based.
• 3:56
  That is just a lot of public pressure, a
• 3:58
  lot of political pressure to develop and
• 3:59
  to do things in the
• 4:01
  water, in and around the water.
• 4:01
  That can harm or remove items that are
• 4:04
  critical to specific fish populations or
• 4:07
  just critical to that habitat functioning
• 4:10
  as it does. And if you remove it, it
• 4:12
  changes that habitat. Let's go back to
• 4:15
  coral reefs for a second. Coral reefs are
• 4:16
  very sensitive habitats, but they're very
• 4:18
  important. They're one of the most
• 4:19
  diverse in the world. They are beautiful.
• 4:22
  They're a tourism hotspot.
• 4:23
  Tourists like myself, when we go down
• 4:26
  south and I'm able to go into the
• 4:28
  tropics, I'm able to either scuba dive or
• 4:29
  snorkel. I am taking every advantage to
• 4:32
  go into that water and look at corals.
• 4:35
  Look at the invertebrates. Look at the
• 4:36
  fish. I'm an invertebrate guy, so corals
• 4:38
  and invertebrates are my thing.
• 4:39
  But I love seeing a good school of fish.
• 4:42
  There's nothing like it. And also when
• 4:44
  you see stuff in pristine condition, I'm
• 4:47
  looking at little nematodes that are
• 4:49
  orange and black and they're just
• 4:51
  interacting with the coral. You're seeing
• 4:53
  a parrot fish, a rainbow parrot fish take
• 4:56
  little chips off the coral just to take
• 4:58
  the algae off and you know that coral is
• 5:00
  going to regrow because that's part of
• 5:02
  its regular functioning.
• 5:02
  But there's nothing worse than going
• 5:04
  diving or snorkeling and you see a coral
• 5:07
  that has a disease or that is bleached.
• 5:10
  And what I mean by bleached, essentially
• 5:12
  corals have these living organisms, the
• 5:14
  dinoflagellates in them. So these
• 5:16
  phytoplankton that are in that live
• 5:17
  inside the colonies and they actually use
• 5:20
  photosynthesis to create the calcium that
• 5:23
  the limestone skeleton of
• 5:25
  the coral needs to grow.
• 5:26
  So it's a symbiotic relationship.
• 5:28
  Zuandeli is what the dinoflagellates are
• 5:30
  called and they're pretty important.
• 5:32
  They're pretty critical to the survival
• 5:34
  of these corals. Now, when the coral gets
• 5:36
  hot, like sea surface temperature and
• 5:38
  climate change cause sea surface
• 5:39
  temperature to increase, there's more
• 5:41
  radiation coming in. There's a lot of
• 5:43
  stuff that's going on.
• 5:43
  The dinoflagellate starts to be like,
• 5:45
  this is really hot. I don't really like
• 5:47
  this. I'm going to start to tell you that
• 5:49
  I don't really like this. And it starts
• 5:51
  to expunge these little chemicals that
• 5:54
  the coral doesn't like. It says, you know
• 5:55
  what? Get out of here. You're done.
• 5:57
  You're not behaving. It's like when your
• 5:59
  mother sends you to your room or your
• 6:00
  father sends you to your room. Get out of
• 6:02
  here. You need to time out. So the
• 6:04
  zuandeli gets expunged by the coral into
• 6:06
  the water column and then it becomes
• 6:09
  white because the
• 6:10
  zuandeli give it that color.
• 6:11
  They give it the yellows, the maroons,
• 6:13
  the purples, whatever color that you see
• 6:16
  down there, the greens, the zuandeli are
• 6:17
  responsible for giving that color. If it
• 6:19
  doesn't have that color, then it's just a
• 6:21
  white skeleton and it can't get the
• 6:23
  calcium that needs to grow and eventually
• 6:25
  dies. Sometimes it can't feed itself
• 6:27
  because some will actually filter feed.
• 6:29
  And so it dies. And that's what happens
• 6:31
  if it doesn't come back. And that means
• 6:32
  if the sea surface temperature stays hot
• 6:34
  for long, that the zuandeli can't come
• 6:37
  back and recolonize or other zuandeli
• 6:39
  can't come back and
• 6:39
  recolonize, then we have a problem.
• 6:40
  This bleaching goes away like this
• 6:44
  bleaching stays forever and the corals
• 6:45
  eventually die because they can't get the
• 6:47
  minerals that they need to actually
• 6:48
  survive right and the ions they need to
• 6:50
  survive. So that is a huge problem. And
• 6:52
  that's what's been happening when corals
• 6:53
  get bleached all over the world, not just
• 6:55
  in the Great Barrier Reef. Obviously
• 6:56
  that's something that is an iconic
• 6:58
  habitat. So we focus on there and it's
• 7:00
  huge, but it recovers every year because
• 7:03
  the temperature doesn't last as long, but
• 7:05
  every single year the hot temperature
• 7:07
  last longer and longer and longer.
• 7:09
  Right. So if you hit 40 degrees Celsius
• 7:12
  for longer and longer days, so maybe for
• 7:14
  the first year was like five and then the
• 7:16
  second year was 10 and the third is 15.
• 7:18
  And I'm not saying it's going up to that
• 7:19
  much, but what if it does and it just
• 7:21
  continues to increase in the length of
• 7:23
  the number of days that it's hot.
• 7:23
  That's over 40 degrees Celsius that
• 7:26
  causes the zuandeli to get expunged to go
• 7:29
  to the room to go to the water column.
• 7:31
  Now we have a problem, right? Now we have
• 7:33
  a continuous to happen. So the recovery
• 7:35
  ability of the coral is
• 7:37
  less and less every year.
• 7:39
  You get what I'm saying? This is a big
• 7:41
  problem. Now what people are doing around
• 7:43
  the world, they're saying, you know what?
• 7:45
  I'm not just going to take this lying
• 7:46
  down. There's not a lot we can do about
• 7:48
  climate change on a short term factor,
• 7:51
  other like as
• 7:51
  individuals or as an organization.
• 7:52
  Other than pressuring the government to
• 7:55
  reduce greenhouse gases, put in act and
• 7:58
  implement and follow, you know, Paris
• 8:00
  Accord agreements and all those type of
• 8:02
  Kyoto agreement back when I was younger,
• 8:04
  all these different agreements have
• 8:05
  actually followed it and they actually
• 8:06
  realize the potential of these policies
• 8:09
  that would bring us down lower and lower
• 8:11
  and greenhouse gas emissions that would
• 8:13
  allow us to get lower temperatures
• 8:14
  overall or not increase and continue to
• 8:17
  increase as we keep doing
• 8:18
  every year as a world population.
• 8:19
  Then we were able to actually fix things,
• 8:22
  but a lot of people are like, I can't do
• 8:24
  anything for that in the short term,
• 8:26
  right? Some governments are going to
• 8:27
  listen to some governments aren't and
• 8:29
  that's just what the reality is. So some
• 8:31
  people are like, I need to do something.
• 8:32
  I need to feel like I'm doing something.
• 8:34
  I want to do something locally so that I
• 8:36
  can think globally, act locally, right?
• 8:39
  Or is it act locally, think globally? I
• 8:41
  always get confused with that.
• 8:42
  Regardless, it's a good thing to do and
• 8:44
  you want to protect the coral reef in and
• 8:46
  around your area or the habitat, like say
• 8:48
  I'm in Canada, in and around your area.
• 8:48
  Although we do have coral reefs, but
• 8:51
  they're just a little deeper and they're
• 8:53
  beautiful sponge reefs. Anyway, we do
• 8:54
  have some beautiful reefs here. But
• 8:56
  regardless, you know, you want to think a
• 8:57
  lot of people want to restore these
• 8:59
  habitats that have been degraded or have
• 9:01
  been bleached over time. So what they'll
• 9:02
  do is they'll come up with an
• 9:04
  organization, they'll get funding or
• 9:05
  they'll get ways to pay for it. So some
• 9:07
  will actually sell corals to the aquarium
• 9:09
  industry as they cut them and as they
• 9:11
  make them and as they grow them in, I
• 9:13
  guess, the aquarium tanks. And then you
• 9:14
  get to bring them out. That's how they
• 9:17
  fund them the money to actually do their best to the aquarium tank, and they're actually going to do their best to the aquarium tank.
• 9:17
  And then what they do is they bring out
• 9:21
  the coral pieces and they attach them on
• 9:23
  to different rocks in a reef where there
• 9:25
  used to be plenty coral. Now you have a
• 9:27
  growth and it grows and grows and grows.
• 9:29
  But if you get a bleaching event again,
• 9:31
  those corals could bleach.
• 9:33
  And so is it really that important? This
• 9:35
  is what a long way of saying this is what
• 9:37
  this article gets into says global reef
• 9:39
  coverage has potentially decreased by up
• 9:41
  to 50% up to 50% with projections
• 9:44
  indicating loss exceeding 90% by the
• 9:47
  centuries and due to climate change,
• 9:49
  pollution and overfishing, right?
• 9:49
  Which we all talked about. So looking at
• 9:53
  restoration efforts is there's a bigger
• 9:55
  decrease than it can increase. So current
• 9:58
  restoration initiatives such as coral
• 9:59
  gardening and artificial reefs are
• 10:01
  insufficient against the
• 10:02
  vast scale of reef degradation.
• 10:03
  These methods are often limited in scope,
• 10:06
  expensive, as I mentioned before, and
• 10:08
  focus on already compromised reefs. So
• 10:11
  the high cost is that restoring just 10%
• 10:14
  or 11,700 square kilometers of degraded
• 10:17
  reef from 2009 to 2018 would require over
• 10:21
  $1 billion, nearly quadrupling the total
• 10:25
  global investment in
• 10:26
  coral restoration to date.
• 10:27
  1 billion. Just imagine that 1 billion
• 10:31
  with inflation is probably even more than
• 10:33
  that. Right? So I talked about coral
• 10:35
  bleaching and what it causes. Now the
• 10:37
  compounding stressors of overfishing and
• 10:39
  pollution make it worse. It exacerbates
• 10:41
  the effects of bleaching, stressing the
• 10:44
  coral systems and increasing the
• 10:45
  mortality rates, meaning that it has a
• 10:47
  harder time to recover.
• 10:48
  So just think about this, this analogy,
• 10:50
  right? You're a human being, you're in
• 10:52
  decent shape, but you don't eat the best
• 10:54
  way and you're not working out. But you
• 10:57
  stay healthy, you walk a lot, say you
• 10:58
  have dogs and you go out and you walk a
• 11:00
  lot and you do a little bit of exercise,
• 11:01
  say in Keering Canada, you play hockey,
• 11:03
  maybe in the States you're playing flag
• 11:04
  football or you're playing lacrosse or
• 11:06
  you're playing soccer,
• 11:06
  you're active, right?
• 11:07
  But you have all these other stressors,
• 11:09
  you're not eating properly and you're not
• 11:10
  working out as much as you should. And
• 11:12
  that stressor can really happen. So if
• 11:14
  something happens, then the stressors
• 11:17
  make things worse, it doesn't help in
• 11:19
  your recovery to get to a healthier
• 11:21
  place. So by maintaining that health and
• 11:25
  taking away all these extra factors like
• 11:27
  eating unhealthy or not working out as
• 11:29
  much as you should, that would harm you
• 11:31
  right from a health perspective, right?
• 11:33
  All the doctors would say that you need
• 11:34
  to eat, right? You need to
• 11:35
  exercise on a semi regular basis.
• 11:36
  And then you should be fine, but you
• 11:38
  never know. So if you get something like
• 11:40
  cancer and you already have heart disease
• 11:42
  or you're having a problem, that's going
• 11:43
  to make things worse. Well, this is the
• 11:45
  same thing with corals. If corals are
• 11:47
  stressed with algae overgrowth, right?
• 11:50
  Because of bad water pollution and high
• 11:51
  nutrients, then it's going to be working
• 11:54
  to try and get rid, not really get rid of
• 11:56
  the algae, but the algae is going to have
• 11:58
  an unhealthy effect on that coral. And
• 12:00
  then all of a sudden you bring in climate
• 12:02
  change and it's heating up the water. And
• 12:04
  that coral says, hey, to the zoo and it's like, get out.
• 12:05
  Get out. Go to your room. I don't want
• 12:08
  you in here right now it's too hot.
• 12:10
  You're causing some trouble. I need to
• 12:11
  figure this out. I got algae overgrowth.
• 12:14
  I've got high temperatures. I've got
• 12:15
  sediment coming in from coastal
• 12:17
  development. I've got somebody's trying
• 12:18
  to fish all over us and we can't get the
• 12:20
  Parrotfish to take the algae off. This is
• 12:22
  awful. We can't do this, we can't have
• 12:24
  all of this stuff happening at the same
• 12:26
  time. So having those
• 12:27
  cumulative effects, no good.
• 12:28
  No good.
• 12:29
  The bad news is we may not be able to
• 12:30
  control climate change in the short term.
• 12:32
  The good news is we can control water
• 12:34
  pollution, we can control coastal
• 12:36
  development, and we can
• 12:36
  control overfishing. Those are the things
• 12:39
  that we can control,
• 12:40
  especially when it's near shore.
• 12:41
  So being able to control that and taking
• 12:43
  away those cumulae
• 12:44
  effects will give a chance for
• 12:46
  coral reefs to recover faster. In fact,
• 12:48
  there was a study done a few
• 12:49
  years ago, I'll have to find
• 12:50
  the link. I don't know if I'll be able to
• 12:51
  find it in time, but there
• 12:52
  was a study done a few years
• 12:53
  ago that looked at corals that were
• 12:55
  beyond borders. They
• 12:57
  were out in the middle of
• 12:58
  nowhere. They bleached and then they
• 13:00
  recovered a lot faster than those that
• 13:02
  were closer to shore.
• 13:03
  They were getting affected by overfishing
• 13:04
  and by water pollution. So
• 13:06
  these things actually matter.
• 13:09
  And when you look at global action and
• 13:11
  you say, "Hey, look, this
• 13:12
  report without significant
• 13:13
  reductions in greenhouse gas emissions
• 13:15
  and the broader environmental
• 13:16
  protections, localized
• 13:17
  restoration efforts aren't really going
• 13:18
  to do anything. They're
• 13:19
  going to be really expensive,
• 13:20
  but overall, we're losing this battle."
• 13:22
  And this is not to take
• 13:24
  away from anybody who's doing
• 13:25
  coral restoration because it's really
• 13:27
  important. It's important
• 13:28
  not only to see the effects and
• 13:30
  the successes that we see locally, but
• 13:32
  it's important to get
• 13:33
  people involved and connected
• 13:34
  to the ocean. A lot of the times, these
• 13:35
  are community projects.
• 13:37
  And so the community gets
• 13:38
  together maybe with a couple of experts
• 13:40
  like scientists and
• 13:41
  conservationists and even marine
• 13:42
  aquarium hobbies that are really good at
• 13:44
  propagating corals. And they
• 13:45
  go out and they do this as a
• 13:47
  community. It's really great. It's like a
• 13:48
  beach cleanup. It gets
• 13:49
  people connected, sees what's
• 13:50
  happening out there, and then they can
• 13:52
  make changes locally as
• 13:54
  well as in a community basis.
• 13:55
  So I don't want to take away from anybody
• 13:57
  who's doing coral
• 13:57
  restoration, but it's not the answer.
• 13:59
  If you see that happening and you're
• 14:01
  like, "Thank you for doing
• 14:01
  it." Thank the person because
• 14:02
  they're making a lot of effort and
• 14:04
  they're giving up their time.
• 14:05
  A lot of times, whether it's
• 14:06
  professionally or on a volunteer basis,
• 14:08
  they're giving their time
• 14:08
  to actually do this work,
• 14:10
  but it's not the sole answer. We can't
• 14:14
  restore our way out of this. We have to
• 14:15
  protect and we have to
• 14:16
  reduce greenhouse gases. We have to
• 14:18
  reduce pollution and we
• 14:19
  have to reduce overfishing.
• 14:21
  That's a necessity. Like we are in dire
• 14:24
  needs right now, right?
• 14:26
  We've lost less than 50% of
• 14:27
  coral student bleaching. That's not good.
• 14:29
  We need to do better. Restoration is
• 14:31
  helping. It's a tool
• 14:32
  in the conservation tool belt, but it's
• 14:35
  not the tool. It's not the
• 14:36
  thing that's going to put us
• 14:37
  over the edge to say, "Hey, you know
• 14:38
  what? We're winning the battle
• 14:40
  for coral restoration against
• 14:41
  climate change." That is a sad reality.
• 14:45
  When you watch those videos of people
• 14:46
  going out and diving
• 14:47
  and doing that thing, thank them. They're
• 14:48
  doing great effort, but
• 14:50
  it's not the solution. It's not
• 14:51
  their fault. They're doing what they can.
• 14:53
  They're doing whatever they
• 14:54
  can do, but we need to really
• 14:56
  work on policy. We need to work on voting
• 14:58
  people in, politicians
• 15:00
  in that will actually do
• 15:02
  reduction in greenhouse gas and work and
• 15:04
  make sure that the energy
• 15:06
  sector is sustainable and
• 15:07
  it's greener than it normally is. That's
• 15:10
  what we need to do. We're not moving fast
• 15:11
  enough and we're losing
• 15:12
  these precious habitats at a phenomenal
• 15:15
  rate and we do not want to do that. So
• 15:16
  that is my call to action.
• 15:18
  Thank the people who are doing it, but
• 15:20
  understand that we need to
• 15:21
  do more from a policy basis
• 15:23
  than a political basis than any time in
• 15:25
  our history. This is dire
• 15:27
  needs, people. If you love corals,
• 15:29
  you love snorkeling on corals, you love
• 15:31
  diving on corals, you love
• 15:32
  just watching them on TV.
• 15:33
  Well, you can't get that all the time. An
• 15:35
  AI generation of pictures and
• 15:38
  stuff as great as AI can be.
• 15:39
  It's not going to be the same as when you
• 15:41
  see a beautiful healthy
• 15:43
  coral right away. You know what?
• 15:45
  If you ever have a chance and you're a
• 15:47
  TikTok fan, go to TikTok, go to Carissa
• 15:49
  Cabello's TikTok profile
• 15:51
  and watch the videos of her looking at
• 15:54
  beautiful corals in Hawaii. They are
• 15:57
  phenomenal and so it's
• 15:59
  wonderful place to do it. It's a creator
• 16:00
  that I watch on a regular
• 16:01
  basis because she has such
• 16:03
  great pictures and she takes such a great
• 16:04
  action, right? She does
• 16:06
  what she can and we need more
• 16:08
  people like her and there are more people
• 16:09
  like her on TikTok. And
• 16:11
  in fact, if you are in the
• 16:12
  comments in YouTube or you want to hit me
• 16:13
  up with your favorite
• 16:14
  creators that show these types of
• 16:16
  things, please let me know. I'd love to
• 16:17
  get connected with them
• 16:18
  even more so than I am with
• 16:20
  others that are around that I know of. So
• 16:21
  hit me up in YouTube
• 16:23
  comments or hit me up on Instagram
• 16:24
  at how to protect the ocean or you can
• 16:26
  contact me through
• 16:26
  speakupforblue.com. Just go to our
• 16:28
  contact page. That form that you fill out
• 16:30
  goes right to my email and
• 16:31
  I try and get back to you
• 16:32
  as soon as possible. I want to thank you
• 16:34
  so much for listening to
• 16:35
  this episode of the How to
• 16:36
  Protect the Ocean podcast. I'm your host,
• 16:38
  Andrew Lewin from the True
• 16:39
  North Strong and Free. Have
• 16:40
  a great day. We'll talk to you next time
• 16:42
  and have a conservation.