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04 - Robinson Crusoe - Daniel Defoe · Adventure Books Collection

• Chapter four. First weeks on the island. When I waked, it was broad day, the weather clear, and the storm abated, so that the sea did not rage and swell as before. But that which surprised me most was that the ship was lifted off in the night from the sand where she lay by the swelling of the tide, and was driven up almost as far as the rock which I had first mentioned where I had been so bruised by the wave dashing me against it. This being within about a mile from the shore where I was, and the ship seeming to stand upright still, I wished myself on board that at least I might save some necessary things for my use. When I came down from my apartment in the tree, I looked about me again, and the first thing I found was the boat, which lay as the wind and the sea had tossed upon the land, about two miles on my right hand. I walked as far as I could upon the shore to have got to her, but found a neck or inlet of water between me and the boat, which was about half a mile broad. So I came back for the present, being more intent upon getting at the ship, where I hoped to find something for my present subsistence. A little afternoon I found the sea very calm, and the tide ebbed so far out that I could come within a quarter of a mile of the ship. And here I found a fresh renewing of my grief, for I saw evidently that if we had kept on board, we had all been safe, that is to say, we had all got safe on shore, and I had not been so miserable as to be left entirely destitute of all comfort and company, as I now was. This forced tears to my eyes again. But as there was little relief in that, I resolved, if possible to get to the ship. So I pulled off my clothes, for the weather was so hot to an extremity, and took the water. But when I came to the ship, my difficulty was still greater to know how to get on board, for as she lay aground and high out of the water, there was nothing within my reach to lay hold of. I swam around her twice, and the second time I spied a small piece of rope, which I wondered I did not see at first, hung down by the fore chains so low as that with great difficulty I got hold of it, and by the help of that rope, I got up into the forecastle of the ship. Here I found that the ship was bulged and had a great deal of water in her hold, but that she lay so on the side of a of hard sand, or rather earth, that her stern lay lifted up upon the bank, and her head low almost to the water. By this means all her quarter was free, and all that was in that part was dry. For you may be sure, my first work was to search and to see what was spoiled and what was free. And first I found that all the ship's provisions were dry and untouched by the water. And being very well disposed to eat, I went to the bread room and filled my pockets with biscuit, and ate it as I went about other things, for I had no time to lose. I also found some rum in the great cabin, of which I took a large dram and which I had indeed need enough to spirit me for what was before me. Now I wanted nothing but a boat to furnish myself with many things, which I foresaw would be very necessary to me. It was in vain to sit still and wish for what was not to be had, And this extremity roused my application. We had several spare yards and two or three large spars of wood, and a spare top mast or two in the ship. I resolved to work to fall with these, and I flung as many of them overboard as I could manage for their weight, tying everyone with a rope that they may not drive away. When this was done, I went down the ship's side, and pulling them to me, I tied four of them together at both ends as well as I could, in the form of a raft, and laying two or three short pieces of plank upon them crossways. I found I could walk upon it very well, but that it was not able to bear any great weight, the pieces being too light. So I went to work, and with the carpenter saw, I cut a spare top mast into three lengths and added them to my raft. With a great deal of labor and pains, but the hope of furnishing myself with necessaries encouraged me to go beyond what I should have been able to have done. Upon another occasion. My raft was now strong enough to bear any reasonable weight. My next care was what to loaded with and how to preserve what I had laid upon it from the surf of the sea. But I was not long considering this. I first laid all the planks or boards upon it that I could get. Having considered well what I most wanted, I got three of the seamen's chests which had been broken open and emptied, and lowered them down upon my raft. The first of these I filled with provisions, that is, bread rice, three Dutch cheeses, five pieces of dried goat's flesh, which we lived much upon, and a little remainder of European corn, which had been laid by for some fowls, which we brought to see with us. But the fowls were killed. There had been some barley and wheat together, but to my great disappointment, I found afterwards that the rats had eaten or spoiled it all. As for liquors, I found several cases of bottles belonging to our skipper, in which were some cordial waters, and in all about five or six gallons of wreck. These I stowed by themselves, there being no need to put them into the chest, nor any room for them. While I was doing this, I found the tide begin to flow, though very calm, and I had the mortification to see my coat, shirt and waistcoat, which I had left on the shore upon the sand swim away. As for my breeches, which were only linen and open kneed, I swam on board in them and my stockings. However, this set me rummaging for clothes, of which I found enough, but took no more than I wanted for present use, for I had other things which my eye was more upon as first tools to work with when on shore. And it was after long searching that I found out the carpenter's chest, which was indeed a very useful prize to me, and much more valuable than a ship load of gold would have been at that time. I got it down to my raft whole as it was, without losing time to look into it, for I knew in general what it contained. My next care was for some ammunition and arms. There were two very good following pieces in the great cabin and two pistols. These I secured first with some powder horns and a small bag of shot, and two old rusty swords. I knew there were three barrels of powder in the ship, but I knew not where our gunner had stowed them. But with much much search, I found them, two of them dry and good, the third had taken water. Those two I got to my raft with my arms, and now I thought myself pretty well freighted, and began to think how I should get on shore with them. Having neither sailor nor rudder, and the least capful of wind would have overset all my navigation. I had three encouragements. First, a smooth, calm sea. Secondly the tide rising and setting in to the shore. Thirdly, what little wind there was blew me towards the land. And thus, having found two or three broken oars belonging to the boat, and besides the tools which were in the chest, I found two saws, and axe and a hammer. With this cargo I put to sea for a mile or there thereabouts. My raft went very well, only that I found it drive a little distant from the place where I had landed before, by which I perceived that there was some in draft of the water. And consequently I hoped to find some creek or river there which I might make use of as a port to get to land with my cargo. As I imagined, so it was, there appeared before me a little opening of the land and I found a strong current of the tide set into it. So I guided my raft as well as I could to keep in the middle of the stream. But here I had liked to have suffered a second shipwreck, which if I had, I think verily, would have broken my heart, For knowing nothing of the coast, my raft ran aground at one end of it upon a shoal, and not being aground at the other end, it wanted but a little that all my cargo had slipped off towards the en, and that was afloat, and to fall into the water. I did my utmost by setting my back against the chests to keep them in their places. But I could not thrust off the raft with all my strength, neither durst I stir from the posture I was in, but holding up the chests with all my might. I stood in that manner near half an hour, in which time the rising of the water brought me a little more upon a level, And a little after the water, still rising, my raft floated again, and I thrust her off with the oar I had into the channel, and then driving up higher, I at length found myself in the mouth of a little river, with land on both sides, and a strong current of tide running up. I looked on both sides for a proper place to get to shore, for I was not willing to be driven too high up the river, hoping in time to see some ships at sea, and therefore resolved to place my sel as near the coast as I could. At length I spied a little cove on the right shore of the creek, to which, with great pain and difficulty, I guided my raft and at last got so near that reaching ground with my oar I could thrust her directly in. But here I had liked to have dipped all my cargo into the sea again, for that shore buying pretty steep, that is to say, sloping, there was no place to land, and where one end of my float, if it ran on shore, would lie so high and the others sink lower. As before that it would endanger my cargo. Once again. All that I could do was to wait till the tide was at the highest, keeping the raft with my oar like an anchor, to hold the side of it fast to the shore near a flat piece of ground which I expected the water would flow over, And so it did. As soon as I found water enough for my raft drew about a foot of water. I thrust her upon that flat piece of ground, and there fastened or moored her by sticking my two broken oars into the ground, one on one side near the end, and one on the other side near the other end. And thus I lay till the water ebbed away, and left my raft and all my cargo safe on shore. My next work was to view the country and seek a proper place for my habitation, and where to stow my goods, to secure them from whatever might happen. Where I was, I yet knew not whether on the continent or on an island, whether inhabited or not inhabited, whether in danger of wild beasts or not. There was a hill not a mile above me, which rose up very steep and high, and which to overtop some other hills which lay as in a ridge from it northward. I took out one of the fowling pieces, and one of the pistols, and a horn of powder, and thus armed, I traveled for discovery up to the top of that hill. Where after I had, with great labor and difficulty, got to the top, I saw my fate to my great affliction, that is, that I was in an island environed every way with the sea, no land, no land to be seen, except some rocks, which lay a great way off, and two small islands less than this, which lay about three leagues to the west. I found also that the island I was in was barren, and as I saw good reason to believe, uninhabited, except by wild beasts, of whom, however, I saw none. Yet I saw abundance of fowls, but knew not their kinds either. When I killed them, could I tell what was fit for food and what not. At my coming back, I shot at a great bird, which I saw sitting upon a tree on the side of a great wood. I believe it was the first gun that had ever been fired there since the creation of the world. I had no sooner fired than from all parts of the wood there arose an innumerable number of fowls of many sorts, making a confused screaming and crying, and every one of them according to his usual note, But not one of them of any kind that I knew. As for the creature I killed, I took it to be a kind of hawk, its color and beak resembling it. But it had no talons or claws more than common. Its flesh was carrying and fit for nothing. Contented with this discovery, I came back to my raft and fell to work to bring my cargo on shore, which took me up the rest of that day. What to do with myself at night I knew not, nor indeed where to rest, for I was afraid to lie down on the ground, not knowing but some wild beast might devour me, though as I afterwards found, there was really no need for those fears. However, as well as I could, I barricaded myself round with the chests and boards that I had brought on shore, and made a kind of hut for that night's lodging. As for food, I yet saw not which way to supply myself, except that I had seen two or three creatures like hares run out of the wood where I shot the fowl. I now began to consider that I might yet get a great many things out of the ship which would be useful to me, and particularly some of the rigging and sails and such other things as might come to land. And I resolved to make another voyage on board the vessel, if possible, And as I knew that the first storm that blue must necessarily break her all in pieces. I resolved to set all other things apart till I had got everything out of the ship that I could get. Then I called a council, that is to say, in my thoughts, whether I should take back the raft. But this appeared impracticable, so I resolved to go as before when the tide was down. And I did so only that I stripped before I went from my hut, having nothing on but my checkered shirt, a pair of linen drawers, and a pair of pumps on my feet. I got on board the ship as before and prepared a second raft. And having had experience of the first, I neither made this so unwieldy, nor loaded it so hard. But yet I brought away several things very useful to me. As first, in the carpenter stores, I found two or three bags full of nails and spikes, a great screw jack, a dozen or two of hatchets, and above all that most useful thing called a grindstone. All these I secured, together with several things belonging to the gunner, particularly two or three iron crows and two barrels of musket bullets, seven muskets, another following piece with some small quantity of powder, more a large bagful of small shot, and a great roll of sheet lead. But this last was so heavy I could not hoist it up to get it over the ship's side. Besides these things, I took all the men's clothes that I could find, and a spar for a topsail, a hammock, and some bedding, And with this I loaded my second raft and brought them all safe on shore, to my very great comfort. I was under some apprehension during my absence from the land that at least my provisions might be devoured on shore. But when I came back, I found no sign of any visitor. Only there sat a creature like a wild cat upon one of the chests, which, when I came towards it, ran away a little distance and then stood still. She sat very composed and unconcerned, and looked full in my face, as if she had a mind to be acquainted with me. I presented my gun at her, but as she did not understand it, she was perfectly unconcerned at it, nor did she offer to stir away, upon which I tossed her a bit of biscuit, though by the way, I was not very free of it, for my store was not great. However, I spared her a bit, I say, and she went to it, smelled at it, and ate it, and looked as if pleased for more. But I thanked her and could spare no more, so she marched off, Having got my second cargo on shore. Though I was fain to open the barrels of powder and bring them by parcels, for they were too heavy, being large casts, I went to work to make me a little tent with the sale and some poles which I cut for that purpose, and into this tent I brought everything that I knew would spoil either with rain or sun, and I piled all the empty chests in casts up in a circle around the tent to fortify it from any sudden attempt, either from man or beast. When I had done this, I blocked up the door of the tent with some boards within, and an empt chest set up on end without, and spreading one of the beds upon the ground, laying my two pistols just at my head and my gun at length by me. I went to bed for the first time and slept very quietly all night, for I was very weary and heavy, for the night before I had slept little, and had labored very hard all day to fetch all those things from the ship and to get them on shore. I had the biggest magazine of all kinds now that ever was laid up, I believe for one man. But I was not satisfied still. For a while the ship sat upright in that posture. I thought I ought to get everything out of her that I could. So every day at low water I went on board and brought away something or other, But particularly the third time I went, I brought away as much of the rigging as I could, as also all the small ropes and rope twine I could get with a piece of spare canvas, which was to mend the sails upon occasion, and the barrel of wet gunpowder. In a word, I brought away all the sails first and last, only that I was fain to cut them in pieces and bring as much as I at a time as I could, for they were no more useful to be sails but as mere canvas only. But that which comforted me more still was that, last of all, after I had made five or six such voyages as these, and thought I had nothing more to expect from the ship that was worth my meddling with. I say, after all this, I found a great hogshead of bread, three large runlets of rum or spirits, a box of sugar, and a barrel of fine flour. This was surprising to me, because I had given over expecting any more provisions except what was spoiled by the water. I soon emptied the hogshead of the bread and wrapped it up parcel by parcel, and pieces of the sails which I cut out, and in a word, I got all this safe on shore. Also the next day I made another voyage, and now having plundered the ship of what was portable and fit to hand out, I began with the cables, cutting the great cable into pieces such as I could move. I got two cables and a howser on shore with all the ironwork I could get, And having cut down the spirit sail yard and the mizzen yard and everything I could get to make a large raft, I loaded it with these heavy goods and came away. But my good luck began now to leave me, for this raft was so unwieldy and so overladen that after I had entered the little cove where I had landed the rest of my goods. Not being able to guide it so handily as I did the other, it overset and threw me and all my cargo into the water. As for myself it was no great harm, for I was near the shore. But as to my cargo, it was a greater part of it lost, especially the iron, which I expected would have been of great use to me. However, when the tide was out, I got most of the pieces of the cable ashore and some of the iron, though with infinite labor, for I was fain to dip for it into the water, a work which fatigued me very much. After this, I went every day on board and brought away what I could get. I had now been thirteen days on shore, and had been eleven times on board ship, in which time I had brought away all that one pair of hands could well be supposed capable to bring, though I believe verily, had the calm weather held, I should have brought away the whole ship piece by piece. But preparing the twelfth time to go on board, I found the wind began to rise. However, at low water I went on board, and though I thought I had rummaged the cabin so effectually that nothing more could be found, yet I discovered a locker with drawers in it, in one of which I found two or three razors and one pair of large scissors, with some tin, or a dozen of good knives and forks. In another I found about thirty six pounds value of money, some European coins, some brazil some pieces of eight, some gold, and some silver. I smiled to myself at the sight of this money. Oh, drug, said I allowed, what art thou good? For? Thou art not worth to me? No, not the taking off the ground one of those knives is worth all this heap. I have no manner of use for thee e'en remain where thou art, and go to the bottom as a creature whose life is not worth saving. However, upon second thoughts, I took it away, and wrapping all this in a piece of canvas, I began to think of making another raft. But while I was preparing this, I found the sky overcast, and the wind began to rise, and in a quarter of an hour it blew a fresh gale from the shore. It presently occurred to me that it was in vain to pretend to make a raft with the wind offshore, and that it was my business to be gone before the tide of flood began, otherwise I might not be able to reach the shore at all. Accordingly, I left myself down into the water and swam across the channel which lay between the ship and the sands, and even that with difficulty, enough, partly with the weight of the things I had about me, and partly the roughness of the water. For the wind rose very hastily, and before it was quite high water it blew a storm, But I had got home to my little tent, where I lay, with all my wealth about me, very secure. It blew very hard all night, and in the morning, when I looked out, behold no more ship was to be seen. I was a little surprised, but recovered myself with the satisfactory reflection that I had lost no time, nor abated any diligence to get everything out of her that could be useful to me, and that indeed there was little left in her that I was able to bring away if I had had more time. I now gave over any more thoughts of the ship or of anything out of her, except what might drive on shore from her wreck, as indeed divers pieces of her afterwards did. But those things were of small use to me. My thoughts were now wholly employed about securing myself against either savages, if any should appear, or wild beasts, if anywhere in the island. And I had many thoughts of the method how to do this, and what kind of dwelling to make, whether I should make me a cave in the earth or a tent upon the earth. And in short I resolved upon both the manner and description of which it may not be improper to give an account of. I soon found the place I was in not fit for my settlement, because it was upon a low Moorish crown near the sea, and I believed it would not be whole, and more particularly because there was no fresh water near it. So I resolved to find a more healthy and more convenient spot of ground. I consulted several things in my situation which I found would be proper for me. First, health and fresh water I just now mentioned. Secondly, shelter from the heat of the sun. Thirdly security from ravenous creatures, whether man or beast. Fourthly, of view to the sea, that if God sent any ship in my sight, I might not lose any advantage for my deliverance, of which I was not willing to banish all my expectation. Yet, in search of a place proper for this, I found a little plain on the side of a rising hill whose front towards this little plain was steep as a house sign, so that nothing could come down upon me from the top. On the one side of the rock there was a hollow place worn a little way in, like the entrance or door of a cave, but there was not really any cave or any way into the rock at all. On the flat of the green. Just before this hollow place I resolved to pitch my tent. This plain was not above one hundred yards broad and about twice as long, and lay like a green before my door, and at the end of it descended irregularly every way down into the low ground by the seaside. It was on the north northwest side of the hill, so that it was sheltered from the heat every day till it came to a west and by south sun or thereabouts, which in those countries is near the setting. Before I set up my tent, I drew a half circle before the hollow place, which took in about ten yards in its semi diameter from the rock, and twenty yards in its diameter from its beginning and ending. In this half circle, I pitched two rows of strong stakes, driving them into the ground till they stood very firm like piles, the biggest end being out of the ground above five feet and a half and sharpened at the top. The two rows did not stand above six inches from one another. Then I took the pieces of cable which I had cut in the ship, and laid them in rows, one upon another within the circle between these two rows of stakes up to the top, placing other steaks in the inside, leaning against them about two feet and a half high, like a spur to a post. And this fence was so strong that neither man nor beast could get into it or over it. This cost me a great deal of time and labor, especially to cut the piles in the woods, bring them to the place, and drive them into the earth. The entrance into this place I made to be not by a door, but by a short ladder to go over the top, which ladder, when I was in I lifted over with me. After me, and so I was completely fenced in and fortified, as I thought, from all the world, and consequently slept secure in the night, which otherwise I could not have done. Though as it appeared afterwards that there was no need for all of this caution from the enemies that I apprehended danger from. Into this fence or fortress. With infinite labor, I carried all my riches, all my provisions, ammunition and stores of which you had the account above. And I made a large tent which to preserve me from the reins that in one part of the year very violent. There I made double, one smaller tent within and one larger tent above it, and covered the uppermost with a large tarpaulin which I had saved among the sails. And now I lay no more for a while in the bed which I had brought on shore, but in a hammock, which was indeed a very good one, and belonged to the mate of the ship. Into this tent I brought all my provisions and everything that would spoil by the wet, And having thus enclosed all my goods, I made up the entrance which till now I had left open, and so passed and repassed, as I said, by a short ladder. When I had done this, I began to work my way into the rock, and, bringing all the earth and stones that I dug down out through my tent, made them up within my fence in the nature of a terrace, so that it raised the ground within about a foot and a half. And thus I made me a cave just behind my tent, which served me like a cellar to my house. It cost me much labor and many days before all these things were brought to perfection, And therefore I must go back to some other things which took up some of my thoughts at the same time. It happened, after I had laid my scheme for the setting up of my tent and making the cave, that a storm of rain falling from a thick dark cloud, A sudden flash of lightning happened, and after that a great clap of thunder, as is naturally the effect of it. I was not so much surprised with the lightning as I was with the thought which darted into my mind as swift as the lightning itself. Oh, my powder, my very heart sank within me when I thought that at one blast, all my powder might be destroyed, on which not my defense only, but the providing my food, as I thought entirely dependent. I was nothing near so anxious about my own danger, though had the powder took fire, I should never have known who had hurt me. Such impression did this make upon me that after the storm was over, I laid aside all my works, my building and for fortifying, and applied myself to making bags and boxes to separate the powder, and to keep it a little and a little in a parcel, and to hope that whatever might come, it might not all take fire at once, and to keep it so apart that it should not be possible to make one part fire another. I finished this work in about a fortnight, and I think my powder, which was in all about two hundred and forty pounds weight, was divided, and not less than a hundred parcels as to the barrel that had been wet. I did not apprehend any danger from that, so I placed it in my new cave, which in my fancy I called my kitchen, and the rest I hid up and down in holes among the rocks, so that no wet might come to it, marking very carefully where I laid it in the interval of time. While this was doing, I went out once at least every day with my gun as well, to divert myself as to see if I could kill anything fit for food, and as near as I could, to acquaint myself with what the island produced. The first time I went out, I presently discovered that there were goats in the island, which was a great satisfaction to me. But then it was attended with this misfortune to me, that is that they were so shy, so subtle, and so swift a foot, that it was the most difficult thing in the world world to come at them. But I was not discouraged at this, not doubting, but I might now and then shoot one, as it soon happened, For after I had found their haunts a little, I laid weight in this manner for them. I observed that they saw me in the valleys. Though they were upon the rocks, they would run away as in a terrible fright. But if they were feeding in the valleys and I was upon the rocks, they took no notice of me. From whence I concluded that by the position of their optics, their sight was so directed downward, that they did not readily see objects that were above them. So afterwards I took this method. I always climbed the rocks first to get above them, and then had frequently a fair mark. The first shot I made among these creatures I killed a she goat which had a little kid by her, which she gave suck to me heartily. For when the old one fell, the kid stood stocked still by her till I came and took her up. And not only so, but when I carried the old one with me upon my shoulders, the kid followed me quite to my enclosure, upon which I laid down the dam, and took the kid in my arms and carried it over my pail in hopes to have bread it up tame, but it would not eat, and so I was forced to kill it and eat it myself. These two supplied me with flesh a great while, for I ate sparingly and saved my provisions my bread, especially as much as I possibly could. Having now fixed my habitation, I found it absolutely necessary to provide a place to make a fire in and fuel to burn. And what I did for that, and also how I enlarged my cave, and what conveniences I made. I shall give a full account in its place. But I must now give some little account of myself and of my thoughts about living, which it may well be supposed were not a few. I had a dismal prospect of my condition. For as I was not cast away upon that island without being driven, as is said, by a violent storm, quite out of the course of our intended voyage, in a great way, that is, some hundreds of leagues, out of the ordinary course of the trade of mankind, I had great reason to consider this as a determination of Heaven, that in this desolate place, and in this desolate manner, I should end my life. The tears would run plntively down my face when I made these reflections, and sometimes I would expostulate with myself why Providence should completely ruin his creatures and render them so absolutely miserable, so without help, abandoned, so entirely depressed, that it could hardly be rational to be thankful for such a life. But something always returned swift upon me to check these thoughts and to reprove me. And particularly one day, walking with my gun in my hand by the seaside, I was very pensive upon the subject of my present condition, when reason, as it were, expostulated with me the other way. This, well, you are in a desolate condition, it is true, But pray, remember where are the rest of you? Did you not come eleven of you in the boat? Where are the ten? Why were they not saved and you lost? Why were you singled out? Is it better to be here or there? And then I pointed to the sea. All evils are to be considered with the good that is in them, and with what worse attends them. It occurred to me again how well I was furnished for my subsistence, And what would have been my case if it had not happened, which was one hundred thousand to one, that the ship floated from the place where she first struck, and was driven so near to the shore that I had time to get all these things out of her? What would have been my case if I had been forced to have lived in the condition in which I at first came on shore, without necessaries of life, or necessaries to supply and procure them. Particularly, said I aloud, though to myself, what should I have done without a gun, without ammunition, without any tools to make any or to work with without clothes, betting a tent, or any manner of covering, And that now I had all these things to sufficient quantity, and was in a fair way to provide myself in such a manner as to live without my gun when my ammunition was spent, so that I had a tolerable view of subsisting without any want as long as I lived. For I considered from the beginning I would provide for the accidents that might happen, and for the time that was to come, even not only after my ammunition should be spent, but even after my health and strength should decay. I confess I had not entertained any notion of my ammunition being destroyed at one blast, I mean, my powder being blown up by lightning. And this made the thoughts of it so surprising to me when it lightened and thundered, as I observed just now, and now being about to enter into a melancholy relation of a scene of silent life, such perhaps as was never heard of in the world. Before, I shall take it from its beginning and continue it in its order. It was, by my account the thirtieth of September, when, in the manner as above said, I first set foot upon this horrid island when the sun, being to us in its autumnal equinox, was almost over my head. For I reckoned myself by observation to be in the latitude of nine degrees twenty two minutes north of the line. After I had been there about ten or twelve days, it came to my thoughts that I should lose my reckoning of time for want of books and pen and ink, and should even forget the Sabbath days. But to prevent this, I cut with my knife upon a large post in capital letters, and making it into a great cross, I set it up on the shore where I first landed. I came on shore here on the thirtieth September sixteen fifty nine. Upon the sides of this square post I cut every day a notch with my knife, and every seventh notch was as long again as the rest, and every first day of the month as long again as that long one. And thus I kept my calendar, or weekly, monthly and yearly reckoning of time. In the next place, we are to observe that among the many things which I brought out of the ship in several voyages, which as above mentioned, I made to it. I got several things of less value, but not at all less useful to me, which I omitted setting down before, as in particular pens, ink and paper, several parcels in the captain's mates, gunners and carpenters, keeping three or four compasses, some mathematical instruments, dials, perspectives, charts, and books of navigation, all which I huddled together, whether I might want them or no. Also I found three very good bibles, which came to me in my cargo from England, and which I had packed up among my things. Some Portuguese books also, and among them two or three Popish prayer books, and several other books, all which I carefully secured. And I must not forget that we had in the ship a dog and two cats, of whose imminent history I may have occasion to say something in its place, for I carried both the cats with me, And as for the dog, he jumped out of the ship of himself and swam on shore to me the day after I went on shore with my first cargo, and was a trusty servant to me many years. I wanted nothing that he could fetch me, nor any company that he could make up to me. I only wanted to have him talk to me, but that he would not do. As I observed before, I found pens, ink and paper, and I husbanded them to the utmost. And I shall show that while my ink lasted, I kept things very exact. But after that was gone, I could not, for I could not make any ink by any means that I could devise. And this put me in mind that I wanted many things, notwithstanding all that I had amassed together, and of these ink was one, as also a spade, pickaxe, and shovel to dig or remove the earth, needles, pins and thread as for linen. I soon learned to want that without much difficulty. This want of tools made every work I did go so heavily, and it was near a whole year before I had entirely finished my little pail or surrounded my habitation. The piles or steaks, which were as heavy as I could well lift, were a long time in cutting and preparing in the woods, and more by far in bringing home, so that I spent sometimes two days in cutting and bringing home one of these posts, and a third day in driving it into the ground, for which purpose I got a heavy piece of wood at first, but at last bethought myself of one of the iron crows, which, however, though I found it, made driving these posts or piles very laborious and tedious work. But what need I have been concerned at the tediousness of anything I had to do, seeing I had time enough to do it in Nor had I any other employment if that had been over at least that I could foresee, except arranging the island to seek for food, which I did more or less every day. I now began to seriously consider my condition and the circumstances I was reduced to, and I drew up the state of my affairs in writing, not so much to lead them to any that were to come after me, For I was likely to have but few errors as to deliver my thoughts from daily pouring over them and afflicting my mind. And as my reason began now to master my despondency, I began to comfort myself as well as I could, and to set the good against evil, that I might have something to distinguish my case from worse. And I stated very impartially like debtor and creditor, the comforts I enjoyed against the miseries I suffered thus. Evil, I am cast upon a horrible, desolate island, void of all hope of recovery. Good, But I am alive and not drowned as all my ship's company were. Evil. I am singled out and separated, as it were, from all the world to be miserable. Good. But I am singled out too from all the ship's crew to be spared from death. And he that miraculously saved me from death can deliver me from this condition. Evil. I am divided from mankind, a solitaire one banished from human society. Good, But I am not starved and perishing on a barren place affording no sustenance. Evil. I have no clothes to cover me. Good, but I am in a hot climate where if I had clothes, I could hardly wear them. Evil. I am without any defense or means to resist any violence of man or beast. Good, But I am cast on an island where I see no wild beasts to hurt me as I saw on the coast of Africa. And what if I had been shipwrecked there. Evil, I have no soul to speak to or relieve me. Good, But God wonderfully sent the ship in near enough to ashore that I have got out as many necessary things as will either supply my wants or enable me to supply myself, even as long as I live upon the whole. Here was an undoubted testimony that there was scarce any condition in the world so miserable, but there was something negative or something positive to be thankful for in it. And let this stand as a direction from the experience of the most miserable of all conditions in this world, that we may always find in it something to comfort ourselves with, and to set in the description of good and evil on the credit side of the account. Having now brought my mind a little to relish my condition, and given over looking out to see to see if I should spy a ship, I say, giving over these things, I begun to apply myself to arrange my way of living, and to make things as easy to me as I could. I have already described my habitation, which was a tent under the side of a rock, surrounded with a strong pail of posts and cables. But I might now rather call it a wall, for I raised a kind of wall up against it, of turfs, about two feet thick on the outside. And after some time I think it was a year and a half. I raised rafters from it, leaning to the rock, and thatched or covered it with boughs of trees and such things as I could get to keep out the rain, which I found at some times of the year very violent. I have already observed how I brought all my goods into this pail and into the cave which I had made behind me. But I must observe too that at first this was confused heap of goods, which, as they lay in no order, so they took up all my place. I had no room to turn myself. So I set myself to enlarge my cave and work farther into the earth. For it was a loose sandy rock which yielded easily to the labor I bestowed on it. And so when I found I was pretty safe as to beasts of prey. I worked sideways to the right hand into the rock, and then turning again to the right, worked quite out and made me a door to come out on the outside of my pail or fortification. This gave me not only egress and regress, as it was a way back to my tent and to my storehouse, but gave me room to store my goods. And now I began to apply myself to such necessary things as I found I most wanted, particularly a chair and a table. Without these, I was not able to enjoy the few comforts I had in the world. I could not write, or eat, or do several things with so much pleasure without a table. So I went to work. And here I must needs observe that as reason is the substance and origin of the mathematics, so by stating and squaring everything by reason, and by making the most rational judgments of things, every man may be in time master of every mechanic art. I had never handled a tool in my life, and yet in time, by labor, application and contrivance, I found at last that I wanted nothing, but I could have made it, especially if I had tools. However, I made abundance of things even without tools, and some with no tools more than an ads and a hatchet, which perhaps were never made that way before, and that with infinite labor. For example, if I wanted a board, I had no other way but to cut down a tree, set it on an edge before me, and hew it flat on either side with my axe, till I brought it to be thin as a plank, and then dub it smooth with my ads. It is true by this method I could make but one board out of a whole tree. But this I had no remedy for but patience, any more than I had for the prodigious deal of time and labor which it took me up to make a plank or board. But my time or labor was little worth, and so it was as well employed one way as another. However, I made me a table and a chair, as I observed above and in the first place, And this I did out of the short pieces of boards that I brought on my raft from the ship. But when I had wrought out some boards as above, I made large shelves of the breadth of a foot and a half one over another, all along one side of my cave, to lay all my tools, nails, and iron work on, and in a word, to separate everything at large into their places, that I might come easily at them. I knocked pieces into the wall to hang my guns and all things that would hang up, so that had my cave been to be seen, it looked like a great general magazine of all necessary things, And had everything so ready at my hand that it was a great pleasure to me to see all my goods in such order, and especially to find my stock of all necessaries so great. And now it was that I began to keep a journal of every day's employment. Indeed, at first I was in too much hurry, and not only hurry as to labor, but in too much discomposure of mind, and my journal would have been full of many dull things. For example, I must have said thus thirtieth after I had got to shore and escaped drowning, instead of being thankful to God for my deliverance, having first vomited with the great quantity of salt water which had gotten into my stomach, and recovering myself a little, I ran about the shore, wringing my hands and beating my head and face, exclaiming at my misery and crying out. I was undone, undone till tired and faint, I was forced to lie down on the ground to repose, but durst not sleep for fear of being devoured. Some days after this, and after I had been on board the ship and got all I could out of her, yet I could not forbear getting up to the top of a little mountain, and looking out to sea in hopes of seeing a ship. Then fancy at a vast distance, I spy to sail, please myself with the hopes of it. And then, after looking steadily till I was almost blind, lose it quite and sit down and weep like a child, And thus increased my misery by my folly. But having gotten over these things in some measure, and having settled my household, staff and habitation, made me a table and a chair, and all as handsome about me as I could, I began to keep my journal, of which I shall here give you the copy, though in it will be told all the particulars all over again, as long as it lasted, for having no more ink, I was forced to leave it off end of Chapter four