Latest / What the Hal?? 2.0 / WHAT THE HAL?? PODCAST 2.0 – EPISODE 13: El Niño Explained: Weather, Climate and the Impacts Ahead

Transcript

WHAT THE HAL?? PODCAST 2.0 – EPISODE 13: El Niño Explained: Weather, Climate and the Impacts Ahead · What the Hal?? 2.0

• 0:01
  The
• 0:01
  national
• 0:01
  oceanic
• 0:02
  and
• 0:02
  Atmospheric
• 0:03
  Administration
• 0:04
  has
• 0:04
  confirmed
• 0:04
  some.
• 0:05
  Some
• 0:05
  pretty
• 0:05
  grim
• 0:06
  news
• 0:06
  this
• 0:07
  year.
• 0:07
  We're
• 0:07
  in
• 0:08
  for
• 0:08
  a
• 0:08
  whopper
• 0:09
  of
• 0:09
  an
• 0:09
  El
• 0:09
  Nino.
• 0:10
  We'll
• 0:10
  tell
• 0:11
  you
• 0:11
  what
• 0:11
  exactly
• 0:12
  that
• 0:12
  means
• 0:13
  and,
• 0:13
  and
• 0:14
  how
• 0:14
  that
• 0:14
  may
• 0:14
  affect
• 0:15
  you.
• 0:15
  I'm
• 0:15
  Hal
• 0:15
  Eisner,
• 0:16
  along
• 0:16
  with
• 0:16
  Elsa
• 0:17
  Ramona
• 0:17
  and
• 0:17
  Hunter
• 0:17
  Lowery,
• 0:18
  and
• 0:18
  this
• 0:19
  is
• 0:19
  what
• 0:20
  the
• 0:20
  hell.
• 0:22
  Smart,
• 0:23
  fresh,
• 0:25
  and
• 0:25
  uplifting.
• 0:28
  We've
• 0:28
  got
• 0:28
  the
• 0:28
  stories
• 0:29
  that
• 0:29
  make
• 0:29
  you
• 0:29
  want
• 0:30
  to
• 0:30
  say
• 0:31
  what
• 0:31
  the.
• 0:32
  Now,
• 0:33
  El
• 0:34
  Nino
• 0:34
  is
• 0:35
  known
• 0:35
  to
• 0:35
  create
• 0:35
  climate
• 0:36
  chaos.
• 0:36
  And
• 0:37
  this
• 0:37
  year,
• 0:37
  meteorologists
• 0:38
  predict
• 0:39
  we
• 0:39
  could
• 0:39
  be
• 0:39
  looking
• 0:40
  at
• 0:40
  one
• 0:40
  of
• 0:40
  the
• 0:41
  historic
• 0:42
  strength,
• 0:43
  one
• 0:44
  that
• 0:44
  is
• 0:44
  of
• 0:45
  historic
• 0:45
  strength.
• 0:46
  That
• 0:47
  means
• 0:47
  we
• 0:47
  could
• 0:47
  be
• 0:48
  looking
• 0:48
  at
• 0:48
  some
• 0:49
  really
• 0:49
  potential
• 0:50
  problems.
• 0:51
  Yeah.
• 0:51
  That
• 0:51
  means
• 0:52
  like,
• 0:52
  possibly
• 0:53
  billions
• 0:53
  of
• 0:53
  dollars
• 0:53
  in
• 0:54
  damage
• 0:54
  from
• 0:55
  heat
• 0:55
  waves,
• 0:56
  flood,
• 0:57
  drought,
• 0:57
  tornadoes,
• 0:59
  wildfire.
• 1:00
  It
• 1:00
  just
• 1:00
  goes
• 1:01
  on.
• 1:02
  Yeah.
• 1:02
  To
• 1:02
  fill
• 1:02
  us
• 1:02
  in
• 1:03
  on
• 1:03
  all
• 1:03
  of
• 1:03
  this,
• 1:03
  we've
• 1:04
  invited
• 1:05
  our
• 1:05
  favorite
• 1:06
  meteorologist,
• 1:07
  Rick
• 1:07
  Dickard,
• 1:08
  who
• 1:08
  actually
• 1:08
  worked
• 1:09
  with
• 1:09
  Hal
• 1:09
  and
• 1:10
  Hunter
• 1:10
  at
• 1:11
  KTTV,
• 1:12
  Fox
• 1:12
  11
• 1:12
  in
• 1:13
  Los
• 1:13
  Angeles.
• 1:14
  So
• 1:14
  we'd
• 1:14
  like
• 1:14
  to
• 1:15
  thank
• 1:15
  you,
• 1:15
  Rick,
• 1:15
  for
• 1:16
  being
• 1:16
  here
• 1:16
  and
• 1:17
  sharing
• 1:18
  your
• 1:18
  insights
• 1:19
  and
• 1:19
  information
• 1:20
  on
• 1:20
  this.
• 1:20
  First
• 1:20
  of
• 1:20
  all,
• 1:21
  I
• 1:21
  want
• 1:21
  to
• 1:21
  start
• 1:21
  off
• 1:21
  with
• 1:22
  just
• 1:23
  the.
• 1:23
  The
• 1:23
  nuts
• 1:24
  and
• 1:24
  bolts.
• 1:25
  What
• 1:25
  is
• 1:25
  an
• 1:25
  El
• 1:26
  Nino,
• 1:26
  other
• 1:26
  than
• 1:27
  a
• 1:27
  skit
• 1:27
  that
• 1:27
  Chris
• 1:27
  Farley
• 1:28
  did
• 1:28
  on
• 1:28
  Saturday
• 1:29
  Night
• 1:29
  Live
• 1:29
  when
• 1:30
  he
• 1:30
  called
• 1:30
  it
• 1:30
  the
• 1:31
  Nino?
• 1:32
  It's
• 1:33
  so
• 1:33
  good
• 1:33
  to
• 1:33
  be
• 1:33
  here,
• 1:33
  first
• 1:34
  of
• 1:34
  all,
• 1:34
  with
• 1:34
  you
• 1:34
  all.
• 1:35
  Thanks
• 1:35
  for
• 1:35
  having
• 1:35
  me.
• 1:36
  Yes,
• 1:36
  El
• 1:36
  Nino,
• 1:37
  it's
• 1:37
  been
• 1:37
  around
• 1:38
  for
• 1:38
  centuries.
• 1:39
  It's
• 1:39
  nothing
• 1:40
  new.
• 1:40
  We've
• 1:41
  seen
• 1:41
  this
• 1:42
  over
• 1:42
  hundreds
• 1:43
  of
• 1:43
  years.
• 1:44
  In
• 1:44
  fact,
• 1:44
  the
• 1:45
  Peruvian
• 1:46
  fishermen
• 1:47
  back
• 1:47
  in
• 1:47
  the
• 1:48
  1600s
• 1:49
  first
• 1:50
  documented
• 1:50
  this
• 1:51
  phenomenon
• 1:51
  in
• 1:52
  simply,
• 1:53
  it's
• 1:53
  just
• 1:53
  a
• 1:54
  warming
• 1:54
  of
• 1:54
  the
• 1:54
  waters
• 1:55
  off
• 1:55
  of
• 1:55
  Peru,
• 1:56
  off
• 1:56
  of
• 1:56
  the
• 1:56
  northern
• 1:57
  portion
• 1:58
  of
• 1:58
  South
• 1:58
  America.
• 1:59
  Much
• 1:59
  like
• 1:59
  California,
• 2:01
  they
• 2:01
  experience
• 2:02
  a
• 2:02
  phenomenon
• 2:03
  called
• 2:03
  upwelling,
• 2:04
  or
• 2:05
  rising
• 2:06
  cold,
• 2:06
  nutrient
• 2:07
  rich
• 2:07
  water
• 2:08
  in
• 2:08
  that
• 2:08
  area.
• 2:09
  And
• 2:09
  when
• 2:10
  that
• 2:10
  nutrient
• 2:10
  rich
• 2:11
  water
• 2:11
  rises
• 2:12
  up
• 2:12
  towards
• 2:12
  the
• 2:13
  surface,
• 2:14
  it
• 2:14
  helps
• 2:15
  facilitate
• 2:16
  phytoplankton.
• 2:17
  Phytoplankton,
• 2:18
  that's
• 2:18
  food.
• 2:19
  And
• 2:19
  we
• 2:19
  talk
• 2:19
  about
• 2:19
  the
• 2:20
  fish
• 2:20
  food
• 2:20
  chain.
• 2:21
  Anchovies
• 2:22
  rush
• 2:22
  into
• 2:22
  the
• 2:22
  area,
• 2:23
  and
• 2:23
  that
• 2:23
  area
• 2:24
  is
• 2:25
  exceptional
• 2:26
  for
• 2:26
  anchovy
• 2:28
  fishing.
• 2:29
  So
• 2:29
  Peruvian
• 2:29
  fishermen
• 2:30
  discovered
• 2:31
  this
• 2:31
  centuries
• 2:32
  ago,
• 2:32
  and
• 2:33
  they
• 2:33
  would
• 2:33
  congregate
• 2:34
  in
• 2:34
  that
• 2:34
  area
• 2:35
  and
• 2:35
  fish.
• 2:35
  But
• 2:36
  they
• 2:36
  realized
• 2:36
  that
• 2:37
  every
• 2:37
  few
• 2:37
  years,
• 2:38
  on
• 2:38
  average
• 2:38
  two
• 2:39
  to
• 2:39
  seven
• 2:39
  years,
• 2:40
  that
• 2:40
  cold
• 2:41
  water
• 2:41
  would
• 2:41
  be
• 2:41
  choked
• 2:42
  off
• 2:42
  and
• 2:42
  the
• 2:42
  water
• 2:43
  would
• 2:43
  be
• 2:43
  much
• 2:44
  warmer
• 2:44
  than
• 2:44
  average.
• 2:45
  And
• 2:45
  that
• 2:46
  warming
• 2:46
  occurred
• 2:47
  around
• 2:48
  Christmas
• 2:49
  time.
• 2:49
  Hence,
• 2:50
  El
• 2:50
  Nino,
• 2:51
  or
• 2:52
  the
• 2:52
  Christ
• 2:52
  Child
• 2:53
  little
• 2:53
  boy.
• 2:54
  So
• 2:54
  it
• 2:54
  was
• 2:54
  dubbed
• 2:55
  that
• 2:55
  name
• 2:56
  centuries
• 2:56
  ago.
• 2:57
  And
• 2:57
  essentially
• 2:58
  what
• 2:58
  it
• 2:58
  does
• 2:59
  is
• 2:59
  it
• 2:59
  wreaks
• 3:00
  havoc
• 3:00
  with
• 3:00
  the
• 3:00
  fishing
• 3:01
  industry
• 3:01
  off
• 3:02
  of
• 3:02
  Peru.
• 3:02
  But
• 3:02
  then
• 3:03
  it
• 3:03
  wreaks
• 3:04
  havoc
• 3:04
  climatologically,
• 3:06
  globally.
• 3:07
  Our
• 3:08
  planet,
• 3:08
  remember,
• 3:08
  is
• 3:09
  covered
• 3:09
  by
• 3:09
  about
• 3:10
  70%
• 3:11
  of.
• 3:11
  Of
• 3:11
  water.
• 3:12
  So
• 3:12
  what
• 3:12
  happens
• 3:13
  in
• 3:13
  the
• 3:13
  water
• 3:13
  has
• 3:14
  a
• 3:14
  profound
• 3:15
  impact
• 3:15
  on
• 3:15
  what
• 3:16
  happens
• 3:16
  in
• 3:16
  the
• 3:16
  air
• 3:16
  above
• 3:17
  it,
• 3:17
  the
• 3:17
  atmosphere.
• 3:18
  And
• 3:18
  that
• 3:19
  is
• 3:19
  what
• 3:19
  we
• 3:19
  are
• 3:20
  concerned
• 3:20
  with
• 3:21
  this
• 3:21
  upcoming
• 3:21
  winter,
• 3:22
  not
• 3:22
  only
• 3:22
  locally
• 3:23
  here
• 3:23
  in
• 3:23
  California,
• 3:24
  but
• 3:24
  across
• 3:25
  our
• 3:25
  entire
• 3:25
  planet.
• 3:26
  Well,
• 3:26
  it
• 3:26
  seems
• 3:27
  like
• 3:27
  we've
• 3:27
  heard
• 3:27
  the
• 3:27
  words
• 3:28
  El
• 3:28
  Nino
• 3:29
  and
• 3:29
  also
• 3:29
  El
• 3:30
  Nino
• 3:31
  a
• 3:32
  number
• 3:32
  of
• 3:32
  times
• 3:32
  over
• 3:32
  the
• 3:33
  years.
• 3:33
  And
• 3:33
  I
• 3:33
  remember
• 3:34
  one
• 3:34
  that
• 3:34
  seemed
• 3:34
  particularly
• 3:35
  bad.
• 3:35
  I
• 3:35
  can't
• 3:35
  tell
• 3:36
  you
• 3:36
  what
• 3:36
  year
• 3:36
  it
• 3:36
  was,
• 3:37
  but
• 3:37
  there
• 3:37
  was
• 3:37
  a
• 3:37
  lot
• 3:38
  of
• 3:38
  rain,
• 3:38
  there's
• 3:38
  a
• 3:38
  lot
• 3:38
  of
• 3:38
  flooding.
• 3:40
  What's
• 3:40
  the
• 3:40
  difference
• 3:41
  between
• 3:41
  the
• 3:41
  two
• 3:42
  of
• 3:42
  them?
• 3:42
  And
• 3:43
  what
• 3:43
  do
• 3:44
  you
• 3:44
  think
• 3:44
  could
• 3:44
  happen
• 3:45
  if
• 3:45
  we
• 3:45
  see
• 3:45
  something
• 3:46
  that's
• 3:47
  of
• 3:47
  historic
• 3:48
  strength?
• 3:49
  Well,
• 3:50
  El
• 3:50
  Nino,
• 3:50
  as
• 3:51
  I
• 3:51
  said,
• 3:51
  is
• 3:51
  the
• 3:52
  warming.
• 3:52
  The
• 3:52
  warmer
• 3:53
  than
• 3:53
  average
• 3:53
  sea
• 3:53
  surface
• 3:54
  temperatures
• 3:54
  over
• 3:55
  a
• 3:55
  wide
• 3:55
  swath
• 3:56
  of
• 3:56
  the
• 3:56
  equatorial
• 3:57
  Pacific.
• 3:57
  And
• 3:58
  when
• 3:58
  that
• 3:58
  occurs,
• 3:59
  it
• 3:59
  fuels
• 4:00
  the
• 4:00
  atmosphere
• 4:01
  with
• 4:01
  additional
• 4:02
  heat
• 4:02
  and
• 4:03
  energy,
• 4:04
  which
• 4:04
  impacts
• 4:04
  through
• 4:05
  what
• 4:05
  we
• 4:05
  call
• 4:05
  teleconnections.
• 4:06
  Climatologically,
• 4:07
  it
• 4:08
  shifts
• 4:08
  area
• 4:08
  of
• 4:09
  high
• 4:09
  pressure
• 4:09
  and
• 4:10
  areas
• 4:10
  of
• 4:10
  low
• 4:10
  pressure.
• 4:11
  And
• 4:11
  the
• 4:11
  jet
• 4:12
  stream,
• 4:12
  the
• 4:12
  storm
• 4:13
  track,
• 4:13
  which
• 4:13
  drives
• 4:14
  storms.
• 4:14
  If
• 4:15
  we
• 4:15
  want
• 4:15
  to
• 4:15
  stay
• 4:15
  locally
• 4:16
  here
• 4:16
  on
• 4:16
  the
• 4:16
  west
• 4:16
  coast,
• 4:17
  it
• 4:17
  drives
• 4:17
  those
• 4:18
  strong
• 4:18
  Pacific
• 4:19
  storms
• 4:19
  that
• 4:19
  we
• 4:20
  see
• 4:20
  here
• 4:20
  in
• 4:20
  Southern
• 4:20
  California
• 4:21
  during
• 4:22
  our
• 4:22
  Mediterranean
• 4:23
  winter,
• 4:23
  which
• 4:23
  is
• 4:23
  typically
• 4:24
  November
• 4:24
  into
• 4:25
  March,
• 4:25
  right
• 4:26
  into
• 4:26
  Southern
• 4:26
  California.
• 4:27
  Adding
• 4:28
  that
• 4:28
  fuel,
• 4:28
  adding
• 4:29
  that
• 4:29
  moisture
• 4:29
  into
• 4:30
  the
• 4:30
  jet
• 4:30
  stream,
• 4:31
  into
• 4:31
  the
• 4:31
  atmosphere,
• 4:32
  produces
• 4:32
  stronger
• 4:33
  storms,
• 4:34
  torrential
• 4:34
  rains,
• 4:35
  potentially
• 4:36
  damaging
• 4:36
  winds
• 4:37
  and
• 4:37
  high
• 4:37
  winds.
• 4:38
  Now,
• 4:38
  the
• 4:38
  opposite
• 4:39
  of
• 4:39
  that,
• 4:39
  as
• 4:40
  you
• 4:40
  asked,
• 4:40
  Hal,
• 4:41
  is
• 4:41
  La
• 4:41
  Nina,
• 4:42
  or
• 4:43
  cooler
• 4:44
  than
• 4:44
  average
• 4:44
  sea
• 4:45
  surface
• 4:45
  temperatures
• 4:46
  across
• 4:46
  the
• 4:47
  equatorial
• 4:47
  Pacific
• 4:48
  and
• 4:48
  into
• 4:49
  Peru.
• 4:49
  The
• 4:49
  Peruvian
• 4:50
  fishermen
• 4:50
  love
• 4:50
  that,
• 4:50
  as
• 4:51
  I
• 4:51
  said,
• 4:51
  because
• 4:52
  that
• 4:52
  means
• 4:52
  enhanced
• 4:53
  upwelling,
• 4:54
  enhanced
• 4:54
  upwelling
• 4:55
  of
• 4:55
  cold,
• 4:56
  nutrient
• 4:56
  rich
• 4:56
  water,
• 4:57
  which
• 4:58
  essentially
• 4:58
  helps
• 4:59
  out
• 4:59
  with
• 4:59
  the
• 4:59
  anchovy
• 5:00
  population
• 5:01
  and
• 5:01
  the
• 5:01
  fishing
• 5:02
  industry
• 5:02
  down
• 5:03
  there.
• 5:03
  When
• 5:03
  you
• 5:03
  get
• 5:03
  the
• 5:03
  cooler
• 5:04
  than
• 5:04
  average
• 5:04
  conditions,
• 5:05
  or
• 5:05
  what
• 5:05
  we
• 5:05
  call
• 5:05
  La
• 5:06
  Nina,
• 5:06
  or
• 5:07
  below
• 5:07
  average
• 5:07
  sea
• 5:08
  surface
• 5:08
  temperatures
• 5:08
  out
• 5:09
  over
• 5:09
  that
• 5:09
  region.
• 5:10
  Typically,
• 5:10
  at
• 5:11
  least
• 5:11
  for
• 5:11
  California,
• 5:12
  we
• 5:12
  have
• 5:13
  drier
• 5:13
  than
• 5:14
  average
• 5:14
  winters.
• 5:14
  We
• 5:15
  are
• 5:15
  impacted
• 5:15
  by
• 5:16
  an
• 5:16
  area
• 5:16
  of
• 5:16
  high
• 5:16
  atmospheric
• 5:17
  pressure
• 5:18
  sinking
• 5:18
  air.
• 5:18
  The
• 5:19
  jet
• 5:19
  stream
• 5:19
  migrates
• 5:20
  to
• 5:20
  the
• 5:20
  north.
• 5:20
  Those
• 5:21
  specific
• 5:21
  storms
• 5:21
  I
• 5:22
  talked
• 5:22
  about
• 5:22
  with
• 5:23
  El
• 5:23
  Nino
• 5:23
  don't
• 5:24
  impact
• 5:25
  California
• 5:25
  like
• 5:26
  they
• 5:26
  would
• 5:26
  during
• 5:26
  an
• 5:26
  El
• 5:27
  Nino
• 5:27
  year.
• 5:28
  Now,
• 5:29
  you're
• 5:29
  talking
• 5:29
  about
• 5:30
  something
• 5:31
  happening
• 5:31
  around
• 5:31
  Christmas
• 5:32
  time,
• 5:32
  but
• 5:32
  from
• 5:33
  what
• 5:33
  I've
• 5:33
  heard,
• 5:34
  this
• 5:35
  is
• 5:35
  going
• 5:35
  to
• 5:35
  impact
• 5:35
  us
• 5:36
  any
• 5:36
  minute
• 5:37
  now.
• 5:37
  What
• 5:38
  is
• 5:38
  the
• 5:38
  forecast
• 5:39
  for
• 5:40
  what
• 5:40
  El
• 5:40
  Nino
• 5:41
  is
• 5:41
  going
• 5:42
  to
• 5:42
  do
• 5:42
  to
• 5:42
  our
• 5:43
  weather
• 5:45
  soon?
• 5:46
  Yeah,
• 5:46
  what
• 5:46
  we've
• 5:46
  been
• 5:47
  talking
• 5:47
  about
• 5:47
  the
• 5:47
  last
• 5:47
  couple
• 5:48
  months
• 5:48
  is
• 5:48
  this
• 5:48
  evolving
• 5:49
  El
• 5:49
  Nino.
• 5:50
  And
• 5:50
  we
• 5:50
  just
• 5:50
  got
• 5:51
  word
• 5:51
  from
• 5:51
  the
• 5:52
  national
• 5:52
  oceanic
• 5:53
  and
• 5:53
  Atmospheric
• 5:54
  Administration,
• 5:55
  from
• 5:55
  the
• 5:55
  Climate
• 5:56
  Prediction
• 5:57
  center
• 5:57
  that
• 5:58
  in
• 5:58
  El
• 5:58
  Nino
• 5:58
  is
• 5:59
  now
• 5:59
  officially
• 6:00
  in
• 6:00
  play.
• 6:00
  The
• 6:01
  sea
• 6:01
  surface
• 6:01
  temperatures
• 6:02
  out
• 6:02
  over
• 6:02
  that
• 6:02
  area
• 6:03
  of
• 6:03
  the
• 6:03
  equatorial
• 6:03
  Pacific
• 6:04
  are
• 6:04
  now
• 6:05
  at
• 6:05
  0.07
• 6:06
  degrees
• 6:07
  Celsius
• 6:08
  above
• 6:08
  what
• 6:09
  is
• 6:09
  average,
• 6:10
  0.05
• 6:11
  degrees
• 6:11
  Celsius
• 6:12
  is
• 6:12
  what
• 6:13
  the
• 6:13
  threshold
• 6:13
  is
• 6:14
  in
• 6:14
  order
• 6:15
  for
• 6:15
  an
• 6:15
  El
• 6:15
  Nino
• 6:16
  to
• 6:16
  actually
• 6:17
  be
• 6:17
  in
• 6:17
  play,
• 6:18
  to
• 6:18
  have
• 6:18
  developed.
• 6:19
  Well,
• 6:19
  now
• 6:20
  that
• 6:20
  we
• 6:20
  have
• 6:20
  it
• 6:20
  in
• 6:20
  play,
• 6:21
  what's
• 6:21
  going
• 6:21
  to
• 6:21
  happen
• 6:21
  over
• 6:21
  the
• 6:22
  coming
• 6:22
  months?
• 6:22
  Well,
• 6:22
  first
• 6:23
  off,
• 6:23
  we
• 6:23
  have
• 6:24
  computer
• 6:25
  models
• 6:25
  which
• 6:26
  can
• 6:26
  look
• 6:26
  at
• 6:26
  the
• 6:27
  conditions
• 6:27
  now,
• 6:28
  look
• 6:28
  at
• 6:28
  the
• 6:28
  atmospheric
• 6:29
  conditions
• 6:29
  and
• 6:30
  give
• 6:30
  a
• 6:30
  pretty
• 6:31
  detailed
• 6:31
  and
• 6:31
  accurate
• 6:32
  forecast
• 6:33
  forecast
• 6:33
  of
• 6:33
  how
• 6:34
  that
• 6:34
  El
• 6:34
  Nino
• 6:35
  will
• 6:35
  continue
• 6:35
  to
• 6:36
  evolve
• 6:36
  or
• 6:36
  even
• 6:37
  fizzle
• 6:37
  out
• 6:38
  over
• 6:38
  the
• 6:38
  coming
• 6:38
  months.
• 6:39
  Well,
• 6:39
  forecast
• 6:40
  models
• 6:40
  have
• 6:41
  been
• 6:41
  bullish
• 6:42
  on
• 6:42
  this
• 6:42
  El
• 6:42
  Nino
• 6:43
  continuing
• 6:44
  to
• 6:44
  develop
• 6:45
  and
• 6:45
  strengthen
• 6:46
  rapidly
• 6:47
  into
• 6:47
  the
• 6:48
  very
• 6:48
  strong
• 6:49
  category,
• 6:50
  or
• 6:50
  the
• 6:50
  buzzword
• 6:50
  we're
• 6:51
  using
• 6:51
  in
• 6:51
  the
• 6:51
  media,
• 6:52
  a
• 6:52
  supersized
• 6:53
  El
• 6:53
  Nino,
• 6:54
  one
• 6:54
  of
• 6:54
  the
• 6:54
  strongest
• 6:55
  that
• 6:55
  we
• 6:55
  could
• 6:55
  see
• 6:56
  on
• 6:56
  this
• 6:56
  planet.
• 6:56
  That's
• 6:57
  when
• 6:57
  the
• 6:57
  sea
• 6:57
  surface
• 6:58
  temperatures
• 6:58
  rise
• 6:59
  to
• 6:59
  2
• 7:00
  degrees
• 7:00
  Celsius
• 7:01
  or
• 7:01
  above
• 7:02
  average.
• 7:02
  The
• 7:03
  hotter
• 7:03
  that
• 7:03
  water
• 7:03
  gets
• 7:04
  out
• 7:04
  over
• 7:04
  the
• 7:05
  equatorial
• 7:05
  Pacific,
• 7:06
  the
• 7:06
  more
• 7:06
  energy,
• 7:07
  the
• 7:07
  more
• 7:07
  moisture,
• 7:08
  fuel,
• 7:09
  heat
• 7:09
  that
• 7:10
  it
• 7:10
  adds
• 7:10
  into
• 7:10
  the
• 7:11
  atmosphere.
• 7:12
  And
• 7:12
  the
• 7:12
  more
• 7:12
  it
• 7:12
  enhances
• 7:13
  those
• 7:13
  conditions,
• 7:14
  the
• 7:14
  stronger
• 7:14
  jet
• 7:14
  streams
• 7:15
  and
• 7:15
  the
• 7:15
  stronger
• 7:16
  Pacific
• 7:16
  storms.
• 7:17
  So
• 7:17
  as
• 7:17
  of
• 7:17
  right
• 7:17
  now,
• 7:18
  El
• 7:18
  Nino
• 7:19
  in
• 7:19
  play,
• 7:19
  it's
• 7:19
  still
• 7:19
  a
• 7:20
  relatively
• 7:20
  weak
• 7:20
  one.
• 7:21
  Models
• 7:21
  are
• 7:21
  indicating
• 7:22
  that
• 7:22
  it
• 7:22
  will
• 7:22
  continue
• 7:23
  to
• 7:23
  strengthen.
• 7:24
  As
• 7:24
  it
• 7:24
  strengthens,
• 7:25
  that
• 7:25
  means
• 7:26
  the
• 7:26
  chances
• 7:27
  of
• 7:27
  strong
• 7:27
  Pacific
• 7:28
  storms
• 7:28
  impacting
• 7:29
  the
• 7:29
  west
• 7:29
  coast
• 7:30
  of
• 7:30
  North
• 7:30
  America,
• 7:31
  including
• 7:31
  Southern
• 7:32
  California,
• 7:32
  increases.
• 7:33
  Heavier
• 7:34
  than
• 7:34
  average
• 7:34
  rain,
• 7:35
  above
• 7:35
  average
• 7:35
  precipitation,
• 7:37
  above
• 7:37
  average
• 7:37
  snowfall.
• 7:38
  If
• 7:38
  the
• 7:38
  snow
• 7:38
  level
• 7:39
  is
• 7:39
  low
• 7:39
  enough,
• 7:39
  which
• 7:40
  is
• 7:40
  good
• 7:40
  for
• 7:40
  our
• 7:40
  water
• 7:41
  supply.
• 7:41
  As
• 7:41
  we
• 7:41
  know,
• 7:41
  the
• 7:42
  snow
• 7:42
  melt
• 7:42
  from
• 7:43
  the
• 7:43
  Sierra
• 7:43
  Nevada
• 7:44
  is
• 7:44
  paramount
• 7:44
  to
• 7:45
  that
• 7:45
  high
• 7:45
  surf,
• 7:46
  which
• 7:46
  could
• 7:47
  cause
• 7:47
  some
• 7:47
  damage
• 7:47
  there.
• 7:48
  And
• 7:48
  again,
• 7:48
  we
• 7:49
  can't
• 7:49
  just
• 7:49
  talk
• 7:50
  locally,
• 7:50
  we
• 7:51
  can
• 7:51
  talk
• 7:51
  globally.
• 7:52
  How
• 7:52
  does
• 7:52
  that
• 7:52
  impact
• 7:53
  the
• 7:53
  climate
• 7:53
  across
• 7:54
  the
• 7:54
  other
• 7:54
  side
• 7:55
  of
• 7:55
  our
• 7:56
  planet?
• 7:56
  Well,
• 7:56
  in
• 7:56
  Australia,
• 7:57
  they
• 7:57
  have
• 7:57
  the
• 7:57
  opposite
• 7:58
  conditions.
• 7:59
  They
• 7:59
  have
• 7:59
  droughts,
• 8:00
  dry
• 8:01
  conditions,
• 8:01
  high
• 8:02
  fire
• 8:02
  danger.
• 8:03
  When
• 8:03
  we
• 8:03
  have
• 8:03
  experienced
• 8:04
  some
• 8:04
  of
• 8:04
  the
• 8:04
  most
• 8:05
  active
• 8:05
  winters
• 8:06
  with
• 8:06
  rain
• 8:06
  and
• 8:07
  wind
• 8:07
  and
• 8:07
  heavy
• 8:08
  snow,
• 8:08
  our
• 8:09
  friends
• 8:09
  down
• 8:09
  under
• 8:10
  in
• 8:10
  Australia
• 8:10
  typically
• 8:12
  observe
• 8:12
  the
• 8:12
  opposite.
• 8:13
  And
• 8:13
  this
• 8:14
  happens
• 8:14
  again.
• 8:14
  We
• 8:15
  talk
• 8:15
  about
• 8:15
  teleconnections,
• 8:16
  our
• 8:16
  climate
• 8:17
  center,
• 8:17
  the
• 8:18
  way
• 8:18
  that
• 8:18
  we
• 8:18
  look
• 8:18
  at
• 8:18
  our
• 8:19
  climate,
• 8:19
  across
• 8:19
  our
• 8:20
  climate,
• 8:20
  our
• 8:20
  globe.
• 8:21
  Consider
• 8:22
  it
• 8:22
  a
• 8:23
  mattress.
• 8:23
  If
• 8:24
  you
• 8:24
  sit
• 8:24
  on
• 8:24
  one
• 8:24
  corner
• 8:25
  of
• 8:25
  the
• 8:25
  mattress,
• 8:25
  what
• 8:25
  happens?
• 8:26
  It
• 8:26
  all
• 8:26
  kind
• 8:26
  of
• 8:27
  adjusts
• 8:27
  a
• 8:27
  little
• 8:27
  bit.
• 8:28
  Think
• 8:28
  of
• 8:28
  our
• 8:28
  atmosphere
• 8:29
  like
• 8:30
  that
• 8:30
  as
• 8:30
  well.
• 8:31
  You
• 8:31
  impact
• 8:31
  one
• 8:32
  little
• 8:32
  area
• 8:32
  and
• 8:33
  it's
• 8:33
  just
• 8:33
  that
• 8:33
  little
• 8:33
  swath
• 8:34
  over
• 8:34
  the
• 8:34
  equatorial
• 8:35
  Pacific
• 8:35
  where
• 8:35
  you
• 8:36
  warm
• 8:36
  that
• 8:36
  water
• 8:36
  up,
• 8:37
  you
• 8:37
  superheat
• 8:37
  it,
• 8:38
  everything
• 8:38
  else
• 8:39
  sort
• 8:39
  of
• 8:39
  adjusts.
• 8:39
  And
• 8:40
  high
• 8:40
  pressure
• 8:40
  systems
• 8:40
  that
• 8:41
  typically
• 8:41
  aren't
• 8:41
  there,
• 8:42
  they
• 8:42
  may
• 8:42
  move
• 8:42
  to
• 8:43
  areas
• 8:43
  where
• 8:43
  they
• 8:44
  aren't
• 8:44
  usual,
• 8:44
  they
• 8:45
  may
• 8:45
  strengthen.
• 8:46
  Same
• 8:46
  with
• 8:46
  the
• 8:46
  low
• 8:46
  pressure
• 8:47
  systems
• 8:47
  and
• 8:47
  the
• 8:47
  jet
• 8:48
  stream.
• 8:48
  So
• 8:48
  we
• 8:48
  see
• 8:49
  impacts
• 8:49
  globally
• 8:50
  from
• 8:50
  this
• 8:51
  for
• 8:51
  us
• 8:51
  though,
• 8:52
  strong
• 8:52
  El
• 8:52
  Ninos
• 8:53
  on
• 8:53
  average,
• 8:54
  mean
• 8:54
  above
• 8:54
  average
• 8:55
  rain,
• 8:55
  strong
• 8:56
  storms
• 8:56
  that
• 8:56
  impact
• 8:57
  the
• 8:57
  west
• 8:57
  coast
• 8:57
  of
• 8:57
  North
• 8:58
  America.
• 8:58
  Just
• 8:59
  to
• 8:59
  follow
• 8:59
  up,
• 8:59
  I
• 9:00
  did
• 9:00
  not
• 9:00
  get
• 9:00
  the
• 9:00
  answer
• 9:01
  to
• 9:01
  the
• 9:01
  one
• 9:01
  question
• 9:02
  I
• 9:02
  was
• 9:02
  asking.
• 9:03
  When
• 9:03
  can
• 9:04
  we
• 9:04
  expect
• 9:04
  the
• 9:04
  weather
• 9:05
  to
• 9:05
  hit
• 9:05
  the
• 9:05
  fan
• 9:06
  like
• 9:06
  tomorrow?
• 9:07
  Yeah,
• 9:08
  you're
• 9:08
  right.
• 9:08
  I'm
• 9:08
  a
• 9:08
  little
• 9:08
  add
• 9:09
  on
• 9:09
  that
• 9:09
  I
• 9:09
  start
• 9:09
  going
• 9:10
  off.
• 9:10
  And
• 9:12
  so
• 9:12
  that,
• 9:13
  that's
• 9:13
  a
• 9:13
  forecast
• 9:14
  that's
• 9:14
  a
• 9:14
  bit
• 9:14
  challenging
• 9:15
  to
• 9:15
  say.
• 9:15
  I
• 9:16
  would
• 9:16
  say
• 9:16
  that
• 9:16
  we'll
• 9:16
  start
• 9:16
  to
• 9:17
  feel
• 9:17
  some
• 9:17
  impacts
• 9:18
  from
• 9:18
  El
• 9:19
  Nino
• 9:19
  this
• 9:20
  summer,
• 9:20
  even
• 9:20
  though
• 9:20
  we
• 9:21
  may
• 9:21
  not
• 9:21
  see
• 9:21
  much
• 9:21
  in
• 9:21
  the
• 9:21
  way
• 9:22
  of
• 9:22
  precipitation,
• 9:22
  that
• 9:23
  our
• 9:23
  water
• 9:23
  temperatures
• 9:23
  even
• 9:24
  here
• 9:24
  locally
• 9:24
  will
• 9:25
  start
• 9:25
  to
• 9:25
  warm.
• 9:25
  It'll
• 9:26
  start
• 9:26
  to
• 9:26
  feel
• 9:26
  a
• 9:26
  little
• 9:27
  bit
• 9:27
  more
• 9:27
  humid
• 9:27
  here
• 9:28
  where
• 9:28
  it
• 9:28
  typically
• 9:28
  wouldn't.
• 9:29
  Typically
• 9:30
  warmer
• 9:30
  waters
• 9:31
  off
• 9:31
  the
• 9:31
  coast
• 9:31
  of
• 9:32
  Southern
• 9:32
  California
• 9:33
  have
• 9:33
  an
• 9:33
  impact
• 9:34
  on
• 9:34
  our
• 9:34
  marine
• 9:35
  layer,
• 9:35
  our
• 9:35
  natural
• 9:36
  ac,
• 9:37
  and
• 9:37
  it
• 9:37
  cuts
• 9:37
  off
• 9:38
  the
• 9:38
  low
• 9:38
  clouds
• 9:39
  and
• 9:39
  fog.
• 9:39
  So
• 9:39
  we
• 9:39
  don't
• 9:39
  see
• 9:40
  the
• 9:40
  abundance
• 9:40
  of
• 9:40
  fog
• 9:41
  and
• 9:41
  clouds
• 9:41
  that
• 9:42
  keep
• 9:42
  our
• 9:42
  temperatures
• 9:43
  so
• 9:43
  pleasant.
• 9:43
  Here
• 9:44
  in
• 9:44
  Southern
• 9:44
  California,
• 9:45
  especially
• 9:45
  at
• 9:45
  the
• 9:45
  coast
• 9:46
  during
• 9:46
  the
• 9:47
  summertime,
• 9:47
  our
• 9:48
  natural
• 9:48
  AC
• 9:48
  is
• 9:49
  cut
• 9:49
  off
• 9:50
  during
• 9:50
  a
• 9:50
  typical
• 9:51
  situation
• 9:52
  like
• 9:52
  this.
• 9:52
  And
• 9:53
  not
• 9:53
  all
• 9:53
  El
• 9:53
  Ninos
• 9:54
  are
• 9:54
  alike.
• 9:54
  And
• 9:55
  that's
• 9:55
  really
• 9:55
  important
• 9:56
  to
• 9:56
  point
• 9:56
  out.
• 9:57
  Every
• 9:57
  El
• 9:58
  Nino
• 9:58
  is
• 9:58
  a
• 9:58
  little
• 9:58
  bit
• 9:59
  different.
• 9:59
  And
• 9:59
  there's
• 9:59
  other
• 10:00
  atmospheric
• 10:00
  and
• 10:01
  oceanic
• 10:02
  parameters
• 10:02
  that
• 10:02
  come
• 10:03
  into
• 10:03
  play
• 10:03
  that
• 10:04
  could
• 10:04
  offset
• 10:04
  the
• 10:05
  impact
• 10:05
  of
• 10:05
  an
• 10:05
  El
• 10:05
  Nino.
• 10:06
  But
• 10:07
  usually
• 10:07
  when
• 10:08
  we
• 10:08
  have
• 10:08
  a
• 10:08
  situation
• 10:08
  like
• 10:09
  this,
• 10:09
  Hunter,
• 10:09
  we
• 10:09
  would
• 10:10
  see
• 10:10
  November
• 10:11
  into
• 10:11
  December
• 10:12
  when
• 10:12
  we
• 10:12
  start
• 10:12
  to
• 10:12
  see
• 10:12
  some
• 10:13
  strong,
• 10:13
  stronger
• 10:14
  storms,
• 10:14
  storms
• 10:15
  that
• 10:15
  might
• 10:15
  be
• 10:15
  stronger
• 10:16
  than
• 10:16
  we
• 10:16
  would
• 10:16
  typically
• 10:17
  observe
• 10:18
  in
• 10:18
  a
• 10:18
  non
• 10:18
  El
• 10:19
  Nino
• 10:19
  year.
• 10:20
  But
• 10:20
  to
• 10:20
  pinpoint
• 10:21
  a
• 10:21
  specific
• 10:21
  week
• 10:22
  timetable,
• 10:23
  that's,
• 10:23
  that's
• 10:23
  a
• 10:23
  bit
• 10:23
  difficult.
• 10:24
  When
• 10:24
  we
• 10:24
  get
• 10:25
  a
• 10:25
  little
• 10:25
  bit
• 10:25
  closer
• 10:25
  and
• 10:26
  as
• 10:26
  this
• 10:26
  El
• 10:26
  Nino
• 10:27
  continues
• 10:27
  to
• 10:27
  evolve
• 10:27
  and
• 10:28
  as
• 10:28
  we
• 10:28
  continue
• 10:28
  to
• 10:28
  get
• 10:29
  that
• 10:29
  information
• 10:29
  from
• 10:30
  the
• 10:30
  Climate
• 10:30
  Prediction
• 10:31
  center
• 10:31
  in
• 10:31
  terms
• 10:31
  of
• 10:31
  how
• 10:31
  much
• 10:32
  of
• 10:32
  that
• 10:32
  warming
• 10:32
  is
• 10:32
  occurring
• 10:33
  and
• 10:33
  other
• 10:34
  phenomenon
• 10:34
  that
• 10:34
  may
• 10:35
  be
• 10:35
  occurring
• 10:35
  or
• 10:36
  not
• 10:36
  in
• 10:36
  the
• 10:36
  atmosphere
• 10:37
  across
• 10:37
  our
• 10:37
  planet,
• 10:38
  we'll
• 10:38
  have
• 10:38
  a
• 10:38
  better
• 10:38
  understanding
• 10:39
  of
• 10:39
  the
• 10:39
  timetable
• 10:40
  on
• 10:40
  that.
• 10:41
  Rick,
• 10:42
  I'm
• 10:42
  sure
• 10:42
  you
• 10:43
  go
• 10:43
  ahead.
• 10:44
  I
• 10:44
  was
• 10:44
  going
• 10:45
  to
• 10:45
  say,
• 10:45
  I'm
• 10:46
  sure
• 10:47
  you
• 10:47
  have
• 10:47
  encountered
• 10:48
  so
• 10:49
  many
• 10:49
  schools
• 10:49
  of
• 10:49
  thought
• 10:50
  on
• 10:51
  climate
• 10:51
  change,
• 10:52
  good
• 10:53
  and
• 10:53
  bad.
• 10:54
  I'm
• 10:54
  sure
• 10:54
  you've
• 10:54
  had
• 10:54
  people
• 10:55
  say,
• 10:56
  you
• 10:56
  know,
• 10:56
  that
• 10:56
  this
• 10:56
  is
• 10:57
  a
• 10:57
  hoax.
• 10:57
  You
• 10:58
  have
• 10:58
  other
• 10:58
  people
• 10:58
  saying,
• 10:59
  you
• 10:59
  know,
• 10:59
  we
• 10:59
  really
• 10:59
  should
• 11:00
  keep
• 11:00
  an
• 11:00
  eye
• 11:00
  on
• 11:00
  this
• 11:00
  and
• 11:01
  everything
• 11:01
  in
• 11:01
  between.
• 11:02
  But
• 11:03
  I
• 11:04
  want
• 11:04
  to
• 11:04
  clarify
• 11:05
  for
• 11:05
  people
• 11:06
  who
• 11:06
  are
• 11:06
  learning
• 11:07
  about
• 11:07
  El
• 11:07
  Nino
• 11:08
  and
• 11:08
  climate
• 11:08
  change,
• 11:09
  there
• 11:09
  is
• 11:10
  a
• 11:10
  difference
• 11:10
  between
• 11:11
  climate
• 11:12
  change
• 11:12
  that
• 11:13
  we're
• 11:13
  seeing
• 11:14
  naturally
• 11:14
  occurring
• 11:15
  with
• 11:15
  El
• 11:15
  Nino
• 11:16
  and
• 11:17
  also
• 11:17
  some
• 11:17
  of
• 11:17
  the
• 11:18
  man
• 11:18
  made
• 11:19
  effects
• 11:21
  of
• 11:21
  climate
• 11:21
  change
• 11:22
  as
• 11:22
  well.
• 11:23
  When
• 11:23
  these
• 11:24
  two
• 11:24
  things
• 11:25
  collide,
• 11:27
  how
• 11:28
  does
• 11:28
  that
• 11:28
  impact
• 11:29
  us
• 11:30
  globally
• 11:30
  beyond
• 11:31
  just
• 11:31
  How
• 11:32
  El
• 11:32
  Nino
• 11:33
  impacts
• 11:34
  us
• 11:35
  by
• 11:36
  itself.
• 11:37
  Yeah,
• 11:38
  and
• 11:38
  that's
• 11:38
  a
• 11:38
  great
• 11:38
  question.
• 11:39
  And
• 11:39
  people
• 11:40
  talk
• 11:40
  about
• 11:40
  it
• 11:41
  and
• 11:41
  unfortunately
• 11:42
  there
• 11:42
  are
• 11:42
  two
• 11:42
  sides.
• 11:43
  It's
• 11:43
  become
• 11:43
  political.
• 11:44
  A
• 11:44
  lot
• 11:45
  of
• 11:45
  people
• 11:45
  speak
• 11:45
  to
• 11:46
  these
• 11:46
  topics
• 11:46
  and
• 11:47
  really
• 11:47
  aren't
• 11:47
  educated
• 11:48
  on
• 11:49
  climate
• 11:49
  change
• 11:50
  and
• 11:50
  what
• 11:50
  it
• 11:50
  really
• 11:50
  means.
• 11:51
  And
• 11:51
  that
• 11:51
  there
• 11:51
  is
• 11:52
  a
• 11:52
  natural
• 11:53
  occurring
• 11:53
  element
• 11:54
  that
• 11:54
  has
• 11:55
  happened
• 11:55
  on
• 11:55
  our
• 11:56
  globe
• 11:56
  well
• 11:56
  before
• 11:57
  we
• 11:57
  evolved
• 11:58
  to
• 11:58
  the
• 11:58
  point
• 11:58
  we
• 11:58
  are
• 11:58
  now
• 11:59
  for
• 11:59
  millions
• 11:59
  of
• 12:00
  years.
• 12:00
  Natural
• 12:01
  climate
• 12:01
  change
• 12:01
  being
• 12:02
  maybe
• 12:02
  just
• 12:02
  a
• 12:02
  slight
• 12:03
  tilt
• 12:03
  of
• 12:03
  the
• 12:03
  axis
• 12:04
  of
• 12:04
  our
• 12:04
  planet,
• 12:05
  or
• 12:05
  23.5
• 12:05
  degrees
• 12:06
  from
• 12:06
  the
• 12:06
  plane
• 12:07
  of
• 12:07
  ecliptic.
• 12:07
  That's
• 12:08
  how
• 12:08
  our
• 12:08
  planet
• 12:08
  is
• 12:08
  tilted
• 12:09
  as
• 12:09
  it
• 12:09
  revolves
• 12:10
  around
• 12:10
  the
• 12:10
  sun.
• 12:10
  There
• 12:11
  are
• 12:11
  actually
• 12:11
  slight
• 12:12
  changes
• 12:13
  in
• 12:13
  that
• 12:13
  tilt
• 12:14
  that
• 12:14
  could
• 12:14
  change
• 12:15
  our
• 12:15
  climate
• 12:16
  dramatically.
• 12:17
  Massive
• 12:17
  volcanic
• 12:18
  eruptions
• 12:18
  which
• 12:18
  spew
• 12:19
  chemicals
• 12:20
  into
• 12:20
  our
• 12:21
  atmosphere
• 12:21
  has
• 12:22
  had
• 12:22
  a
• 12:22
  profound
• 12:22
  impact
• 12:23
  over
• 12:23
  the
• 12:23
  centuries
• 12:24
  on
• 12:24
  our
• 12:24
  climate.
• 12:25
  There
• 12:25
  have
• 12:25
  been
• 12:26
  a
• 12:26
  variety
• 12:26
  of
• 12:27
  things
• 12:27
  that
• 12:27
  can
• 12:28
  happen.
• 12:28
  Even
• 12:28
  the
• 12:28
  sun,
• 12:29
  Earth,
• 12:29
  distance,
• 12:30
  93
• 12:31
  million
• 12:31
  miles
• 12:31
  away,
• 12:32
  that's
• 12:32
  the
• 12:32
  average
• 12:33
  distance.
• 12:33
  But
• 12:33
  that
• 12:33
  changes
• 12:34
  as
• 12:34
  well.
• 12:35
  Sunspots,
• 12:35
  those
• 12:36
  big
• 12:36
  storms
• 12:37
  that
• 12:37
  occur
• 12:37
  out
• 12:38
  over
• 12:38
  the
• 12:38
  sun
• 12:39
  that
• 12:39
  could
• 12:39
  impact
• 12:39
  solar
• 12:40
  output.
• 12:41
  That's
• 12:41
  just
• 12:41
  a
• 12:42
  quick
• 12:42
  example
• 12:42
  of
• 12:42
  what
• 12:43
  is
• 12:43
  a
• 12:43
  natural
• 12:44
  climate
• 12:45
  change
• 12:45
  which
• 12:45
  has
• 12:46
  been
• 12:46
  occurring
• 12:47
  for
• 12:47
  millions
• 12:48
  of
• 12:48
  years
• 12:48
  on
• 12:49
  planet
• 12:49
  Earth.
• 12:50
  Then
• 12:50
  you
• 12:50
  bring
• 12:50
  in
• 12:51
  the
• 12:51
  man
• 12:51
  made
• 12:51
  component.
• 12:52
  All
• 12:52
  right,
• 12:52
  how
• 12:53
  are
• 12:53
  we
• 12:53
  as
• 12:54
  we
• 12:54
  evolve
• 12:54
  as
• 12:55
  a
• 12:55
  civilization
• 12:56
  and
• 12:56
  impacting
• 12:57
  climate
• 12:57
  change?
• 12:58
  What
• 12:58
  are
• 12:58
  we
• 12:59
  doing?
• 12:59
  The
• 12:59
  Industrial
• 13:00
  Revolution,
• 13:00
  that's
• 13:01
  when
• 13:01
  it
• 13:02
  started.
• 13:02
  We
• 13:02
  started
• 13:03
  to
• 13:03
  inject
• 13:04
  greenhouse
• 13:04
  gases
• 13:05
  into
• 13:05
  the
• 13:05
  atmosphere
• 13:06
  through
• 13:06
  the
• 13:07
  industrial
• 13:07
  process.
• 13:08
  Combustion
• 13:08
  of
• 13:09
  vehicles,
• 13:09
  even
• 13:10
  building
• 13:10
  up
• 13:11
  towns
• 13:11
  and
• 13:11
  cities
• 13:12
  and
• 13:13
  wiping
• 13:13
  out
• 13:14
  the
• 13:14
  rural
• 13:15
  communities
• 13:15
  of
• 13:16
  the
• 13:16
  trees,
• 13:16
  the
• 13:17
  vegetation,
• 13:17
  and
• 13:17
  replacing
• 13:18
  them
• 13:18
  with
• 13:19
  concrete
• 13:19
  and
• 13:20
  asphalt
• 13:21
  which
• 13:21
  would
• 13:21
  absorb
• 13:22
  that
• 13:22
  energy.
• 13:23
  So
• 13:24
  we
• 13:24
  definitely
• 13:24
  do
• 13:24
  have
• 13:25
  an
• 13:25
  impact.
• 13:25
  We
• 13:26
  have
• 13:26
  increased
• 13:27
  the
• 13:27
  amount
• 13:27
  of
• 13:28
  greenhouse
• 13:29
  gases
• 13:29
  into
• 13:30
  the
• 13:30
  atmosphere.
• 13:30
  We
• 13:31
  have
• 13:31
  pure
• 13:31
  data
• 13:32
  on
• 13:32
  that.
• 13:32
  We
• 13:32
  have
• 13:32
  empirical
• 13:33
  data
• 13:33
  saying
• 13:33
  yes,
• 13:34
  those
• 13:34
  gases
• 13:35
  have
• 13:35
  increased
• 13:36
  and
• 13:36
  yes,
• 13:36
  our
• 13:37
  temperature
• 13:37
  right
• 13:37
  now
• 13:38
  over
• 13:38
  the
• 13:38
  last
• 13:39
  hundred
• 13:39
  years
• 13:39
  has
• 13:40
  been
• 13:40
  slowly
• 13:41
  rising
• 13:41
  to
• 13:42
  what
• 13:42
  degree
• 13:43
  we
• 13:44
  are
• 13:44
  man
• 13:45
  made
• 13:45
  activities
• 13:46
  are
• 13:46
  increasing
• 13:46
  that
• 13:47
  warmth.
• 13:47
  That's
• 13:48
  what's
• 13:48
  still
• 13:48
  up
• 13:49
  for
• 13:49
  debate.
• 13:50
  But
• 13:50
  most
• 13:50
  of
• 13:51
  the
• 13:51
  scientific
• 13:51
  community
• 13:52
  say
• 13:52
  that
• 13:52
  there
• 13:53
  is
• 13:53
  a
• 13:53
  strong
• 13:53
  correlation
• 13:54
  of
• 13:55
  what
• 13:55
  we're
• 13:55
  doing
• 13:55
  and
• 13:56
  how
• 13:56
  that
• 13:56
  might
• 13:56
  be
• 13:57
  enhancing.
• 13:57
  If
• 13:58
  that
• 13:58
  enhancing
• 13:59
  of
• 13:59
  the
• 13:59
  warming
• 14:00
  of
• 14:00
  our
• 14:00
  climate
• 14:01
  is
• 14:01
  having
• 14:02
  an
• 14:02
  impact
• 14:03
  on
• 14:04
  say
• 14:04
  El
• 14:04
  Nino,
• 14:05
  that's
• 14:06
  hard
• 14:06
  to
• 14:06
  say.
• 14:06
  As
• 14:07
  I
• 14:07
  mentioned
• 14:07
  at
• 14:07
  the
• 14:08
  start
• 14:08
  of
• 14:08
  our
• 14:08
  conversation
• 14:09
  here,
• 14:09
  it
• 14:09
  was
• 14:10
  the
• 14:10
  1600s
• 14:11
  when
• 14:11
  fishermen
• 14:11
  first
• 14:12
  documented
• 14:12
  it,
• 14:12
  well
• 14:12
  before
• 14:13
  we
• 14:13
  spewed
• 14:14
  any
• 14:14
  type
• 14:14
  of
• 14:15
  carbon
• 14:15
  emissions
• 14:16
  into
• 14:16
  the
• 14:16
  atmosphere.
• 14:17
  El
• 14:17
  Nino
• 14:17
  has
• 14:18
  been
• 14:18
  around
• 14:18
  and
• 14:18
  is
• 14:18
  not
• 14:19
  a
• 14:19
  climate
• 14:19
  change
• 14:20
  per
• 14:20
  se.
• 14:21
  Element
• 14:21
  that
• 14:22
  is
• 14:22
  caused
• 14:23
  by
• 14:23
  climate
• 14:23
  change,
• 14:24
  however,
• 14:25
  is
• 14:25
  man
• 14:26
  made
• 14:26
  activity
• 14:27
  perhaps
• 14:28
  enhancing
• 14:29
  that
• 14:29
  El
• 14:30
  Nino.
• 14:30
  And
• 14:30
  that
• 14:30
  is
• 14:30
  something
• 14:31
  that
• 14:31
  scientists
• 14:31
  will
• 14:32
  be
• 14:32
  looking
• 14:32
  at
• 14:32
  and
• 14:33
  we'll
• 14:33
  make
• 14:33
  an
• 14:33
  assessment
• 14:34
  after
• 14:34
  each
• 14:35
  El
• 14:35
  Nino.
• 14:36
  What
• 14:36
  we
• 14:36
  like
• 14:37
  to
• 14:37
  do
• 14:37
  when
• 14:37
  it
• 14:37
  comes
• 14:37
  to
• 14:37
  global
• 14:38
  climate
• 14:38
  change
• 14:39
  is
• 14:39
  look
• 14:39
  at
• 14:39
  trends.
• 14:40
  Okay,
• 14:40
  it
• 14:41
  was
• 14:41
  hot
• 14:41
  in
• 14:42
  2005,
• 14:43
  but
• 14:43
  then
• 14:43
  it
• 14:43
  cooled
• 14:44
  off
• 14:44
  in
• 14:44
  2006.
• 14:45
  And
• 14:45
  seven,
• 14:45
  a
• 14:45
  little
• 14:46
  below
• 14:46
  average.
• 14:46
  But
• 14:46
  then
• 14:46
  2008,
• 14:47
  nine,
• 14:47
  hot
• 14:48
  again.
• 14:48
  You
• 14:48
  look
• 14:49
  for
• 14:49
  that
• 14:49
  trend
• 14:49
  that
• 14:50
  continually,
• 14:50
  continually
• 14:51
  goes
• 14:51
  up.
• 14:52
  And
• 14:52
  with
• 14:52
  El
• 14:52
  Ninos,
• 14:53
  we'd
• 14:53
  want
• 14:53
  to
• 14:53
  do
• 14:53
  the
• 14:54
  same.
• 14:54
  Are
• 14:54
  there
• 14:54
  more
• 14:55
  super
• 14:56
  El
• 14:56
  Ninos,
• 14:57
  major
• 14:57
  El
• 14:58
  Ninos
• 14:58
  that
• 14:58
  have
• 14:59
  those
• 14:59
  sea
• 14:59
  surface
• 14:59
  temperatures
• 15:00
  of
• 15:00
  2
• 15:00
  degrees
• 15:01
  Celsius
• 15:01
  or
• 15:01
  above?
• 15:02
  If
• 15:02
  you
• 15:02
  see
• 15:03
  an
• 15:03
  increasing
• 15:03
  trend
• 15:04
  in
• 15:04
  those
• 15:04
  over
• 15:04
  the
• 15:04
  recent
• 15:05
  decades,
• 15:05
  then
• 15:06
  we
• 15:06
  could
• 15:06
  start
• 15:06
  to
• 15:06
  say,
• 15:07
  hey,
• 15:07
  something's
• 15:07
  going
• 15:08
  on
• 15:08
  here.
• 15:09
  We
• 15:09
  don't
• 15:09
  see
• 15:09
  that
• 15:09
  inclination
• 15:10
  of
• 15:11
  the
• 15:11
  axis.
• 15:11
  We
• 15:12
  don't
• 15:12
  see
• 15:12
  anything
• 15:12
  else
• 15:13
  in
• 15:13
  terms
• 15:13
  of
• 15:13
  sunspot
• 15:14
  activity.
• 15:15
  We
• 15:15
  have
• 15:15
  to
• 15:15
  attribute
• 15:16
  that
• 15:16
  to
• 15:16
  perhaps
• 15:17
  what
• 15:17
  man
• 15:17
  is
• 15:18
  doing.
• 15:19
  As
• 15:19
  I
• 15:19
  sit
• 15:19
  here
• 15:20
  and
• 15:20
  listen
• 15:20
  to
• 15:20
  you,
• 15:20
  Rick,
• 15:22
  I
• 15:22
  am
• 15:22
  reminded
• 15:23
  of
• 15:23
  your
• 15:23
  incredible
• 15:24
  skill
• 15:24
  at
• 15:25
  communicating
• 15:25
  information.
• 15:27
  You
• 15:27
  have
• 15:27
  a
• 15:27
  great
• 15:28
  way
• 15:28
  of
• 15:28
  trying
• 15:29
  to
• 15:29
  put
• 15:29
  things
• 15:29
  in
• 15:30
  perspective.
• 15:30
  I'm
• 15:31
  curious
• 15:32
  if
• 15:32
  there's
• 15:32
  a
• 15:32
  correlation
• 15:33
  between
• 15:33
  what
• 15:34
  we
• 15:34
  have
• 15:34
  on
• 15:34
  this
• 15:34
  coast
• 15:35
  and
• 15:35
  hurricanes
• 15:36
  over
• 15:36
  on
• 15:36
  the
• 15:37
  other
• 15:37
  coast.
• 15:37
  There's
• 15:38
  a
• 15:38
  warming
• 15:38
  of
• 15:38
  water.
• 15:39
  There's
• 15:39
  an
• 15:39
  energy
• 15:39
  that
• 15:40
  builds.
• 15:40
  Hurricanes
• 15:41
  develop,
• 15:42
  El
• 15:42
  Ninos
• 15:42
  develop.
• 15:43
  Is
• 15:43
  there
• 15:43
  something
• 15:44
  there
• 15:44
  that
• 15:44
  ties
• 15:44
  these
• 15:45
  things
• 15:45
  together?
• 15:46
  Absolutely.
• 15:47
  And
• 15:47
  as
• 15:48
  I
• 15:48
  had
• 15:48
  mentioned,
• 15:48
  the
• 15:49
  analogy
• 15:50
  of
• 15:50
  your
• 15:51
  bed
• 15:51
  mattress,
• 15:51
  when
• 15:52
  you
• 15:52
  just
• 15:52
  make
• 15:53
  a
• 15:53
  little
• 15:53
  bit
• 15:53
  of
• 15:53
  an
• 15:53
  adjustment,
• 15:54
  you
• 15:54
  sit
• 15:54
  on
• 15:54
  one
• 15:54
  corner,
• 15:55
  you
• 15:55
  sit
• 15:55
  in
• 15:55
  the
• 15:56
  center,
• 15:56
  everything
• 15:56
  sort
• 15:56
  of
• 15:57
  creaks
• 15:57
  in
• 15:57
  and
• 15:58
  out
• 15:58
  and
• 15:58
  makes
• 15:59
  those
• 15:59
  little
• 15:59
  changes.
• 16:00
  And
• 16:00
  our
• 16:00
  atmosphere
• 16:00
  does
• 16:01
  the
• 16:01
  same
• 16:01
  thing
• 16:01
  when
• 16:02
  it
• 16:02
  comes
• 16:02
  to
• 16:02
  El
• 16:02
  Ninos
• 16:03
  and
• 16:04
  very
• 16:04
  strong
• 16:04
  El
• 16:05
  Ninos,
• 16:05
  as
• 16:05
  this
• 16:05
  one
• 16:06
  is
• 16:06
  forecast
• 16:06
  to
• 16:06
  be
• 16:07
  calm
• 16:08
  later
• 16:08
  on,
• 16:08
  late
• 16:08
  in
• 16:08
  the
• 16:09
  autumn
• 16:09
  or
• 16:09
  during
• 16:10
  our
• 16:10
  Northern
• 16:11
  hemisphere
• 16:11
  winter,
• 16:12
  the
• 16:12
  hurricanes
• 16:13
  in
• 16:14
  the
• 16:14
  Atlantic,
• 16:15
  the
• 16:15
  hurricane
• 16:15
  season
• 16:16
  is
• 16:16
  actually
• 16:17
  reduced.
• 16:18
  And
• 16:18
  you
• 16:18
  would
• 16:19
  think
• 16:19
  the
• 16:19
  opposite
• 16:20
  because,
• 16:20
  hey,
• 16:21
  we're
• 16:21
  talking
• 16:21
  about
• 16:21
  warmer
• 16:22
  waters.
• 16:22
  That's
• 16:23
  where
• 16:23
  these
• 16:23
  tropical
• 16:24
  systems
• 16:24
  get
• 16:24
  their
• 16:25
  energy
• 16:25
  from.
• 16:25
  You
• 16:26
  get
• 16:26
  water
• 16:26
  temperatures
• 16:26
  of
• 16:27
  82
• 16:27
  degrees.
• 16:27
  That's
• 16:28
  what
• 16:28
  they
• 16:28
  feed
• 16:28
  off
• 16:28
  of
• 16:29
  these
• 16:29
  storms.
• 16:29
  But
• 16:30
  what
• 16:30
  El
• 16:30
  Nino
• 16:31
  conditions
• 16:31
  do
• 16:32
  as
• 16:32
  well,
• 16:32
  at
• 16:32
  least
• 16:33
  for
• 16:33
  the
• 16:33
  tropics
• 16:35
  near
• 16:35
  the
• 16:35
  Atlantic
• 16:35
  Basin
• 16:36
  where
• 16:36
  these
• 16:37
  storms
• 16:37
  form,
• 16:38
  near
• 16:38
  the
• 16:38
  Caribbean,
• 16:38
  the
• 16:39
  Gulf
• 16:39
  of
• 16:39
  Mexico,
• 16:40
  it
• 16:40
  enhances
• 16:41
  what
• 16:41
  we
• 16:41
  call
• 16:42
  wind
• 16:42
  shear
• 16:43
  or
• 16:43
  very
• 16:44
  strong
• 16:44
  or
• 16:44
  stronger
• 16:45
  winds
• 16:46
  in
• 16:46
  the
• 16:46
  upper
• 16:46
  portions
• 16:47
  of
• 16:47
  the
• 16:47
  atmosphere.
• 16:48
  Hurricanes
• 16:49
  don't
• 16:49
  like
• 16:49
  that.
• 16:49
  Hurricanes
• 16:50
  like
• 16:50
  very
• 16:51
  tranquil
• 16:51
  activity
• 16:52
  so
• 16:52
  that
• 16:52
  it
• 16:53
  could
• 16:53
  just
• 16:53
  spin,
• 16:54
  absorb
• 16:54
  that
• 16:55
  moisture,
• 16:55
  that
• 16:56
  hot
• 16:56
  water
• 16:56
  off
• 16:57
  of
• 16:57
  the
• 16:57
  Gulf
• 16:57
  or
• 16:58
  the
• 16:58
  Atlantic
• 16:58
  basin
• 16:59
  in
• 16:59
  the
• 16:59
  tropical
• 17:00
  region
• 17:00
  and,
• 17:00
  and
• 17:01
  gain
• 17:01
  energy.
• 17:02
  If
• 17:02
  they
• 17:02
  can't
• 17:03
  do
• 17:03
  that
• 17:03
  and
• 17:03
  they
• 17:03
  have
• 17:04
  erratic
• 17:04
  winds,
• 17:05
  they
• 17:05
  can't
• 17:05
  get
• 17:05
  that
• 17:06
  machine,
• 17:06
  that
• 17:06
  hurricane
• 17:07
  machine
• 17:07
  going.
• 17:08
  That's
• 17:08
  why
• 17:09
  NOAA
• 17:09
  has
• 17:10
  actually
• 17:10
  forecast
• 17:11
  Below
• 17:12
  average
• 17:13
  hurricanes
• 17:14
  for
• 17:14
  the
• 17:14
  Atlantic
• 17:15
  and
• 17:15
  the
• 17:16
  Gulf
• 17:16
  region
• 17:17
  of
• 17:17
  our
• 17:17
  country.
• 17:18
  By
• 17:18
  contrast,
• 17:19
  though,
• 17:20
  here
• 17:20
  on
• 17:20
  the
• 17:20
  east
• 17:20
  coast,
• 17:21
  because
• 17:21
  we
• 17:21
  have
• 17:21
  our
• 17:21
  own
• 17:22
  hurricanes
• 17:22
  here
• 17:22
  in
• 17:22
  the
• 17:23
  Eastern
• 17:23
  Pacific,
• 17:24
  off
• 17:24
  of
• 17:24
  the
• 17:24
  tropical
• 17:25
  areas
• 17:25
  just
• 17:25
  north
• 17:26
  of
• 17:26
  the
• 17:26
  equator,
• 17:27
  Central
• 17:27
  America,
• 17:28
  South
• 17:28
  America
• 17:29
  up
• 17:29
  towards
• 17:29
  Mexico,
• 17:30
  the
• 17:31
  warmer
• 17:31
  waters
• 17:32
  there,
• 17:32
  the
• 17:32
  superheated
• 17:33
  waters
• 17:33
  there,
• 17:33
  and
• 17:34
  the
• 17:34
  way
• 17:34
  that
• 17:34
  the
• 17:34
  atmosphere
• 17:35
  works,
• 17:36
  you
• 17:36
  don't
• 17:36
  have
• 17:37
  as
• 17:37
  much
• 17:37
  of
• 17:38
  that
• 17:38
  wind
• 17:38
  shear
• 17:39
  or
• 17:39
  those
• 17:39
  erratic
• 17:40
  winds
• 17:40
  aloft,
• 17:41
  and
• 17:41
  you
• 17:41
  have
• 17:41
  that
• 17:42
  superheated
• 17:43
  water
• 17:43
  source.
• 17:43
  Remember,
• 17:44
  this
• 17:44
  is
• 17:44
  on
• 17:44
  the
• 17:44
  other
• 17:44
  side
• 17:45
  of
• 17:45
  North
• 17:46
  America
• 17:46
  here.
• 17:46
  When
• 17:47
  we're
• 17:47
  talking
• 17:47
  about
• 17:48
  the
• 17:48
  El
• 17:48
  Nino
• 17:49
  here
• 17:49
  in
• 17:49
  the
• 17:49
  eastern
• 17:49
  equatorial
• 17:50
  Pacific,
• 17:50
  that
• 17:50
  warm
• 17:51
  water
• 17:51
  isn't
• 17:51
  in
• 17:51
  the
• 17:52
  Atlantic,
• 17:52
  it's
• 17:52
  here
• 17:52
  more
• 17:53
  locally
• 17:53
  in
• 17:53
  our
• 17:54
  ocean,
• 17:55
  the
• 17:55
  largest
• 17:55
  on
• 17:55
  the
• 17:55
  planet.
• 17:56
  Then
• 17:56
  we
• 17:57
  do
• 17:57
  see
• 17:58
  an
• 17:58
  uptick
• 17:58
  in
• 17:59
  hurricane
• 18:00
  action.
• 18:00
  And
• 18:01
  I
• 18:01
  will
• 18:01
  say
• 18:01
  this.
• 18:01
  And
• 18:02
  back
• 18:02
  to
• 18:02
  your
• 18:03
  question,
• 18:04
  Hunter,
• 18:04
  is
• 18:04
  that
• 18:05
  what
• 18:05
  type
• 18:05
  of
• 18:05
  weather
• 18:06
  are
• 18:06
  we
• 18:06
  going
• 18:06
  to
• 18:06
  see,
• 18:06
  you
• 18:07
  know,
• 18:07
  perhaps
• 18:07
  in
• 18:07
  the
• 18:08
  coming
• 18:08
  months,
• 18:08
  that
• 18:09
  is
• 18:09
  one
• 18:09
  element
• 18:09
  that
• 18:10
  we
• 18:10
  could
• 18:10
  start
• 18:11
  to
• 18:11
  see
• 18:11
  something.
• 18:11
  If
• 18:12
  the
• 18:12
  wind
• 18:12
  conditions
• 18:13
  off
• 18:13
  of
• 18:13
  Mexico
• 18:14
  are
• 18:15
  right
• 18:15
  and
• 18:15
  you
• 18:15
  do
• 18:16
  get
• 18:16
  a
• 18:16
  hurricane,
• 18:17
  say,
• 18:17
  form
• 18:17
  down
• 18:18
  off
• 18:18
  of
• 18:18
  Acapulco,
• 18:19
  instead
• 18:19
  of
• 18:19
  turning
• 18:20
  left
• 18:20
  and
• 18:20
  going
• 18:20
  out
• 18:20
  to
• 18:21
  sea
• 18:21
  over
• 18:21
  the
• 18:21
  Pacific,
• 18:21
  and
• 18:22
  it
• 18:22
  continues
• 18:22
  on
• 18:22
  more
• 18:23
  of
• 18:23
  a
• 18:23
  northward
• 18:23
  track
• 18:24
  up
• 18:24
  the
• 18:24
  coast
• 18:24
  of
• 18:25
  Mexico,
• 18:25
  up
• 18:26
  towards
• 18:26
  Cabo
• 18:27
  San
• 18:27
  Lucas,
• 18:28
  towards
• 18:28
  central
• 18:28
  Baja,
• 18:29
  you're
• 18:30
  going
• 18:30
  to
• 18:30
  feed
• 18:30
  into
• 18:30
  that
• 18:31
  superheated
• 18:31
  water.
• 18:32
  And
• 18:32
  that
• 18:32
  water,
• 18:33
  some
• 18:33
  of
• 18:33
  which
• 18:34
  bubbles
• 18:34
  up
• 18:34
  even
• 18:34
  into
• 18:35
  Southern
• 18:35
  California.
• 18:36
  We
• 18:36
  could
• 18:36
  see
• 18:36
  water
• 18:36
  temperatures
• 18:37
  this
• 18:37
  summer
• 18:38
  into
• 18:38
  the
• 18:38
  mid
• 18:38
  and
• 18:38
  high
• 18:39
  70s,
• 18:39
  approaching
• 18:40
  80
• 18:40
  degrees
• 18:41
  maybe
• 18:41
  in
• 18:41
  the
• 18:41
  San
• 18:41
  Diego
• 18:42
  area.
• 18:42
  So
• 18:43
  if
• 18:43
  you
• 18:43
  were
• 18:43
  to
• 18:43
  get
• 18:43
  one
• 18:44
  of
• 18:44
  those
• 18:44
  storms,
• 18:44
  one
• 18:44
  of
• 18:44
  those
• 18:45
  hurricanes,
• 18:45
  those
• 18:45
  tropical
• 18:46
  storms
• 18:46
  form
• 18:46
  and
• 18:47
  the
• 18:47
  upper
• 18:47
  level
• 18:47
  winds
• 18:48
  are
• 18:48
  right,
• 18:48
  and
• 18:48
  that
• 18:48
  storm
• 18:49
  makes
• 18:49
  that
• 18:49
  path
• 18:49
  right
• 18:50
  up
• 18:50
  the
• 18:50
  coast
• 18:51
  of
• 18:51
  Mexico
• 18:51
  and
• 18:52
  Baja.
• 18:53
  A
• 18:53
  storm
• 18:53
  could
• 18:53
  hold
• 18:54
  together
• 18:54
  much
• 18:55
  longer
• 18:55
  than
• 18:56
  it
• 18:56
  would
• 18:56
  typically
• 18:57
  because
• 18:58
  you
• 18:58
  have
• 18:58
  that
• 18:58
  warm
• 18:59
  water
• 18:59
  which
• 18:59
  these
• 19:00
  storms
• 19:00
  feed
• 19:00
  off
• 19:00
  of.
• 19:01
  Remember,
• 19:01
  82
• 19:02
  degrees
• 19:02
  Fahrenheit.
• 19:02
  If
• 19:03
  you
• 19:03
  have
• 19:03
  82
• 19:03
  degree
• 19:04
  water
• 19:04
  just
• 19:05
  south
• 19:05
  of
• 19:05
  the
• 19:05
  border,
• 19:05
  near
• 19:06
  off
• 19:06
  of
• 19:06
  Baja,
• 19:07
  that
• 19:07
  storm's
• 19:07
  going
• 19:07
  to
• 19:08
  stay
• 19:08
  together
• 19:08
  and
• 19:09
  it
• 19:09
  could
• 19:09
  impact
• 19:09
  parts
• 19:10
  of
• 19:10
  Southern
• 19:10
  California.
• 19:11
  Maybe
• 19:11
  not
• 19:11
  a
• 19:11
  pure
• 19:12
  hurricane,
• 19:12
  but
• 19:13
  at
• 19:13
  least
• 19:13
  a
• 19:13
  strong
• 19:13
  tropical
• 19:14
  storm.
• 19:14
  And
• 19:15
  then
• 19:15
  when
• 19:15
  those
• 19:15
  systems
• 19:16
  essentially
• 19:17
  start
• 19:17
  to
• 19:17
  fall
• 19:17
  apart
• 19:17
  and
• 19:18
  they
• 19:18
  release
• 19:18
  all
• 19:18
  that
• 19:19
  moisture,
• 19:19
  all
• 19:19
  that
• 19:19
  moisture
• 19:20
  typically
• 19:21
  gets
• 19:21
  pulled
• 19:21
  up
• 19:21
  into
• 19:21
  the
• 19:21
  desert
• 19:22
  Southwest
• 19:22
  via
• 19:23
  monsoon.
• 19:24
  You
• 19:24
  could
• 19:24
  see
• 19:24
  torrential
• 19:25
  rain,
• 19:26
  strong
• 19:26
  thunderstorms.
• 19:27
  That
• 19:27
  could
• 19:27
  be
• 19:28
  some
• 19:28
  of
• 19:28
  the
• 19:28
  first
• 19:28
  significant
• 19:29
  weather
• 19:29
  that
• 19:29
  we
• 19:29
  do
• 19:30
  see
• 19:30
  from
• 19:30
  this
• 19:30
  El
• 19:31
  Nino,
• 19:31
  at
• 19:31
  least
• 19:32
  locally
• 19:32
  across.
• 19:32
  The
• 19:33
  Southwest
• 19:33
  U.S.
• 19:34
  i
• 19:35
  got
• 19:35
  a
• 19:35
  stupid
• 19:35
  question.
• 19:36
  I
• 19:36
  should
• 19:36
  know
• 19:37
  this.
• 19:37
  I'm
• 19:37
  sure.
• 19:40
  They're
• 19:40
  all
• 19:40
  good.
• 19:41
  I've
• 19:41
  been
• 19:41
  asking
• 19:41
  questions
• 19:42
  since
• 19:42
  I
• 19:42
  was
• 19:42
  able
• 19:42
  to
• 19:43
  speak
• 19:43
  and
• 19:43
  I
• 19:43
  love
• 19:43
  it.
• 19:43
  And
• 19:44
  I
• 19:44
  think
• 19:44
  it's
• 19:44
  important
• 19:44
  to
• 19:45
  how
• 19:45
  we
• 19:45
  all
• 19:45
  evolve.
• 19:46
  I
• 19:46
  just
• 19:46
  feel
• 19:46
  like
• 19:47
  I
• 19:47
  should
• 19:47
  know
• 19:47
  this.
• 19:48
  I
• 19:48
  feel
• 19:48
  like
• 19:48
  in
• 19:48
  a
• 19:48
  part
• 19:48
  of
• 19:49
  my
• 19:49
  brain
• 19:49
  I
• 19:49
  do
• 19:49
  know
• 19:49
  this,
• 19:50
  but
• 19:50
  I
• 19:50
  can't
• 19:50
  remember.
• 19:51
  It's
• 19:51
  like
• 19:51
  you're
• 19:52
  talking
• 19:52
  about
• 19:53
  the
• 19:53
  hurricanes
• 19:54
  that
• 19:54
  come
• 19:54
  up
• 19:54
  the
• 19:55
  Pacific
• 19:55
  coast.
• 19:55
  And
• 19:55
  I
• 19:56
  know,
• 19:56
  you
• 19:56
  know,
• 19:57
  I've
• 19:57
  seen
• 19:58
  my
• 19:58
  rental
• 19:59
  properties
• 19:59
  impacted
• 20:00
  in
• 20:01
  Baja
• 20:01
  and
• 20:03
  areas
• 20:04
  along
• 20:05
  the
• 20:05
  Mexican
• 20:05
  coast.
• 20:06
  But
• 20:07
  we
• 20:07
  don't
• 20:08
  get
• 20:08
  them
• 20:08
  in
• 20:08
  San
• 20:09
  Diego,
• 20:09
  we
• 20:09
  don't
• 20:10
  get
• 20:10
  them
• 20:10
  in
• 20:10
  Los
• 20:10
  Angeles
• 20:11
  and
• 20:11
  that's
• 20:11
  just
• 20:12
  that
• 20:12
  much
• 20:13
  farther.
• 20:13
  Why?
• 20:14
  And
• 20:15
  that
• 20:15
  is
• 20:15
  because
• 20:15
  of
• 20:15
  the
• 20:16
  water
• 20:16
  temperatures.
• 20:16
  Again,
• 20:17
  I
• 20:17
  Keep
• 20:17
  mentioning
• 20:18
  the
• 20:18
  82
• 20:18
  degree
• 20:18
  threshold
• 20:19
  that
• 20:19
  hurricanes
• 20:20
  really
• 20:20
  like
• 20:21
  to
• 20:21
  have
• 20:21
  to
• 20:21
  feed
• 20:22
  off
• 20:22
  of.
• 20:22
  And
• 20:22
  here
• 20:22
  in
• 20:23
  California,
• 20:24
  like
• 20:24
  they
• 20:24
  do
• 20:24
  typically
• 20:25
  in
• 20:25
  Peru,
• 20:25
  remember
• 20:26
  that
• 20:26
  upwelling,
• 20:26
  that
• 20:27
  cold
• 20:27
  nutrient
• 20:28
  rich
• 20:28
  water
• 20:28
  which
• 20:29
  rises
• 20:29
  up
• 20:29
  to
• 20:29
  the
• 20:29
  surface
• 20:30
  from
• 20:30
  deep
• 20:31
  below
• 20:31
  the
• 20:31
  surface
• 20:32
  of
• 20:32
  the
• 20:32
  sea
• 20:33
  that
• 20:33
  happens
• 20:33
  here
• 20:33
  in
• 20:34
  California
• 20:34
  we
• 20:34
  have
• 20:35
  what
• 20:35
  we
• 20:35
  call
• 20:35
  a
• 20:35
  cold
• 20:36
  current.
• 20:36
  The
• 20:36
  California
• 20:37
  current
• 20:37
  is
• 20:37
  it
• 20:37
  runs
• 20:38
  from
• 20:38
  north
• 20:38
  to
• 20:38
  south.
• 20:39
  We
• 20:39
  have
• 20:39
  those
• 20:39
  northwesterly
• 20:40
  winds
• 20:40
  that
• 20:40
  are
• 20:41
  fierce.
• 20:41
  If
• 20:41
  you've
• 20:41
  been
• 20:41
  up
• 20:42
  in
• 20:42
  the
• 20:42
  Bay
• 20:42
  Area,
• 20:43
  you
• 20:43
  know
• 20:43
  it
• 20:43
  during
• 20:44
  the
• 20:44
  spring
• 20:44
  and
• 20:44
  summertime,
• 20:45
  those
• 20:45
  winds
• 20:45
  are
• 20:45
  strong.
• 20:46
  When
• 20:46
  you
• 20:46
  have
• 20:46
  those
• 20:46
  strong
• 20:47
  surface
• 20:47
  winds,
• 20:48
  you
• 20:48
  blow
• 20:48
  away
• 20:48
  that
• 20:49
  surface
• 20:49
  water
• 20:50
  and
• 20:50
  then
• 20:50
  what
• 20:50
  happens,
• 20:51
  you
• 20:51
  get
• 20:51
  that
• 20:51
  water
• 20:51
  rise
• 20:52
  up
• 20:52
  from
• 20:52
  the
• 20:53
  deep
• 20:53
  depths
• 20:53
  of
• 20:54
  the
• 20:54
  ocean
• 20:54
  and
• 20:54
  you
• 20:55
  get
• 20:55
  that
• 20:55
  upwelling.
• 20:56
  That's
• 20:56
  the
• 20:56
  typical
• 20:56
  pattern,
• 20:57
  a
• 20:57
  cool
• 20:57
  or
• 20:58
  cold
• 20:58
  current
• 20:58
  here
• 20:59
  in
• 20:59
  California.
• 21:00
  And
• 21:00
  on
• 21:00
  average,
• 21:01
  even
• 21:01
  during
• 21:01
  the
• 21:01
  summertime
• 21:02
  here,
• 21:02
  as
• 21:02
  you
• 21:03
  know,
• 21:03
  if
• 21:03
  you
• 21:03
  want
• 21:03
  to
• 21:03
  take
• 21:03
  a
• 21:03
  dip
• 21:04
  in
• 21:04
  July
• 21:04
  or
• 21:05
  August,
• 21:05
  it's
• 21:05
  not
• 21:05
  always,
• 21:06
  you
• 21:06
  know,
• 21:06
  the
• 21:06
  most
• 21:07
  inviting.
• 21:07
  If
• 21:07
  it
• 21:07
  can
• 21:08
  still
• 21:08
  be
• 21:08
  in
• 21:08
  the
• 21:08
  upper
• 21:09
  60s
• 21:09
  and
• 21:09
  comfortable,
• 21:10
  but
• 21:10
  not
• 21:11
  super
• 21:11
  warm,
• 21:11
  not
• 21:12
  Hawaii
• 21:12
  warm
• 21:13
  or
• 21:13
  tropical
• 21:13
  warm
• 21:13
  or
• 21:14
  Cobblestone
• 21:14
  Lucas
• 21:15
  warm.
• 21:15
  But
• 21:16
  it
• 21:16
  will
• 21:16
  still
• 21:17
  be
• 21:17
  a
• 21:17
  situation
• 21:18
  where
• 21:18
  you
• 21:18
  have
• 21:18
  temperatures
• 21:19
  that
• 21:19
  are
• 21:19
  below,
• 21:20
  well
• 21:20
  below
• 21:20
  that
• 21:21
  82
• 21:21
  degree
• 21:21
  threshold.
• 21:22
  So
• 21:22
  you
• 21:22
  just
• 21:22
  don't
• 21:23
  get
• 21:23
  those,
• 21:23
  those
• 21:23
  storms.
• 21:24
  And
• 21:24
  that's
• 21:24
  why
• 21:24
  we
• 21:24
  rarely
• 21:25
  see
• 21:25
  any
• 21:25
  type
• 21:26
  of
• 21:26
  tropical
• 21:26
  systems.
• 21:27
  We'll
• 21:27
  get
• 21:27
  the
• 21:27
  remnants
• 21:28
  of
• 21:28
  a
• 21:29
  tropical
• 21:29
  system
• 21:30
  that
• 21:30
  a
• 21:30
  full
• 21:30
  blown
• 21:31
  tropical
• 21:32
  storm
• 21:32
  or
• 21:32
  hurricane,
• 21:33
  they've
• 21:33
  happened
• 21:34
  very
• 21:34
  few
• 21:34
  times
• 21:35
  in
• 21:35
  recorded
• 21:35
  history.
• 21:36
  For
• 21:36
  Southern
• 21:37
  California,
• 21:37
  all
• 21:37
  the
• 21:37
  way
• 21:37
  down
• 21:38
  to
• 21:38
  San
• 21:38
  Diego
• 21:39
  and
• 21:39
  the
• 21:39
  Mexican
• 21:39
  border.
• 21:40
  Quick
• 21:40
  follow
• 21:41
  up
• 21:41
  though.
• 21:41
  Aren't
• 21:42
  you
• 21:42
  telling
• 21:42
  us
• 21:42
  that
• 21:43
  the
• 21:44
  heat,
• 21:44
  the
• 21:45
  water
• 21:45
  is
• 21:45
  going
• 21:45
  to
• 21:45
  be
• 21:45
  heated
• 21:46
  to
• 21:46
  the
• 21:46
  point
• 21:46
  where
• 21:46
  it
• 21:47
  could
• 21:47
  be
• 21:48
  almost
• 21:48
  amenable
• 21:49
  to
• 21:49
  hurricanes
• 21:50
  as
• 21:51
  far
• 21:51
  north
• 21:51
  as
• 21:52
  we
• 21:52
  are
• 21:53
  here
• 21:53
  in
• 21:53
  Los
• 21:53
  Angeles.
• 21:54
  That's
• 21:55
  right,
• 21:55
  because
• 21:55
  all
• 21:55
  of
• 21:56
  that
• 21:56
  warm
• 21:56
  water
• 21:56
  that
• 21:57
  is
• 21:57
  developing
• 21:57
  over
• 21:57
  the
• 21:58
  equatorial
• 21:58
  Pacific
• 21:59
  and
• 21:59
  the
• 21:59
  synoptic
• 22:00
  pattern,
• 22:00
  the
• 22:01
  atmosphere
• 22:01
  above
• 22:02
  that
• 22:02
  area,
• 22:03
  how
• 22:03
  that's
• 22:03
  all
• 22:04
  going
• 22:04
  to
• 22:04
  change
• 22:04
  not
• 22:05
  only
• 22:05
  in
• 22:05
  the
• 22:05
  equatorial
• 22:06
  area,
• 22:06
  but
• 22:06
  all
• 22:06
  the
• 22:07
  way
• 22:07
  up
• 22:07
  into
• 22:07
  the
• 22:07
  subtropics
• 22:08
  into
• 22:08
  the
• 22:08
  30
• 22:09
  to
• 22:09
  40
• 22:09
  degree
• 22:10
  north
• 22:10
  latitude.
• 22:11
  That
• 22:11
  would
• 22:12
  allow
• 22:12
  that
• 22:13
  warm
• 22:13
  water
• 22:13
  to
• 22:14
  form,
• 22:14
  to
• 22:14
  develop,
• 22:15
  to
• 22:15
  migrate
• 22:16
  farther
• 22:16
  north
• 22:17
  up
• 22:17
  towards
• 22:17
  the
• 22:18
  Southern
• 22:18
  California
• 22:18
  coast
• 22:19
  and
• 22:19
  cut
• 22:19
  off,
• 22:20
  choke
• 22:20
  off
• 22:20
  that
• 22:21
  upwelling.
• 22:21
  Much
• 22:22
  like
• 22:22
  the
• 22:22
  Peruvian
• 22:22
  fishermen
• 22:23
  first
• 22:23
  discovered
• 22:24
  back
• 22:24
  in
• 22:24
  the
• 22:25
  1600s
• 22:25
  when
• 22:25
  those
• 22:26
  anchovies
• 22:26
  were
• 22:27
  biting.
• 22:27
  The
• 22:27
  same
• 22:27
  type
• 22:28
  of
• 22:28
  conditions
• 22:29
  could
• 22:29
  develop
• 22:29
  off
• 22:29
  of
• 22:30
  Southern
• 22:30
  California.
• 22:30
  You
• 22:30
  get
• 22:30
  the
• 22:31
  warm
• 22:31
  water,
• 22:31
  you
• 22:31
  get
• 22:32
  the
• 22:32
  environment
• 22:32
  in
• 22:32
  play,
• 22:33
  which
• 22:33
  would
• 22:33
  allow
• 22:34
  a
• 22:34
  tropical
• 22:34
  system
• 22:35
  to
• 22:35
  maintain
• 22:35
  itself
• 22:36
  moving
• 22:36
  up
• 22:37
  off
• 22:37
  the
• 22:37
  coast
• 22:37
  of
• 22:37
  Mexico
• 22:38
  right
• 22:38
  into
• 22:38
  Southern
• 22:39
  California.
• 22:40
  We
• 22:41
  can
• 22:41
  add
• 22:41
  in
• 22:41
  hurricanes
• 22:42
  to
• 22:43
  earthquakes,
• 22:44
  wildfires.
• 22:45
  Yeah,
• 22:46
  maybe,
• 22:47
  you
• 22:47
  know,
• 22:48
  on
• 22:48
  our
• 22:48
  weather
• 22:49
  bingo
• 22:49
  card.
• 22:50
  Yes.
• 22:50
  Hopefully
• 22:51
  we
• 22:51
  don't
• 22:51
  have
• 22:51
  to
• 22:52
  get
• 22:54
  hurricanes
• 22:54
  on
• 22:55
  there.
• 22:55
  But
• 22:56
  just
• 22:56
  hearing
• 22:57
  the
• 22:57
  potential
• 22:58
  is
• 22:59
  really
• 22:59
  quite,
• 23:00
  I
• 23:00
  mean
• 23:01
  it's,
• 23:01
  it's
• 23:02
  kind
• 23:02
  of
• 23:02
  shocking.
• 23:03
  And
• 23:03
  you
• 23:03
  know,
• 23:05
  I,
• 23:05
  you
• 23:05
  know,
• 23:06
  I,
• 23:06
  I
• 23:06
  want
• 23:07
  to
• 23:07
  point
• 23:07
  something
• 23:07
  out
• 23:07
  because
• 23:08
  I
• 23:08
  don't
• 23:08
  know
• 23:08
  that
• 23:09
  I
• 23:09
  think
• 23:09
  a
• 23:09
  lot
• 23:09
  of
• 23:09
  people,
• 23:10
  when
• 23:10
  you
• 23:10
  talk
• 23:11
  about
• 23:11
  degrees,
• 23:11
  when
• 23:12
  you
• 23:12
  say
• 23:12
  a
• 23:13
  two
• 23:13
  degree
• 23:13
  shift,
• 23:14
  I
• 23:15
  think
• 23:15
  the
• 23:16
  initial
• 23:16
  response
• 23:17
  people
• 23:17
  have
• 23:17
  is
• 23:18
  so
• 23:18
  what?
• 23:18
  It's
• 23:19
  2
• 23:19
  degrees.
• 23:20
  But
• 23:21
  overall,
• 23:22
  globally,
• 23:23
  2
• 23:24
  degrees
• 23:25
  can
• 23:25
  be
• 23:25
  catastrophic.
• 23:27
  A
• 23:27
  rise
• 23:28
  in
• 23:28
  temperatures
• 23:28
  by
• 23:29
  2
• 23:29
  degrees.
• 23:29
  We're
• 23:30
  already
• 23:30
  seeing
• 23:31
  the
• 23:31
  effects
• 23:31
  of,
• 23:32
  of
• 23:33
  less
• 23:33
  than
• 23:33
  2
• 23:34
  degrees
• 23:35
  rising
• 23:35
  in
• 23:36
  certain
• 23:36
  parts
• 23:36
  of
• 23:36
  the
• 23:36
  world
• 23:37
  when
• 23:37
  it
• 23:37
  comes
• 23:38
  to
• 23:38
  our
• 23:38
  glaciers
• 23:39
  and
• 23:40
  you
• 23:41
  know,
• 23:41
  and
• 23:41
  other
• 23:42
  parts
• 23:42
  of
• 23:42
  the
• 23:42
  world.
• 23:43
  So
• 23:44
  it's
• 23:45
  not
• 23:45
  a
• 23:45
  small
• 23:45
  thing
• 23:45
  to
• 23:46
  say
• 23:46
  a
• 23:46
  2
• 23:46
  degree
• 23:47
  shift
• 23:47
  in
• 23:47
  our
• 23:48
  waters
• 23:48
  or
• 23:48
  our
• 23:49
  temperatures
• 23:50
  can
• 23:51
  have
• 23:51
  such
• 23:51
  a
• 23:52
  devastating
• 23:52
  impact.
• 23:54
  Hugely.
• 23:54
  Such
• 23:55
  a
• 23:55
  good
• 23:55
  point.
• 23:55
  Our
• 23:55
  climate
• 23:56
  system
• 23:56
  is
• 23:56
  so
• 23:57
  fragile
• 23:57
  and
• 23:57
  it
• 23:58
  doesn't
• 23:58
  take
• 23:58
  a
• 23:59
  whole
• 23:59
  lot
• 24:00
  of
• 24:00
  for
• 24:00
  that
• 24:01
  shift
• 24:01
  to
• 24:02
  occur.
• 24:02
  We
• 24:02
  talk
• 24:03
  about
• 24:03
  baseball,
• 24:03
  one
• 24:04
  of
• 24:04
  my
• 24:04
  favorite
• 24:04
  sports,
• 24:04
  it's
• 24:05
  a
• 24:05
  game
• 24:05
  of
• 24:05
  inches.
• 24:06
  And
• 24:06
  I
• 24:07
  like
• 24:07
  to
• 24:07
  say
• 24:07
  the
• 24:07
  climate
• 24:08
  machine
• 24:08
  is
• 24:08
  a
• 24:09
  game
• 24:09
  of
• 24:09
  just
• 24:09
  a
• 24:09
  couple
• 24:10
  degrees.
• 24:10
  Either
• 24:11
  way
• 24:11
  could
• 24:11
  have
• 24:11
  a
• 24:11
  huge
• 24:12
  impact
• 24:12
  whether
• 24:12
  you
• 24:12
  hit
• 24:13
  a
• 24:13
  home
• 24:13
  run
• 24:13
  or
• 24:13
  you
• 24:14
  strike
• 24:14
  out.
• 24:15
  And
• 24:15
  that's
• 24:15
  essentially
• 24:16
  what
• 24:16
  the
• 24:16
  climate
• 24:16
  machine
• 24:17
  of
• 24:17
  our
• 24:17
  planet
• 24:17
  is
• 24:18
  like.
• 24:18
  It
• 24:18
  is
• 24:19
  very
• 24:19
  fragile.
• 24:19
  If
• 24:20
  you
• 24:20
  think
• 24:20
  of
• 24:20
  our
• 24:20
  atmosphere
• 24:21
  like
• 24:21
  this,
• 24:21
  this
• 24:21
  is
• 24:22
  the
• 24:22
  analogy
• 24:22
  I
• 24:22
  always
• 24:22
  like
• 24:23
  to
• 24:23
  give.
• 24:23
  The
• 24:23
  air
• 24:24
  flying
• 24:24
  above
• 24:24
  the
• 24:24
  atmosphere
• 24:25
  that
• 24:25
  provides
• 24:26
  life
• 24:26
  that's
• 24:26
  filled
• 24:27
  with
• 24:27
  nitrogen,
• 24:28
  oxygen,
• 24:29
  arrogant
• 24:30
  water
• 24:30
  vapor,
• 24:31
  trace
• 24:31
  gases,
• 24:31
  including
• 24:32
  carbon
• 24:32
  dioxide,
• 24:34
  that
• 24:34
  envelope
• 24:35
  of
• 24:35
  gases
• 24:35
  that
• 24:36
  surrounds
• 24:36
  our
• 24:37
  planet.
• 24:37
  Think
• 24:37
  of
• 24:38
  our
• 24:38
  planet
• 24:39
  as
• 24:39
  an
• 24:39
  apple.
• 24:40
  The
• 24:40
  peel
• 24:41
  of
• 24:41
  the
• 24:41
  apple
• 24:42
  is
• 24:42
  our
• 24:42
  atmosphere.
• 24:43
  That's
• 24:43
  all
• 24:44
  it
• 24:44
  is.
• 24:44
  That's
• 24:44
  the
• 24:44
  thickness
• 24:45
  when
• 24:45
  you
• 24:45
  put
• 24:45
  an
• 24:45
  apple
• 24:46
  and
• 24:46
  you
• 24:46
  put
• 24:47
  that
• 24:47
  layer
• 24:47
  around
• 24:47
  it,
• 24:48
  the
• 24:48
  peel
• 24:48
  of
• 24:48
  it,
• 24:48
  that's
• 24:49
  our
• 24:49
  atmosphere
• 24:49
  and
• 24:50
  that's
• 24:50
  why
• 24:50
  it
• 24:50
  is
• 24:50
  so
• 24:51
  fragile.
• 24:51
  And
• 24:51
  little
• 24:52
  changes
• 24:52
  that
• 24:52
  occur
• 24:53
  either
• 24:53
  naturally
• 24:54
  or,
• 24:54
  or
• 24:55
  man
• 24:55
  made
• 24:56
  anthropologically,
• 24:57
  as
• 24:57
  we
• 24:58
  say
• 24:58
  that
• 24:59
  has
• 24:59
  a
• 24:59
  big
• 24:59
  impact
• 25:00
  on
• 25:00
  what
• 25:00
  happens
• 25:01
  with
• 25:01
  our
• 25:01
  weather.
• 25:02
  And
• 25:02
  when
• 25:02
  we
• 25:02
  keep
• 25:02
  saying
• 25:03
  this,
• 25:03
  I'm
• 25:04
  one
• 25:04
  and
• 25:04
  I've
• 25:04
  always
• 25:04
  been
• 25:04
  one.
• 25:05
  I've
• 25:05
  even
• 25:05
  gotten
• 25:05
  into
• 25:06
  trouble
• 25:06
  when
• 25:07
  Hunter
• 25:07
  was
• 25:07
  at
• 25:07
  the
• 25:08
  assignment
• 25:08
  desk
• 25:08
  back
• 25:09
  in
• 25:09
  the
• 25:09
  day
• 25:09
  and
• 25:09
  she
• 25:10
  would
• 25:10
  go,
• 25:10
  oh,
• 25:10
  there's
• 25:10
  a
• 25:11
  big
• 25:11
  storm
• 25:11
  coming,
• 25:11
  Rick,
• 25:12
  and
• 25:12
  this
• 25:13
  and
• 25:13
  that,.
• 25:15
  And
• 25:17
  we're
• 25:17
  all
• 25:17
  going
• 25:17
  to
• 25:17
  die.
• 25:18
  Right?
• 25:20
  Storm
• 25:20
  Watch
• 25:21
  2020.
• 25:22
  It's
• 25:22
  going
• 25:23
  to
• 25:23
  be
• 25:23
  a
• 25:23
  nuisance
• 25:23
  rain.
• 25:24
  Of
• 25:24
  course,
• 25:24
  here
• 25:25
  in
• 25:25
  Southern
• 25:25
  California,
• 25:26
  many
• 25:26
  people
• 25:26
  drive
• 25:27
  too
• 25:27
  quickly
• 25:28
  in
• 25:28
  the
• 25:28
  rain.
• 25:28
  We
• 25:29
  do
• 25:29
  things
• 25:29
  where
• 25:29
  we're
• 25:30
  not
• 25:30
  really
• 25:30
  prepared
• 25:30
  because
• 25:31
  it
• 25:31
  rains
• 25:31
  on
• 25:31
  average
• 25:32
  here
• 25:32
  in
• 25:32
  Southern
• 25:32
  California
• 25:33
  only
• 25:33
  about
• 25:33
  35
• 25:34
  days
• 25:34
  of
• 25:35
  the
• 25:35
  calendar
• 25:35
  year.
• 25:36
  And
• 25:36
  people,
• 25:36
  well,
• 25:37
  you
• 25:37
  know,
• 25:37
  we
• 25:37
  melt.
• 25:38
  As
• 25:38
  soon
• 25:38
  as
• 25:39
  the
• 25:39
  raindrops
• 25:39
  hit
• 25:39
  us.
• 25:39
  Here
• 25:40
  in
• 25:40
  Los
• 25:40
  Angeles.
• 25:40
  We
• 25:41
  actually,
• 25:41
  we
• 25:42
  actually
• 25:42
  die.
• 25:43
  But
• 25:43
  that,
• 25:43
  but
• 25:44
  that.
• 25:44
  But
• 25:44
  the
• 25:44
  vast
• 25:45
  majority
• 25:45
  of
• 25:45
  these
• 25:46
  storms
• 25:46
  are
• 25:46
  more
• 25:47
  like
• 25:47
  what
• 25:47
  I
• 25:47
  used
• 25:47
  to
• 25:47
  call
• 25:48
  there.
• 25:48
  It's
• 25:48
  going
• 25:48
  to
• 25:48
  be
• 25:48
  nuisance
• 25:49
  rain.
• 25:49
  If
• 25:49
  you're
• 25:49
  going
• 25:49
  to
• 25:49
  be
• 25:49
  driving
• 25:50
  the
• 25:50
  freeway,
• 25:50
  you
• 25:50
  can't
• 25:51
  drive
• 25:51
  75
• 25:51
  miles
• 25:52
  an
• 25:52
  hour.
• 25:52
  You
• 25:52
  got
• 25:52
  to
• 25:52
  drive
• 25:52
  45
• 25:53
  or
• 25:53
  50
• 25:53
  or
• 25:54
  you're
• 25:54
  going
• 25:54
  to
• 25:54
  hydroplane
• 25:54
  because
• 25:55
  water
• 25:55
  tends
• 25:55
  to
• 25:55
  pond
• 25:56
  and
• 25:56
  you're
• 25:56
  going
• 25:56
  to
• 25:57
  get
• 25:57
  into
• 25:57
  an
• 25:57
  accident.
• 25:58
  Most
• 25:58
  areas
• 25:59
  of
• 25:59
  Southern
• 25:59
  California,
• 26:00
  90%
• 26:00
  plus
• 26:00
  are
• 26:01
  going
• 26:01
  to
• 26:01
  be
• 26:01
  unscathed.
• 26:02
  It's
• 26:02
  just
• 26:02
  going
• 26:02
  to
• 26:02
  be
• 26:03
  a
• 26:03
  nuisance.
• 26:03
  You're
• 26:03
  going
• 26:03
  to
• 26:03
  have
• 26:04
  your
• 26:04
  umbrella
• 26:04
  out.
• 26:04
  It's
• 26:04
  going
• 26:04
  to
• 26:05
  be
• 26:05
  raining
• 26:05
  for
• 26:05
  a
• 26:05
  couple
• 26:05
  of
• 26:06
  days.
• 26:06
  If
• 26:06
  you
• 26:07
  have
• 26:07
  a
• 26:07
  bad
• 26:07
  roof,
• 26:07
  it
• 26:08
  might
• 26:08
  leak
• 26:08
  on
• 26:09
  and
• 26:09
  on
• 26:09
  and
• 26:09
  on.
• 26:09
  You
• 26:10
  live
• 26:10
  in
• 26:10
  a
• 26:10
  burn
• 26:10
  area
• 26:10
  where
• 26:11
  that
• 26:11
  hillside
• 26:11
  has
• 26:12
  been,
• 26:12
  you
• 26:12
  know,
• 26:13
  washed
• 26:14
  away
• 26:14
  of
• 26:14
  any
• 26:14
  type
• 26:15
  of
• 26:15
  vegetation
• 26:15
  to
• 26:15
  hold
• 26:16
  in
• 26:16
  that
• 26:16
  moisture.
• 26:17
  Then
• 26:17
  you're
• 26:17
  in
• 26:18
  a
• 26:18
  vulnerable
• 26:18
  area
• 26:18
  for
• 26:19
  rock,
• 26:19
  mud
• 26:19
  and
• 26:19
  debris
• 26:20
  flows.
• 26:20
  And
• 26:20
  we've
• 26:20
  seen
• 26:21
  devastating
• 26:21
  situations
• 26:22
  like
• 26:23
  that.
• 26:23
  And
• 26:23
  those
• 26:23
  are
• 26:23
  the
• 26:23
  areas
• 26:24
  that
• 26:24
  are
• 26:24
  vulnerable
• 26:25
  during
• 26:25
  these
• 26:25
  big
• 26:25
  storms.
• 26:26
  Back
• 26:26
  to
• 26:27
  El
• 26:27
  Nino.
• 26:28
  As
• 26:29
  I've
• 26:29
  been
• 26:29
  saying,
• 26:29
  not
• 26:30
  all
• 26:30
  El
• 26:30
  Ninos
• 26:31
  are
• 26:31
  alike.
• 26:31
  In
• 26:32
  fact,
• 26:32
  we've
• 26:32
  had
• 26:32
  four
• 26:33
  of
• 26:33
  these
• 26:33
  super
• 26:34
  El
• 26:34
  Ninos
• 26:35
  since
• 26:35
  the
• 26:35
  late
• 26:36
  1800s.
• 26:36
  The
• 26:37
  most
• 26:37
  recent
• 26:37
  one
• 26:38
  in
• 26:38
  2015
• 26:39
  and
• 26:39
  2016.
• 26:40
  What
• 26:41
  happened
• 26:41
  with
• 26:41
  that
• 26:42
  super
• 26:42
  El
• 26:42
  Nino
• 26:43
  again?
• 26:43
  2
• 26:43
  degrees
• 26:44
  Celsius
• 26:44
  or
• 26:44
  above
• 26:45
  surface
• 26:46
  temperatures,
• 26:46
  sea
• 26:46
  surface
• 26:47
  temperatures
• 26:47
  out
• 26:47
  over
• 26:47
  the
• 26:47
  equatorial
• 26:48
  Pacific
• 26:48
  in
• 26:49
  LA,
• 26:49
  less
• 26:50
  than
• 26:50
  10
• 26:50
  inches
• 26:51
  of
• 26:51
  rain.
• 26:51
  Our
• 26:51
  average
• 26:52
  rainfall
• 26:53
  for
• 26:53
  an
• 26:53
  entire
• 26:53
  calendar
• 26:54
  year
• 26:54
  is
• 26:55
  14.25
• 26:56
  inches.
• 26:56
  So
• 26:56
  we
• 26:56
  were
• 26:57
  well
• 26:57
  below
• 26:58
  average.
• 26:58
  That
• 26:58
  was
• 26:59
  El
• 26:59
  Busto.
• 27:00
  It
• 27:00
  was
• 27:00
  not
• 27:01
  a
• 27:01
  strong
• 27:01
  El
• 27:01
  Nino
• 27:02
  that
• 27:02
  we,
• 27:02
  or
• 27:02
  at
• 27:02
  least
• 27:03
  we
• 27:03
  didn't
• 27:03
  see
• 27:03
  it.
• 27:04
  The
• 27:04
  water
• 27:04
  temperatures
• 27:05
  were
• 27:05
  above
• 27:05
  average.
• 27:05
  It
• 27:06
  met
• 27:06
  that
• 27:06
  threshold,
• 27:07
  but
• 27:07
  we
• 27:07
  just
• 27:07
  didn't
• 27:07
  see
• 27:08
  the
• 27:08
  storms
• 27:08
  and
• 27:08
  the
• 27:08
  abundance
• 27:09
  of
• 27:09
  precipitation
• 27:10
  that
• 27:10
  could
• 27:11
  happen
• 27:11
  again.
• 27:11
  However,
• 27:12
  the
• 27:12
  other
• 27:12
  three
• 27:13
  super
• 27:13
  El
• 27:14
  Ninos,
• 27:14
  of
• 27:14
  the
• 27:15
  four,
• 27:15
  we
• 27:16
  did
• 27:16
  see
• 27:16
  powerful
• 27:17
  storms.
• 27:17
  Remember
• 27:17
  1997
• 27:18
  and
• 27:19
  98.
• 27:19
  I
• 27:19
  remember
• 27:20
  how
• 27:20
  out
• 27:20
  on
• 27:20
  the
• 27:20
  front
• 27:20
  lines
• 27:21
  of
• 27:21
  the
• 27:21
  floods
• 27:21
  in
• 27:22
  Ventura,
• 27:22
  Louisiana
• 27:23
  county,
• 27:23
  the
• 27:23
  Sepulveda
• 27:24
  Basin.
• 27:24
  Same
• 27:25
  with
• 27:25
  1982
• 27:25
  and
• 27:26
  83.
• 27:26
  I
• 27:26
  remember
• 27:27
  that
• 27:27
  as
• 27:27
  a
• 27:27
  freshman
• 27:28
  right
• 27:28
  down
• 27:28
  the
• 27:28
  street
• 27:28
  at
• 27:29
  Redondo
• 27:29
  Union
• 27:30
  High
• 27:30
  School,
• 27:30
  when
• 27:30
  I
• 27:30
  was
• 27:30
  first
• 27:30
  becoming
• 27:31
  enamored
• 27:31
  with
• 27:31
  the
• 27:32
  weather,
• 27:32
  seeing
• 27:32
  the
• 27:33
  strong
• 27:33
  storms,
• 27:34
  the
• 27:34
  high
• 27:34
  surf,
• 27:35
  that's
• 27:35
  when
• 27:35
  I
• 27:35
  first
• 27:35
  got
• 27:36
  my
• 27:36
  taste
• 27:36
  of
• 27:37
  El
• 27:37
  Nino.
• 27:37
  And
• 27:37
  then
• 27:38
  the
• 27:38
  powerful
• 27:38
  El
• 27:39
  Nino
• 27:39
  of
• 27:39
  the
• 27:39
  late
• 27:40
  1800s,
• 27:41
  that
• 27:41
  was
• 27:41
  a
• 27:41
  super
• 27:42
  sized
• 27:42
  El
• 27:42
  Nino
• 27:43
  and
• 27:43
  it
• 27:43
  did
• 27:43
  create
• 27:43
  havoc
• 27:44
  here
• 27:44
  in
• 27:44
  Southern
• 27:45
  California
• 27:45
  with
• 27:46
  strong
• 27:46
  storms,
• 27:46
  wind
• 27:47
  and
• 27:47
  rain.
• 27:47
  I
• 27:48
  don't
• 27:48
  want
• 27:48
  to
• 27:48
  go
• 27:49
  out
• 27:49
  and
• 27:49
  scare
• 27:50
  people
• 27:50
  at
• 27:50
  this
• 27:50
  point.
• 27:50
  I
• 27:51
  just
• 27:51
  want
• 27:51
  to
• 27:51
  continue
• 27:52
  to
• 27:52
  inform
• 27:52
  them
• 27:52
  and
• 27:53
  saying,
• 27:53
  hey,
• 27:53
  this
• 27:54
  is
• 27:54
  what's
• 27:54
  evolving.
• 27:54
  This
• 27:55
  is
• 27:55
  what
• 27:55
  the
• 27:55
  forecast
• 27:56
  models
• 27:56
  are
• 27:56
  showing.
• 27:57
  Three
• 27:57
  out
• 27:57
  of
• 27:57
  four
• 27:58
  have
• 27:58
  created,
• 27:59
  this
• 27:59
  one
• 27:59
  hasn't.
• 28:00
  So
• 28:01
  the
• 28:01
  jury's
• 28:01
  still
• 28:02
  out
• 28:02
  on
• 28:02
  exactly
• 28:02
  what
• 28:03
  could
• 28:04
  happen.
• 28:04
  Be
• 28:05
  prepared
• 28:05
  as
• 28:05
  always.
• 28:06
  If
• 28:06
  you
• 28:06
  do
• 28:06
  have
• 28:06
  a
• 28:06
  bad
• 28:07
  roof,
• 28:07
  make
• 28:07
  sure
• 28:07
  it's
• 28:08
  fixed
• 28:08
  in
• 28:08
  the
• 28:08
  next
• 28:08
  couple
• 28:09
  of
• 28:09
  months.
• 28:09
  That's
• 28:09
  what
• 28:09
  I
• 28:09
  wanted
• 28:10
  that,
• 28:11
  that's
• 28:11
  what
• 28:12
  I
• 28:12
  want
• 28:12
  to
• 28:12
  drill
• 28:12
  down
• 28:12
  on
• 28:12
  for
• 28:13
  a
• 28:13
  second
• 28:13
  though,
• 28:13
  because,
• 28:14
  you
• 28:14
  know,
• 28:16
  over
• 28:16
  the
• 28:16
  years
• 28:17
  there
• 28:17
  are
• 28:17
  all
• 28:17
  kinds
• 28:18
  of
• 28:18
  predictions
• 28:19
  and
• 28:19
  predictions
• 28:20
  are
• 28:20
  based
• 28:20
  on
• 28:20
  information
• 28:21
  in
• 28:21
  the
• 28:21
  moment,
• 28:22
  but
• 28:23
  things
• 28:23
  change.
• 28:24
  And
• 28:25
  so
• 28:25
  when
• 28:25
  we
• 28:25
  talk
• 28:25
  about
• 28:26
  things,
• 28:26
  sometimes
• 28:27
  we
• 28:27
  talk
• 28:27
  about
• 28:27
  it's
• 28:28
  going
• 28:28
  to
• 28:28
  be,
• 28:29
  you
• 28:29
  know,
• 28:29
  the
• 28:30
  worst
• 28:30
  storm
• 28:30
  ever
• 28:31
  or
• 28:31
  the
• 28:32
  worst
• 28:32
  systems
• 28:33
  ever,
• 28:34
  but
• 28:34
  there
• 28:34
  are
• 28:35
  things
• 28:35
  that
• 28:35
  could
• 28:35
  change
• 28:36
  that.
• 28:37
  It
• 28:38
  may
• 28:38
  look
• 28:38
  like,
• 28:39
  you
• 28:39
  know,
• 28:41
  storms
• 28:41
  heading
• 28:42
  towards
• 28:42
  a
• 28:42
  bullseye,
• 28:43
  but,
• 28:44
  but
• 28:44
  sometimes
• 28:44
  things
• 28:45
  can,
• 28:45
  can
• 28:45
  change.
• 28:46
  And,
• 28:47
  and,
• 28:47
  and
• 28:47
  so
• 28:47
  not
• 28:48
  to,
• 28:48
  I,
• 28:48
  I
• 28:49
  agree
• 28:49
  with
• 28:49
  you
• 28:49
  not
• 28:49
  to
• 28:50
  freak
• 28:50
  people
• 28:50
  out,
• 28:51
  but
• 28:52
  information
• 28:52
  is
• 28:52
  knowledge,
• 28:53
  right?
• 28:53
  So
• 28:54
  it's
• 28:54
  important
• 28:54
  to
• 28:54
  understand
• 28:56
  what
• 28:56
  is
• 28:56
  it,
• 28:56
  how
• 28:57
  does
• 28:57
  it
• 28:57
  happen
• 28:58
  and
• 28:59
  what
• 28:59
  should
• 28:59
  we
• 28:59
  do
• 29:00
  if
• 29:00
  we
• 29:01
  have
• 29:01
  a
• 29:02
  bad
• 29:02
  year.
• 29:03
  We
• 29:03
  know
• 29:03
  that
• 29:03
  an
• 29:03
  umbrella
• 29:04
  will
• 29:04
  take
• 29:04
  us
• 29:04
  through
• 29:04
  a
• 29:05
  good
• 29:05
  year.
• 29:05
  But
• 29:06
  you
• 29:06
  know,
• 29:06
  I
• 29:06
  think
• 29:07
  these
• 29:07
  things
• 29:07
  are
• 29:07
  very
• 29:07
  helpful
• 29:08
  to
• 29:08
  understand.
• 29:09
  And
• 29:09
  we
• 29:10
  rely
• 29:10
  upon
• 29:10
  the
• 29:10
  precipitation
• 29:11
  and
• 29:12
  the
• 29:12
  wettest
• 29:12
  years
• 29:13
  in
• 29:14
  Southern
• 29:14
  California,
• 29:14
  if
• 29:14
  you
• 29:15
  go
• 29:15
  back
• 29:15
  a
• 29:15
  couple
• 29:15
  hundred
• 29:15
  years,
• 29:16
  have
• 29:16
  been
• 29:17
  during
• 29:17
  El
• 29:17
  Nino
• 29:18
  years,
• 29:18
  whether
• 29:18
  they
• 29:18
  be
• 29:19
  weak
• 29:19
  or
• 29:19
  moderate
• 29:20
  or
• 29:20
  strong
• 29:20
  or
• 29:21
  some
• 29:21
  of
• 29:21
  the
• 29:21
  super
• 29:22
  strong,
• 29:23
  ultra
• 29:23
  sized
• 29:24
  El
• 29:24
  Nino.
• 29:25
  So
• 29:25
  they're
• 29:26
  good
• 29:26
  in
• 29:26
  terms
• 29:26
  of
• 29:27
  our
• 29:27
  water
• 29:27
  supply,
• 29:28
  we
• 29:28
  need
• 29:28
  it.
• 29:28
  You
• 29:29
  know,
• 29:29
  we
• 29:29
  go,
• 29:29
  this
• 29:29
  is,
• 29:30
  this
• 29:30
  is
• 29:30
  an
• 29:30
  area,
• 29:31
  this
• 29:31
  area
• 29:31
  of
• 29:31
  Southern
• 29:32
  California.
• 29:33
  You
• 29:33
  really
• 29:33
  don't.
• 29:34
  When
• 29:34
  I
• 29:34
  mentioned
• 29:34
  that
• 29:34
  14.25
• 29:35
  inches
• 29:36
  of
• 29:36
  rain,
• 29:36
  it's
• 29:37
  very
• 29:37
  rare
• 29:37
  that
• 29:37
  we
• 29:37
  get
• 29:38
  that
• 29:38
  total,
• 29:38
  give
• 29:39
  or
• 29:39
  take
• 29:39
  a
• 29:39
  quarter
• 29:39
  or
• 29:40
  half
• 29:40
  an
• 29:40
  inch
• 29:40
  each.
• 29:40
  And
• 29:41
  every
• 29:41
  year
• 29:41
  that
• 29:41
  14.25
• 29:42
  inches
• 29:43
  is
• 29:44
  an
• 29:44
  average
• 29:45
  over
• 29:45
  several
• 29:46
  years.
• 29:46
  You
• 29:46
  take
• 29:47
  30
• 29:47
  degrees,
• 29:48
  I'm
• 29:48
  sorry,
• 29:48
  30
• 29:49
  years
• 29:49
  of
• 29:50
  rainfall
• 29:50
  totals,
• 29:51
  you
• 29:51
  divide
• 29:51
  by
• 29:51
  30
• 29:52
  and
• 29:52
  it
• 29:52
  spits
• 29:53
  out
• 29:53
  that
• 29:53
  14.2,
• 29:54
  5
• 29:54
  inches.
• 29:55
  Most
• 29:56
  of
• 29:56
  the
• 29:56
  years
• 29:56
  are
• 29:57
  well
• 29:57
  below
• 29:58
  average
• 29:58
  or
• 29:58
  well
• 29:59
  above
• 29:59
  average.
• 30:00
  You
• 30:00
  get
• 30:00
  the
• 30:00
  30
• 30:00
  inch,
• 30:01
  25
• 30:01
  inch
• 30:02
  years
• 30:02
  and
• 30:02
  then
• 30:02
  you
• 30:02
  get
• 30:03
  the
• 30:03
  5
• 30:03
  and
• 30:03
  10
• 30:03
  inch
• 30:04
  years
• 30:04
  and
• 30:04
  many
• 30:04
  of
• 30:05
  those
• 30:05
  5
• 30:05
  and
• 30:05
  10
• 30:05
  inch
• 30:06
  years
• 30:06
  are
• 30:06
  back
• 30:06
  to
• 30:07
  back.
• 30:07
  And
• 30:07
  then
• 30:07
  we
• 30:08
  proclaim
• 30:08
  a
• 30:08
  drought
• 30:08
  and
• 30:09
  then
• 30:09
  we
• 30:09
  bust
• 30:09
  out
• 30:09
  of
• 30:10
  a
• 30:10
  drought
• 30:10
  and
• 30:10
  then
• 30:10
  we
• 30:10
  have
• 30:10
  three
• 30:11
  or
• 30:11
  four
• 30:11
  wet
• 30:12
  years.
• 30:12
  And
• 30:13
  that
• 30:13
  brings
• 30:13
  up
• 30:14
  another
• 30:14
  question,
• 30:14
  that
• 30:15
  our
• 30:15
  state
• 30:16
  needs
• 30:16
  to
• 30:16
  do
• 30:16
  a
• 30:17
  much
• 30:17
  better
• 30:17
  job
• 30:18
  at
• 30:18
  understanding
• 30:19
  that,
• 30:19
  and
• 30:19
  they
• 30:19
  should.
• 30:19
  By
• 30:20
  now
• 30:20
  the
• 30:20
  data
• 30:20
  is
• 30:21
  there.
• 30:21
  I've
• 30:21
  always
• 30:22
  jockeyed
• 30:23
  for
• 30:23
  some
• 30:23
  sort
• 30:23
  of
• 30:24
  climate
• 30:26
  channel,
• 30:26
  so
• 30:26
  to
• 30:27
  speak,
• 30:27
  within
• 30:27
  our
• 30:27
  state
• 30:28
  government
• 30:28
  to
• 30:28
  really
• 30:29
  understand
• 30:30
  or
• 30:30
  help
• 30:31
  the
• 30:31
  legislators
• 30:32
  understand
• 30:33
  how
• 30:33
  our
• 30:33
  climate
• 30:34
  works
• 30:34
  so
• 30:34
  we
• 30:34
  can
• 30:35
  better
• 30:36
  facilitate
• 30:37
  our
• 30:37
  water
• 30:37
  needs,
• 30:38
  our
• 30:39
  agribusiness
• 30:39
  in
• 30:40
  the
• 30:40
  Central
• 30:40
  Valley,
• 30:40
  the
• 30:41
  snow
• 30:41
  meltdown,
• 30:42
  what
• 30:42
  years
• 30:42
  are
• 30:43
  going
• 30:43
  to,
• 30:43
  are
• 30:43
  we
• 30:43
  going
• 30:43
  to
• 30:44
  see
• 30:44
  the
• 30:44
  abundance
• 30:44
  of
• 30:44
  rain
• 30:45
  or
• 30:45
  the
• 30:46
  runoff
• 30:46
  from
• 30:47
  the
• 30:47
  Sierra
• 30:47
  Nevada
• 30:48
  snowpack?
• 30:48
  We
• 30:49
  can
• 30:49
  do
• 30:49
  that.
• 30:49
  We
• 30:50
  can
• 30:50
  put
• 30:50
  a
• 30:50
  rover
• 30:51
  on
• 30:51
  Mars
• 30:51
  that
• 30:51
  takes
• 30:52
  pictures
• 30:52
  that
• 30:52
  kicks
• 30:53
  around
• 30:53
  rocks
• 30:53
  and
• 30:53
  send
• 30:54
  them
• 30:54
  right
• 30:54
  back
• 30:54
  to
• 30:54
  jpl.
• 30:55
  We
• 30:55
  can
• 30:55
  do
• 30:56
  something
• 30:56
  locally
• 30:57
  here
• 30:57
  to
• 30:58
  better
• 30:58
  serve
• 30:58
  our
• 30:59
  needs
• 30:59
  in
• 30:59
  this
• 31:00
  constantly
• 31:00
  growing
• 31:01
  state
• 31:01
  and
• 31:02
  certify
• 31:02
  and
• 31:03
  essentially
• 31:04
  watching
• 31:05
  the
• 31:05
  situation
• 31:06
  with
• 31:06
  the
• 31:06
  water
• 31:06
  needs
• 31:07
  of
• 31:07
  the
• 31:07
  Central
• 31:08
  Valley
• 31:08
  and
• 31:09
  what
• 31:09
  have
• 31:09
  you.
• 31:10
  Speaking
• 31:11
  of
• 31:11
  Central
• 31:11
  Valley,
• 31:12
  I'm
• 31:12
  sorry.
• 31:12
  Go
• 31:13
  ahead,
• 31:13
  Hunter.
• 31:13
  I'm
• 31:14
  sorry.
• 31:15
  We
• 31:15
  all
• 31:15
  live
• 31:15
  here
• 31:15
  on
• 31:16
  the
• 31:16
  west
• 31:16
  coast
• 31:16
  and
• 31:17
  we
• 31:17
  tend
• 31:18
  to
• 31:18
  be
• 31:19
  California
• 31:19
  centric
• 31:20
  and
• 31:20
  we're
• 31:20
  concerned
• 31:21
  about
• 31:21
  droughts
• 31:22
  here
• 31:22
  and
• 31:22
  we're
• 31:22
  concerned
• 31:23
  about
• 31:24
  water
• 31:24
  control
• 31:25
  here.
• 31:25
  But
• 31:26
  we
• 31:27
  have
• 31:27
  to
• 31:27
  be
• 31:27
  cognizant
• 31:28
  of
• 31:28
  the
• 31:28
  fact
• 31:28
  that
• 31:29
  El
• 31:29
  Nino
• 31:30
  is
• 31:31
  global
• 31:32
  and
• 31:33
  we
• 31:33
  are
• 31:34
  going
• 31:34
  to
• 31:34
  be
• 31:34
  affected
• 31:34
  by
• 31:35
  far
• 31:35
  more
• 31:35
  than
• 31:35
  just
• 31:36
  remembering
• 31:36
  to
• 31:36
  bring
• 31:36
  an
• 31:37
  umbrella
• 31:37
  or
• 31:37
  having
• 31:38
  our
• 31:38
  Mexican
• 31:38
  vacation
• 31:39
  ruined.
• 31:39
  I,
• 31:40
  we're
• 31:40
  looking
• 31:41
  at
• 31:41
  potential
• 31:42
  impacts
• 31:43
  on
• 31:43
  agriculture.
• 31:44
  We're
• 31:45
  looking
• 31:45
  at,
• 31:46
  you
• 31:46
  know,
• 31:46
  farmers
• 31:47
  who
• 31:47
  may
• 31:47
  not
• 31:47
  be
• 31:47
  able
• 31:48
  to
• 31:48
  plant
• 31:48
  or
• 31:48
  may
• 31:49
  lose
• 31:49
  their,
• 31:49
  their
• 31:50
  crops.
• 31:50
  I
• 31:50
  mean,
• 31:51
  there
• 31:51
  are
• 31:51
  things
• 31:52
  that
• 31:52
  are
• 31:53
  going
• 31:53
  to
• 31:53
  impact
• 31:54
  all
• 31:55
  of
• 31:55
  us
• 31:56
  whether
• 31:56
  it
• 31:56
  rains
• 31:57
  on
• 31:57
  the
• 31:57
  west
• 31:57
  coast
• 31:57
  or
• 31:57
  not.
• 31:58
  Right?
• 31:59
  Absolutely.
• 32:00
  And
• 32:00
  you,
• 32:01
  you
• 32:01
  mentioned
• 32:01
  it
• 32:01
  again
• 32:01
  globally.
• 32:02
  And
• 32:03
  I
• 32:03
  essentially
• 32:04
  said
• 32:05
  what
• 32:05
  occurs
• 32:05
  down
• 32:06
  in
• 32:06
  Australia,
• 32:07
  down
• 32:07
  Under,
• 32:07
  during
• 32:08
  a
• 32:08
  typical
• 32:08
  El
• 32:09
  Nino
• 32:09
  year,
• 32:09
  they
• 32:09
  have
• 32:09
  the
• 32:09
  opposite.
• 32:10
  They
• 32:10
  have
• 32:10
  droughts
• 32:11
  and
• 32:11
  wildfires
• 32:12
  while
• 32:12
  we
• 32:12
  have
• 32:13
  potentially
• 32:14
  the
• 32:14
  flooding
• 32:14
  rains.
• 32:15
  If
• 32:16
  we
• 32:16
  know
• 32:16
  and
• 32:17
  understand
• 32:18
  what
• 32:18
  is
• 32:18
  coming
• 32:18
  our
• 32:19
  way
• 32:19
  and
• 32:19
  we
• 32:20
  get
• 32:20
  that
• 32:20
  conduit
• 32:20
  of
• 32:21
  information
• 32:21
  between
• 32:22
  the
• 32:22
  scientists
• 32:23
  and
• 32:23
  our
• 32:23
  legislators,
• 32:24
  like
• 32:25
  we
• 32:25
  did
• 32:25
  in
• 32:26
  January
• 32:26
  of
• 32:26
  2025
• 32:28
  when
• 32:28
  we
• 32:28
  knew
• 32:29
  that
• 32:29
  there
• 32:29
  was
• 32:29
  going
• 32:30
  to
• 32:30
  be
• 32:30
  a
• 32:30
  catastrophic
• 32:31
  wind
• 32:31
  event
• 32:31
  and
• 32:32
  the
• 32:32
  fire
• 32:32
  danger
• 32:33
  was
• 32:33
  going
• 32:33
  to
• 32:33
  be
• 32:33
  high
• 32:34
  here
• 32:34
  in
• 32:34
  Southern
• 32:34
  California
• 32:35
  prior
• 32:35
  to
• 32:36
  the
• 32:36
  Palisades
• 32:36
  and
• 32:36
  the
• 32:37
  Eaton
• 32:37
  fire.
• 32:37
  The
• 32:38
  National
• 32:38
  Weather
• 32:38
  Service
• 32:39
  does
• 32:39
  a
• 32:39
  tremendous
• 32:40
  job
• 32:41
  at
• 32:41
  alerting
• 32:42
  all
• 32:43
  of
• 32:43
  the
• 32:43
  emergency
• 32:44
  managers,
• 32:44
  all
• 32:45
  of
• 32:45
  the
• 32:45
  city
• 32:45
  officials,
• 32:46
  of
• 32:46
  what's
• 32:46
  coming
• 32:46
  our
• 32:47
  way,
• 32:47
  not
• 32:47
  only
• 32:48
  in
• 32:48
  the
• 32:48
  short
• 32:48
  term,
• 32:48
  like
• 32:49
  that
• 32:49
  wind
• 32:49
  event,
• 32:50
  but
• 32:50
  they
• 32:50
  were
• 32:50
  forecasting
• 32:51
  that
• 32:51
  wind
• 32:52
  event
• 32:52
  10
• 32:53
  to
• 32:53
  15
• 32:53
  days
• 32:54
  ahead.
• 32:54
  They
• 32:55
  had
• 32:55
  that
• 32:55
  much
• 32:55
  lead
• 32:56
  time.
• 32:56
  That
• 32:56
  was
• 32:56
  going
• 32:57
  to
• 32:57
  be
• 32:57
  our
• 32:57
  Category
• 32:58
  2
• 32:58
  hurricane
• 32:58
  that
• 32:59
  was
• 32:59
  going
• 32:59
  to
• 32:59
  impact
• 32:59
  Southern
• 33:00
  California
• 33:00
  in
• 33:01
  early
• 33:01
  January
• 33:01
  of
• 33:02
  2025.
• 33:03
  Our
• 33:03
  NOAA
• 33:04
  forecasters
• 33:05
  are
• 33:05
  phenomenal
• 33:06
  about
• 33:06
  alerting
• 33:07
  first
• 33:07
  responders
• 33:08
  and
• 33:08
  government
• 33:09
  officials
• 33:09
  of
• 33:10
  what's
• 33:10
  coming
• 33:10
  so
• 33:10
  we
• 33:11
  can
• 33:11
  plan
• 33:12
  accordingly.
• 33:13
  And
• 33:13
  with
• 33:13
  a
• 33:14
  larger
• 33:14
  scale
• 33:15
  climatological
• 33:16
  event
• 33:16
  like
• 33:16
  El
• 33:17
  Nino
• 33:17
  across
• 33:18
  our
• 33:18
  entire
• 33:19
  country,
• 33:19
  the
• 33:19
  word
• 33:20
  is
• 33:20
  already
• 33:20
  out.
• 33:21
  The
• 33:22
  Climate
• 33:22
  Prediction
• 33:23
  center
• 33:23
  is
• 33:23
  issuing
• 33:24
  these
• 33:24
  advisories.
• 33:25
  They're
• 33:25
  making
• 33:25
  sure
• 33:25
  the
• 33:26
  channel
• 33:26
  of
• 33:26
  information
• 33:27
  gets
• 33:27
  to
• 33:27
  the
• 33:28
  governors
• 33:28
  in
• 33:28
  the
• 33:28
  Southeast
• 33:29
  so
• 33:29
  that
• 33:29
  they
• 33:29
  know
• 33:30
  what
• 33:30
  kind
• 33:30
  of
• 33:30
  hurricane
• 33:30
  season
• 33:31
  they
• 33:31
  may
• 33:31
  be
• 33:31
  looking
• 33:31
  at.
• 33:32
  The
• 33:32
  governor
• 33:32
  of
• 33:33
  California
• 33:33
  knows,
• 33:33
  hey,
• 33:34
  this
• 33:34
  could
• 33:34
  be
• 33:34
  a
• 33:34
  bad
• 33:35
  El
• 33:35
  Nino.
• 33:35
  Governor
• 33:36
  Newsom,
• 33:36
  what
• 33:36
  are
• 33:37
  we
• 33:37
  going
• 33:37
  to
• 33:37
  do?
• 33:37
  How
• 33:37
  are
• 33:38
  we
• 33:38
  going
• 33:38
  to
• 33:38
  Prepare
• 33:38
  for
• 33:39
  perhaps
• 33:39
  30
• 33:40
  inches
• 33:40
  plus
• 33:40
  of
• 33:41
  rain
• 33:41
  in
• 33:41
  LA
• 33:41
  and
• 33:42
  even
• 33:42
  more
• 33:42
  up
• 33:42
  in
• 33:43
  the
• 33:43
  Bay
• 33:43
  Area
• 33:44
  and
• 33:44
  the
• 33:44
  flooding
• 33:44
  of
• 33:45
  the
• 33:45
  fields
• 33:46
  in
• 33:46
  the
• 33:46
  Sacramento
• 33:47
  and
• 33:47
  San
• 33:47
  Joaquin
• 33:48
  valleys?
• 33:49
  We're
• 33:49
  at
• 33:50
  a
• 33:50
  point
• 33:50
  in
• 33:50
  our
• 33:50
  science
• 33:51
  and
• 33:51
  technology
• 33:52
  as
• 33:52
  we
• 33:53
  evolve,
• 33:53
  that
• 33:54
  we
• 33:54
  can
• 33:54
  do
• 33:54
  that
• 33:55
  now.
• 33:55
  And
• 33:55
  as
• 33:56
  I
• 33:56
  said,
• 33:57
  if
• 33:57
  we
• 33:57
  can
• 33:57
  put,
• 33:57
  I
• 33:58
  like
• 33:58
  to
• 33:58
  use
• 33:58
  this
• 33:58
  analogy,
• 33:59
  if
• 33:59
  we
• 33:59
  can
• 33:59
  send
• 33:59
  a
• 33:59
  rover
• 34:00
  up
• 34:00
  to
• 34:00
  a
• 34:01
  planet
• 34:01
  like
• 34:01
  Mars
• 34:02
  and
• 34:02
  take
• 34:02
  pictures
• 34:03
  and
• 34:03
  manipulate
• 34:03
  that
• 34:04
  rover
• 34:05
  and
• 34:05
  kick
• 34:05
  those
• 34:05
  rocks
• 34:06
  around
• 34:06
  and
• 34:06
  send
• 34:06
  pictures
• 34:07
  down,
• 34:07
  we
• 34:08
  have
• 34:08
  the
• 34:08
  technology,
• 34:08
  we
• 34:09
  have
• 34:09
  the
• 34:09
  willpower,
• 34:09
  we
• 34:09
  have
• 34:10
  the
• 34:10
  science
• 34:10
  and
• 34:11
  the
• 34:11
  brain
• 34:11
  power,
• 34:12
  the
• 34:12
  intelligence
• 34:13
  that's
• 34:13
  out
• 34:13
  there
• 34:13
  with
• 34:14
  these
• 34:14
  scientists
• 34:14
  and
• 34:15
  planners
• 34:15
  to
• 34:16
  essentially
• 34:16
  offset
• 34:18
  some
• 34:18
  of
• 34:18
  the
• 34:18
  repercussions
• 34:19
  that
• 34:19
  do
• 34:20
  come
• 34:20
  from
• 34:20
  those
• 34:20
  events.
• 34:21
  We
• 34:21
  can't
• 34:21
  change
• 34:21
  the
• 34:21
  weather
• 34:22
  and
• 34:22
  climate.
• 34:22
  Some
• 34:22
  people
• 34:23
  say
• 34:23
  we
• 34:23
  do,
• 34:23
  or
• 34:23
  we
• 34:23
  already
• 34:24
  are
• 34:24
  with
• 34:24
  geoengineering
• 34:25
  or
• 34:25
  what
• 34:26
  have
• 34:26
  you.
• 34:26
  But
• 34:26
  we
• 34:27
  can
• 34:27
  plan
• 34:27
  the
• 34:27
  best
• 34:27
  we
• 34:28
  can
• 34:28
  and
• 34:29
  educate
• 34:29
  people
• 34:30
  on
• 34:30
  how
• 34:30
  to
• 34:30
  respond
• 34:31
  to
• 34:31
  that.
• 34:32
  And
• 34:32
  so
• 34:32
  talking
• 34:33
  about
• 34:33
  planning
• 34:33
  as
• 34:34
  we
• 34:34
  prepare
• 34:34
  to
• 34:34
  wrap
• 34:35
  this
• 34:35
  up,
• 34:36
  you
• 34:36
  know,
• 34:36
  let's
• 34:36
  leave
• 34:37
  people
• 34:37
  with
• 34:37
  a
• 34:37
  couple
• 34:38
  of
• 34:38
  thoughts.
• 34:38
  You
• 34:38
  know,
• 34:38
  what,
• 34:39
  what
• 34:39
  you
• 34:39
  want
• 34:39
  them
• 34:40
  to
• 34:40
  remember
• 34:41
  to
• 34:41
  think
• 34:42
  about.
• 34:43
  And
• 34:43
  if
• 34:43
  you
• 34:43
  have,
• 34:43
  you
• 34:44
  know,
• 34:44
  a
• 34:44
  website
• 34:44
  or
• 34:44
  a
• 34:45
  place
• 34:45
  you
• 34:45
  want
• 34:45
  to
• 34:45
  recommend
• 34:46
  for
• 34:46
  further
• 34:47
  knowledge
• 34:47
  for
• 34:47
  people
• 34:47
  who
• 34:48
  want
• 34:48
  to
• 34:49
  read
• 34:49
  some
• 34:49
  more
• 34:49
  about
• 34:49
  it.
• 34:51
  Yeah,
• 34:51
  absolutely.
• 34:52
  And
• 34:52
  all
• 34:52
  of
• 34:53
  the
• 34:53
  government
• 34:53
  websites
• 34:54
  are
• 34:55
  phenomenal
• 34:55
  and
• 34:55
  the
• 34:56
  Climate
• 34:56
  Prediction
• 34:56
  Center
• 34:57
  CPC
• 34:57
  is
• 34:58
  great.
• 34:58
  And
• 34:58
  they
• 34:58
  are
• 34:58
  the
• 34:59
  ones
• 34:59
  who
• 34:59
  are
• 34:59
  really
• 34:59
  watching
• 34:59
  this
• 35:00
  evolving
• 35:00
  El
• 35:01
  Nino
• 35:01
  and
• 35:01
  they
• 35:01
  break
• 35:02
  it
• 35:02
  down,
• 35:02
  basically
• 35:04
  you
• 35:04
  can
• 35:04
  go
• 35:04
  on
• 35:06
  a
• 35:06
  deep
• 35:07
  dive
• 35:07
  and
• 35:07
  find
• 35:07
  out
• 35:08
  some
• 35:08
  more
• 35:08
  scientific
• 35:09
  background.
• 35:10
  And
• 35:10
  that's
• 35:10
  what
• 35:10
  I
• 35:10
  did
• 35:11
  as
• 35:11
  a
• 35:11
  kid
• 35:11
  and
• 35:11
  I
• 35:11
  still
• 35:11
  do
• 35:12
  today
• 35:12
  to
• 35:12
  really
• 35:12
  get
• 35:13
  a
• 35:13
  better
• 35:13
  understanding
• 35:13
  of
• 35:14
  it.
• 35:14
  But
• 35:14
  the
• 35:14
  basics
• 35:15
  they
• 35:15
  just
• 35:15
  put
• 35:16
  out,
• 35:16
  you
• 35:16
  know,
• 35:16
  some
• 35:16
  simple
• 35:17
  graphics
• 35:17
  and
• 35:17
  information
• 35:18
  on
• 35:18
  this
• 35:18
  is
• 35:19
  what
• 35:19
  typically
• 35:19
  happens.
• 35:20
  They
• 35:20
  don't
• 35:20
  go,
• 35:20
  you
• 35:21
  know,
• 35:21
  too
• 35:21
  detailed
• 35:22
  like,
• 35:22
  hey,
• 35:22
  Southern
• 35:23
  California
• 35:23
  usually
• 35:24
  gets
• 35:24
  above
• 35:25
  average
• 35:25
  rain
• 35:25
  and
• 35:25
  stronger
• 35:26
  storms
• 35:26
  and
• 35:26
  heavy
• 35:27
  surf.
• 35:27
  And
• 35:27
  those
• 35:28
  websites
• 35:29
  are
• 35:29
  great.
• 35:29
  And
• 35:29
  even
• 35:30
  on
• 35:30
  your
• 35:30
  local
• 35:30
  forecast,
• 35:31
  weather.gov
• 35:31
  you
• 35:32
  enter
• 35:32
  your
• 35:32
  zip
• 35:32
  code,
• 35:32
  you
• 35:33
  can
• 35:33
  get
• 35:33
  all
• 35:33
  that
• 35:33
  information
• 35:34
  and
• 35:34
  that
• 35:34
  will
• 35:34
  send
• 35:34
  you
• 35:34
  to
• 35:35
  different
• 35:35
  links
• 35:36
  as
• 35:36
  well
• 35:36
  just
• 35:36
  to
• 35:37
  keep
• 35:37
  up
• 35:37
  to
• 35:37
  date
• 35:37
  on
• 35:38
  the
• 35:38
  day
• 35:38
  to
• 35:38
  day
• 35:38
  and
• 35:39
  on
• 35:39
  the
• 35:39
  seasonal
• 35:39
  forecast.
• 35:40
  Those
• 35:40
  two.
• 35:40
  Okay,
• 35:41
  well
• 35:41
  you
• 35:41
  have,
• 35:41
  you
• 35:42
  have
• 35:42
  a
• 35:42
  great
• 35:42
  way
• 35:42
  of
• 35:42
  putting
• 35:43
  words
• 35:43
  together
• 35:44
  and
• 35:44
  explaining
• 35:45
  things
• 35:46
  in
• 35:46
  a
• 35:46
  way
• 35:46
  not
• 35:46
  only
• 35:47
  can
• 35:48
  do
• 35:48
  we
• 35:48
  better
• 35:49
  understand
• 35:49
  it,
• 35:49
  but
• 35:50
  we
• 35:50
  remember
• 35:50
  it.
• 35:51
  So
• 35:51
  Rick
• 35:51
  Decker,
• 35:52
  thanks
• 35:52
  so
• 35:52
  much
• 35:53
  for
• 35:53
  being
• 35:53
  with
• 35:53
  us.
• 35:53
  Good
• 35:53
  to
• 35:53
  see
• 35:54
  you.
• 35:54
  Thank
• 35:54
  you
• 35:54
  so
• 35:54
  much.
• 35:55
  So
• 35:55
  good
• 35:55
  to
• 35:55
  see
• 35:55
  you.
• 35:55
  All
• 35:55
  the
• 35:55
  best.
• 35:56
  Thanks
• 35:57
  so
• 35:57
  much.
• 35:57
  Good
• 35:57
  information.
• 35:58
  And
• 35:58
  that's
• 35:59
  what
• 35:59
  the
• 35:59
  How
• 36:00
  2.0
• 36:01
  I'm
• 36:01
  Hal
• 36:01
  Eisner
• 36:02
  along
• 36:02
  with
• 36:02
  Elsa
• 36:03
  Ramon
• 36:03
  and
• 36:03
  Hunter
• 36:03
  Lowery.
• 36:04
  This
• 36:04
  podcast
• 36:05
  is
• 36:05
  produced
• 36:06
  by
• 36:06
  Hunter.
• 36:07
  Jamie
• 36:07
  Knapp
• 36:07
  is
• 36:07
  our
• 36:08
  Technical
• 36:08
  director
• 36:09
  editor
• 36:09
  and
• 36:09
  he
• 36:10
  handles
• 36:10
  all
• 36:10
  of
• 36:11
  the
• 36:11
  post
• 36:11
  production.
• 36:12
  Our
• 36:12
  original
• 36:13
  theme
• 36:13
  music
• 36:13
  is
• 36:14
  composed
• 36:14
  by
• 36:14
  Stuart
• 36:15
  Pearson.
• 36:16
  Earlier
• 36:16
  versions
• 36:16
  of
• 36:17
  the
• 36:17
  podcast
• 36:18
  were
• 36:18
  produced
• 36:18
  at
• 36:18
  the
• 36:19
  studios
• 36:19
  of
• 36:19
  Fox
• 36:19
  11
• 36:20
  in
• 36:20
  Los
• 36:20
  Angeles
• 36:21
  and
• 36:21
  are
• 36:21
  available
• 36:22
  through
• 36:22
  the
• 36:22
  link
• 36:23
  in
• 36:23
  our
• 36:23
  show
• 36:24
  Notes.
• 36:24
  This
• 36:25
  version
• 36:25
  of
• 36:25
  the
• 36:25
  podcast
• 36:26
  is
• 36:26
  available
• 36:27
  on
• 36:27
  YouTube
• 36:27
  and
• 36:28
  wherever
• 36:28
  you
• 36:28
  listen
• 36:29
  to
• 36:29
  podcasts.
• 36:30
  And
• 36:30
  what
• 36:30
  the
• 36:31
  hell.
• 36:31
  2.0
• 36:32
  is
• 36:32
  produced
• 36:33
  in
• 36:33
  Los
• 36:33
  Angeles,
• 36:34
  California.