Latest / The Frontier in America History / The Frontier in America History_Part 1

Transcript

The Frontier in America History_Part 1 · The Frontier in America History

• 0:00
  Speaker 1: Chapter one, The significance of the frontier in American History,
• 0:04
  Speaker 1: Part one, in a recent bulletin of the Superintendent of
• 0:10
  Speaker 1: the Census for eighteen ninety appear these significant words. Up
• 0:14
  Speaker 1: to and including eighteen eighty, the country had a frontier
• 0:18
  Speaker 1: of settlement, but at present the unsettled area has been
• 0:20
  Speaker 1: so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there
• 0:24
  Speaker 1: can hardly be said to be a frontier line in
• 0:27
  Speaker 1: the discussion of its extent, its westward movement, et cetera.
• 0:30
  Speaker 1: It cannot, therefore any longer have a place in the
• 0:33
  Speaker 1: census reports. This brief official statement marks the closing of
• 0:37
  Speaker 1: a great historic movement. Up to our own day, American
• 0:41
  Speaker 1: history has been in a large degree the history of
• 0:43
  Speaker 1: the colonization of the Great West, the existence of an
• 0:46
  Speaker 1: area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance
• 0:49
  Speaker 1: of the American settlement westward explain American development. Behind institutions,
• 0:54
  Speaker 1: behind constitutional forms and modifications, lie the vital forces that
• 0:58
  Speaker 1: call these organs into law life and shape them to
• 1:01
  Speaker 1: meet changing conditions. The peculiarity of American institutions is the
• 1:05
  Speaker 1: fact that they have been compelled to adapt themselves to
• 1:07
  Speaker 1: the changes of an expanding people to the changes involved
• 1:11
  Speaker 1: in crossing a continent, in winning a wilderness, and in
• 1:14
  Speaker 1: developing at each area of this progress out of the
• 1:16
  Speaker 1: primitive economic and political conditions of the frontier into the
• 1:20
  Speaker 1: complexity of city life, said Calhoun in eighteen seventeen. We
• 1:24
  Speaker 1: are great and rapidly, I was about to say, fearfully growing,
• 1:29
  Speaker 1: so saying he touched the distinguishing feature of American life,
• 1:32
  Speaker 1: all people show development. The germ theory of politics has
• 1:35
  Speaker 1: been sufficiently emphasized. In the case of most nations, however,
• 1:39
  Speaker 1: the development has occurred in a limited area, and if
• 1:42
  Speaker 1: the nation has expanded, it has met other growing peoples
• 1:45
  Speaker 1: whom it has conquered. But in the case of the
• 1:47
  Speaker 1: United States, we have a different phenomenon, limiting our attention
• 1:50
  Speaker 1: to the Atlantic coast. We have the familiar phenomenon of
• 1:53
  Speaker 1: the evolution of institutions in a limited area, such as
• 1:56
  Speaker 1: the rise of representative government, the differentiation of simple colonial
• 2:00
  Speaker 1: governments into complex organs, the progress from primitive industrial society
• 2:05
  Speaker 1: without division of labour up to manufacturing civilization. But we have,
• 2:09
  Speaker 1: in addition to this, a recurrence of the process of
• 2:11
  Speaker 1: evolution in each Western area reached in the process of expansion. Thus,
• 2:16
  Speaker 1: American development has exhibited not merely advance along a single line,
• 2:20
  Speaker 1: but a return to primitive conditions on a continually advancing
• 2:23
  Speaker 1: frontier line, and a new development for that area. American
• 2:27
  Speaker 1: social development has been continually beginning over again on the frontier.
• 2:31
  Speaker 1: This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward,
• 2:36
  Speaker 1: with its new opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity
• 2:39
  Speaker 1: of primitive society, furnished the forces dominating American character. The
• 2:44
  Speaker 1: true point of view in the history of this nation
• 2:46
  Speaker 1: is not the Atlantic coast. It is the Great West.
• 2:49
  Speaker 1: Even the slavery struggle, which is made so exclusive an
• 2:52
  Speaker 1: object of attention by writers like Professor von Holst, occupies
• 2:55
  Speaker 1: its important place in American history because of its relation
• 2:58
  Speaker 1: to westward expansion. In this advance, the frontier is the
• 3:02
  Speaker 1: outer edge of the wave, the meeting point between savagery
• 3:05
  Speaker 1: and civilization. Much has been written about the frontier from
• 3:08
  Speaker 1: the point of view of border warfare and the chase,
• 3:11
  Speaker 1: but as a field for the serious study of the
• 3:12
  Speaker 1: economist and the historian, it has been neglected. The American
• 3:16
  Speaker 1: frontier is sharply distinguished from the European frontier, a fortified
• 3:20
  Speaker 1: boundary line running through dense populations. The most significant thing
• 3:24
  Speaker 1: about the American frontier is that it lies at the
• 3:26
  Speaker 1: hither edge of free land. In the Census reports, it
• 3:29
  Speaker 1: is treated as the margin of that settlement which has
• 3:31
  Speaker 1: a density of two or more to the square mile.
• 3:34
  Speaker 1: The term is an elastic one, and for our purposes
• 3:36
  Speaker 1: does not need sharp definition. We shall consider the whole
• 3:40
  Speaker 1: frontier belt, including the Indian country and the outer margin
• 3:43
  Speaker 1: of the settled area of the Census reports. This paper
• 3:46
  Speaker 1: will make no attempt to treat the subject exhaustively. Its
• 3:49
  Speaker 1: aim is simply to call attention to the frontier as
• 3:51
  Speaker 1: a fertile field for investigation, and to suggest some of
• 3:54
  Speaker 1: the problems which arise in connection with it. In the
• 3:57
  Speaker 1: settlement of America, we have to observe how European life
• 4:01
  Speaker 1: entered the continent, and how America fortified and developed that
• 4:04
  Speaker 1: life and reacted on Europe. Our early history is the
• 4:07
  Speaker 1: study of European germs developing in an American environment. Too
• 4:11
  Speaker 1: exclusive attention has been paid by institutional students to the
• 4:14
  Speaker 1: Germanic origins, too little to the American factors. The frontier
• 4:18
  Speaker 1: is the line of most rapid and effective Americanization. The
• 4:21
  Speaker 1: wilderness masters the colonist. It finds him a European in dress, industries, tools,
• 4:26
  Speaker 1: modes of travel, and thought. It takes him from the
• 4:29
  Speaker 1: railroad car and puts him in the birch canoe. It
• 4:31
  Speaker 1: strips off the garments of civilization and raised him in
• 4:34
  Speaker 1: the hunting shirt and the moccasin. It puts him in
• 4:37
  Speaker 1: the log cabin of the Cherokee in Iroquois, and runs
• 4:40
  Speaker 1: an Indian palisade around him. Before long he has gone
• 4:43
  Speaker 1: to planting Indian corn and plowing with a sharp stick.
• 4:46
  Speaker 1: He shouts the war cry and takes the scalp in
• 4:48
  Speaker 1: orthodox Indian fashion. In short, at the frontier, the environment
• 4:52
  Speaker 1: is at first too strong for the man. He must
• 4:55
  Speaker 1: accept the conditions which it furnishes, or perish. And so
• 4:58
  Speaker 1: he fits himself into the Indian clue and follows the
• 5:00
  Speaker 1: Indian trails. Little by little he transforms the wilderness. But
• 5:04
  Speaker 1: the outcome is not the old Europe, not simply the
• 5:06
  Speaker 1: development of Germanic germs, any more than the first phenomenon
• 5:10
  Speaker 1: was a case of reversion to the Germanic mark. The
• 5:12
  Speaker 1: fact is that here is a new product that is American.
• 5:15
  Speaker 1: At first, the frontier was the Atlantic coast. It was
• 5:18
  Speaker 1: the frontier of Europe in a very real sense. Moving westward,
• 5:22
  Speaker 1: the frontier became more and more American as successive terminal
• 5:25
  Speaker 1: moraines result from successive glaciations. So each frontier leaves its
• 5:29
  Speaker 1: traces behind it, and when it becomes a settled area,
• 5:32
  Speaker 1: the region still partakes of the frontier characteristics. Thus the
• 5:36
  Speaker 1: advance of the frontier has meant a steady movement away
• 5:38
  Speaker 1: from the influence of Europe, a steady growth of independence
• 5:41
  Speaker 1: on American lines. And to study this advance, the men
• 5:44
  Speaker 1: who grew up under these conditions, and the political, economic
• 5:47
  Speaker 1: and social results of it, is to study the really
• 5:50
  Speaker 1: American part of our history. In the course of the
• 5:53
  Speaker 1: seventeenth century, the frontier was advanced up the Atlantic river
• 5:56
  Speaker 1: courses just beyond the Foe Line, and the Tidewater region
• 5:59
  Speaker 1: became the settled area. In the first half of the
• 6:01
  Speaker 1: eighteenth century, another advance occurred. Traders followed the Delaware and
• 6:05
  Speaker 1: Shawneese Indians to the Ohio. As early as the end
• 6:08
  Speaker 1: of the first quarter of the century. Governor Spotswood of
• 6:11
  Speaker 1: Virginia made an expedition in seventeen fourteen across the Blue Ridge.
• 6:15
  Speaker 1: The end of the first quarter of the century saw
• 6:17
  Speaker 1: the advance of the Scotch Irish and the Palatine Germans
• 6:20
  Speaker 1: up the Shenandoah Valley into the western part of Virginia
• 6:23
  Speaker 1: and along the Piedmont region of the Carolinas. The Germans
• 6:27
  Speaker 1: in New York pushed the frontier of settlement up the
• 6:29
  Speaker 1: Mohawk to German flats in Pennsylvania. The town of Bedford
• 6:33
  Speaker 1: indicates the line of settlement. Settlements soon began on the
• 6:36
  Speaker 1: New River or the Great Kanawa, and on the sources
• 6:39
  Speaker 1: of the Yadkin and French broad The King attempted to
• 6:42
  Speaker 1: arrest the advance by his proclamation of seventeen sixty three
• 6:45
  Speaker 1: forbidding settlements beyond the sources of the rivers flowing into
• 6:48
  Speaker 1: the Atlantic, but in vain. In the period of the Revolution,
• 6:51
  Speaker 1: the frontier across the Alleghenies into Kentucky and Tennessee, and
• 6:55
  Speaker 1: the upper waters of the Ohio were settled. When the
• 6:58
  Speaker 1: first census was taken in set seventeen ninety. The continuous
• 7:01
  Speaker 1: settled area was bounded by a line which ran near
• 7:04
  Speaker 1: the coast of Maine and included New England, except a
• 7:06
  Speaker 1: portion of Vermont and New Hampshire, New York, along the
• 7:09
  Speaker 1: Hudson and up the Mohawk about Schenectady, eastern and southern Pennsylvania, Virginia,
• 7:14
  Speaker 1: well across the Shenandoah Valley, and the Carolinas in eastern Georgia.
• 7:18
  Speaker 1: Beyond this region of continuous settlement, with the small settled
• 7:21
  Speaker 1: areas of Kentucky and Tennessee and the Ohio, with the
• 7:24
  Speaker 1: mountains intervening between them and the Atlantic area, thus giving
• 7:28
  Speaker 1: a new and important character to the Frontier. The isolation
• 7:31
  Speaker 1: of the region increased its peculiarly American tendencies, and the
• 7:34
  Speaker 1: need of transportation facilities to connect it with the East
• 7:37
  Speaker 1: called out important schemes of internal improvement, which will be noted.
• 7:41
  Speaker 1: Farther on the west, as a self conscious section began
• 7:45
  Speaker 1: to evolve. From decade to decade, distinct advances of the
• 7:48
  Speaker 1: frontier occurred. By the census of eighteen twenty, the settled
• 7:52
  Speaker 1: area included Ohio, southern Indiana and Illinois, southeastern Missouri, and
• 7:56
  Speaker 1: about one half of Louisiana. The settled area had surrounded
• 8:00
  Speaker 1: Indian areas, and the management of these tribes became an
• 8:03
  Speaker 1: object of political concern. The frontier region of the time
• 8:07
  Speaker 1: lay along the Great Lakes, where Asta's American Fur Company
• 8:10
  Speaker 1: operated in the Indian trade, and beyond the Mississippi, where
• 8:13
  Speaker 1: Indian traders extended their activity even to the rocky mountains.
• 8:16
  Speaker 1: Florida also furnished frontier conditions. The Mississippi River region was
• 8:20
  Speaker 1: the scene of typical frontier settlements. The rising steam navigation
• 8:25
  Speaker 1: on western waters, the opening of the Area Canal, and
• 8:27
  Speaker 1: the westward extension of cotton culture added five frontier states
• 8:30
  Speaker 1: to the Union in this period. Grund, writing in eighteen
• 8:33
  Speaker 1: thirty six, declares, it appears, then that the universal disposition
• 8:37
  Speaker 1: of Americans to emigrate to the western wilderness in order
• 8:40
  Speaker 1: to enlarge their dominion over inanimate nature, is the actual
• 8:43
  Speaker 1: result of an expansive power which is inherent in them,
• 8:46
  Speaker 1: and which, by continually agitating all classes of a society,
• 8:49
  Speaker 1: is constantly throwing a large portion of the whole population
• 8:52
  Speaker 1: on the extreme confines of the state in order to
• 8:55
  Speaker 1: gain space for its development. Hardly as a new state
• 8:58
  Speaker 1: or territory formed before, the same principle will manifests itself
• 9:00
  Speaker 1: again and gives rise to a further immigration. And so
• 9:03
  Speaker 1: is it destined to go on until a physical barrier
• 9:06
  Speaker 1: must finally obstruct its progress. In the middle of this century,
• 9:09
  Speaker 1: the line indicated by the present eastern boundary of Indian Territory,
• 9:13
  Speaker 1: Nebraska and Kansas marked the frontier of the Indian Country.
• 9:17
  Speaker 1: Minnesota and Wisconsin still exhibited frontier conditions, but the distinctive
• 9:21
  Speaker 1: frontier of the period is found in California, where the
• 9:23
  Speaker 1: gold discoveries had sent a sudden tide of adventurous miners,
• 9:26
  Speaker 1: and in Oregon and the settlements in Utah. As the
• 9:30
  Speaker 1: frontier had leaped over the Alleghenies, so now it skipped
• 9:33
  Speaker 1: the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains. And in the
• 9:35
  Speaker 1: same way that the advance of the frontiersmen beyond the
• 9:37
  Speaker 1: Alleghenies had caused the rise of important questions of transportation
• 9:41
  Speaker 1: and internal improvement, So now the settlers beyond the Rocky
• 9:44
  Speaker 1: Mountains needed means of communication with the East, And in
• 9:47
  Speaker 1: the furnishing of these arose the settlement of the Great
• 9:49
  Speaker 1: Plains and the development of still another kind of frontier life. Railroads,
• 9:54
  Speaker 1: fostered by land grants, sent an increasing tide of immigrants
• 9:57
  Speaker 1: into the far West. The United States Army fort to st
• 10:00
  Speaker 1: series of Indian wars in Minnesota, Dakota, and the Indian Territory.
• 10:04
  Speaker 1: By eighteen eighty, the settled area had been pushed into
• 10:07
  Speaker 1: northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, along Dakota rivers and in
• 10:11
  Speaker 1: the Black Hills region, and was ascending the rivers of
• 10:13
  Speaker 1: Kansas and Nebraska. The development of mines in Colorado had
• 10:17
  Speaker 1: drawn isolated frontier settlements into that region, and Montana and
• 10:21
  Speaker 1: Idaho were receiving settlers. The frontier was found in these
• 10:24
  Speaker 1: mining camps and the ranches of the Great Plains. The
• 10:27
  Speaker 1: Superintendent of the Census for eighteen ninety reports, as previously
• 10:30
  Speaker 1: stated that the settlements of the West lie so scattered
• 10:33
  Speaker 1: over the region that there can no longer be said
• 10:35
  Speaker 1: to be a frontier line. In these successive frontiers, we
• 10:38
  Speaker 1: find natural boundary lines which have served a mark and
• 10:41
  Speaker 1: to affect the characteristics of the frontiers, namely the Four Lines,
• 10:45
  Speaker 1: the Allegheny Mountains, the Mississippi, the Missouri where its direction
• 10:49
  Speaker 1: approximates north and south, the line of the arid lands
• 10:52
  Speaker 1: approximately the ninety ninth meridian, and the Rocky Mountains. The
• 10:57
  Speaker 1: four Line marked the frontier of the seventeenth century the
• 10:59
  Speaker 1: us A Leeghenies that of the eighteenth the Mississippi that
• 11:02
  Speaker 1: of the first quarter of the nineteenth, the Missouri that
• 11:05
  Speaker 1: of the middle of this century, omitting the California movement,
• 11:08
  Speaker 1: and the belt of the Rocky Mountains and the Arab Tract.
• 11:10
  Speaker 1: The present frontier. Each was won by a series of
• 11:13
  Speaker 1: Indian wars. At the Atlantic frontier, one can study the
• 11:17
  Speaker 1: germs of processes repeated at each successive frontier. We have
• 11:21
  Speaker 1: the complex European life, sharply precipitated by the wilderness into
• 11:24
  Speaker 1: the simplicity of primitive conditions. The first frontier had to
• 11:28
  Speaker 1: meet its Indian question, its question of the disposition of
• 11:31
  Speaker 1: the public domain, of the means of intercourse with older settlements,
• 11:35
  Speaker 1: of the extension of political organization, of religious and educational activity,
• 11:40
  Speaker 1: and the settlement of these and similar questions. For one
• 11:42
  Speaker 1: frontier served as a guide for the next. The American
• 11:45
  Speaker 1: student needs not to go to the prim little townships
• 11:48
  Speaker 1: of Sleswick for illustrations of the law of continuity and development.
• 11:52
  Speaker 1: For example, he may study the origin of our land
• 11:54
  Speaker 1: policies in the colonial land policy. He may see how
• 11:58
  Speaker 1: the system grew by adapting the statutes to the customs
• 12:00
  Speaker 1: of the successive frontiers. He may see how the mining
• 12:03
  Speaker 1: experience in the lead regions of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa
• 12:07
  Speaker 1: was applied to the mining laws of the Sierras, and
• 12:10
  Speaker 1: how our Indian policy has been a series of experimentations
• 12:13
  Speaker 1: on successive frontiers. Each tier of new states is found
• 12:16
  Speaker 1: in the older one's material for its constitutions. Each frontier
• 12:20
  Speaker 1: has made similar contributions to American character, as will be
• 12:23
  Speaker 1: discussed farther on end of Section one, Chapter one, Part two.
• 12:30
  Speaker 1: But with all these similarities, there are essential differences due
• 12:33
  Speaker 1: to the place element and the time element. It is
• 12:35
  Speaker 1: evident that the farming frontier of the Mississippi Valley presents
• 12:38
  Speaker 1: different conditions from the mining frontier of the Rocky Mountains.
• 12:42
  Speaker 1: The frontier reached by the Pacific Railroad, surveyed into rectangles,
• 12:45
  Speaker 1: guarded by the United States Army, and recruited by the
• 12:48
  Speaker 1: daily immigrant ship, moves forward at a swifter pace and
• 12:51
  Speaker 1: in a different way than the frontier reached by the
• 12:53
  Speaker 1: birch canoe or the pack horse. The geologist traces patiently
• 12:57
  Speaker 1: the shores of ancient seas, maps their areas, and compares
• 13:00
  Speaker 1: the older and the newer it would be a work
• 13:03
  Speaker 1: worth the historian's labours to mark these various frontiers and
• 13:06
  Speaker 1: in detail compare one with another. Not only would there
• 13:09
  Speaker 1: result a more adequate conception of American development and characteristics,
• 13:13
  Speaker 1: but invaluable additions would be made to the history of society. Laurier,
• 13:18
  Speaker 1: the Italian economist, has urged the study of colonial life
• 13:21
  Speaker 1: as an aid in understanding the stages of European development,
• 13:24
  Speaker 1: affirming that colonial settlement is for economic science what the
• 13:27
  Speaker 1: mountain is for geology. Bringing to light primitive stratifications. America,
• 13:32
  Speaker 1: he says, has the key to the historical enigma which
• 13:35
  Speaker 1: Europe has sought for centuries. In vain and the land
• 13:37
  Speaker 1: which has no history, reveals luminously the course of universal history.
• 13:42
  Speaker 1: There is much truth in this. The United States lies
• 13:44
  Speaker 1: like a huge page in the history of society. Line
• 13:47
  Speaker 1: by line. As we read this continental page, from west
• 13:50
  Speaker 1: to east, we find the record of social evolution. It
• 13:53
  Speaker 1: begins with the Indian and the hunter. It goes on
• 13:55
  Speaker 1: to tell of the disintegration of savagery by the entrance
• 13:58
  Speaker 1: of the trader, the pathfinder of civilization. We read the
• 14:01
  Speaker 1: annals of the pastoral stage in ranch life. The exploitation
• 14:05
  Speaker 1: of the soil by the raising of unrotated crops of
• 14:07
  Speaker 1: corn and wheat in sparsely settled farming communities, the intensive
• 14:11
  Speaker 1: culture of the denser farm settlement, and finally the manufacturing
• 14:15
  Speaker 1: organization with city and factory system. This page is familiar
• 14:19
  Speaker 1: to the student of census statistics, but how little of
• 14:22
  Speaker 1: it has been used by our historians, particularly in Eastern States.
• 14:26
  Speaker 1: This page is of palam set. What is now a
• 14:28
  Speaker 1: manufacturing state was in an earlier decade an area of
• 14:31
  Speaker 1: intensive farming, and still earlier the range had attracted the
• 14:35
  Speaker 1: cattle herder. Thus, Wisconsin, now developing manufacture, is a state
• 14:39
  Speaker 1: with varied agricultural interests, but earlier it was given over
• 14:43
  Speaker 1: to almost exclusive grain raising, like North Dakota. At the
• 14:46
  Speaker 1: present time, each of these areas has had an influence
• 14:49
  Speaker 1: in our economic and political history. The evolution of each
• 14:52
  Speaker 1: into a higher stage has worked political transformations. But what
• 14:56
  Speaker 1: constitutional historian has made any adequate attempt to interpret political
• 14:59
  Speaker 1: facts by the light of these social areas and changes.
• 15:03
  Speaker 1: The Atlantic Frontier was compounded of fishermen, fur trader, miner,
• 15:06
  Speaker 1: cattle raiser, and farmer. Excepting the fishermen, each type of
• 15:10
  Speaker 1: industry was on the march toward the west, impelled by
• 15:13
  Speaker 1: an irresistible attraction. Each passed in successive waves across the continent.
• 15:18
  Speaker 1: Stand at Cumberland Gap and watch the procession of the
• 15:20
  Speaker 1: civilization marching single file, the buffalo following the trail to
• 15:24
  Speaker 1: the salt springs, the Indian, the fur trader and hunter,
• 15:27
  Speaker 1: the cattle raiser, the pioneer farmer, and the frontier has
• 15:30
  Speaker 1: passed by. Stand at South Pass in the Rockies a
• 15:33
  Speaker 1: century later and see the same procession with wider intervals between.
• 15:37
  Speaker 1: The unequal rate of advance compels us to distinguish the
• 15:39
  Speaker 1: frontier into the trader's frontier, the rancher's frontier, or the
• 15:43
  Speaker 1: miner's frontier, and the farmer's frontier. When the mines and
• 15:46
  Speaker 1: the cow pens were still near the fore line, the
• 15:48
  Speaker 1: trader's pack trains were tinkling across the Alleghenies, and the
• 15:52
  Speaker 1: French on the Great Lakes were fortifying their posts, alarmed
• 15:55
  Speaker 1: by the British traders Birch Canoe. When the trappers scaled
• 15:58
  Speaker 1: the Rockies, the farmer was still near the mouth of
• 16:00
  Speaker 1: the Missouri. Why was it that the Indian trader passed
• 16:03
  Speaker 1: so rapidly across the continent. What effects followed from the
• 16:06
  Speaker 1: trader's frontier. The trade was coeval with American discovery. The
• 16:11
  Speaker 1: Norsemen Vespusius, Verizoni, Hudson, John Smith all traffic for firs.
• 16:18
  Speaker 1: The Plymouth Pilgrims settled in Indian cornfields, and their first
• 16:21
  Speaker 1: return cargo was of beaver and lumber. The records of
• 16:24
  Speaker 1: the various New England colonies show how steadily expiration was
• 16:27
  Speaker 1: carried into the wilderness by this trade. What is true
• 16:31
  Speaker 1: for New England is as would be expected, even plainer
• 16:34
  Speaker 1: for the rest of the colonies. All along the coast,
• 16:36
  Speaker 1: from Maine to Georgia, the Indian trade opened up the
• 16:38
  Speaker 1: river courses steadily. The trader passed westward, utilizing the older
• 16:43
  Speaker 1: lines of French trade, the Ohio, the Great Lakes, the Mississippi,
• 16:46
  Speaker 1: the Missouri, and the Plate. The lines of western advance
• 16:50
  Speaker 1: were ascended by traders. They found the passes in the
• 16:53
  Speaker 1: rocky mountains and guided Lewis and Clark, Fremont and Bidwell.
• 16:58
  Speaker 1: The explanation of the rapidity of this advances connected with
• 17:01
  Speaker 1: the effects of the trader on the Indian The trading
• 17:03
  Speaker 1: post left the unarmed tribes at the mercy of those
• 17:05
  Speaker 1: that had purchased firearms, a truth which the Iroquois Indians
• 17:09
  Speaker 1: wrote in blood, and so the remote and unvisited tribes
• 17:12
  Speaker 1: gave eager welcome to the trader. The savages wrote theasal,
• 17:16
  Speaker 1: take better care of us French than of their own children.
• 17:19
  Speaker 1: From us, only can they get guns and goods. This
• 17:22
  Speaker 1: accounts for the trader's power and the rapidity of his advance.
• 17:26
  Speaker 1: Thus the disintegrating forces of civilization entered the wilderness. Every river,
• 17:30
  Speaker 1: valley and Indian trail became a fisher in Indian society,
• 17:33
  Speaker 1: and so that society became honeycombed. Long before the pioneer
• 17:37
  Speaker 1: farmer appeared on the scene, primitive Indian life had passed away.
• 17:41
  Speaker 1: The farmers met Indians armed with guns. The trading frontier,
• 17:44
  Speaker 1: while steadily undermining Indian power by making the tribes ultimately
• 17:48
  Speaker 1: dependent on the whites, yet through its sale of guns,
• 17:51
  Speaker 1: gave to the Indian increased power of resistance to the
• 17:53
  Speaker 1: farming frontier. French colonization was dominated by its trading frontier,
• 17:58
  Speaker 1: English colonization by its arming frontier. There was an antagonism
• 18:02
  Speaker 1: between the two frontiers, as between the two nations, said
• 18:05
  Speaker 1: de Cresny to the Iroquois, are you ignorant of the
• 18:08
  Speaker 1: difference between the King of England and the King of France.
• 18:11
  Speaker 1: Go see the forts that our king has established, and
• 18:13
  Speaker 1: you will see that you can still hunt under their
• 18:15
  Speaker 1: very walls. They have been placed for your advantage in
• 18:18
  Speaker 1: places which you frequent. The English, on the contrary, are
• 18:21
  Speaker 1: no sooner in possession of a place than the game
• 18:23
  Speaker 1: is driven away. The forest falls before them as they advance,
• 18:26
  Speaker 1: and the soil is laid bare, so that you can
• 18:28
  Speaker 1: scarce find the wherewithal to erect a shelter for the night.
• 18:32
  Speaker 1: And yet, in spite of this opposition to the interests
• 18:34
  Speaker 1: of the trader and the farmer, the Indian trade pioneered
• 18:37
  Speaker 1: the way for civilization. The Buffalo trail became the Indian trail,
• 18:40
  Speaker 1: and this became the trader's trace. The trails widened into roads,
• 18:44
  Speaker 1: and the roads into turnpikes, and these in turn were
• 18:47
  Speaker 1: transformed into railroads. The same origin can be shown for
• 18:50
  Speaker 1: the railroads of the South, the Far West, and the
• 18:52
  Speaker 1: Dominion of Canada. The trading posts reached by these trails
• 18:56
  Speaker 1: were on the sites of Indian villages which had been
• 18:58
  Speaker 1: placed in positions suggested by nature, and these trading posts,
• 19:01
  Speaker 1: situated so as to command the water systems of the country,
• 19:04
  Speaker 1: have grown into such cities as Albany, Pittsburgh, Detroit, Chicago,
• 19:08
  Speaker 1: Saint Louis, Council Bluffs, and Kansas City. Thus, civilization in
• 19:13
  Speaker 1: America has followed the arteries made by geology, pouring an
• 19:16
  Speaker 1: ever richer tide through them, until at last the slender
• 19:19
  Speaker 1: paths of aboriginal intercourse have been broadened and interwoven into
• 19:22
  Speaker 1: the complex mazes of modern commercial lines. The wilderness has
• 19:25
  Speaker 1: been interpenetrated by lines of civilization going ever more numerous.
• 19:29
  Speaker 1: It is like the steady growth of a complex nervous
• 19:32
  Speaker 1: system for the originally simple inert continent. If one would
• 19:35
  Speaker 1: understand why we are today one nation rather than a
• 19:38
  Speaker 1: collection of isolated states, he must study this economic and
• 19:41
  Speaker 1: social consolidation of the country. In this progress from savage
• 19:45
  Speaker 1: conditions lie topics for the evolutionist. The effect of the
• 19:48
  Speaker 1: Indian frontier as a consolidating agent in our history is important.
• 19:52
  Speaker 1: From the close of the seventeenth century, various intercolonial congresses
• 19:55
  Speaker 1: have been called to treat with Indians and establish common
• 19:57
  Speaker 1: measures of defense. Particular, Lerism was strongest in colonies with
• 20:01
  Speaker 1: no Indian frontier. This frontier stretched along the western border
• 20:05
  Speaker 1: like a cord of union. The Indian was a common
• 20:08
  Speaker 1: danger demanding united action. Most celebrated of these conferences was
• 20:12
  Speaker 1: the Albany Congress of seventeen fifty four, called to treat
• 20:15
  Speaker 1: with the Six Nations and to consider plans of union.
• 20:18
  Speaker 1: Even a cursory reading of the plan proposed by the
• 20:20
  Speaker 1: Congress reveals the importance of the frontier. The powers of
• 20:24
  Speaker 1: the General Council and the officers were chiefly the determination
• 20:27
  Speaker 1: of peace and war with the Indians, the regulation of
• 20:29
  Speaker 1: Indian trade, the purchase of Indian lands, and the creation
• 20:33
  Speaker 1: and government of new settlements as a security against the Indians.
• 20:36
  Speaker 1: It is evident that unifying tendencies of the revolutionary period
• 20:40
  Speaker 1: were facilitated by the previous cooperation in the regulation of
• 20:43
  Speaker 1: the frontier. In this connection may be mentioned the importance
• 20:46
  Speaker 1: of the frontier from that day to this as a
• 20:48
  Speaker 1: military training school, keeping alive the power of resistance to aggression,
• 20:52
  Speaker 1: and developing the stalwart and rugged qualities of the frontiersmen.
• 20:56
  Speaker 1: It would not be possible, in the limits of this
• 20:58
  Speaker 1: paper to trace the other frontiers across the continent. Travelers
• 21:01
  Speaker 1: of the eighteenth century found the cowpens among the canna
• 21:04
  Speaker 1: brakes and peavine pastures of the South, and the cow
• 21:07
  Speaker 1: drivers took their droves to Charleston, Philadelphia, and New York.
• 21:11
  Speaker 1: Travelers at the close of the War of eighteen twelve
• 21:13
  Speaker 1: met droves of more than a thousand cattle and swine
• 21:16
  Speaker 1: from the interior of Ohio going to Pennsylvania to fatten
• 21:19
  Speaker 1: for the Philadelphia market. The ranges of the Great Plains,
• 21:22
  Speaker 1: with ranch and cowboy and nomadic life are things of
• 21:25
  Speaker 1: yesterday and of today. The experience of the Carolina cowpens
• 21:29
  Speaker 1: guided the ranches of Texas. One element favoring the rapid
• 21:32
  Speaker 1: extension of the rancher's frontier is the fact that in
• 21:34
  Speaker 1: a remote country lacking transportation facilities, the product must be
• 21:38
  Speaker 1: in small bulk or must be able to transport itself,
• 21:41
  Speaker 1: and the cattle raiser could easily drive his product to market.
• 21:45
  Speaker 1: The effect of these great ranches on the subsequent agrarian
• 21:47
  Speaker 1: history of the localities in which they existed should be studied.
• 21:51
  Speaker 1: The maps of the census reports show an uneven advance
• 21:54
  Speaker 1: of the farmer's frontier, with tongues of settlement push forward
• 21:57
  Speaker 1: and with indentations of wilderness. In part this is due
• 22:00
  Speaker 1: to Indian resistance, in part to the location of river
• 22:02
  Speaker 1: valleys and passes, in part to the unequal force of
• 22:05
  Speaker 1: the centres of frontier attraction. Among the important centers of
• 22:08
  Speaker 1: attraction may be mentioned the following fertile and favourably situated soils,
• 22:12
  Speaker 1: salt springs, mines, and army posts. The frontier army posts,
• 22:16
  Speaker 1: serving to protect the settlers from the Indians, has also
• 22:19
  Speaker 1: acted as a wedge to open the Indian country and
• 22:21
  Speaker 1: has been a nucleus for settlement. In this connection, mentioned
• 22:25
  Speaker 1: should also be made of the government, military and exploring
• 22:28
  Speaker 1: expeditions in determining the lines of settlement. But all the
• 22:31
  Speaker 1: more important expeditions were greatly indebted to the earliest path makers,
• 22:35
  Speaker 1: the Indian guides, the traders and trappers, and the French
• 22:38
  Speaker 1: voyagers who were inevitable parts of the governmental expeditions from
• 22:41
  Speaker 1: the days of Lewis and Clark. Each expedition was an
• 22:44
  Speaker 1: epitome of the previous factors in Western advance. In an
• 22:47
  Speaker 1: interesting monograph, Victor hen has traced the effect of salt
• 22:51
  Speaker 1: upon early European development and has pointed out how it
• 22:54
  Speaker 1: affected the lines of settlement and the form of administration.
• 22:57
  Speaker 1: A similar study might be made for the salt springs
• 22:59
  Speaker 1: of the United States. The early settlers were tied to
• 23:02
  Speaker 1: the coast by the need of salt, without which they
• 23:04
  Speaker 1: could not preserve their meats or live in comfort. Writing
• 23:07
  Speaker 1: in seventeen fifty two, Bishop Spangenberg says of a colony
• 23:10
  Speaker 1: for which he was seeking lands in North Carolina, they
• 23:13
  Speaker 1: will require salt and other necessaries which they can either
• 23:16
  Speaker 1: manufacture or raise. Either they must go to Charleston, which
• 23:19
  Speaker 1: is three hundred miles distant, or else they must go
• 23:22
  Speaker 1: to Boyling's Point, on a branch of the James, and
• 23:24
  Speaker 1: is also three hundred miles from here, Or else they
• 23:27
  Speaker 1: must go down the Roanoke. I know not how many
• 23:29
  Speaker 1: miles where salt is brought up from the Cape fear.
• 23:32
  Speaker 1: This may serve as a typical illustration. An annual pilgrimage
• 23:36
  Speaker 1: to the coast for assault thus became essential, taking flocks
• 23:39
  Speaker 1: or furs and jisseng route. The early settlers sent their
• 23:42
  Speaker 1: pack trains after seeding time each year to the coast.
• 23:45
  Speaker 1: This proved to be an important educational influence, since It
• 23:48
  Speaker 1: was almost the only way in which the Pioneer learned
• 23:50
  Speaker 1: what was going on in the east. But when discovery
• 23:53
  Speaker 1: was made of the salt springs of the Kanawar and
• 23:55
  Speaker 1: the Holston and Kentucky and central New York, the West
• 23:59
  Speaker 1: began to be free from dependence on the coast. It
• 24:01
  Speaker 1: was in part the effect of finding these salt springs
• 24:04
  Speaker 1: that enabled settlement to cross the mountains. From the time
• 24:07
  Speaker 1: the mountains rose between the Pioneer and the seaboard, a
• 24:09
  Speaker 1: new order of Americanism arose. The West and the East
• 24:13
  Speaker 1: began to get out of touch of each other. The
• 24:15
  Speaker 1: settlements from the sea to the mountains kept connection with
• 24:17
  Speaker 1: the rear and had a certain solidarity, but the over
• 24:20
  Speaker 1: mountain men grew more and more independent. The East took
• 24:23
  Speaker 1: a narrow view of American advance and nearly lost these men.
• 24:27
  Speaker 1: Kentucky and Tennessee history bears abundant witness to the truth
• 24:30
  Speaker 1: of this statement. The East began to try to hedge
• 24:33
  Speaker 1: and limit westward expansion. The Webster could declare that there
• 24:36
  Speaker 1: were no alleghenies in his politics, yet in politics in general,
• 24:39
  Speaker 1: they were a very solid factor. End of Section two,
• 24:44
  Speaker 1: Chapter one, Part three. The exploitation of the beasts took
• 24:49
  Speaker 1: hunter and trader to the west. The exploitation of the
• 24:52
  Speaker 1: grasses took the rancho west, and the exploitation of the
• 24:55
  Speaker 1: virgin soil of the river valleys and prairies attracted the farmer.
• 25:00
  Speaker 1: Soils have been the most continuous attraction to the farmer's frontier.
• 25:04
  Speaker 1: The land hunger of the Virginians drew them down the
• 25:06
  Speaker 1: rivers into Carolina. In early colonial days, the search for
• 25:11
  Speaker 1: soils took the Massachusetts men to Pennsylvania and to New York.
• 25:15
  Speaker 1: As the eastern lands were taken up, migration flowed across
• 25:19
  Speaker 1: them to the west. Daniel Boone, the great Backwoodsman, who
• 25:23
  Speaker 1: combined the occupations of hunter, trader, cattle raiser, farmer and surveyor,
• 25:28
  Speaker 1: learning probably from the traders, of the fertility of the
• 25:31
  Speaker 1: lands of the Upper Yadkin, where the traders were wont
• 25:33
  Speaker 1: to rest as they took their way to the Indians,
• 25:36
  Speaker 1: left his Pennsylvania home with his father and passed down
• 25:39
  Speaker 1: the Great Valley Road to that stream. Learning from a
• 25:42
  Speaker 1: trader of the game and rich pastures of Kentucky, he
• 25:45
  Speaker 1: pioneered the way for the farmers to that region. Thence
• 25:49
  Speaker 1: he passed to the frontier of Missouri, where his settlement
• 25:52
  Speaker 1: was long a landmark on the frontier. Here again he
• 25:55
  Speaker 1: helped to open the way for civilization, finding salt licks
• 25:58
  Speaker 1: and trails and land. His son was among the earliest
• 26:02
  Speaker 1: trappers in the passes of the Rocky Mountains, and his
• 26:05
  Speaker 1: party is said to have been the first to camp
• 26:06
  Speaker 1: on the present site of Denver. His grandson, Colonel A. J.
• 26:10
  Speaker 1: Boone of Colorado, was a power among the Indians of
• 26:14
  Speaker 1: the Rocky Mountains and was appointed an agent by the government.
• 26:18
  Speaker 1: Kit Carson's mother was a Boon. Thus this family epitomizes
• 26:21
  Speaker 1: the backwoodsman's advance across the continent. The farmer's advance came
• 26:26
  Speaker 1: in a distinct series of waves in Peck's New Guide
• 26:29
  Speaker 1: to the West, published in Boston in eighteen thirty seven.
• 26:32
  Speaker 1: Beccause this suggestive passage, generally in all the Western settlements,
• 26:37
  Speaker 1: three classes, like the waves of the ocean, have rolled
• 26:40
  Speaker 1: one after the other. Thirst comes the pioneer, who depends
• 26:44
  Speaker 1: for the subsistence of his family chiefly upon the natural
• 26:47
  Speaker 1: growth of vegetation called the range, and the proceeds of hunting.
• 26:52
  Speaker 1: His implements of agriculture are rude, chiefly of his own make,
• 26:56
  Speaker 1: and his efforts directed mainly to a crop of corn
• 26:58
  Speaker 1: and a truck patch. The last is a rude garden
• 27:01
  Speaker 1: for growing cabbage, beans, corn for roasting, ears, cucumbers and potatoes.
• 27:08
  Speaker 1: A log cabin, and occasionally a stable and corn crib,
• 27:11
  Speaker 1: and a field of a dozen acres. The timber girdled
• 27:14
  Speaker 1: or deadened, and fenced are enough for his occupancy. It
• 27:19
  Speaker 1: is quite immaterial whether he ever becomes the owner of
• 27:21
  Speaker 1: the soil. He is the occupant for the time being,
• 27:25
  Speaker 1: pays no rent, and feels as independent as the lord
• 27:27
  Speaker 1: of the manor. With a horse, cow, and one or
• 27:30
  Speaker 1: two breeders of swine, he strikes into the woods with
• 27:33
  Speaker 1: his family and becomes the founder of a new county
• 27:36
  Speaker 1: or perhaps state. He builds his cabin, gathers around him
• 27:40
  Speaker 1: a few other families of similar tastes and habits, and
• 27:43
  Speaker 1: occupies till the range is somewhat subdued, and hunting a
• 27:46
  Speaker 1: little precarious ore, which is more frequently the case, till
• 27:49
  Speaker 1: the neighbours crowd around, roads, bridges and fields annoy him,
• 27:53
  Speaker 1: and he lacks elbow room. The preemption law enables him
• 27:56
  Speaker 1: to dispose of his cabin and cornfield to the next
• 27:59
  Speaker 1: class of ms imigrants and to employ his own figures.
• 28:02
  Speaker 1: He breaks for the high timber, clears out for the
• 28:05
  Speaker 1: new purchase, or migrates to Arkansas or Texas to work
• 28:08
  Speaker 1: the same process over the next class of emigrants. Purchase
• 28:12
  Speaker 1: the lands, add field to field, clear out the roads,
• 28:16
  Speaker 1: throw rough bridges over the streams, put up hewn log
• 28:19
  Speaker 1: houses with glass windows and brick or stone chimneys, occasionally
• 28:23
  Speaker 1: plant orchards, build mills, schoolhouses, courthouses, et cetera, and exhibit
• 28:28
  Speaker 1: the picture and forms of plain, frugal, civilized life. Another
• 28:32
  Speaker 1: wave rolls on. The men of capital and enterprise come.
• 28:36
  Speaker 1: The settler is ready to sell out and take the
• 28:38
  Speaker 1: advantage of the rising property, push farther into the interior,
• 28:42
  Speaker 1: and become himself a man of capital and enterprising. Turn
• 28:46
  Speaker 1: the small village rises to a spacious town or city.
• 28:49
  Speaker 1: Substantial edifices of brick, extensive fields orchards, gardens, colleges and
• 28:54
  Speaker 1: churches are seen. Broadcloths, silks, leghorns, crapes, and all the refinements, luxuries, elegancies,
• 29:01
  Speaker 1: frivolities and fashions are in vogue. Thus, wave after wave
• 29:05
  Speaker 1: is rolling westward. The real El Dorado is still further on.
• 29:09
  Speaker 1: A portion of the two first classes remain stationary amidst
• 29:12
  Speaker 1: a general movement improve their habits and condition, and rise
• 29:16
  Speaker 1: in the scale of society. The writer has traveled much
• 29:19
  Speaker 1: amongst the first class, the real pioneers. He has lived
• 29:22
  Speaker 1: many years in connection with the second grade, and now
• 29:25
  Speaker 1: the third wave is sweeping over large districts of Indiana, Illinois,
• 29:29
  Speaker 1: and Missouri. Migration has become or mister habit. In the West,
• 29:33
  Speaker 1: hundreds of men can be found not over fifty years
• 29:36
  Speaker 1: of age who have settled for the fourth, fifth, or
• 29:38
  Speaker 1: sixth time on a new spot. To sell out and remove.
• 29:42
  Speaker 1: Only a few hundred miles makes up a portion of
• 29:44
  Speaker 1: the variety of backwoods life and manners, omitting those of
• 29:48
  Speaker 1: the pioneer farmers who move from the love of adventure.
• 29:51
  Speaker 1: The advance of the more steady farmer is easy to understand. Obviously,
• 29:55
  Speaker 1: the immigrant was attracted by the cheap lands of the frontier,
• 29:58
  Speaker 1: and even the native farmer felt that influenced strongly. Year
• 30:01
  Speaker 1: by year, the farmers who lived on soil whose returns
• 30:04
  Speaker 1: were diminished by unretated crops were offered the virgin soil
• 30:07
  Speaker 1: of the frontier at nominal prices. Their growing families demanded
• 30:11
  Speaker 1: more lands, and these were deer. The competition of the unexhausted,
• 30:15
  Speaker 1: cheap and easily tilled prairie lands compelled the farmer either
• 30:19
  Speaker 1: to go west and continue the exhaustion of the soil
• 30:21
  Speaker 1: on a new frontier, or to adopt intensive culture. Thus
• 30:25
  Speaker 1: the census of eighteen ninety shows in the Northwest many
• 30:28
  Speaker 1: countries in which there is an absolute or a relative
• 30:31
  Speaker 1: decrease of population. These states have been sending farmers to
• 30:35
  Speaker 1: advance the frontier on the plains, and have themselves begun
• 30:38
  Speaker 1: to turn into intensive farming and to manufacture. A decade
• 30:42
  Speaker 1: before this, Ohio had shown the same transition stage. Thus,
• 30:46
  Speaker 1: the demand for land and the love of wilderness freedom
• 30:48
  Speaker 1: drew the frontier ever onwards. Having now roughly outlined the
• 30:52
  Speaker 1: various kinds of frontiers and their modes of advance, chiefly
• 30:56
  Speaker 1: from the point of view of the frontier itself, we
• 30:58
  Speaker 1: may next inquire what were the influences on the East
• 31:01
  Speaker 1: and on the Old World. A rapid enumeration of some
• 31:04
  Speaker 1: of the more noteworthy effects is all that I have
• 31:06
  Speaker 1: time for. First, we note that the frontier promoted the
• 31:09
  Speaker 1: formation of a composite nationality for the American people. The
• 31:13
  Speaker 1: coast was preponderently English, but the later tides of continental
• 31:17
  Speaker 1: immigration flowed across to the free lands. This was the
• 31:20
  Speaker 1: case from the early days. The Scotch Irish and the
• 31:23
  Speaker 1: Palatine Germans or Pennsylvania Dutch furnished the dominant element in
• 31:27
  Speaker 1: the stock of the colonial frontier. With these peoples were
• 31:30
  Speaker 1: also the freed indented servants or redemptioners, who, at the
• 31:34
  Speaker 1: expiration of their time of service, passed to the frontier governor.
• 31:38
  Speaker 1: Spotswood of Virginia rites in seventeen seventeen. The inhabitants of
• 31:41
  Speaker 1: our frontiers are composed generally of such as have been
• 31:44
  Speaker 1: transported hither as servants, and, being out of their time,
• 31:48
  Speaker 1: settled themselves where land is to be taken up, and
• 31:50
  Speaker 1: that will produce the necessaries of life with little labour.
• 31:53
  Speaker 1: Very generally these redemptioners were of non English stock. In
• 31:57
  Speaker 1: the crucible of the frontier, the immigrants were American eyes
• 32:00
  Speaker 1: liberated and fused into a mixed race. English in neither
• 32:03
  Speaker 1: nationality nor characteristics. The process has gone on from the
• 32:07
  Speaker 1: early days to our own Burke and other writers in
• 32:10
  Speaker 1: the middle of the eighteenth century believed that Pennsylvania was
• 32:13
  Speaker 1: threatened with the danger of being wholly foreign in language, manners,
• 32:16
  Speaker 1: and perhaps even inclinations. The German and Scotch Irish elements
• 32:20
  Speaker 1: in the frontier of the South were only less great.
• 32:24
  Speaker 1: In the middle of the present century. The German element
• 32:26
  Speaker 1: in Wisconsin was already so considerable that leading publicists look
• 32:30
  Speaker 1: to the creation of a German state out of the
• 32:32
  Speaker 1: Commonwealth by concentrating their colonization. Such examples teach us to
• 32:37
  Speaker 1: beware of misinterpreting the fact that there is a common
• 32:39
  Speaker 1: English speech in America into a belief that the stock
• 32:42
  Speaker 1: is also English. In another way, the advance of the
• 32:45
  Speaker 1: frontier decreased our dependence on England. The coast, particularly of
• 32:49
  Speaker 1: the South, lacked diversified industries and was dependent on England
• 32:53
  Speaker 1: for the bulk of its supplies. In the South, there
• 32:56
  Speaker 1: was even a dependence on the northern colonies for articles
• 32:59
  Speaker 1: of food. Governor Glen of South Carolina rights in the
• 33:02
  Speaker 1: middle of the eighteenth century, our trade with New York
• 33:05
  Speaker 1: and Philadelphia was of this sort, draining us of all
• 33:08
  Speaker 1: the little money and bills we could gather from other
• 33:10
  Speaker 1: places for their bread, flour, beer, hams, bacon, and other
• 33:13
  Speaker 1: things of their produce, all which except beer. Our new
• 33:17
  Speaker 1: townships begin to supply us with which are settled with
• 33:19
  Speaker 1: very industrious and thriving Germans. This no doubt diminishes the
• 33:23
  Speaker 1: number of shipping and the appearance of our trade, but
• 33:26
  Speaker 1: is far from being a detriment to us. Before long,
• 33:29
  Speaker 1: the frontier created a demand for merchants. As it retreated
• 33:32
  Speaker 1: from the coast, it became less and less possible for
• 33:34
  Speaker 1: England to bring her supplies directly to the consumer's wharfs
• 33:37
  Speaker 1: and carry away staple crops, and staple crops began to
• 33:40
  Speaker 1: give way to diversified agriculture for a time. The effect
• 33:44
  Speaker 1: of this phase of the frontier action upon the northern
• 33:46
  Speaker 1: section is perceived when we realize how the advance of
• 33:49
  Speaker 1: the frontier aroused seaboard cities like Boston, New York, and
• 33:52
  Speaker 1: Baltimore to engage in rivalry for what Washington called the
• 33:56
  Speaker 1: extensive and valuable trade of a rising empire, which most
• 34:00
  Speaker 1: developed the powers of the national government and played the
• 34:03
  Speaker 1: largest part in its activity, was conditioned on the frontier.
• 34:07
  Speaker 1: Writers have discussed the subjects of tariff, land and internal
• 34:10
  Speaker 1: improvement as subsidiary to the slavery question. But when American
• 34:15
  Speaker 1: history comes to be rightly viewed, it will be seen
• 34:17
  Speaker 1: that the slavery question is an incident. In the period
• 34:20
  Speaker 1: from the end of the first half of the present
• 34:22
  Speaker 1: century to the close of the Civil War, slavery rose
• 34:25
  Speaker 1: to primary, but far from exclusive importance. But this does
• 34:28
  Speaker 1: not justify doctor von Holst to take an example in
• 34:31
  Speaker 1: treating our constitutional history in its formative period down to
• 34:35
  Speaker 1: eighteen twenty eight in a single volume, giving six volumes,
• 34:38
  Speaker 1: chiefly to the history of slavery from eighteen twenty eight
• 34:41
  Speaker 1: to eighteen sixty one, under the title Constitutional History of
• 34:44
  Speaker 1: the United States. The growth of nationalism and the evolution
• 34:48
  Speaker 1: of American political institutions were dependent on the advance of
• 34:51
  Speaker 1: the frontier. Even so recent a writer as Roads in
• 34:54
  Speaker 1: his History of the United States since the Compromise of
• 34:57
  Speaker 1: eighteen fifty has treated the legislation called out by the
• 35:00
  Speaker 1: Western advance as incidental to the slavery struggle. This is
• 35:04
  Speaker 1: a wrong perspective. The pioneer needed the goods of the coast,
• 35:07
  Speaker 1: and so the grand series of internal improvements in railroad
• 35:10
  Speaker 1: legislation began with potent nationalizing effects over internal improvements occurred
• 35:16
  Speaker 1: great debates in which grave constitutional questions were discussed. Sectional
• 35:21
  Speaker 1: groupings appear in the votes, profoundly significant for the historian.
• 35:25
  Speaker 1: Loose construction increased as the nation marched westward, but the
• 35:28
  Speaker 1: West was not content with bringing the farm to the factory.
• 35:31
  Speaker 1: Under the lead of Clay Harry of the West, protective
• 35:35
  Speaker 1: tariffs were passed with the cry of bringing the factory
• 35:38
  Speaker 1: to the farm. The disposition of the public lands was
• 35:41
  Speaker 1: a third important subject of national legislation, Influenced by the Frontier.
• 35:44
  Speaker 1: The public domain has been a profound importance in the
• 35:47
  Speaker 1: nationalization and development of the government. The effect of the
• 35:50
  Speaker 1: struggle of the landed and landless States and of the
• 35:53
  Speaker 1: Ordinance of seventeen eighty seven need no discussion. Administratively, the
• 35:58
  Speaker 1: Frontier called out some of the highest and most vitalizing
• 36:00
  Speaker 1: activities of the general government. The purchase of Louisiana was
• 36:04
  Speaker 1: perhaps the constitutional turning point in the history of the Republic,
• 36:08
  Speaker 1: inasmuch as it afforded both a new area for national
• 36:10
  Speaker 1: legislation and the occasion of the downfall of the policy
• 36:13
  Speaker 1: of strict construction. But the purchase of Louisiana was called
• 36:17
  Speaker 1: out by frontier needs and demands. As frontier states accrue
• 36:20
  Speaker 1: to the Union, the national power grew. In a speech
• 36:23
  Speaker 1: on the dedication of the Calhoun Monument, mister Lamar explained
• 36:27
  Speaker 1: in seventeen eighty nine, the states were the creators of
• 36:29
  Speaker 1: the federal government. In eighteen sixty one, the federal government
• 36:33
  Speaker 1: was the creator of a large majority of the states.
• 36:37
  Speaker 1: End of Section three.
• 36:38
  Speaker 2: Chapter one, The Significance of the Frontier in American History,
• 36:42
  Speaker 2: Part four. When we consider the public domain from the
• 36:47
  Speaker 2: point of view of the sale and disposal of the
• 36:50
  Speaker 2: public lands, we are again brought face to face with
• 36:53
  Speaker 2: the frontier. The policy of the United States in dealing
• 36:57
  Speaker 2: with its lands is in sharp contrast with the unsup
• 37:00
  Speaker 2: system of scientific administration. Efforts to make this domain a
• 37:04
  Speaker 2: source of revenue, and to withhold it from emigrants in
• 37:07
  Speaker 2: order that settlement might be compact, were in vain. The
• 37:11
  Speaker 2: jealousy and the fears of the East were powerless in
• 37:13
  Speaker 2: the face of the demands of the frontiersmen. John Quincy
• 37:17
  Speaker 2: Adams was obliged to confess quote my own system of administration,
• 37:22
  Speaker 2: which was to make the national domain the inexhaustible fund
• 37:25
  Speaker 2: for progressive and unceasing internal improvement has failed. End of quote.
• 37:31
  Speaker 2: The reason is obvious. A system of administration was not
• 37:35
  Speaker 2: what the West demanded it wanted. Land Adams states the
• 37:40
  Speaker 2: situation as follows.
• 37:41
  Speaker 1: Quote.
• 37:42
  Speaker 2: The slaveholders of the South have bought the cooperation of
• 37:45
  Speaker 2: the Western country by the bribe of the Western lands,
• 37:49
  Speaker 2: abandoning to the new Western states their own proportion of
• 37:52
  Speaker 2: the public property, and aiding them in the design of
• 37:56
  Speaker 2: grasping all the lands into their own hands. End of quote.
• 38:00
  Speaker 2: Thomas H. Benton was the author of this system, which
• 38:03
  Speaker 2: he brought forward as a substitute for the American system
• 38:06
  Speaker 2: of mister Clay, and to supplant him as the leading
• 38:10
  Speaker 2: statesman of the West. Mister Clay, by his tariff compromise
• 38:13
  Speaker 2: with mister Calhoun, abandoned his own American system. At the
• 38:17
  Speaker 2: same time, he brought forward a plan for distributing among
• 38:21
  Speaker 2: all the states of the Union the proceeds of the
• 38:24
  Speaker 2: sales of the public lands. His bill for that purpose
• 38:27
  Speaker 2: passed both houses of Congress, but was vetoed by President Jackson, who,
• 38:31
  Speaker 2: in his Annual Message of December eighteen thirty two, formally
• 38:35
  Speaker 2: recommended that all public lands should be gratuitously given away
• 38:40
  Speaker 2: to individual adventurers and to the states in which the
• 38:43
  Speaker 2: lands are situated.
• 38:44
  Speaker 1: Quote.
• 38:45
  Speaker 2: No subject, said Henry Clay, which has presented itself to
• 38:48
  Speaker 2: the present, or perhaps any preceding Congress, is of greater
• 38:53
  Speaker 2: magnitude than that of the public lands. End of quote.
• 38:56
  Speaker 2: When we consider the far reaching effects of the government's
• 38:59
  Speaker 2: land policy upon political, economic, and social aspects of American life,
• 39:04
  Speaker 2: we are disposed to agree with him. But this legislation
• 39:08
  Speaker 2: was framed under frontier influences and under the lead of
• 39:12
  Speaker 2: Western statesmen like Benton and Jackson, said Senator Scott of
• 39:16
  Speaker 2: Indiana in eighteen forty one. Quote, I consider the preemption
• 39:20
  Speaker 2: law merely declaratory of the custom or common law of
• 39:23
  Speaker 2: the settlers. End of It is safe to say that
• 39:27
  Speaker 2: the legislation with regard to land, tariff and internal improvements
• 39:32
  Speaker 2: the American system of the nationalizing Whig Party was conditioned
• 39:36
  Speaker 2: on frontier ideas and needs. But it was not merely
• 39:40
  Speaker 2: in legislative action that the frontier worked against the sectionalism
• 39:44
  Speaker 2: of the coast. The economic and social characteristics of the
• 39:47
  Speaker 2: frontier worked against sectionalism. The men of the frontier had
• 39:52
  Speaker 2: closer resemblances to the Middle region than to either of
• 39:55
  Speaker 2: the other sections. Pennsylvania had been the seed plot of
• 39:58
  Speaker 2: frontier emigration, and although she passed on her settlers along
• 40:02
  Speaker 2: the Great Valley into the west of Virginia and the Carolinas,
• 40:06
  Speaker 2: yet the industrial society of these southern frontiersmen was always
• 40:10
  Speaker 2: more like that of the Middle Region than like that
• 40:13
  Speaker 2: of the Tidewater portion of the South, which later came
• 40:16
  Speaker 2: to spread its industrial type throughout the South. The Middle region,
• 40:20
  Speaker 2: entered by New York Harbor, was an open door to
• 40:23
  Speaker 2: all Europe. The Tidewater part of the South represented typical Englishmen,
• 40:27
  Speaker 2: modified by a warm climate and servile labor and living
• 40:31
  Speaker 2: in baronial fashion on great plantations. New England stood for
• 40:36
  Speaker 2: a special English movement, Puritanism. The Middle Region was less
• 40:40
  Speaker 2: English than the other sections. It had a wide mixture
• 40:44
  Speaker 2: of nationalities, a varied society, the mixed town and county
• 40:48
  Speaker 2: system of local government, of varied economic life, many religious sects.
• 40:53
  Speaker 2: In short, it was a region mediating between New England
• 40:56
  Speaker 2: and the South, and the East and the West. It
• 41:00
  Speaker 2: represented that composite nationality which the contemporary United States exhibits,
• 41:05
  Speaker 2: that juxtaposition of non English groups occupying a valley or
• 41:10
  Speaker 2: a little settlement and presenting reflections of the map of
• 41:14
  Speaker 2: Europe in their variety. It was democratic and non sectional,
• 41:17
  Speaker 2: if not national, easy, tolerant and contented, rooted strongly in
• 41:22
  Speaker 2: material prosperity. It was typical of the modern United States.
• 41:27
  Speaker 2: It was least sectional, not only because it lay between
• 41:31
  Speaker 2: north and south, but also because, with no barriers to
• 41:35
  Speaker 2: shut out its frontiers from its settled region, and with
• 41:38
  Speaker 2: a system of connecting waterways, the Middle Region mediated between
• 41:42
  Speaker 2: east and west as well as between north and south.
• 41:46
  Speaker 2: Thus it became the typically American region. Even the New Englander,
• 41:50
  Speaker 2: who was shut out from the frontier by the Middle Region,
• 41:53
  Speaker 2: tearrying in New York or Pennsylvania on his westward march,
• 41:57
  Speaker 2: lost the acuteness of his sectionalism. On the way, the
• 42:01
  Speaker 2: spread of cotton culture into the interior of the South
• 42:04
  Speaker 2: finally broke down the contrast between the tidewater region and
• 42:08
  Speaker 2: the rest of the state and based Southern interests on slavery.
• 42:13
  Speaker 2: Before this process revealed its results, the western portion of
• 42:16
  Speaker 2: the South, which was akin to Pennsylvania in stock society
• 42:20
  Speaker 2: and industry, showed tendencies to fall away from the faith
• 42:24
  Speaker 2: of the fathers into internal improvement. Legislation and nationalism. In
• 42:29
  Speaker 2: the Virginia Convention of eighteen twenty nine and thirty called
• 42:32
  Speaker 2: to revise the Constitution, mister Lee of Chesterfield, one of
• 42:36
  Speaker 2: the Tidewater counties, declared one of the main causes of
• 42:41
  Speaker 2: discontent which led to this convention, that which had the
• 42:44
  Speaker 2: strongest influence in overcoming our veneration for the work of
• 42:48
  Speaker 2: our fathers, which taught us to contemn the sentiments of
• 42:51
  Speaker 2: Henry and Mason and Pendleton, which weaned us from our
• 42:55
  Speaker 2: reverence for the constituted authorities of the state, was an
• 42:58
  Speaker 2: overweening passion for internal improvement. I say this with perfect knowledge,
• 43:03
  Speaker 2: for it has been avowed to me by gentlemen from
• 43:06
  Speaker 2: the West, over and over again. And let me tell
• 43:08
  Speaker 2: the gentleman from Albemarle, mister Gordon, that it has been
• 43:12
  Speaker 2: another principal object of those who set this ball of
• 43:15
  Speaker 2: revolution in motion to overturn the doctrine of state rights
• 43:19
  Speaker 2: of which Virginia has been the very pillar, and to
• 43:22
  Speaker 2: remove the barrier she is interposed to the interference of
• 43:26
  Speaker 2: the federal government in that same work of internal improvement.
• 43:30
  Speaker 2: By so reorganizing the legislature, that Virginia too may be
• 43:34
  Speaker 2: hitched to the federal car end. It was this nationalizing
• 43:38
  Speaker 2: tendency of the West that transformed the democracy of Jefferson
• 43:43
  Speaker 2: into the national Republicanism of Monroe and the democracy of
• 43:46
  Speaker 2: Andrew Jackson. The west of the War of eighteen twelve,
• 43:50
  Speaker 2: the west of Clay and Benton and Harrison and Andrew Jackson,
• 43:54
  Speaker 2: shut off by the Middle States and the mountains from
• 43:57
  Speaker 2: the coast, sections had a solid area of its own
• 44:00
  Speaker 2: with national tendencies. On the tide of the Father of Waters,
• 44:05
  Speaker 2: north and South met and mingled into a nation. Interstate
• 44:09
  Speaker 2: migration went steadily on a process of cross fertilization of
• 44:13
  Speaker 2: ideas and institutions. The fierce struggle of the sections over
• 44:18
  Speaker 2: slavery on the western frontier does not diminish the truth
• 44:21
  Speaker 2: of this statement. It proves the truth of it. Slavery
• 44:25
  Speaker 2: was a sectional trait that would knock down, but in
• 44:28
  Speaker 2: the West it could not remain sectional. It was the
• 44:31
  Speaker 2: greatest of frontiersmen who declared, quote, I believe this government
• 44:35
  Speaker 2: cannot endure permanently half slave and half freight. It will
• 44:39
  Speaker 2: become all of one thing or all of the other.
• 44:41
  Speaker 2: End of quote. Nothing works for nationalism like intercourse within
• 44:45
  Speaker 2: the nation. Mobility of population is death to localism, and
• 44:50
  Speaker 2: the Western frontier worked irresistibly in unsettling population. The effect
• 44:55
  Speaker 2: reached back from the frontier and affected profoundly the Atlantic
• 44:59
  Speaker 2: coast and e the Old World. But the most important
• 45:03
  Speaker 2: effect of the frontier has been in the promotion of
• 45:05
  Speaker 2: democracy here and in Europe. As has been indicated, the
• 45:09
  Speaker 2: frontier is productive of individualism. Complex society is precipitated by
• 45:15
  Speaker 2: the wilderness into a kind of primitive organization based on
• 45:19
  Speaker 2: the family. The tendency is antisocial. It produces antipathy to control,
• 45:25
  Speaker 2: and particularly to any direct control. The tax gatherer is
• 45:29
  Speaker 2: viewed as a representative of oppression. Professor Osgoode, in an
• 45:34
  Speaker 2: able article, has pointed out that the frontier conditions prevalent
• 45:38
  Speaker 2: in the colonies are important factors in the explanation of
• 45:42
  Speaker 2: the American Revolution, where individual liberty was sometimes confused with
• 45:46
  Speaker 2: absence of all effective government. The same conditions aid in
• 45:51
  Speaker 2: explaining the difficulty of instituting a strong government in the
• 45:55
  Speaker 2: period of the Confederacy. The frontier individualism has from the
• 45:59
  Speaker 2: beginning promoted democracy. The frontier states that came into the
• 46:04
  Speaker 2: Union in the first quarter of a century of its existence,
• 46:08
  Speaker 2: came in with democratic suffrage provisions and had reactive effects
• 46:12
  Speaker 2: of the highest importance upon the older states, whose people
• 46:16
  Speaker 2: were being attracted there an extension of the franchise became essential.
• 46:21
  Speaker 2: It was Western New York that forced an extension of
• 46:24
  Speaker 2: suffrage in the constitutional Convention of that state in eighteen
• 46:28
  Speaker 2: twenty one, and it was Western Virginia that compelled the
• 46:32
  Speaker 2: Tidewater region to put a more liberal suffrage provision in
• 46:35
  Speaker 2: the constitution framed in eighteen thirty, and to give to
• 46:39
  Speaker 2: the frontier region a more nearly proportionate representation with the
• 46:43
  Speaker 2: Tidewater aristocracy. The rise of democracy as an effective force
• 46:48
  Speaker 2: in the nation came in with Western preponderance under Jackson
• 46:52
  Speaker 2: and William Henry Harrison, and it meant the triumph of
• 46:55
  Speaker 2: the frontier, with all of its good and with all
• 46:57
  Speaker 2: of its evil elements. An interesting illustration of the tone
• 47:02
  Speaker 2: of frontier democracy in eighteen thirty comes from the same
• 47:05
  Speaker 2: debates in the Virginia Convention already referred to. A representative
• 47:10
  Speaker 2: from Western Virginia declared, but, sir, it is not the
• 47:14
  Speaker 2: increase of population in the West which this gentleman ought
• 47:18
  Speaker 2: to fear. It is the energy which the mountain breeze
• 47:21
  Speaker 2: and Western habits impart. To those immigrants, they are regenerated politically,
• 47:26
  Speaker 2: I mean, sir, They soon become working politicians. And the difference, Sir,
• 47:31
  Speaker 2: between a talking and a working politician is immense. The
• 47:35
  Speaker 2: Old Dominion has long been celebrated for producing great orators,
• 47:39
  Speaker 2: the ablest metaphysicians in policy, men that can split hairs
• 47:43
  Speaker 2: in all abstruse questions of political economy. But at home
• 47:48
  Speaker 2: or when they return from Congress, they have negroes to
• 47:51
  Speaker 2: fan them asleep. But a Pennsylvania, a New York, an Ohio,
• 47:55
  Speaker 2: or a Western Virginia statesman, though far inferior in logic, metaphysical,
• 48:00
  Speaker 2: and rhetoric to an Old Virginia statesman, has this advantage
• 48:04
  Speaker 2: that when he returns home, he takes off his code
• 48:07
  Speaker 2: and takes hold of the plow. This gives him bone
• 48:10
  Speaker 2: and muscle, Sir, and preserves his Republican principles pure and uncontaminated.
• 48:16
  Speaker 2: End of So long as Freeland exists, the opportunity for
• 48:20
  Speaker 2: a competency exists, and economic power secures political power. But
• 48:26
  Speaker 2: the democracy born of Freeland, strong in selfishness and individualism,
• 48:31
  Speaker 2: intolerant of administrative experience and education, and pressing individual liberty
• 48:36
  Speaker 2: beyond its proper bounds has its dangers as well as
• 48:40
  Speaker 2: its benefits. Individualism in America has allowed a laxity in
• 48:45
  Speaker 2: regard to governmental affairs, which is rendered possible the spoils
• 48:49
  Speaker 2: system and all of the manifest evils that follow from
• 48:52
  Speaker 2: the lack of a highly developed civic spirit. In this
• 48:56
  Speaker 2: connection may be noted also the influence of frontier care
• 49:00
  Speaker 2: conditions in permitting Lach's business honour, inflated paper currency and
• 49:04
  Speaker 2: wildcat banking. The colonial and revolutionary frontier was the region
• 49:10
  Speaker 2: once emanated many of the worst forms of an evil currency.
• 49:14
  Speaker 2: The west of the War of eighteen twelve repeated the
• 49:17
  Speaker 2: phenomenon on the frontier of that day, while the speculation
• 49:21
  Speaker 2: and wildcat banking of the period of the Crisis of
• 49:24
  Speaker 2: eighteen thirty seven occurred on the new frontier belt of
• 49:27
  Speaker 2: the next tier of states, while the speculation and wildcat
• 49:31
  Speaker 2: banking of the period of the Crisis of eighteen thirty
• 49:34
  Speaker 2: seven occurred on the new frontier belt of the next
• 49:37
  Speaker 2: tier of states. Thus, each one of the periods of
• 49:41
  Speaker 2: LAC's financial integrity coincides with periods when a new set
• 49:45
  Speaker 2: of frontier communities had arisen and coincides in area with
• 49:50
  Speaker 2: these successive frontiers. For the most part. The recent populist
• 49:54
  Speaker 2: agitation is a case in point. Many, a state that
• 49:57
  Speaker 2: now declines any connection with the ten ganets of the populists,
• 50:01
  Speaker 2: itself adhered to such ideas in an earlier stage of
• 50:05
  Speaker 2: the development of the state. A primitive society can hardly
• 50:08
  Speaker 2: be expected to show the intelligent appreciation of the complexity
• 50:13
  Speaker 2: of business interests in a developed society. The continual recurrence
• 50:17
  Speaker 2: of these areas of paper money agitation is another evidence
• 50:22
  Speaker 2: that the frontier can be isolated and studied as a
• 50:25
  Speaker 2: factor in American history of the highest importance. Footnote I
• 50:30
  Speaker 2: have refrained from dwelling on the lawless characteristics of the
• 50:33
  Speaker 2: frontier because they are sufficiently well known. The gambler and Desperado,
• 50:38
  Speaker 2: the regulators of the Carolinas, and the vigilanes of California
• 50:42
  Speaker 2: are types of that line of scum that waves of
• 50:45
  Speaker 2: advancing civilization bore before them, and of the growth of
• 50:49
  Speaker 2: spontaneous organs of authority where legal authority was absent. Compare barrows,
• 50:55
  Speaker 2: United States of yesterday and tomorrow, shin mining camps and bankft,
• 51:00
  Speaker 2: popular tribunals, the humor, bravery, and rude strength, as well
• 51:04
  Speaker 2: as the vices of the frontier in its worst aspect,
• 51:08
  Speaker 2: have left traces on American character, language, and literature not
• 51:12
  Speaker 2: soon to be effaced. End a footnote. The East has
• 51:16
  Speaker 2: always feared the result of an unregulated advance of the frontier,
• 51:21
  Speaker 2: and has tried to check and guide it. The English
• 51:23
  Speaker 2: authorities would have checked settlement at the headwaters of the
• 51:26
  Speaker 2: Atlantic tributaries and allowed the quote savages to enjoy their
• 51:31
  Speaker 2: deserts in quiet, lest the peltry trade decrease. End of quote.
• 51:37
  Speaker 2: This caught out Burke's splendid protest quote. If you stopped
• 51:41
  Speaker 2: your grants, what would be the consequence the people would
• 51:44
  Speaker 2: occupy Without grants? They have already so occupied many places.
• 51:49
  Speaker 2: You cannot station garrisons in every part of these deserts.
• 51:53
  Speaker 2: If you drive the people from one place, they will
• 51:56
  Speaker 2: carry on their annual tillage and remove with their flocks
• 51:59
  Speaker 2: and herds to Many of the people in the back
• 52:02
  Speaker 2: settlements are already little attached to the particular situations. Already
• 52:07
  Speaker 2: they have topped the Appalachian mountains. From thence they beheld
• 52:11
  Speaker 2: before them an immense plane, one vast, rich level meadow,
• 52:15
  Speaker 2: a square of five hundred miles. Over this they would
• 52:19
  Speaker 2: wander without a possibility of restraint. They would change their manners,
• 52:23
  Speaker 2: with their habits of life, would soon forget a government
• 52:26
  Speaker 2: by which they were disowned, would become hordes of English tartars,
• 52:30
  Speaker 2: and pouring down upon your unfortified frontiers, a fierce and
• 52:34
  Speaker 2: irresistible cavalry, become masters of your governors and your counselors,
• 52:39
  Speaker 2: your collectors and comptrollers, and all the slaves that adhered
• 52:42
  Speaker 2: to them. Such would, and in no long time must,
• 52:46
  Speaker 2: be the effect of attempting to forbid as a crime,
• 52:49
  Speaker 2: and to suppress as an evil, the command and blessing
• 52:52
  Speaker 2: of Providence increase and multiply. Such would be the happy
• 52:56
  Speaker 2: result of an endeavor to keep as a layer of
• 52:59
  Speaker 2: wild beasts that earth which God, by an express charter,
• 53:03
  Speaker 2: has given to the children of men. End of quote.
• 53:07
  Speaker 2: But the English government was not alone in its desire
• 53:10
  Speaker 2: to limit the advance of the frontier and guide its destinies. Tidewater,
• 53:14
  Speaker 2: Virginia and South Carolina gerrymandered those colonies to ensure the
• 53:19
  Speaker 2: dominance of the coast in their legislatures, Washington desired to
• 53:23
  Speaker 2: settle a state at a time. In the northwest, Jefferson
• 53:27
  Speaker 2: would reserve from settlement the territory of his Louisiana purchase
• 53:31
  Speaker 2: north of the thirty second parallel, in order to offer
• 53:34
  Speaker 2: it to the Indians in exchange for their settlements east
• 53:37
  Speaker 2: of the Mississippi. Quote. When we shall be full on
• 53:40
  Speaker 2: this side, he writes, we may lay off a range
• 53:43
  Speaker 2: of states on the western bank from the head to
• 53:46
  Speaker 2: the mouth, and so range after range, advancing compactly as
• 53:50
  Speaker 2: we multiply end of quote. Madison went so far as
• 53:53
  Speaker 2: to argue to the French minister that the United States
• 53:56
  Speaker 2: had no interest in seeing a population extend itself on
• 54:00
  Speaker 2: the right bank of the Mississippi, but should rather fear it.
• 54:04
  Speaker 2: When the Oregon question was under debate in eighteen twenty four,
• 54:07
  Speaker 2: Smith of Virginia would draw an unchangeable line for the
• 54:11
  Speaker 2: limits of the United States at the outer limit of
• 54:14
  Speaker 2: two tiers of states beyond the Mississippi, complaining that the
• 54:18
  Speaker 2: seaboard states were being drained of the flower of their
• 54:21
  Speaker 2: population by the bringing of too much land into market.
• 54:26
  Speaker 2: Even Thomas Benton, the man of widest views of the
• 54:29
  Speaker 2: destiny of the West at this stage of his career
• 54:32
  Speaker 2: declared that along the ridge of the Rocky Mountains quote,
• 54:36
  Speaker 2: the western limits of the Republic should be drawn, and
• 54:38
  Speaker 2: the statue of the fabled god Terminus should be raised
• 54:42
  Speaker 2: upon its highest peak, never to be thrown down.
• 54:45
  Speaker 1: End of quote.
• 54:46
  Speaker 2: But the attempts to limit the boundaries, to restrict land
• 54:49
  Speaker 2: sales and settlement, and to deprive the West of its
• 54:53
  Speaker 2: share of political power were all in vain. Steadily the
• 54:57
  Speaker 2: frontier of settlement advanced and carried with it individualism, democracy
• 55:02
  Speaker 2: and nationalism, and powerfully affected the East and the Old World.
• 55:07
  Speaker 2: The most effective efforts of the East to regulate the
• 55:10
  Speaker 2: frontier came through its educational and religious activity exerted by
• 55:15
  Speaker 2: interstate migration and by organized societies. Speaking in eighteen thirty five,
• 55:21
  Speaker 2: doctor Lyman Beecher declared, it is equally plain that the
• 55:25
  Speaker 2: religious and political destiny of our nation is to be
• 55:28
  Speaker 2: decided in the West, And he pointed out that the
• 55:31
  Speaker 2: population of the West is assembled from all the states
• 55:34
  Speaker 2: of the Union and from all the nations of Europe,
• 55:37
  Speaker 2: and is rushing in like the waters of the flood,
• 55:40
  Speaker 2: demanding for its moral preservation. The immediate and universal action
• 55:45
  Speaker 2: of those institutions which discipline the mind and arm the
• 55:48
  Speaker 2: conscience and the heart. And so various are the opinions
• 55:52
  Speaker 2: and habits, and so recent and imperfect is the acquaintance,
• 55:56
  Speaker 2: and so sparse are the settlements of the West, that
• 56:00
  Speaker 2: no homogeneous public sentiment can be formed to legislate immediately
• 56:04
  Speaker 2: into being the requisite institutions. And yet they are all
• 56:09
  Speaker 2: needed immediately in their utmost perfection and power. A nation
• 56:13
  Speaker 2: is being born in a day. But what will become
• 56:16
  Speaker 2: of the West if her prosperity rushes up to such
• 56:19
  Speaker 2: a majesty of power, while those great institutions linger, which
• 56:23
  Speaker 2: are necessary to form the mind and the conscience and
• 56:26
  Speaker 2: the heart of that vast world. It must not be permitted.
• 56:30
  Speaker 2: Let no man at the East quiet himself and dream
• 56:33
  Speaker 2: of liberty, whatever may become of the West. Her destiny
• 56:37
  Speaker 2: is our destiny. End with the appeal to the conscience
• 56:42
  Speaker 2: of New England, he adds appeals to her fears lest
• 56:45
  Speaker 2: other religious sects anticipate her own. The New England preacher
• 56:49
  Speaker 2: and school teacher left their mark on the West. The
• 56:52
  Speaker 2: dread of Western emancipation from New England's political and economic
• 56:57
  Speaker 2: control was paralleled by her fears lessons the West cut
• 57:00
  Speaker 2: loose from her religion. Commenting in eighteen fifty on reports
• 57:05
  Speaker 2: that settlement was rapidly extending northward in Wisconsin, the editor
• 57:10
  Speaker 2: of the Home Missionary Rights quote, we scarcely know whether
• 57:13
  Speaker 2: to rejoice or mourn over this extension of our settlements.
• 57:17
  Speaker 2: While we sympathize in whatever tends to increase the physical
• 57:21
  Speaker 2: resources and prosperity of our country, we cannot forget that
• 57:25
  Speaker 2: with all these dispersions into remote and still remoter corners
• 57:29
  Speaker 2: of the land, the supply of the means of grace
• 57:32
  Speaker 2: is becoming relatively less and less end of quote. Acting
• 57:37
  Speaker 2: in accordance with such ideas, home missions were established and
• 57:41
  Speaker 2: Western colleges were erected. As Seaboard cities like Philadelphia, New York,
• 57:46
  Speaker 2: and Baltimore strove for the mastery of Western trade. So
• 57:50
  Speaker 2: the various denominations strove for the possession of the West.
• 57:54
  Speaker 2: Thus an intellectual stream from New England sources fertilized the West.
• 57:59
  Speaker 2: Others sent their missionaries, But the real struggle was between sects,
• 58:04
  Speaker 2: the contest for power and the expansive tendency furnished to
• 58:08
  Speaker 2: the various sects by the existence of a moving frontier
• 58:12
  Speaker 2: must have had important results on the character of religious
• 58:15
  Speaker 2: organization in the United States. The multiplication of rival churches
• 58:20
  Speaker 2: in the little frontier towns had deep and lasting social effects.
• 58:25
  Speaker 2: The religious aspects of the frontier make a chapter in
• 58:28
  Speaker 2: our history which needs study. From the conditions of frontier
• 58:32
  Speaker 2: life came intellectual traits of profound importance. The works of
• 58:36
  Speaker 2: travelers along each frontier, from colonial days onward describe certain
• 58:41
  Speaker 2: common traits, and these traits have, while softening down, still
• 58:46
  Speaker 2: persisted as survivals in the place of their origin, even
• 58:50
  Speaker 2: when a higher social organization succeeded. The result is that
• 58:54
  Speaker 2: to the frontier, the American intellect owes its striking characteristics,
• 58:59
  Speaker 2: that coarseness and strength, combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness, that practical,
• 59:04
  Speaker 2: inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients, that masterful
• 59:09
  Speaker 2: grasp of material things, lacking in the artistic, but powerful
• 59:13
  Speaker 2: to affect great ends, that restless nervous energy, that dominant
• 59:18
  Speaker 2: individualism working for good and for evil, and with all
• 59:21
  Speaker 2: that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom. These are
• 59:26
  Speaker 2: traits of the frontier, or traits called out elsewhere because
• 59:29
  Speaker 2: of the existence of the frontier footnote. Colonial travelers agree
• 59:34
  Speaker 2: in remarking on the phlegmatic characteristics of the colonists. It
• 59:38
  Speaker 2: has frequently been asked how such a people could have
• 59:41
  Speaker 2: developed that strained nervous energy now characteristic of them. Compare Sumner,
• 59:47
  Speaker 2: Alexander Hamilton, page ninety eight and Adam's History of the
• 59:51
  Speaker 2: United States one, page sixty nine, pages two forty two
• 59:55
  Speaker 2: forty one. The transition appears to become marked at the
• 59:58
  Speaker 2: close of the War of a ti Te teen twelve,
• 1:00:00
  Speaker 2: a period when interests centered around the development of the West,
• 1:00:04
  Speaker 2: and the West was noted for restless energy. Grund Americans two,
• 1:00:09
  Speaker 2: chapter one, end of footnote. Since the days when the
• 1:00:13
  Speaker 2: fleet of Columbus sailed into the waters of the New World,
• 1:00:16
  Speaker 2: America has been another name for opportunity, and the people
• 1:00:20
  Speaker 2: of the United States have taken their tone from the
• 1:00:23
  Speaker 2: incessant expansion which has not only been open, but has
• 1:00:27
  Speaker 2: even been forced upon them. He would be a rash
• 1:00:30
  Speaker 2: prophet who should assert that the expansive character of American
• 1:00:34
  Speaker 2: life has now entirely ceased. Movement has been its dominant fact,
• 1:00:39
  Speaker 2: and unless this training has no effect upon a people,
• 1:00:42
  Speaker 2: the American energy will continually demand a wider field for
• 1:00:46
  Speaker 2: its exercise. But never again will such gifts of free
• 1:00:49
  Speaker 2: land offer themselves for a moment At the frontier. The
• 1:00:53
  Speaker 2: bonds of custom are broken, and unrestraint is triumphant. There
• 1:00:57
  Speaker 2: is not tabula rasa. The stubborn American environment is there,
• 1:01:01
  Speaker 2: with its imperious summons to accept its conditions. The inherited
• 1:01:06
  Speaker 2: ways of doing things are also there. And yet in
• 1:01:09
  Speaker 2: spite of environment, and in spite of custom, each frontier
• 1:01:13
  Speaker 2: did indeed furnish a new field of opportunity, a gait
• 1:01:16
  Speaker 2: of escape from the bondage of the past, and freshness.
• 1:01:20
  Speaker 2: Confidence and scorn of older society. Impatience of its restraints
• 1:01:25
  Speaker 2: and its ideas, an indifference to its lessons have accompanied
• 1:01:29
  Speaker 2: the Frontier what the Mediterranean See was to the Greeks,
• 1:01:33
  Speaker 2: breaking the bond of custom, offering new experiences, calling out
• 1:01:38
  Speaker 2: new institutions and activities that and more. The ever retreating
• 1:01:42
  Speaker 2: Frontier has been to the United States directly, and to
• 1:01:46
  Speaker 2: the nations of Europe more remotely. And now, four centuries
• 1:01:50
  Speaker 2: from the discovery of America, at the end of one
• 1:01:53
  Speaker 2: hundred years of life under the Constitution, the frontier has gone,
• 1:01:58
  Speaker 2: and with its going has closed the first period of
• 1:02:01
  Speaker 2: American history. End of Section four.
• 1:02:05
  Speaker 1: Chapter two, The first official Frontier of the Massachusetts Bay,
• 1:02:09
  Speaker 1: Part one. In the Significance of the Frontier in American History,
• 1:02:15
  Speaker 1: I took for my text the following announcement of the
• 1:02:17
  Speaker 1: Superintendent of the Census of eighteen ninety. Up to and
• 1:02:20
  Speaker 1: including eighteen eighty, the country had a frontier of settlement,
• 1:02:24
  Speaker 1: But at present the unsettled area has been so broken
• 1:02:27
  Speaker 1: into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly
• 1:02:30
  Speaker 1: be said to be a frontier line in the discussion
• 1:02:33
  Speaker 1: of its extent to the westward movement, etc. It cannot
• 1:02:36
  Speaker 1: therefore any longer have a place in the census reports.
• 1:02:40
  Speaker 1: Two centuries prior to this announcement, in sixteen ninety, a
• 1:02:43
  Speaker 1: committee of the General Court of Massachusetts recommended the Court
• 1:02:46
  Speaker 1: to order what shall be the frontier and to maintain
• 1:02:49
  Speaker 1: a committee to settle garrisons on the frontier, with forty
• 1:02:52
  Speaker 1: soldiers to each frontier town as a main guard. In
• 1:02:55
  Speaker 1: the two hundred years between this official attempt to locate
• 1:02:58
  Speaker 1: the Massachusetts frontier line and the official announcement of the
• 1:03:01
  Speaker 1: ending of the National frontier line, westward expansion was the
• 1:03:05
  Speaker 1: most important single process in American history. The designation frontier
• 1:03:09
  Speaker 1: town was not, however, a new one. As early as
• 1:03:13
  Speaker 1: sixteen forty five, inhabitants of Concord, Sudbury, and Dedham, being
• 1:03:17
  Speaker 1: inland towns and but simly peopled, were forbidden to remove
• 1:03:21
  Speaker 1: without authority. In sixteen sixty nine, certain towns had been
• 1:03:25
  Speaker 1: the subject of legislation as frontier towns, and in the
• 1:03:28
  Speaker 1: period of King Philip's War there were various enactments regarding
• 1:03:32
  Speaker 1: frontier towns. In the session of sixteen seventy five to six,
• 1:03:36
  Speaker 1: it had been proposed to build a fence of stockades
• 1:03:39
  Speaker 1: or stone eight feet high from the Childs, where it
• 1:03:42
  Speaker 1: is navigable to the Concord at Billerica, and thence to
• 1:03:45
  Speaker 1: the Merrimack and down the river to the Bay, by
• 1:03:48
  Speaker 1: which means that whole tract will be environed for the
• 1:03:51
  Speaker 1: security and safety under God of the people, their houses, goods,
• 1:03:55
  Speaker 1: and cattle, from the rage and fury of the enemy.
• 1:03:59
  Speaker 1: This project, however, of a kind of Roman wall, did
• 1:04:02
  Speaker 1: not appeal to the frontiersmen of the time. It was
• 1:04:05
  Speaker 1: a part of the antiquated ideas of defense which had
• 1:04:07
  Speaker 1: been illustrated by the impossible equipment of the heavily armored
• 1:04:10
  Speaker 1: soldier of the early Puritan regime, whose corselets and head
• 1:04:14
  Speaker 1: pieces pikes, matchlocks forquettes and bandaliers went out of use
• 1:04:19
  Speaker 1: about the period of King Philip's War. The fifty seven
• 1:04:22
  Speaker 1: postures provided in the Approved Manual of Arms for loading
• 1:04:25
  Speaker 1: and firing the matchlock proved too great a handicap in
• 1:04:28
  Speaker 1: the chase of the nimble savage. In this area, the
• 1:04:32
  Speaker 1: frontier fighter adapted himself to a more open order and
• 1:04:35
  Speaker 1: lighter equipment suggested by the Indian warrior's practice. The settler
• 1:04:39
  Speaker 1: on the outskirts of Puritan civilization took up the task
• 1:04:42
  Speaker 1: of bearing the brunt of attack and pushing forward the
• 1:04:45
  Speaker 1: line of advance, which year after year carried American settlements
• 1:04:48
  Speaker 1: into the wilderness. In American thought and speech, the term
• 1:04:52
  Speaker 1: frontier has come to mean the edge of settlement, rather than,
• 1:04:55
  Speaker 1: as in Europe, the political boundary. By sixteen ninety, it
• 1:04:59
  Speaker 1: was already evident that the frontier of settlement and the
• 1:05:01
  Speaker 1: frontier of military defense were coinciding as population advanced into
• 1:05:06
  Speaker 1: the wilderness and thus successively brought new exposed areas between
• 1:05:09
  Speaker 1: the settlements on the one side, and the Indians with
• 1:05:11
  Speaker 1: their European backers, on the other. The military frontier ceased
• 1:05:15
  Speaker 1: to be thought of as the Atlantic coast, but rather
• 1:05:17
  Speaker 1: as a moving line bounding the unwon wilderness. It could
• 1:05:20
  Speaker 1: not be a fortified boundary along the Charter limits for
• 1:05:23
  Speaker 1: those limits extended to the south Sea and conflicted with
• 1:05:26
  Speaker 1: the bounds of sister colonies. The thing to be defended
• 1:05:29
  Speaker 1: was the outer edge of this expanding society, a changing frontier,
• 1:05:33
  Speaker 1: one that needed designation and restatement with a changing location
• 1:05:36
  Speaker 1: of the West. It will help to illustrate the significance
• 1:05:39
  Speaker 1: of this new frontier when we see that Virginia, at
• 1:05:41
  Speaker 1: about the same time as Massachusetts, underwent a similar change
• 1:05:45
  Speaker 1: and attempted to establish frontier towns or cohabitations at the heads.
• 1:05:49
  Speaker 1: That is, the first falls the vicinity of Richmond, Petersburg, etc.
• 1:05:53
  Speaker 1: Of her rivers. The Virginia system of particular plantations introduced
• 1:05:58
  Speaker 1: along the James at the close of the London Company's activity,
• 1:06:01
  Speaker 1: had furnished a type for the New England town in recompense.
• 1:06:05
  Speaker 1: At this later day. The New England Town may have
• 1:06:07
  Speaker 1: furnished a model for Virginia's efforts to create frontier settlements
• 1:06:11
  Speaker 1: by legislation. An Act of March twelve, sixteen ninety four
• 1:06:15
  Speaker 1: to five by the General Court of Massachusetts enumerated the
• 1:06:18
  Speaker 1: frontier towns which the inhabitants were forbidden to desert on
• 1:06:22
  Speaker 1: pain of loss of their lands if landholders, or of
• 1:06:25
  Speaker 1: imprisonment if not landholders, unless permission to remove were first obtained.
• 1:06:30
  Speaker 1: These eleven frontier towns included Wells York and Kittery on
• 1:06:34
  Speaker 1: the eastern frontier, and Amesbury, Haverhill, Dunstable, Chelmsford, Grotton, Lancaster, Marlborough,
• 1:06:41
  Speaker 1: and Deerfield. In March sixteen ninety nine to seventeen hundred,
• 1:06:46
  Speaker 1: the law was re enacted with the addition of Brookfield, Menden,
• 1:06:50
  Speaker 1: and Woodstock, together with seven others Salisbury andover Billerica, Hatfield, Hadley,
• 1:06:57
  Speaker 1: Westfield and Northampton, which, though they be not frontiers as
• 1:07:01
  Speaker 1: those towns first named, yet lie more open than many
• 1:07:04
  Speaker 1: others to an attack of an enemy. In the spring
• 1:07:08
  Speaker 1: of seventeen oh four, the General Court of Connecticut, following
• 1:07:10
  Speaker 1: closely the Act of Massachusetts, named as her frontier towns
• 1:07:14
  Speaker 1: not to be deserted Simsbury, Waterbury, Danbury, Colchester, Windham, Mansfield
• 1:07:20
  Speaker 1: and Plainfield. Thus, about the close of the seventeenth in
• 1:07:24
  Speaker 1: the beginning of the eighteenth century, there was an officially
• 1:07:27
  Speaker 1: designated frontier line for New England. The line passing through
• 1:07:30
  Speaker 1: these enumerated towns represents one the outskirts of settlement along
• 1:07:35
  Speaker 1: the eastern coast and up the Merrimack and its tributaries,
• 1:07:38
  Speaker 1: a region threatened from the Indian country by way of
• 1:07:40
  Speaker 1: the Winnipesaukee Lake. Two the end of the ribbon of
• 1:07:44
  Speaker 1: settlement up the Connecticut Valley, menaced by the Canadian Indians
• 1:07:47
  Speaker 1: by way of the Lake Champlain and Winooski River route
• 1:07:50
  Speaker 1: to the Connecticut. Three boundary towns, which mark the edges
• 1:07:54
  Speaker 1: of that inferior agricultural region where the hard crystalline rocks
• 1:07:57
  Speaker 1: furnished a later foundation for Chet's rebellion, opposition to the
• 1:08:00
  Speaker 1: adoption of the Federal Constitution and the abandoned farm. And
• 1:08:04
  Speaker 1: four the isolated interval of Brookfield, which lay intermediate between
• 1:08:08
  Speaker 1: these frontiers. Besides this New England frontier, there was a
• 1:08:12
  Speaker 1: belt of settlement in New York ascending the Hudson to
• 1:08:15
  Speaker 1: where Albany and Schenectady served as outposts against the Five
• 1:08:18
  Speaker 1: Nations who menaced the Mohawk and against the French and
• 1:08:21
  Speaker 1: the Canadian Indians who threatened the Hudson by way of
• 1:08:24
  Speaker 1: Lake Champlain and Lake George. The sinister relations of leading
• 1:08:28
  Speaker 1: citizens of Albany, engaged in the fur trade with these Indians,
• 1:08:31
  Speaker 1: even during time of war, tended to protect the Hudson
• 1:08:34
  Speaker 1: River frontier at the expense of the frontier towns of
• 1:08:36
  Speaker 1: New England. The common sequence of frontier types fur trader,
• 1:08:40
  Speaker 1: cattle raising, pioneer, small primitive farmer, and the farmer engaged
• 1:08:44
  Speaker 1: in intensive varied agriculture to produce a surplus for export,
• 1:08:48
  Speaker 1: had appeared, though confusedly, in New England. The traders in
• 1:08:52
  Speaker 1: their posts had prepared the way for the frontier towns,
• 1:08:55
  Speaker 1: and the cattle industry was most important to the early farmers,
• 1:08:58
  Speaker 1: but the stages succeeded rapidly and intermingled. After King Philip's War,
• 1:09:02
  Speaker 1: while Albany was still in the fur trading stage, the
• 1:09:05
  Speaker 1: New England frontier towns were rather like Mark colonies, military
• 1:09:08
  Speaker 1: agricultural outposts against the Indian enemy. The story of the
• 1:09:12
  Speaker 1: border warfare between Canada and the frontier towns furnishes ample
• 1:09:15
  Speaker 1: material for studying frontier life and institutions, but I shall
• 1:09:19
  Speaker 1: not attempt to deal with the narrative of the wars.
• 1:09:21
  Speaker 1: The palisaded meeting house square, the fortified isolated garrison houses,
• 1:09:26
  Speaker 1: the massacres and captives are familiar features of New England's history.
• 1:09:30
  Speaker 1: The Indian was a very real influence upon the mind
• 1:09:33
  Speaker 1: and morals, as well as upon the institutions of frontier
• 1:09:36
  Speaker 1: New England. The occasional instances of Puritans returning from captivity
• 1:09:40
  Speaker 1: to visit the frontier towns, Catholic in religion, painted and
• 1:09:43
  Speaker 1: garbed as Indians in speaking the Indian tongue, and the
• 1:09:46
  Speaker 1: half breed children of captive Puritan mothers tells the sensational
• 1:09:50
  Speaker 1: part of the story. But in the normal as well
• 1:09:52
  Speaker 1: as in such exceptional relations of the frontier townsmen to
• 1:09:55
  Speaker 1: the Indians, there are clear evidences of the transforming influence
• 1:09:58
  Speaker 1: of the Indian frontier up on the Puritan type of
• 1:10:01
  Speaker 1: English colonists. In seventeen o three to four, for example,
• 1:10:05
  Speaker 1: the General Court of Massachusetts ordered five hundred pairs of
• 1:10:07
  Speaker 1: snow shoes and an equal number of moccasins for use
• 1:10:10
  Speaker 1: in specified counties lying frontier next to the Wilderness Connecticut.
• 1:10:15
  Speaker 1: In seventeen oh four, after referring to her frontier towns
• 1:10:18
  Speaker 1: and garrisons, ordered that said company of English and Indians shall,
• 1:10:21
  Speaker 1: from time to time, at the discretion of their Chief Commander,
• 1:10:25
  Speaker 1: ranged the woods, to endeavor the discovery of an approaching enemy,
• 1:10:28
  Speaker 1: and in a special manner from Westfield to al Satanac,
• 1:10:31
  Speaker 1: and for the encouragement of our forces gone or going
• 1:10:34
  Speaker 1: against the enemy. This Court will allow out of the
• 1:10:36
  Speaker 1: public treasury the sum of five pounds for every man's
• 1:10:39
  Speaker 1: scalp of the enemy killed in this colony. Massachusetts offered
• 1:10:43
  Speaker 1: bounties for scalps, varying an amount according to whether the
• 1:10:46
  Speaker 1: scalp was of men or women and youths, and whether
• 1:10:49
  Speaker 1: it was taken by regular forces under pay, volunteers in service,
• 1:10:52
  Speaker 1: or volunteers without pay. One of the most striking phases
• 1:10:56
  Speaker 1: of frontier adjustment was the proposal of the Reverend Solomon's
• 1:10:59
  Speaker 1: Stoddard of Northampton in the fall of seventeen oh three,
• 1:11:02
  Speaker 1: urging the use of dogs to hunt Indians as they
• 1:11:04
  Speaker 1: do bears. The argument was that the dogs would catch
• 1:11:08
  Speaker 1: many an Indian who would be too light a foot
• 1:11:10
  Speaker 1: for the townsmen. Nor was it to be thought of
• 1:11:12
  Speaker 1: as inhuman, for the Indians act like wolves and are
• 1:11:15
  Speaker 1: to be dealt with as wolves. In fact, Massachusetts passed
• 1:11:18
  Speaker 1: an act in seventeen oh six for the raising and
• 1:11:20
  Speaker 1: increasing of dogs for the better security of the frontiers,
• 1:11:23
  Speaker 1: and both Massachusetts and Connecticut in seventeen oh eight paid
• 1:11:26
  Speaker 1: money from their treasury for the trailing of dogs. Thus
• 1:11:29
  Speaker 1: become to familiar ground. The Massachusetts frontiersmen, like his western successor,
• 1:11:34
  Speaker 1: hated the Indians, the tawny serpents of cotton. Mouther's phrase
• 1:11:38
  Speaker 1: were to be hunted down and scalped in accord with law,
• 1:11:41
  Speaker 1: and in at least one instance by the chaplain himself,
• 1:11:44
  Speaker 1: a Harvard graduate, the hero of the Ballad of Pigwacket,
• 1:11:47
  Speaker 1: who many Indians slew, and some of them he scalped
• 1:11:50
  Speaker 1: when bullets round him flew. Within the area bounded by
• 1:11:54
  Speaker 1: the frontier line were the broken fragments of Indians defeated
• 1:11:57
  Speaker 1: in the era of King Philip's War, restrained within reservations,
• 1:12:00
  Speaker 1: drunken and degenerate survivors, among whom the missionaries worked with
• 1:12:04
  Speaker 1: small results a vexation to the border towns, as they
• 1:12:07
  Speaker 1: were in the case of later frontiers, although as has
• 1:12:10
  Speaker 1: been said the frontier towns had scattered garrison houses and
• 1:12:13
  Speaker 1: palisaded enclosures, similar to the neighbourhood forts or stations of
• 1:12:17
  Speaker 1: Kentucky in the Revolution and of Indiana and Illinois in
• 1:12:20
  Speaker 1: the War of eighteen twelve. One difference is particularly noteworthy
• 1:12:24
  Speaker 1: in the case of frontiersmen who came down from Pennsylvania
• 1:12:27
  Speaker 1: into the upland south along the eastern edge of the Alleghenies,
• 1:12:30
  Speaker 1: as well as in the more obvious case of the
• 1:12:32
  Speaker 1: backwoodsmen of Kentucky and Tennessee. The frontier towns were too
• 1:12:35
  Speaker 1: isolated from the main settled regions to allow much military
• 1:12:38
  Speaker 1: protection by the older areas. On the New England frontier
• 1:12:42
  Speaker 1: because it was adjacent to the coast towns, this was
• 1:12:44
  Speaker 1: not the case, and here, as in seventeenth century Virginia,
• 1:12:47
  Speaker 1: great activity in protecting the frontier was convinced by the
• 1:12:50
  Speaker 1: colonial authorities, and the frontier towns themselves called loudly for assistance.
• 1:12:55
  Speaker 1: This phase of frontier defense needs a special study, but
• 1:12:58
  Speaker 1: at present it is sufficient to recall that the colony
• 1:13:00
  Speaker 1: sent garrisons to the frontier, besides using the militia of
• 1:13:03
  Speaker 1: the frontier towns, and that it employed rangers to patrol
• 1:13:06
  Speaker 1: from garrison to garrison. These were prototypes of the regular
• 1:13:10
  Speaker 1: army post and of rangers, dragoons, cavalry, and mounted police
• 1:13:14
  Speaker 1: who have carried the remoter military frontier forward. It is
• 1:13:17
  Speaker 1: possible to trace this military cordon from New England to
• 1:13:20
  Speaker 1: the Carolinas early in the eighteenth century, still neighbouring the coast.
• 1:13:24
  Speaker 1: By eighteen forty it ran from Fort Snelling on the
• 1:13:27
  Speaker 1: Upper Mississippi, through various posts to the Sabine boundary of Texas,
• 1:13:30
  Speaker 1: and so it passed forward until today it lies at
• 1:13:33
  Speaker 1: the edge of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. End of
• 1:13:37
  Speaker 1: Section five, Chapter two, Part two. A few examples of
• 1:13:43
  Speaker 1: frontier appeals for garrison aid will help to an understanding
• 1:13:46
  Speaker 1: of the early form of the military frontier. Wells asks
• 1:13:50
  Speaker 1: June thirty, sixteen eighty nine. One, that your honors will
• 1:13:55
  Speaker 1: please to send us speedily twenty eight good risk men
• 1:13:59
  Speaker 1: that may be serviced as a guard to us whilest
• 1:14:01
  Speaker 1: we get in our harvest of hay and corn, we
• 1:14:04
  Speaker 1: being unable to defend ourselves and to do our work,
• 1:14:07
  Speaker 1: and also to pursue and destroy the enemy, as occasion
• 1:14:11
  Speaker 1: may require. Two. That these men may be completely furnished
• 1:14:16
  Speaker 1: with arms, ammunition, and provision, and that upon the country's account,
• 1:14:20
  Speaker 1: it being a general war, dunstable, still weak and unable
• 1:14:24
  Speaker 1: both to keep our garrisons and to send out men
• 1:14:27
  Speaker 1: to get hey for our cattle, without doing which we
• 1:14:29
  Speaker 1: cannot subsist petition July twenty three, sixteen eighty nine, for
• 1:14:33
  Speaker 1: twenty footmen for a month to scout about the town
• 1:14:37
  Speaker 1: while we get our hay. Otherwise they say they must
• 1:14:40
  Speaker 1: be forced to leave. Still more indicative of this temper
• 1:14:44
  Speaker 1: is the petition of Lancaster March eleventh, sixteen seventy five
• 1:14:47
  Speaker 1: to six, to the Governor and Council. And God has
• 1:14:51
  Speaker 1: made you father over us, so you will have the
• 1:14:53
  Speaker 1: father's pity to us, They asked, a God of men,
• 1:14:56
  Speaker 1: and aid, without which they must leave Deerfield play in
• 1:15:00
  Speaker 1: sixteen seventy eight to the General Court. Unless you will
• 1:15:03
  Speaker 1: be pleased to take us out of your father like
• 1:15:05
  Speaker 1: pity and cherish us in your bosoms. We are like
• 1:15:09
  Speaker 1: suddenly to breathe out our last breath. The perils of
• 1:15:13
  Speaker 1: the time, the hardships of the frontier towns, and readiness
• 1:15:16
  Speaker 1: of this particular frontier To ask appropriations for losses and
• 1:15:19
  Speaker 1: wounds are abundantly illustrated in similar petitions from other towns.
• 1:15:24
  Speaker 1: One is tempted at times to attribute the very frank
• 1:15:26
  Speaker 1: self pity and dependent attitude to a minister's phrasing and
• 1:15:30
  Speaker 1: to the desire to secure remission of taxes, the latter
• 1:15:32
  Speaker 1: a frontier trait more often associated with riot than with
• 1:15:35
  Speaker 1: religion in other regions. As an example of various petitions,
• 1:15:39
  Speaker 1: the following from Groton in seventeen oh four is suggestive.
• 1:15:44
  Speaker 1: Here the minister's hand is probably absent. One that whereas
• 1:15:48
  Speaker 1: by the old disposing hand of God, who orders all
• 1:15:51
  Speaker 1: things in infinite wisdom, it is our portion to live
• 1:15:53
  Speaker 1: in such a part of the land, which, by reason
• 1:15:55
  Speaker 1: of the enemy is become very dangerous, And as by
• 1:15:58
  Speaker 1: woeful experience we have out both formerly and of late
• 1:16:02
  Speaker 1: to our great damage and discouragement, and especially this last year,
• 1:16:05
  Speaker 1: having lost so many persons, some killed, some captivated, and
• 1:16:09
  Speaker 1: some removed, and also much corn and cattle, and horses
• 1:16:12
  Speaker 1: and hay, whereby we are greatly impoverished, and brought very low,
• 1:16:16
  Speaker 1: and in a very poor capacity to subsist any longer
• 1:16:19
  Speaker 1: as the bearers hereof can inform your honors two. And
• 1:16:23
  Speaker 1: more than all this, our pastor mister Hobard is and
• 1:16:26
  Speaker 1: hath been for above a year uncapable of dispensing the
• 1:16:29
  Speaker 1: ordinances of God amongst us. And we have advised with
• 1:16:33
  Speaker 1: the reverend elders of our neighboring churches, and they advise
• 1:16:36
  Speaker 1: us to hire another minister, and to support mister Hobart,
• 1:16:39
  Speaker 1: and make our address to your honors. We have but
• 1:16:42
  Speaker 1: little left to pay our dues, with being so poor
• 1:16:45
  Speaker 1: and few in number either to town or country, and
• 1:16:48
  Speaker 1: we being a frontier town and liable to danger, there
• 1:16:52
  Speaker 1: being no safety in going out nor coming in. But
• 1:16:54
  Speaker 1: for a long time we have got our bread with
• 1:16:56
  Speaker 1: the peril of our lives, and also brought very low
• 1:17:00
  Speaker 1: by so great a charge of building garrisons and fortifications
• 1:17:03
  Speaker 1: by order of authority. And there is several of our
• 1:17:06
  Speaker 1: inhabitants removed out of town, and others are providing to
• 1:17:10
  Speaker 1: remove except something be done for our encouragement, For we
• 1:17:13
  Speaker 1: are so few and so poor that we cannot pay
• 1:17:16
  Speaker 1: two ministers. Neither are we willing to live without any.
• 1:17:18
  Speaker 1: We spend so much time in watching and warning that
• 1:17:21
  Speaker 1: we can do but little else, And truly we have
• 1:17:23
  Speaker 1: lived almost two years more like soldiers than otherwise, and
• 1:17:26
  Speaker 1: accept your honors can find out some better way for
• 1:17:29
  Speaker 1: our safety and support. We cannot uphold as a town,
• 1:17:32
  Speaker 1: either by remitting our tax or to allow pay for
• 1:17:35
  Speaker 1: building the several forts allowed and ordered by authority, or
• 1:17:39
  Speaker 1: else to allow the one half of our own inhabitants
• 1:17:41
  Speaker 1: to be underpay, or to grant liberty for our remouf
• 1:17:44
  Speaker 1: into our neighboring towns, to take cheer for ourselves, all which,
• 1:17:48
  Speaker 1: if your honors shall see meet to grant, you will
• 1:17:51
  Speaker 1: hereby greatly encourage your humble petitioners to conflict with the
• 1:17:55
  Speaker 1: many troubles we are incident unto falls togethering to have
• 1:18:00
  Speaker 1: for protection, getting in their crops at the peril of
• 1:18:02
  Speaker 1: their lives, the frontier townsmen felt it a hardship to
• 1:18:05
  Speaker 1: contribute also to the taxes of the province while they
• 1:18:07
  Speaker 1: helped to protect the exposed frontier. In addition, there were
• 1:18:10
  Speaker 1: grievances of absentee proprietors who paid no town taxes and
• 1:18:14
  Speaker 1: yet profited by the exertions of the frontiersmen. Of that
• 1:18:17
  Speaker 1: I shall speak later. If we were to trust these
• 1:18:19
  Speaker 1: petitions asking favors from the government of the colony. We
• 1:18:22
  Speaker 1: might impute to these early frontiersmen a degree of submission
• 1:18:25
  Speaker 1: to authority unlike that of other frontiersmen, and indeed not
• 1:18:28
  Speaker 1: wholly warranted by the facts. Reading carefully, we find that,
• 1:18:31
  Speaker 1: however prudently phrased, the petitions are in fact complaints against taxation,
• 1:18:36
  Speaker 1: demands for expenditures by the colony, and their behalf criticisms
• 1:18:39
  Speaker 1: of absentee proprietors, intimations that they may be forced to
• 1:18:43
  Speaker 1: abandon the frontier position so essential to the defense of
• 1:18:46
  Speaker 1: the subtled Eastern country. The spirit of military and subordination
• 1:18:50
  Speaker 1: characteristic of the frontier is evident in the accounts of
• 1:18:52
  Speaker 1: these towns, such as Pinsions in sixteen ninety four, complaining
• 1:18:56
  Speaker 1: of the decay of the fortifications at Hatfield, Hadley and Spring.
• 1:19:01
  Speaker 1: The people a little wilful, inclined to do when and
• 1:19:03
  Speaker 1: how they please, or not at all. Stelton's Stall writes
• 1:19:07
  Speaker 1: from have Hill about the same time, regarding his ill
• 1:19:10
  Speaker 1: success and recruiting, I will never plead for a Haverhill
• 1:19:13
  Speaker 1: man more. And he begs that some meet person be
• 1:19:16
  Speaker 1: sent to tell us what we should, may or must do.
• 1:19:19
  Speaker 1: I have labored in vain. Some go this and that
• 1:19:22
  Speaker 1: and the other way at pleasure and do what they list.
• 1:19:26
  Speaker 1: This has a familiar ring to the student of the frontier,
• 1:19:29
  Speaker 1: as in the case of the later frontier. Also, the
• 1:19:31
  Speaker 1: existence of a common danger on the borders of settlement
• 1:19:34
  Speaker 1: tended to consolidate not only the towns of Massachusetts into
• 1:19:37
  Speaker 1: united action for defense, but also the various colonies. The
• 1:19:40
  Speaker 1: frontier was an incentive to sectional combination then, as it
• 1:19:44
  Speaker 1: was to nationalism afterward. When in sixteen ninety two Connecticut
• 1:19:48
  Speaker 1: sent soldiers from her own colony to aid the Massachusetts
• 1:19:50
  Speaker 1: towns on the Connecticut River, she showed a realization that
• 1:19:53
  Speaker 1: the Deerfield people, who were in a sense the enemy's mouth,
• 1:19:57
  Speaker 1: almost as Pinson wrote, constituted her own frontier, and that
• 1:20:01
  Speaker 1: the facts of geography were more compelling than arbitrary colonial boundaries. Thereby,
• 1:20:05
  Speaker 1: she also took a step that helped to break down
• 1:20:07
  Speaker 1: provincial antagonisms when in sixteen ninety eight Massachusetts and Connecticut
• 1:20:12
  Speaker 1: sent agents to Albany to join with New York in
• 1:20:14
  Speaker 1: making presents to the Indians of that colony in order
• 1:20:17
  Speaker 1: to engage their aid against the French. They recognized as
• 1:20:20
  Speaker 1: their leaders put it, that Albany was the hinge of
• 1:20:23
  Speaker 1: the frontier in this exposed quarter in Thanking, Connecticut. For
• 1:20:26
  Speaker 1: the assistance furnished in sixteen ninety, Livingstone said, I hope
• 1:20:30
  Speaker 1: your honors do not look upon Albany as Albany, but
• 1:20:33
  Speaker 1: as the frontier of your Honor's colony and of all
• 1:20:35
  Speaker 1: their Majesty's countries. The very essence of the American frontier
• 1:20:39
  Speaker 1: is that it is the graphic line which records the
• 1:20:41
  Speaker 1: expansive energies of the people behind it, and which, by
• 1:20:44
  Speaker 1: the law of its own being, continually draws that advance
• 1:20:47
  Speaker 1: after it to new conquests. This is one of the
• 1:20:49
  Speaker 1: most significant things about New England's frontier in these years.
• 1:20:53
  Speaker 1: That long, bloodstained line of the Eastern frontier, which skirted
• 1:20:56
  Speaker 1: the main coast was of great importance, for it imparted
• 1:20:59
  Speaker 1: a Western tone to the life, life and characteristics of
• 1:21:01
  Speaker 1: the main people which endures to this day. And it
• 1:21:03
  Speaker 1: was one line of advance for New England toward the
• 1:21:05
  Speaker 1: mouth of the Saint Lawrence, leading again and again to
• 1:21:08
  Speaker 1: diplomatic negotiations with the powers that held the river. The
• 1:21:12
  Speaker 1: line of the towns that occupied the waters of the
• 1:21:14
  Speaker 1: Merrimack tempted the province continually into the wilderness of New Hampshire.
• 1:21:18
  Speaker 1: The Connecticut River towns pressed steadily up that stream, along
• 1:21:21
  Speaker 1: its tributaries, into the Housatonic Valleys and into the valleys
• 1:21:24
  Speaker 1: between the Green Mountains of Vermont. By the end of
• 1:21:27
  Speaker 1: seventeen twenty three, the General Court of Massachusetts enacted that
• 1:21:31
  Speaker 1: it will be of great service to all the Western frontiers,
• 1:21:33
  Speaker 1: both in this and the neighboring government of Connecticut, to
• 1:21:36
  Speaker 1: build a blockhouse above Northfield, in the most convenient place
• 1:21:40
  Speaker 1: on the lands called the equivalent lands, and to post
• 1:21:42
  Speaker 1: in its forty able men English and Western Indians to
• 1:21:45
  Speaker 1: be employed in scouting at a good distance upon the
• 1:21:47
  Speaker 1: Connecticut River, West River, Otter Creek, and sometimes eastwardly above
• 1:21:52
  Speaker 1: the Great Mannadanuk, for the discovery of the enemy coming
• 1:21:55
  Speaker 1: towards any of the frontier towns. The frontier towns were
• 1:21:58
  Speaker 1: preparing to swarm. It was not long before Fort Dummer
• 1:22:01
  Speaker 1: replaced the blockhouse, and the Berkshires and Vermont became new frontiers.
• 1:22:06
  Speaker 1: The Hudson River, likewise, was recognized as another line of advance,
• 1:22:09
  Speaker 1: pointing the way to Lake Champlain and Montreal, calling out
• 1:22:12
  Speaker 1: demands that protection should be secured by means of an
• 1:22:15
  Speaker 1: aggressive advance of the frontier Canada de lenda est became
• 1:22:19
  Speaker 1: the rallying cry in New England as well as in
• 1:22:21
  Speaker 1: New York, and combined diplomatic pressure and military expeditions followed
• 1:22:25
  Speaker 1: in the French and Indian Wars, and in the Revolution,
• 1:22:28
  Speaker 1: in which the children of the Connecticut and Massachusetts frontier
• 1:22:31
  Speaker 1: towns acclimated to Indian fighting. Followed Ethan Allen and his
• 1:22:34
  Speaker 1: fellows to the north. Having touched upon some of the
• 1:22:37
  Speaker 1: military and expansive tendencies of this first official frontier, let
• 1:22:41
  Speaker 1: us next turn to its social, economic, and political aspects.
• 1:22:44
  Speaker 1: How far was this first frontier a field for the
• 1:22:47
  Speaker 1: investment of Eastern capital and for political control by it?
• 1:22:50
  Speaker 1: Were their evidences of antagonism between the frontier and the
• 1:22:53
  Speaker 1: settled property holding classes of the coast, Restless democracy, resentfulness
• 1:22:58
  Speaker 1: over taxation and control, and recriminations between the western pioneer
• 1:23:03
  Speaker 1: and the Eastern capitalist have been characteristic features of other frontiers.
• 1:23:07
  Speaker 1: Were similar phenomena in evidence here? Did populistic tendencies appear
• 1:23:11
  Speaker 1: in this frontier? And were their grievances which explained these tendencies.
• 1:23:15
  Speaker 1: In such colonies as New York and Virginia, the land
• 1:23:18
  Speaker 1: grants were often made to members of the council and
• 1:23:20
  Speaker 1: their influential friends, even when there were actual settlers already
• 1:23:23
  Speaker 1: on the grants. In the case of New England, the
• 1:23:26
  Speaker 1: land system is usually so described as to give the
• 1:23:29
  Speaker 1: impression that it was based on a non commercial policy,
• 1:23:31
  Speaker 1: creating new Puritan towns by free grants of land made
• 1:23:34
  Speaker 1: in advance to approve settlers. This description does not completely
• 1:23:38
  Speaker 1: fit the case. That there was an economic interest on
• 1:23:41
  Speaker 1: the part of absentee proprietors, and that men of political
• 1:23:44
  Speaker 1: influence with the government were often among the grantees seems
• 1:23:46
  Speaker 1: also to be true. Melville Eggleston states the case. Thus,
• 1:23:51
  Speaker 1: the court was careful not to authorize new plantations unless
• 1:23:54
  Speaker 1: they were to be in a measure under the influence
• 1:23:55
  Speaker 1: of men in whom confidence could be placed and commonly
• 1:23:59
  Speaker 1: acted upon their applicate. The frontier, as we shall observe later,
• 1:24:03
  Speaker 1: was not always disposed to see the practice in so
• 1:24:05
  Speaker 1: favorable a light. New towns seemed to have been the
• 1:24:08
  Speaker 1: result in some cases of the aggregation of settlers upon
• 1:24:11
  Speaker 1: and about a large private grant. More often They resulted
• 1:24:14
  Speaker 1: from settlers in older towns where the town limits were extensive,
• 1:24:18
  Speaker 1: spreading out to the good lands of the outskirts beyond
• 1:24:20
  Speaker 1: easy access to the meetinghouse, and then asking recognition as
• 1:24:23
  Speaker 1: a separate town. In some cases they may have been
• 1:24:26
  Speaker 1: due to squatting on an unassigned lands or purchasing the
• 1:24:29
  Speaker 1: Indian title and then asking confirmation. In others, grants were
• 1:24:33
  Speaker 1: made in advance of settlement. As early as sixteen thirty six,
• 1:24:36
  Speaker 1: the General Court had ordered that none go to new
• 1:24:38
  Speaker 1: plantations without leave of a majority of the magistrates. This
• 1:24:42
  Speaker 1: made the legal situation clear, but it would be dangerous
• 1:24:45
  Speaker 1: to conclude that it represented the actual situation. In any case,
• 1:24:48
  Speaker 1: there would be a necessity for the settlers finally to
• 1:24:50
  Speaker 1: secure the assent of the court. This could be facilitated
• 1:24:53
  Speaker 1: by a grant to leading men having political influence with
• 1:24:56
  Speaker 1: the magistrates. The complaints of absentee proprietors, which find expression
• 1:25:00
  Speaker 1: in the frontier petitions of the seventeenth and early eighteenth century,
• 1:25:03
  Speaker 1: seems to indicate that this happened. In the succeeding years
• 1:25:07
  Speaker 1: of the eighteenth century. The grants to leading men in
• 1:25:09
  Speaker 1: the economic and political motives in the grants are increasingly evident.
• 1:25:13
  Speaker 1: This whole topic should be made at the subject of
• 1:25:15
  Speaker 1: special study. What is here offered is merely suggestive of
• 1:25:18
  Speaker 1: a problem. The frontier settlers criticized the absentee proprietors who
• 1:25:23
  Speaker 1: profited by the pioneer's expenditure of labour and blood upon
• 1:25:26
  Speaker 1: their farms while they themselves enjoyed security in an eastern town.
• 1:25:30
  Speaker 1: A few examples from town historians will illustrate this. Among
• 1:25:34
  Speaker 1: the towns of the Merrimack Valley, Salisbury was planted on
• 1:25:37
  Speaker 1: the basis of a grant to a dozen proprietors, including
• 1:25:39
  Speaker 1: such men as mister Bradstreet and the younger Dudley, only
• 1:25:43
  Speaker 1: two of whom actually lived and died in Salisbury. Amesbury
• 1:25:46
  Speaker 1: was set off from Salisbury by division one half of
• 1:25:49
  Speaker 1: the signers of the agreement, signing by Mark haver Hill,
• 1:25:52
  Speaker 1: was first seated in sixteen forty one, following petitions from
• 1:25:55
  Speaker 1: mister Ward, the Ipswich minister, his son in law, Charles Furman,
• 1:25:59
  Speaker 1: and others. Furmin's letter to Governor Winthrop in sixteen forty
• 1:26:03
  Speaker 1: complains that Ipswich had given him his ground in that
• 1:26:05
  Speaker 1: town on condition that he should stay in the town
• 1:26:08
  Speaker 1: three years, or else he could not sell it when
• 1:26:11
  Speaker 1: as others have no business but range from place to
• 1:26:13
  Speaker 1: place on purpose to live upon the country. End of
• 1:26:16
  Speaker 1: Section six, Chapter two, Part three. Dunstable's large grant was
• 1:26:22
  Speaker 1: brought about by a combination of leading men who had
• 1:26:25
  Speaker 1: received grants after the Survey of sixteen fifty two. Among
• 1:26:29
  Speaker 1: such grants was one to the Ancient and Honorable Artillery
• 1:26:32
  Speaker 1: Company and another to Thomas Brattle of Boston. Apparently it
• 1:26:36
  Speaker 1: was settled chiefly by others than the original grantees. Groton
• 1:26:40
  Speaker 1: voted in sixteen eighty five to sue the non residents
• 1:26:43
  Speaker 1: to assist in paying the rate, and in sixteen seventy
• 1:26:46
  Speaker 1: nine the General Court had ordered non residents having land
• 1:26:49
  Speaker 1: at Groton to pay rates for their lands as residents did.
• 1:26:52
  Speaker 1: Lancaster Nashaway was granted to proprietors, including various craftsmen in iron,
• 1:26:58
  Speaker 1: indicating perhaps an expectation of iron works, and few of
• 1:27:01
  Speaker 1: the original proprietors actually settled in the town. The grant
• 1:27:05
  Speaker 1: of sixteen fifty three to four was made by the
• 1:27:09
  Speaker 1: Court after reciting one that it had ordered in sixteen
• 1:27:12
  Speaker 1: forty seven that the ordering and disposing of the plantation
• 1:27:16
  Speaker 1: at Nashaway is wholly in the Court's power. Two, considering
• 1:27:20
  Speaker 1: that there is already at Nashuey about nine families, and
• 1:27:23
  Speaker 1: that several both free men and others, intend to go
• 1:27:26
  Speaker 1: and settle there some whereof are named in this petition
• 1:27:29
  Speaker 1: et cetera. Mendon, begun in sixteen sixty by braintreet people,
• 1:27:34
  Speaker 1: is a particularly significant example. In sixteen eighty one, the
• 1:27:37
  Speaker 1: inhabitants petition that while they are not of the number
• 1:27:41
  Speaker 1: of those who dwell in their sealed houses, and yet
• 1:27:43
  Speaker 1: say the time is not come that the Lord's house
• 1:27:46
  Speaker 1: should be built, yet they have gone outside of their
• 1:27:48
  Speaker 1: strength unless others who are proprietors as well as ourselves,
• 1:27:52
  Speaker 1: the price of whose land is much raised by our
• 1:27:55
  Speaker 1: carrying on public work, and will be nothing worth if
• 1:27:57
  Speaker 1: we are forced to quit the place. Do we bear
• 1:28:00
  Speaker 1: an equal share in town charges with us. Those who
• 1:28:04
  Speaker 1: are not yet come up to us are a great
• 1:28:06
  Speaker 1: and far yet abler part of our proprietors. In sixteen
• 1:28:09
  Speaker 1: forty eight the Selectmen informed the General Court that one
• 1:28:13
  Speaker 1: half of the proprietors two only accepted, are dwelling in
• 1:28:16
  Speaker 1: other places. Our proprietors abroad. They say object that they
• 1:28:21
  Speaker 1: see no reason why they should pay as much for
• 1:28:23
  Speaker 1: their lands as we do for our land and stock,
• 1:28:25
  Speaker 1: which we answer that, if there be not enough of
• 1:28:28
  Speaker 1: reason for it, we assured there is more than enough
• 1:28:30
  Speaker 1: of necessity to supply that is wanting in reason. This
• 1:28:34
  Speaker 1: is the authentic voice of the frontier. Deerfield furnishes another
• 1:28:39
  Speaker 1: type inasmuch as a considerable part of its land was
• 1:28:41
  Speaker 1: first held by Dedham, to which the grant was made
• 1:28:44
  Speaker 1: as a recompense for the location of the Natic Indian settlement.
• 1:28:49
  Speaker 1: Deadham shares in the town often fell into the hands
• 1:28:51
  Speaker 1: of speculators, and Sheldon, the careful historian of Deerfield, declares
• 1:28:55
  Speaker 1: that not a single deadam man became a permanent resident
• 1:28:58
  Speaker 1: of the grand In sixteen seventy eight, Deerfield petitioned the
• 1:29:02
  Speaker 1: General Court as follows. You may be pleased to know
• 1:29:05
  Speaker 1: that the very principal and best of the land, the
• 1:29:07
  Speaker 1: best for soil, the best for situation, as lying in
• 1:29:11
  Speaker 1: ye center and middle of the town, and as to
• 1:29:13
  Speaker 1: quantity near half belongs unto eight or nine proprietors, each
• 1:29:18
  Speaker 1: in every of which are never like to come to
• 1:29:20
  Speaker 1: a settlement among us which we have formerly found grievous,
• 1:29:24
  Speaker 1: and do judge for the future will be found intolerable
• 1:29:27
  Speaker 1: if not altered. Or minister, mister Matha, and we ourselves
• 1:29:31
  Speaker 1: are much discouraged, as judging the plantation will be spoiled
• 1:29:34
  Speaker 1: if these proprietors may not be begged or will not
• 1:29:37
  Speaker 1: be bought up on very easy terms out of their right.
• 1:29:40
  Speaker 1: But as long as the man of the plantation lies
• 1:29:43
  Speaker 1: in men's hands that can't improve it themselves, neither are
• 1:29:46
  Speaker 1: ever like to put such tenants onto it as shall
• 1:29:49
  Speaker 1: be likely to advance the good of ye place in
• 1:29:52
  Speaker 1: civil or sacred respects. He ourselves and all others that
• 1:29:56
  Speaker 1: think of going to it are much discouraged. Woodstock. Later,
• 1:30:00
  Speaker 1: Connecticut Town was settled under a grant in the Nipmuck
• 1:30:03
  Speaker 1: country made to the town of Roxbury. The settlers who
• 1:30:07
  Speaker 1: located their farms near the trading post about which the
• 1:30:09
  Speaker 1: Indians still collected were called the Goers, while the stayers
• 1:30:14
  Speaker 1: were those who remained in Roxbury and retained half of
• 1:30:17
  Speaker 1: the new grant. But it should be added that they
• 1:30:19
  Speaker 1: paid the Goers a sum of money to facilitate the settlement.
• 1:30:22
  Speaker 1: This absentee proprietorship and the commercial attitude toward the lands
• 1:30:27
  Speaker 1: of new towns became more evident in succeeding years of
• 1:30:30
  Speaker 1: the eighteenth century. Leicester, for example, was confirmed by the
• 1:30:34
  Speaker 1: General Court in seventeen thirteen. The twenty shares were divided
• 1:30:37
  Speaker 1: among twenty two proprietors, including Jeremiah Dummer, Paul Dudley, Attorney General,
• 1:30:43
  Speaker 1: William Dudley like Paul a son of the Governor, Joseph Dudley,
• 1:30:46
  Speaker 1: Thomas Hutchinson, father of the later Governor, John Clark, the
• 1:30:51
  Speaker 1: political leader, and Samuel Sewele, son of the Chief Justice.
• 1:30:55
  Speaker 1: These were all men of influence, and none of the
• 1:30:58
  Speaker 1: proprietors became inhabitants of left. The proprietors tried to induce
• 1:31:02
  Speaker 1: the fifty families, whose settlement was one of the conditions
• 1:31:05
  Speaker 1: on which the grant was made, to occupy the eastern
• 1:31:08
  Speaker 1: half of the township, reserving the rest as their absolute property.
• 1:31:12
  Speaker 1: The author of a currency tract in seventeen sixteen entitled
• 1:31:16
  Speaker 1: some Considerations upon the Several Sorts of Banks, remarks that formerly,
• 1:31:20
  Speaker 1: when land was easy to be obtained, good men came
• 1:31:23
  Speaker 1: over as indentured servants, but now he says they are runaways,
• 1:31:27
  Speaker 1: thieves and disorderly persons. The remedy for this, in his opinion,
• 1:31:31
  Speaker 1: would be to induce servants to come over by offering
• 1:31:34
  Speaker 1: them homes when the terms of indenture should expire. He
• 1:31:37
  Speaker 1: therefore advocates that townships should be laid out four or
• 1:31:40
  Speaker 1: five miles square, in which grants her fifty or sixty
• 1:31:43
  Speaker 1: acres could be made to servants. Concern over the increase
• 1:31:47
  Speaker 1: of Negro slaves in Massachusetts seems to have been the
• 1:31:50
  Speaker 1: reason for this proposal. It indicates that the current practice
• 1:31:53
  Speaker 1: in disposing of the lands did not provide for the
• 1:31:55
  Speaker 1: poorer people, but Massachusetts did not follow this suggestion of
• 1:32:00
  Speaker 1: homestead policy. On the contrary, the desire to locate the
• 1:32:03
  Speaker 1: towns to create continuous lines of settlement along the roads
• 1:32:07
  Speaker 1: between the disconnected frontiers, and to protect boundary claims by
• 1:32:10
  Speaker 1: granting tiers of towns in the disputed tract as well.
• 1:32:14
  Speaker 1: No doubt as pressure from financial interests led the General
• 1:32:18
  Speaker 1: Court between seventeen fifteen and seventeen sixty two to dispose
• 1:32:21
  Speaker 1: of the remaining public domain of Massachusetts under conditions that
• 1:32:25
  Speaker 1: made speculation and colonization by capitalists important factors. When in
• 1:32:31
  Speaker 1: seventeen sixty two, Massachusetts sold a group of townships in
• 1:32:34
  Speaker 1: the Berkshires to the highest bidders by whole townships. The
• 1:32:38
  Speaker 1: transfer from the social religious to the economic conception was complete,
• 1:32:42
  Speaker 1: and the frontier was deeply influenced by the change to
• 1:32:45
  Speaker 1: land mongering. In one respect, however, there was an increasing
• 1:32:49
  Speaker 1: recognition of the religious and social element in settling the frontier,
• 1:32:53
  Speaker 1: due in part, no doubt to a desire to provide
• 1:32:56
  Speaker 1: for the preservation of Eastern ideals and influences in the West.
• 1:33:00
  Speaker 1: Provisions for reserving lands within the granted townships for the
• 1:33:04
  Speaker 1: support of an approved minister and for schools appear in
• 1:33:07
  Speaker 1: the seventeenth century and become a common feature of the
• 1:33:10
  Speaker 1: grants for frontier towns in the eighteenth This practice, with
• 1:33:14
  Speaker 1: respect to the New England Frontier, became the foundation for
• 1:33:17
  Speaker 1: the system of grants of land from the public domain
• 1:33:20
  Speaker 1: for the support of common schools and state universities by
• 1:33:23
  Speaker 1: the federal government from its beginning, and has been profoundly
• 1:33:27
  Speaker 1: influential in later Western states. Another ground for discontent over
• 1:33:32
  Speaker 1: land questions was furnished by the system of granting lands
• 1:33:35
  Speaker 1: within the town by the commoners, the principle which in
• 1:33:39
  Speaker 1: many if not all cases guided the proprietors in distributing
• 1:33:42
  Speaker 1: the town lots is familiar and is well stated in
• 1:33:44
  Speaker 1: the Lancaster Town Records sixteen fifty three. And whereas lots
• 1:33:49
  Speaker 1: are now laid out, for the most part equally to
• 1:33:52
  Speaker 1: rich and poor, partly to keep the town from scattering
• 1:33:55
  Speaker 1: too far, and partly out of charity and respect to
• 1:33:58
  Speaker 1: men of minor estate, Yet that equality, which is the
• 1:34:01
  Speaker 1: rule of God may be observed. We covenant and agree
• 1:34:05
  Speaker 1: that in a second division, and so through all other
• 1:34:08
  Speaker 1: divisions of land, the matter shall be drawn as near
• 1:34:11
  Speaker 1: to equality according to men's states as we are able
• 1:34:14
  Speaker 1: to do. That he which hath now more than his
• 1:34:17
  Speaker 1: estate deserveth in home lots and intervail lots shall have
• 1:34:22
  Speaker 1: so much less, and he that hath less than his
• 1:34:24
  Speaker 1: estate deserveth, shall have so much more. This peculiar doctrine
• 1:34:29
  Speaker 1: of equality had early in the history of the colony,
• 1:34:32
  Speaker 1: created discontents. Winthrop explained the principle which governed himself and
• 1:34:37
  Speaker 1: his colleagues in the case of the Boston Committee of
• 1:34:39
  Speaker 1: sixteen thirty four by saying that their divisions were arranged
• 1:34:43
  Speaker 1: partly to prevent the neglect of trades This is a
• 1:34:46
  Speaker 1: pregnant idea. It underlay much of the later opposition of
• 1:34:49
  Speaker 1: New England as a manufacturing section to the free homestead
• 1:34:53
  Speaker 1: or cheap land policy demanded by the West and by
• 1:34:55
  Speaker 1: the Labour Party. In the national public domain of Labour
• 1:35:00
  Speaker 1: to free lands meant that higher wages must be paid
• 1:35:03
  Speaker 1: to those who remained. The use of the town lands
• 1:35:06
  Speaker 1: by the established classes to promote an approved form of
• 1:35:09
  Speaker 1: society naturally must have had some effect on migration, but
• 1:35:14
  Speaker 1: a more effective source of disputes was with respect to
• 1:35:16
  Speaker 1: the relation of the town proprietors to the public domain
• 1:35:19
  Speaker 1: of the town in contrast with the non proprietors as
• 1:35:22
  Speaker 1: a class. The need of keeping the town meeting and
• 1:35:25
  Speaker 1: the proprietors meeting separate in the old towns in earlier
• 1:35:28
  Speaker 1: years was not so great as it was when the
• 1:35:30
  Speaker 1: newcomers became numerous. In an increasing degree, these newcomers were
• 1:35:34
  Speaker 1: either not granted lands at all or were not admitted
• 1:35:37
  Speaker 1: to the body of proprietors with rights in the possession
• 1:35:39
  Speaker 1: of the undivided town lands. Contentions on the part of
• 1:35:42
  Speaker 1: the town meeting that it had the right of dealing
• 1:35:44
  Speaker 1: with the townlands occasionally appear significantly in the frontier towns
• 1:35:49
  Speaker 1: of Haverhill, Massachusetts, Simsbury, Connecticut, and in the towns of
• 1:35:53
  Speaker 1: the Connecticut Valley. Jonathan Edwards in seventeen fifty one declared
• 1:35:57
  Speaker 1: that there had been in Northampton for forty or five
• 1:36:00
  Speaker 1: fifty years two parties, somewhat like the Court and country
• 1:36:03
  Speaker 1: parties of England. The first party embraced the great proprietors
• 1:36:07
  Speaker 1: of land, and the parties concerned about land and other matters.
• 1:36:11
  Speaker 1: The tendency to divide up the common lands among the
• 1:36:14
  Speaker 1: proprietors in individual possession did not become marked until the
• 1:36:18
  Speaker 1: eighteenth century. But the exclusion of some from possession of
• 1:36:21
  Speaker 1: the town lands, and the equality in allotment favoring men
• 1:36:25
  Speaker 1: with already large estates must have attracted ambitious men who
• 1:36:29
  Speaker 1: were not of the favored class to join in the
• 1:36:30
  Speaker 1: movement to new towns. Religious dissensions would combine to make
• 1:36:35
  Speaker 1: frontier society, as it formed early in the eighteenth century,
• 1:36:38
  Speaker 1: more and more democratic, dissatisfied with the existing order, and
• 1:36:42
  Speaker 1: less respectful of authority. We shall not understand the relative
• 1:36:47
  Speaker 1: radicalism of parts of the Berkshires, Vermont and interior New
• 1:36:50
  Speaker 1: Hampshire without inquiry into the degree in which the control
• 1:36:54
  Speaker 1: over the lands by a proprietary monopoly affected the men
• 1:36:58
  Speaker 1: who settled on the frontier. The final aspect of this
• 1:37:01
  Speaker 1: frontier to be examined is the attitude of the conservatives
• 1:37:05
  Speaker 1: of the older sections towards this movement of westward advance.
• 1:37:09
  Speaker 1: President Dwight, in the era of the War of eighteen twelve,
• 1:37:12
  Speaker 1: was very critical of the foresters, but saw in such
• 1:37:15
  Speaker 1: a movement a safety valve to the institutions of New
• 1:37:18
  Speaker 1: England by allowing the escape of the explosive advocates of innovation.
• 1:37:23
  Speaker 1: Cotton Matha is perhaps not a typical representative of the
• 1:37:26
  Speaker 1: conservative sentiment at the close of the seventeenth century, but
• 1:37:29
  Speaker 1: his writings may partly reflect the attitude of Boston Bay
• 1:37:33
  Speaker 1: toward New England's first western frontier. Writing in sixteen ninety
• 1:37:38
  Speaker 1: four of wonderful passages which have occurred first in the
• 1:37:41
  Speaker 1: protections and then in the afflictions of New England, he says, one,
• 1:37:46
  Speaker 1: while the enclosing of commons hath made neighbours that should
• 1:37:49
  Speaker 1: have been like sheep to bite and devour one another. Again,
• 1:37:53
  Speaker 1: do our old people, any of them go out from
• 1:37:57
  Speaker 1: the institutions of God swarming into new settlements where they
• 1:38:00
  Speaker 1: and their untaught families are like to perish for lack
• 1:38:03
  Speaker 1: of vision. They that have done so heretofore had, to
• 1:38:07
  Speaker 1: their cost, found that they were got unto the wrong
• 1:38:10
  Speaker 1: side of the hedge in their doing so. Think here
• 1:38:13
  Speaker 1: should this be done anymore? We read of Balam in
• 1:38:17
  Speaker 1: numbers twenty two twenty three. He was, to his damage
• 1:38:21
  Speaker 1: driven to the wall when he would needs make an
• 1:38:24
  Speaker 1: unlawful sally forth after the gain of this world. Why,
• 1:38:29
  Speaker 1: when men, for the sake of earthly gain, would be
• 1:38:31
  Speaker 1: going out into the warm sun, they drive through the wall,
• 1:38:35
  Speaker 1: and the angel of the Lord becomes their enemy. In
• 1:38:39
  Speaker 1: his essay on Frontiers Well Defended seventeen oh seven, Martha
• 1:38:44
  Speaker 1: assures the Pioneers that they dwell in a hats armineth,
• 1:38:47
  Speaker 1: a place of tawny serpents, are inhabitants of the valley
• 1:38:51
  Speaker 1: of Acor, and are the poor of this world. There
• 1:38:54
  Speaker 1: may be significance in his assertion. It is remarkable to
• 1:38:58
  Speaker 1: see that when the unchurched villagers have been so many
• 1:39:01
  Speaker 1: of them utterly broken up in the war that has
• 1:39:04
  Speaker 1: been upon us. Those that have had churches regularly formed
• 1:39:08
  Speaker 1: in them have generally been under a more sensible protection
• 1:39:11
  Speaker 1: of heaven Sirs. He says, a church state well formed
• 1:39:16
  Speaker 1: may fortify you wonderfully. He recommends abstention from profane swearing,
• 1:39:21
  Speaker 1: furious cursing, sabbath breaking, unchastity, dishonesty, robbing of God by
• 1:39:26
  Speaker 1: defrauding the ministers of their jews, drunkenness, and revels, and
• 1:39:30
  Speaker 1: he reminds them that even the Indians have family prayers.
• 1:39:34
  Speaker 1: Like his successors who solicited missionary contributions for the salvation
• 1:39:38
  Speaker 1: of the frontier in the Mississippi Valley during the forties
• 1:39:41
  Speaker 1: of the nineteenth century, this early spokesman for New England
• 1:39:45
  Speaker 1: laid stress upon teaching anti popery, particularly in view of
• 1:39:49
  Speaker 1: the captivity that might await them. In summing up, we
• 1:39:52
  Speaker 1: find many of the traits of later frontiers in this
• 1:39:55
  Speaker 1: early prototype, the Massachusetts Frontier. It lies at the edge
• 1:39:59
  Speaker 1: of the Indian country and tends to advance. It calls
• 1:40:03
  Speaker 1: out militant qualities and reveals the imprint of wilderness conditions
• 1:40:06
  Speaker 1: upon the psychology and morals, as well as upon the
• 1:40:09
  Speaker 1: institutions of the people. It demands common defense and thus
• 1:40:13
  Speaker 1: becomes a factor for consolidation. It is built on the
• 1:40:17
  Speaker 1: basis of a preliminary fur trade, and is settled by
• 1:40:20
  Speaker 1: the combined and sometimes antagonistic forces of Eastern men of property,
• 1:40:25
  Speaker 1: the absentee proprietors and the democratic pioneers the East attempted
• 1:40:30
  Speaker 1: to regulate and control it. Individualistic and democratic tendencies were
• 1:40:35
  Speaker 1: emphasized both by the wilderness conditions and probably by the
• 1:40:39
  Speaker 1: prior contentions between the proprietors and non proprietors of the
• 1:40:42
  Speaker 1: towns from which settlers moved to the frontier. Removal away
• 1:40:46
  Speaker 1: from the control of the customary usages of the older
• 1:40:49
  Speaker 1: communities and from the conservative influence of the body of
• 1:40:52
  Speaker 1: the clergy increased the innovating tendency. Finally, the towns were
• 1:40:57
  Speaker 1: regarded by at least one prominent representative of the u
• 1:40:59
  Speaker 1: s established order in the East as an undesirable place
• 1:41:03
  Speaker 1: for the relocation of the pillars of society. The temptation
• 1:41:07
  Speaker 1: to look upon the frontier as a field for investment
• 1:41:09
  Speaker 1: was viewed by the clergy as a danger to the
• 1:41:12
  Speaker 1: institutions of God. The frontier was the wrong side of
• 1:41:15
  Speaker 1: the hedge. But to this wrong side of the hedge,
• 1:41:19
  Speaker 1: New England men continued to migrate. The frontier towns of
• 1:41:22
  Speaker 1: sixteen ninety five were hardly more than suburbs of Boston.
• 1:41:25
  Speaker 1: The frontier of a century later included New England's colonies
• 1:41:29
  Speaker 1: in Vermont, Western New York, the Wyoming Valley, the Connecticut Reserve,
• 1:41:33
  Speaker 1: and the Ohio Company settlement in the Old Northwest Territory.
• 1:41:37
  Speaker 1: By the time of the Civil War, the frontier towns
• 1:41:40
  Speaker 1: of New England had occupied the great Prairie zone of
• 1:41:42
  Speaker 1: the Middle West, and were even planted in Mormon, Utah
• 1:41:46
  Speaker 1: and in parts of the Pacific Coast. New england sons
• 1:41:49
  Speaker 1: had become the organizers of a greater New England in
• 1:41:52
  Speaker 1: the West, captains of industry, political leaders, founders of educational systems,
• 1:41:57
  Speaker 1: and profits of religion, in a section that was to
• 1:41:59
  Speaker 1: in fluenced the ideals and shaped the destiny of the
• 1:42:02
  Speaker 1: nation in ways to which the eyes of men like
• 1:42:05
  Speaker 1: Cotton Martha were sealed. End of Section seven, Chapter three,
• 1:42:11
  Speaker 1: The Old West, Part one. It is not the oldest
• 1:42:16
  Speaker 1: West with which this chapter deals. The oldest West was
• 1:42:19
  Speaker 1: the Atlantic Coast. Roughly speaking, it took a century of
• 1:42:22
  Speaker 1: Indian fighting and forest felling for the colonial settlements to
• 1:42:26
  Speaker 1: expand into the interior to a distance of about one
• 1:42:29
  Speaker 1: hundred miles from the coast. Indeed, some stretches were hardly
• 1:42:33
  Speaker 1: touched in that period. This conquest of the nearest wilderness
• 1:42:36
  Speaker 1: in the course of the seventeenth century and in the
• 1:42:38
  Speaker 1: early years of the eighteenth gave control of the maritime
• 1:42:41
  Speaker 1: section of the nation and made way for the new
• 1:42:43
  Speaker 1: movement of westward expansion, which I proposed to discuss. In
• 1:42:47
  Speaker 1: his Winning of the West, Roosevelt dealt chiefly with the
• 1:42:50
  Speaker 1: region beyond the Alleghenies and with the period of the
• 1:42:53
  Speaker 1: later eighteenth century. Although he prefaced his account with an
• 1:42:56
  Speaker 1: excellent chapter describing the backwardsmen of the Alleghenies and their
• 1:42:59
  Speaker 1: sol r conditions from seventeen sixty nine to seventeen seventy four.
• 1:43:04
  Speaker 1: It is important to notice, however, that he is concerned
• 1:43:07
  Speaker 1: with the backwood society already formed, that he ignores the
• 1:43:10
  Speaker 1: New England frontier and its part in the Winning of
• 1:43:12
  Speaker 1: the West, and does not recognize that there was a
• 1:43:14
  Speaker 1: west to be won between New England and the Great Lakes.
• 1:43:17
  Speaker 1: In short, he is interested in the winning of the
• 1:43:19
  Speaker 1: west beyond the Alleghenies by the southern half of the
• 1:43:22
  Speaker 1: frontier folk. There is then a western area intermediate between
• 1:43:26
  Speaker 1: the coastals colonial settlements of the seventeenth century and the
• 1:43:30
  Speaker 1: trans Allegheny settlements of the later portion of the eighteenth century.
• 1:43:34
  Speaker 1: This section I proposed to isolate and discuss under the
• 1:43:36
  Speaker 1: name of the Old West, and in the period from
• 1:43:39
  Speaker 1: about sixteen seventy six to seventeen sixty three. It includes
• 1:43:43
  Speaker 1: the back country of New England, the Mohawk Valley, the
• 1:43:45
  Speaker 1: Great Valley of Pennsylvania, the Shenandoah Valley, and the Piedmont.
• 1:43:49
  Speaker 1: That is, the interior or upland portion of the South
• 1:43:52
  Speaker 1: lying between the Alleghenies and the head of navigation of
• 1:43:55
  Speaker 1: the Atlantic Rivers marked by the Fall Line. In this
• 1:43:58
  Speaker 1: region and in these years are to be found the
• 1:44:00
  Speaker 1: beginnings of much that is characteristic in Western society. For
• 1:44:04
  Speaker 1: the Atlantic coast was in such close touch with Europe
• 1:44:06
  Speaker 1: that its frontier experience was soon counteracted and it developed
• 1:44:10
  Speaker 1: along other lines. It is unfortunate that the colonial backcountry
• 1:44:13
  Speaker 1: appears so long to historians solely in connection with the
• 1:44:16
  Speaker 1: colonial wars, for the development of its society, its institutions,
• 1:44:20
  Speaker 1: and mental attitude all needs study. Its history has been
• 1:44:24
  Speaker 1: dealt with in separate fragments by states or towns, or
• 1:44:27
  Speaker 1: in discussions of special phases such as German and Scotch
• 1:44:30
  Speaker 1: Irish immigration. The Old West as a whole can be
• 1:44:33
  Speaker 1: appreciated only by obliterating the state boundaries which conceal its unity,
• 1:44:37
  Speaker 1: by correlating the special and fragmentary studies, and by filling
• 1:44:40
  Speaker 1: the gaps in the material for understanding the formation of
• 1:44:43
  Speaker 1: its society. The present paper is rather a reconnaissance than
• 1:44:47
  Speaker 1: a conquest of the field, a program for study of
• 1:44:49
  Speaker 1: the Old West rather than an exposition of it. The
• 1:44:53
  Speaker 1: end of the period proposed may be placed about seventeen
• 1:44:55
  Speaker 1: sixty three and the beginning between sixteen seventy six and
• 1:44:59
  Speaker 1: seventeen hundred. The termination of the period is marked by
• 1:45:02
  Speaker 1: the Peace of Paris in seventeen sixty three and the
• 1:45:05
  Speaker 1: Royal proclamation of that year forbidding settlement beyond the Alleghenies.
• 1:45:09
  Speaker 1: By this time, the settlement of the Old West was
• 1:45:11
  Speaker 1: fairly accomplished, and new advances were soon made into the
• 1:45:14
  Speaker 1: western waters, beyond the mountains, and into the interior of
• 1:45:17
  Speaker 1: Vermont and New Hampshire. The isolation of the Transmontane settlements
• 1:45:21
  Speaker 1: and the special conditions and doctrines of the revolutionary era
• 1:45:24
  Speaker 1: during which they were formed make a natural distinction between
• 1:45:27
  Speaker 1: the period of which I am to speak and the
• 1:45:29
  Speaker 1: later extension of the West. The beginning of the period
• 1:45:32
  Speaker 1: is necessarily an indeterminate date, owing to the different times
• 1:45:36
  Speaker 1: of colonizing. The coastal areas which served as bases of
• 1:45:39
  Speaker 1: operations in the West would advance. The most active movements
• 1:45:42
  Speaker 1: into the Old West occurred after seventeen thirty, but in
• 1:45:45
  Speaker 1: sixteen seventy six, New England, having closed the exhausting struggle
• 1:45:49
  Speaker 1: with the Indians known as King Philip's War, could regard
• 1:45:52
  Speaker 1: her established settlements as secure and go on to complete
• 1:45:55
  Speaker 1: her possession of the interior. This she did in the
• 1:45:58
  Speaker 1: midst of conflicts with the exterior Indians tribes which invaded
• 1:46:01
  Speaker 1: her frontiers from New York and Canada during the French
• 1:46:03
  Speaker 1: and Indian Wars from sixteen ninety to seventeen sixty, and
• 1:46:07
  Speaker 1: under frontier conditions different from the conditions of the earlier
• 1:46:10
  Speaker 1: Puritan colonization. In sixteen seventy six, Virginia was passing through
• 1:46:14
  Speaker 1: Indian fighting keennessed along the Fall line where the frontier lay,
• 1:46:18
  Speaker 1: and also experiencing a social revolt which resulted in the
• 1:46:21
  Speaker 1: defeat of the democratic forces that sought to stay the
• 1:46:24
  Speaker 1: progress of aristocratic control in the colony. The date marks
• 1:46:28
  Speaker 1: the end of the period when the Virginia Tidewater could
• 1:46:30
  Speaker 1: itself be regarded as a frontier region, and consequently the
• 1:46:33
  Speaker 1: beginning of a more special interest in the interior. Let
• 1:46:36
  Speaker 1: us first examine the northern part of the movement into
• 1:46:39
  Speaker 1: the back country. The expansion of New England into the
• 1:46:42
  Speaker 1: vacant spaces of its own section in the period we
• 1:46:44
  Speaker 1: have chosen for discussion resulted in the formation of an
• 1:46:47
  Speaker 1: interior society which contrasted in many ways with that of
• 1:46:50
  Speaker 1: the coast, and which has a special significance in Western
• 1:46:53
  Speaker 1: history in that it was this interior New England people
• 1:46:56
  Speaker 1: who settled the greater New England in central and western
• 1:46:58
  Speaker 1: New York, the wer Roaming Valley, the Connecticut Reserve of Ohio,
• 1:47:02
  Speaker 1: and much of the prairie areas of the Old Northwest.
• 1:47:05
  Speaker 1: It is important to realize that the Old West included
• 1:47:08
  Speaker 1: interior New England. The situation in New England at the
• 1:47:12
  Speaker 1: close of the seventeenth century is indicated by the Massachusetts
• 1:47:15
  Speaker 1: Act of sixteen ninety four enumerting eleven towns then on
• 1:47:19
  Speaker 1: the frontier and exposed to raids, none of which might
• 1:47:21
  Speaker 1: be voluntarily deserted without leave of the Governor and Council,
• 1:47:25
  Speaker 1: on penalty of loss of their freeholds by the landowners
• 1:47:28
  Speaker 1: or fine of other inhabitants. Thus these frontier settlers were
• 1:47:31
  Speaker 1: made substantially garrisons or mark colonies, crowded into the palisades
• 1:47:36
  Speaker 1: of the town, and obliged, in spite of their property,
• 1:47:39
  Speaker 1: to bear the brunt of Indian attack. Their hardships are
• 1:47:41
  Speaker 1: illustrated in the manly but pathetic letters of Deerfield Minister
• 1:47:45
  Speaker 1: Mister Williams in seventeen oh four. Parkman succinctly describes the
• 1:47:49
  Speaker 1: general conditions in these words. The exposed frontier of New
• 1:47:53
  Speaker 1: England was between two and three hundred miles long, and
• 1:47:56
  Speaker 1: consisted of farms and hamlets loosely scattered through an almost
• 1:47:59
  Speaker 1: imperfc forest. Even in so called villages, the houses were
• 1:48:03
  Speaker 1: far apart, because, except on the seashore, the people lived
• 1:48:06
  Speaker 1: by farming, such as were able to do so, fence
• 1:48:09
  Speaker 1: their dwellings with palisades, or built them of solid timber
• 1:48:12
  Speaker 1: with loopholes. A projecting up a story like a blockhouse,
• 1:48:16
  Speaker 1: and sometimes a flanker at one or more of the corners.
• 1:48:19
  Speaker 1: In the more considerable settlements, the largest of these fortified
• 1:48:22
  Speaker 1: houses was occupied in time of danger by armed men
• 1:48:25
  Speaker 1: and served as a place of refuge for the neighbours.
• 1:48:28
  Speaker 1: Into These places in days of alarm were crowded the
• 1:48:30
  Speaker 1: outlying settlers, just as was the case in later times
• 1:48:33
  Speaker 1: in the Kentucky stations. In spite of such frontier conditions,
• 1:48:37
  Speaker 1: the outlying towns continued to multiply between seventeen twenty. In
• 1:48:41
  Speaker 1: the middle of the century, settlement crept up into the
• 1:48:43
  Speaker 1: House Satonic and its lateral valley into the Berkshires about
• 1:48:47
  Speaker 1: seventeen twenty. Lichfield was established in seventeen twenty five, Sheffield
• 1:48:51
  Speaker 1: in seventeen thirty Great Barrington, and in seventeen thirty five
• 1:48:55
  Speaker 1: a road was cut in towns soon established between Westfield
• 1:48:58
  Speaker 1: and these Houseatonic settlements, thus uniting them with the older
• 1:49:01
  Speaker 1: extensions along the Connecticut and its tributaries. In this period,
• 1:49:06
  Speaker 1: scattered and sometimes unwelcomed Scotch Irish settlements were established, such
• 1:49:10
  Speaker 1: as that at Londonerry, New Hampshire, and in the Berkshires,
• 1:49:13
  Speaker 1: as well as in the region one in King Philip's
• 1:49:15
  Speaker 1: War from the Nitmucks, whither there came also huge knots.
• 1:49:19
  Speaker 1: In King George's War, the Connecticut River settlers found their
• 1:49:22
  Speaker 1: frontier protection in such rude stockades as those at the
• 1:49:24
  Speaker 1: sites of Keene of Charlestown, New Hampshire Number four fought
• 1:49:28
  Speaker 1: Shirley at the head of Deerfield River Heath and Port
• 1:49:31
  Speaker 1: Pelham Row, while Fort Massachusetts Adams guarded the Housack gateway
• 1:49:36
  Speaker 1: to the Housatonic Valley. These frontier garrisons and the self
• 1:49:40
  Speaker 1: defense of the backwards men of New England are well
• 1:49:42
  Speaker 1: portrayed in the pages of Parkmen. At the close of
• 1:49:45
  Speaker 1: the war, settlement again expanded into the Berkshires, where Lennox West, Hoosick,
• 1:49:50
  Speaker 1: Williamstown and Pittsfield were established. In the middle of the century,
• 1:49:54
  Speaker 1: checked by the fighting in the Last French and Indian War,
• 1:49:57
  Speaker 1: the frontier went forward after the Peace of Paris seventeen
• 1:50:00
  Speaker 1: sixty three at an exceptional rate, especially into Vermont and
• 1:50:03
  Speaker 1: interior New Hampshire. An anonymous writer gives a contemporary view
• 1:50:07
  Speaker 1: of the situation. On the eve of the Revolution. The
• 1:50:10
  Speaker 1: richest parts remaining to be granted are on the northern
• 1:50:12
  Speaker 1: branches of the Connecticut River towards Crown Point, where are
• 1:50:15
  Speaker 1: great districts of fertile soil still unsettled. The north part
• 1:50:19
  Speaker 1: of New Hampshire, the province of Maine, and the territory
• 1:50:22
  Speaker 1: of Sagahadock have but few settlements in them, compared with
• 1:50:25
  Speaker 1: the tracks yet unsettled. I should further observe that these
• 1:50:28
  Speaker 1: tracts have, since the Peace I e. Seventeen sixty three,
• 1:50:32
  Speaker 1: been settling pretty fast. Farms on the River Connecticut are
• 1:50:35
  Speaker 1: every day extending beyond the old Fort Dummer for near
• 1:50:38
  Speaker 1: thirty miles, and will in a few years reach to Cohaser,
• 1:50:41
  Speaker 1: which is nearly two hundred miles. Not that such an
• 1:50:44
  Speaker 1: extent will be one tenth settled. But the newcomers do
• 1:50:46
  Speaker 1: not fix near their neighbors and go on regularly, but
• 1:50:49
  Speaker 1: take spots that please them best, though twenty or thirty
• 1:50:52
  Speaker 1: miles beyond any others. This to people of a sociable
• 1:50:55
  Speaker 1: disposition in Europe would appear very strange. But the Americans
• 1:50:58
  Speaker 1: do not regard the near neighborhood of other farmers. Twenty
• 1:51:01
  Speaker 1: or thirty miles by water they esteem no distance in
• 1:51:04
  Speaker 1: matters of this sort. Besides, in a country that promises well,
• 1:51:07
  Speaker 1: the intermediate space is not long in filling up. Between
• 1:51:10
  Speaker 1: Connecticut River and Lake Champlain, upon Otter Creek, and all
• 1:51:13
  Speaker 1: along Lake Sacrament, George and the rivers that fall into it,
• 1:51:17
  Speaker 1: and the whole length of Wood Creek are numerous settlements
• 1:51:19
  Speaker 1: made since the peace. For nearly one hundred years. Therefore,
• 1:51:23
  Speaker 1: New England communities had been pushed out to new frontiers
• 1:51:26
  Speaker 1: in the intervals between the almost continuous wars with the
• 1:51:29
  Speaker 1: French and Indians. Probably the most distinctive feature in this
• 1:51:32
  Speaker 1: frontier was the importance of the community type of settlement,
• 1:51:35
  Speaker 1: in other words, of the towns with their Puritan ideals
• 1:51:38
  Speaker 1: in education, morals, and religion. This has always been a
• 1:51:41
  Speaker 1: matter of pride to the statesmen and analysts of New England,
• 1:51:44
  Speaker 1: as is illustrated by these words of Holland in his
• 1:51:47
  Speaker 1: Western Massachusetts commenting on the settlement of the Connecticut Valley
• 1:51:50
  Speaker 1: and Villages, whereby, in his judgment, morality, education, and urbanity
• 1:51:54
  Speaker 1: were preserved. The influence of this policy can only be
• 1:51:58
  Speaker 1: fully appreciated when standing by the side of the solitary
• 1:52:00
  Speaker 1: settler's hut in the west, where even an Eastern man
• 1:52:04
  Speaker 1: has degenerated to a bore in manners, where his children
• 1:52:06
  Speaker 1: have grown up uneducated, and where the Sabbath has become
• 1:52:09
  Speaker 1: an unknown day, and religion and its obligations has ceased
• 1:52:12
  Speaker 1: to exercise control upon the heart and life. Whatever may
• 1:52:16
  Speaker 1: be the real value of the community type of settlement,
• 1:52:19
  Speaker 1: its establishment in New England was intimately connected both with
• 1:52:22
  Speaker 1: the congregational religious organization and with the land system of
• 1:52:25
  Speaker 1: the colonies of that section, under which the colonial governments
• 1:52:29
  Speaker 1: made grants not in tracks to individuals, but in townships
• 1:52:32
  Speaker 1: to groups of proprietors, who in turn assigned lands to
• 1:52:35
  Speaker 1: the inhabitants without cost. The typical form of establishing a
• 1:52:38
  Speaker 1: town was as follows. On application of an approved body
• 1:52:42
  Speaker 1: of men desiring to establish a new settlement, the colonial
• 1:52:45
  Speaker 1: General Court would appoint a committee to view the desired
• 1:52:47
  Speaker 1: land and report on its fitness. An order for the
• 1:52:50
  Speaker 1: grant would then issue in varying areas not far from
• 1:52:53
  Speaker 1: the equivalent of six miles square. In the eighteenth century, especially,
• 1:52:57
  Speaker 1: it was common to reserve lots of the town for
• 1:52:59
  Speaker 1: the support of scol rules and the ministry. This was
• 1:53:01
  Speaker 1: the origin of that very important feature of Western society,
• 1:53:05
  Speaker 1: federal land grants for schools and colleges. The general courts
• 1:53:08
  Speaker 1: also made regulations regarding the common lands, the terms for
• 1:53:12
  Speaker 1: admitting inhabitants, et cetera, and thus kept a firm hand
• 1:53:15
  Speaker 1: upon the social structure of the new settlements as they
• 1:53:17
  Speaker 1: formed on the frontier. This practice, seen in its purity
• 1:53:20
  Speaker 1: in the seventeenth century especially, was markedly different from the
• 1:53:23
  Speaker 1: practices of other colonies in the settlement of their back lands.
• 1:53:27
  Speaker 1: For during most of the period, New England did not
• 1:53:29
  Speaker 1: use her wild lands or public domain as the source
• 1:53:32
  Speaker 1: of revenue by sale to individuals or to companies with
• 1:53:35
  Speaker 1: the reservation of quit rents, nor attract individual settlers by
• 1:53:38
  Speaker 1: head rights or fifty acre grants after the Virginia type.
• 1:53:42
  Speaker 1: Nor did the colonies of the New England group often
• 1:53:44
  Speaker 1: make extensive grants to individuals on the ground of special services,
• 1:53:48
  Speaker 1: or because of influence with the government, or on the
• 1:53:50
  Speaker 1: theory that the grantee would introduce settlers on his grant.
• 1:53:53
  Speaker 1: They donated their lands to groups of men who became
• 1:53:56
  Speaker 1: town proprietors for the purpose of establishing communities. These proprietor
• 1:54:00
  Speaker 1: were supposed to hold the lands in trust to be
• 1:54:02
  Speaker 1: assigned to inhabitants under restraints to ensure the persistence of
• 1:54:05
  Speaker 1: Puritan ideals. During most of the seventeenth century, the proprietors
• 1:54:09
  Speaker 1: awarded lands to the newcomers in accordance with this theory,
• 1:54:12
  Speaker 1: But as density of settlement increased and lands grew scarce
• 1:54:15
  Speaker 1: in the older towns, the proprietors began to assert their
• 1:54:18
  Speaker 1: legal right to the unoccupied lands and refused to share
• 1:54:20
  Speaker 1: them with the inhabitants who were not of the body
• 1:54:22
  Speaker 1: of proprietors. The distinction resulted in class conflicts in the towns,
• 1:54:27
  Speaker 1: especially in the eighteenth century, over the ownership and disposal
• 1:54:30
  Speaker 1: of the common lands. End of Section eight, Chapter three,
• 1:54:35
  Speaker 1: Part two. The new settlements, by a process of natural selection,
• 1:54:40
  Speaker 1: would afford opportunity to the least contented, whether because of
• 1:54:43
  Speaker 1: grievances or ambitions to establish themselves. This tended to produce
• 1:54:48
  Speaker 1: a Western flavour in the towns on the frontier, but
• 1:54:51
  Speaker 1: it was not until the original ideals of the land
• 1:54:53
  Speaker 1: system began to change that the opportunity to make new
• 1:54:56
  Speaker 1: settlements for such reasons became common. As the economic political
• 1:55:00
  Speaker 1: ideal replaced the religious and social ideal. In the conditions
• 1:55:04
  Speaker 1: under which new towns could be established, this became more possible.
• 1:55:08
  Speaker 1: Such a change was in progress in the latter part
• 1:55:10
  Speaker 1: of the seventeenth century and during the eighteenth. In seventeen thirteen,
• 1:55:15
  Speaker 1: seventeen fifteen, and seventeen twenty seven, Massachusetts determined upon a
• 1:55:19
  Speaker 1: policy of locating towns in advance of settlement to protect
• 1:55:23
  Speaker 1: her boundary claims. In seventeen thirty six she laid out
• 1:55:26
  Speaker 1: five towns near the New Hampshire border, and a year
• 1:55:29
  Speaker 1: earlier opened four contigious towns to connect her Housatonic and
• 1:55:33
  Speaker 1: Connecticut Valley settlements. Grunts in non adjacent regions were sometimes
• 1:55:38
  Speaker 1: made to old towns, the proprietors of which sold them
• 1:55:40
  Speaker 1: to those who wished to move. The history of the
• 1:55:43
  Speaker 1: town of Litchfield illustrates the increasing importance of the economic factor.
• 1:55:47
  Speaker 1: At a time when Connecticut feared that Andross might dispose
• 1:55:50
  Speaker 1: of the public lands to the disadvantage of the colony,
• 1:55:53
  Speaker 1: the legislature granted a large part of western Connecticut to
• 1:55:56
  Speaker 1: the towns of Hartford and Windsor pro forma as a
• 1:55:59
  Speaker 1: means of withdrawing the lands from his hands. But these
• 1:56:02
  Speaker 1: towns refused to give up the lands after the danger
• 1:56:05
  Speaker 1: had passed, and proceeded to sell part of them. Riots
• 1:56:08
  Speaker 1: occurred when the colonial authorities attempted to assert possession, and
• 1:56:11
  Speaker 1: the matter was at length compromised in seventeen nineteen by
• 1:56:14
  Speaker 1: allowing Lichfield to be settled in accordance with the grants,
• 1:56:18
  Speaker 1: while the colony reserved the larger part of the northwestern Connecticut.
• 1:56:22
  Speaker 1: In seventeen thirty seven, the colony disposed of its last
• 1:56:25
  Speaker 1: unlocated lands by saling lots. In seventeen sixty two, Massachusetts
• 1:56:30
  Speaker 1: sold a group of entire townships in the Berkshire's to
• 1:56:32
  Speaker 1: the highest bidders. But the most striking illustration of the
• 1:56:35
  Speaker 1: tendency is afforded by the New Hampshire grants of Governor Wentworth,
• 1:56:39
  Speaker 1: who chiefly in the years about seventeen sixty made grants
• 1:56:42
  Speaker 1: of one hundred and thirty towns west of the Connecticut
• 1:56:45
  Speaker 1: in what is now the state of Vermont, but which
• 1:56:47
  Speaker 1: was then in dispute between New Hampshire and New York.
• 1:56:50
  Speaker 1: These grants, while informed, much like other town grants, were
• 1:56:53
  Speaker 1: disposed of for cash, chiefly to speculators who hastened to
• 1:56:56
  Speaker 1: sell their rights to the throngs of land seekers who
• 1:56:59
  Speaker 1: after the peace began to pour into the Green Mountain region.
• 1:57:03
  Speaker 1: It is needless to point out how this would affect
• 1:57:05
  Speaker 1: the movement of Western settlement in respect to individualistic speculation
• 1:57:09
  Speaker 1: in public lands. How it would open a career to
• 1:57:11
  Speaker 1: the land jobbers as well as to the natural leaders
• 1:57:13
  Speaker 1: in the competitive movement for acquiring the best lands, for
• 1:57:16
  Speaker 1: laying out town sites and building up new communities under
• 1:57:19
  Speaker 1: boone conditions. The migratory tendency of New Englanders was increased
• 1:57:24
  Speaker 1: by this gradual change in its land policy. The attachment
• 1:57:27
  Speaker 1: to a locality was diminished. The later years showed increasing
• 1:57:31
  Speaker 1: emphasis by New England upon individual success, greater respect for
• 1:57:34
  Speaker 1: the self made man, who, in the midst of opportunities,
• 1:57:37
  Speaker 1: under competitive conditions, achieved superiority. The old dominance of town settlement, village,
• 1:57:43
  Speaker 1: moral police and traditional class control gave way slowly settlement
• 1:57:47
  Speaker 1: in communities and rooted Puritan habits and ideals had enduring
• 1:57:50
  Speaker 1: influences in the regions settled by New Englanders. But it
• 1:57:53
  Speaker 1: was in this Old West, in the years just before
• 1:57:56
  Speaker 1: the Revolution, that individualism began to play an important role.
• 1:57:59
  Speaker 1: Along with us the traditional habit of expanding in organized communities.
• 1:58:04
  Speaker 1: The opening of the Vermont towns revealed more fully than
• 1:58:06
  Speaker 1: before the capability of New Englanders to become democratic pioneers
• 1:58:10
  Speaker 1: under characteristic frontier conditions. Their economic life was simple and
• 1:58:14
  Speaker 1: self sufficing. They readily adopted Lynch law the use of
• 1:58:18
  Speaker 1: the Birch seal as familiar to readers of Vermont history,
• 1:58:21
  Speaker 1: to protect their land titles in the troubled times when
• 1:58:23
  Speaker 1: these Green Mountain boys resisted New York's assertion of authority.
• 1:58:28
  Speaker 1: They later became an independent revolutionary state with frontier directness
• 1:58:32
  Speaker 1: and in very many respects. Their history and the revolutionary
• 1:58:34
  Speaker 1: epoch is similar to that of settlers in Kentucky and Tennessee,
• 1:58:38
  Speaker 1: both in assertion of the right to independent self government
• 1:58:40
  Speaker 1: and in a frontier separatism. Vermont may be regarded as
• 1:58:44
  Speaker 1: the culmination of the frontier movement which I have been
• 1:58:46
  Speaker 1: describing in New England. By this time, two distinct New
• 1:58:50
  Speaker 1: Englands existed, the one coastal and dominated by commercial interests
• 1:58:54
  Speaker 1: in the established congregational churches. The other a primitive agricultural area,
• 1:58:59
  Speaker 1: democratic in princes and with various sects increasingly indifferent to
• 1:59:02
  Speaker 1: the fear of innovation, which the dominant classes of the
• 1:59:05
  Speaker 1: old communities felt already speculative. Land companies had begun New
• 1:59:09
  Speaker 1: England settlements in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania, as well
• 1:59:12
  Speaker 1: as on the lower Mississippi, and New England missions among
• 1:59:15
  Speaker 1: the Indians, such as that at Stockbridge, were beginning the
• 1:59:18
  Speaker 1: noteworthy religious and educational expansion of the section to the west.
• 1:59:22
  Speaker 1: That this movement of expansion had been chiefly from south
• 1:59:25
  Speaker 1: to north along the river valleys should not conceal from
• 1:59:28
  Speaker 1: us the fact that it was in essential characteristics a
• 1:59:30
  Speaker 1: Western movement, especially in the social traits that were developing.
• 1:59:34
  Speaker 1: Even the men who lived in the long line of
• 1:59:36
  Speaker 1: settlements on the main coast, under frontier conditions and remote
• 1:59:39
  Speaker 1: from the older centers of New England, developed traits in
• 1:59:41
  Speaker 1: a democratic spirit that relate them closely to the Westerners,
• 1:59:44
  Speaker 1: in spite of the fact that Maine is down east
• 1:59:47
  Speaker 1: by pre eminence. The frontier of the Middle region in
• 1:59:50
  Speaker 1: this period of the formation of the Old West was
• 1:59:52
  Speaker 1: divided into two parts, which happened to coincide with the
• 1:59:55
  Speaker 1: colonies of New York and Pennsylvania. In the latter colony,
• 1:59:58
  Speaker 1: the trend of settlement was into the Great Valley and
• 2:00:01
  Speaker 1: so on to the southern uplands. While the advance of
• 2:00:04
  Speaker 1: settlement in New York was like that of New England,
• 2:00:06
  Speaker 1: chiefly northward following the line of Hudson River, the Hudson
• 2:00:10
  Speaker 1: and the Mohawk constituted the area of the Old West
• 2:00:13
  Speaker 1: in this part of the eighteenth century. With them were
• 2:00:16
  Speaker 1: associated the Walk Hill tributary to the Hudson, and Cherry
• 2:00:19
  Speaker 1: Valley near the Mohawk along the sources of the Susquehanna.
• 2:00:23
  Speaker 1: The Berkshires walled the Hudson into the east, the Adirondacks
• 2:00:26
  Speaker 1: and the Catskills to the west, where the Mohawk Valley
• 2:00:29
  Speaker 1: penetrated between the mountainous areas. The Iroquois Indians were too
• 2:00:33
  Speaker 1: formidable for advance on such a slender line, nothing but
• 2:00:36
  Speaker 1: dense settlement along the narrow strip of the Hudson, if
• 2:00:38
  Speaker 1: even that could have furnished the necessary momentum for overcoming
• 2:00:42
  Speaker 1: the Indian barrier, and this pressure was lacking, for the
• 2:00:44
  Speaker 1: population was comparatively sparse in contrast with the task to
• 2:00:48
  Speaker 1: be performed. What most needs discussion in the case of
• 2:00:51
  Speaker 1: New York, therefore, is not the history of expansion, as
• 2:00:54
  Speaker 1: in other sections but the absence of expansive power. The
• 2:00:57
  Speaker 1: fur trade had led the way up the Hudson and
• 2:01:00
  Speaker 1: made beginnings of settlements at strategic points near the confluence
• 2:01:03
  Speaker 1: of the Mohawk, But the fur trader was not followed
• 2:01:05
  Speaker 1: by a tide of pioneers. One of the most important
• 2:01:08
  Speaker 1: factors in restraining density of population in New York, in
• 2:01:11
  Speaker 1: retarding the settlement of its frontier, and in determining the
• 2:01:14
  Speaker 1: conditions there was the land system of that colony. From
• 2:01:18
  Speaker 1: the time of the patrouon grants along the lower Hudson,
• 2:01:21
  Speaker 1: great estates had been the common form of land tenure
• 2:01:24
  Speaker 1: Rensellerswick reached at one time over seven hundred thousand acres.
• 2:01:28
  Speaker 1: Those great patroon estates were confirmed by the English governors,
• 2:01:31
  Speaker 1: who in their turn followed a similar policy. By seventeen
• 2:01:35
  Speaker 1: thirty two, two and a half million acres were engrossed
• 2:01:37
  Speaker 1: in manorial grants. In seventeen sixty four, Governor Colden wrote
• 2:01:41
  Speaker 1: that three of the extravagant grants contain, as the proprietors claim,
• 2:01:45
  Speaker 1: above a million acres each, several others above two hundred thousand.
• 2:01:49
  Speaker 1: Although these grants contain a great part of the province,
• 2:01:51
  Speaker 1: they are made in trifling acknowledgments. The far greater part
• 2:01:55
  Speaker 1: of them still remain uncultivated, without any benefit to the community,
• 2:01:58
  Speaker 1: and likewise a discouragement the settling and improving the lands
• 2:02:01
  Speaker 1: in the neighborhood of them. For from the uncertainty of
• 2:02:04
  Speaker 1: their boundaries, the patentees of these great tracts are daily
• 2:02:07
  Speaker 1: enlarging their pretensions, and by tedious and most expensive lawsuits
• 2:02:11
  Speaker 1: to stress and ruin poor families who have taken out
• 2:02:13
  Speaker 1: grants near them. He adds that the proprietors of the
• 2:02:16
  Speaker 1: great tracts are not only freed from the quit rents
• 2:02:18
  Speaker 1: which the other landholders in the province pay, but by
• 2:02:21
  Speaker 1: their influence in the Assembly, are freed from every other
• 2:02:24
  Speaker 1: public tax on their lands. In seventeen sixty nine, it
• 2:02:28
  Speaker 1: was estimated that at least five sixth of the inhabitants
• 2:02:30
  Speaker 1: of Westchester County lived within the bounds of the great manners.
• 2:02:33
  Speaker 1: There In Albany County, the Livingstone Manor spread over seven
• 2:02:37
  Speaker 1: modern townships, and the Great van Rensselea Manor stretched twenty
• 2:02:40
  Speaker 1: four by twenty eight miles along the Hudson, while still
• 2:02:43
  Speaker 1: farther on the Mohawk were the vast possessions of Sir
• 2:02:46
  Speaker 1: William Johnson. It was not simply that the grants were extensive,
• 2:02:50
  Speaker 1: but that the policy of the proprietors favoured the leasing
• 2:02:52
  Speaker 1: rather than the sale of the lands, frequently also of
• 2:02:55
  Speaker 1: the stock and taking payment in shares. It followed that
• 2:02:58
  Speaker 1: settlers preferred to go to frontiers where a more liberal
• 2:03:01
  Speaker 1: land policy prevailed. At one time it seemed possible that
• 2:03:04
  Speaker 1: the tide of German settlement, which finally sought Pennsylvania in
• 2:03:07
  Speaker 1: the upcountry of the South, might flow into New York.
• 2:03:10
  Speaker 1: In seventeen ten, Governor Hunter purchased a tract in Livingstone's
• 2:03:14
  Speaker 1: manner and located nearly fifteen hundred palatines on it to
• 2:03:17
  Speaker 1: produce naval stores, but the attempts soon failed. The Germans
• 2:03:21
  Speaker 1: applied to the Indians on Sachery Creek, a branch of
• 2:03:24
  Speaker 1: the Mohawk, for a grant of land, and migrated there,
• 2:03:27
  Speaker 1: only to find that the governor had already granted the land. Again.
• 2:03:30
  Speaker 1: Were the villages broken up, some remaining and some moving
• 2:03:33
  Speaker 1: farther up the Mohawk, where they and accessions to their
• 2:03:35
  Speaker 1: number established the frontier settlements about Palatine Bridge in the
• 2:03:39
  Speaker 1: region where in the Revolution Herkimer led these British frontiersmen
• 2:03:43
  Speaker 1: to stem the British attack in the Battle of Oriskany.
• 2:03:46
  Speaker 1: They constituted the most effective military defense of Mohawk Valley.
• 2:03:50
  Speaker 1: Still another portion took their way across to the waters
• 2:03:53
  Speaker 1: of the Susquehanna, and at Tulpehock and Creek began an
• 2:03:56
  Speaker 1: important center of German settlement in the Great Valley of Pennsylvania.
• 2:04:00
  Speaker 1: The most important aspect of the history of the movement
• 2:04:02
  Speaker 1: into the frontier of New York at this period, therefore,
• 2:04:06
  Speaker 1: was the evidence which it afforded that in the competition
• 2:04:08
  Speaker 1: for settlement between colonies possessing a vast area of vacant land,
• 2:04:12
  Speaker 1: those which imposed feudal tenures and undemocratic restraints, and which
• 2:04:15
  Speaker 1: exploited settlers were certain to lose. The manorial practice gave
• 2:04:20
  Speaker 1: a bad name to New York as a region for settlement,
• 2:04:22
  Speaker 1: which not even the actual opportunities in certain parts of
• 2:04:25
  Speaker 1: the colony could counteract. The diplomacy of New York governors
• 2:04:29
  Speaker 1: during this period of the Old West, in securing a
• 2:04:31
  Speaker 1: protectorate over the Six Nations and a consequent claim to
• 2:04:34
  Speaker 1: their territory, and in holding them aloof from France constituted
• 2:04:37
  Speaker 1: the most effective contribution of that colony to the movement
• 2:04:40
  Speaker 1: of American expansion. When lands of these tribes were obtained
• 2:04:44
  Speaker 1: after Sullivan's expedition in the Revolution, in which New England
• 2:04:47
  Speaker 1: soldiers played a prominent part, it was by the New
• 2:04:49
  Speaker 1: England inundation into this interior that they were colonized. And
• 2:04:52
  Speaker 1: it was under conditions like those prevailing in the later
• 2:04:55
  Speaker 1: years of the expansion of settlements in New England itself
• 2:04:58
  Speaker 1: that this settlement of interior and whare western New York
• 2:05:00
  Speaker 1: was affected. The result was that New York became divided
• 2:05:04
  Speaker 1: into two distinct peoples, the dwellers along Hudson Valley and
• 2:05:08
  Speaker 1: the Yankee pioneers of the interior. But the settlement of
• 2:05:11
  Speaker 1: central and western New York, like the settlement of Vermont,
• 2:05:14
  Speaker 1: is a story that belongs to the era in which
• 2:05:16
  Speaker 1: the trans Allegheny West was occupied. We can best consider
• 2:05:20
  Speaker 1: the settlement of the share of the Old West, which
• 2:05:22
  Speaker 1: is located in Pennsylvania, as a part of the migration
• 2:05:24
  Speaker 1: which occupied the southern uplands, And before entering upon this,
• 2:05:28
  Speaker 1: it will be advantageous to survey that part of the
• 2:05:30
  Speaker 1: movement toward the interior, which proceeded westward from the coast.
• 2:05:34
  Speaker 1: First let us observed the conditions at the eastern edge
• 2:05:37
  Speaker 1: of these uplands along the Fall Line in Virginia in
• 2:05:39
  Speaker 1: the latter part of the seventeenth century, in order that
• 2:05:42
  Speaker 1: the process and the significance of the movement may be
• 2:05:44
  Speaker 1: better understood. End of Section nine, Chapter three, Part three.
• 2:05:52
  Speaker 1: About the time of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia, strenuous efforts
• 2:05:56
  Speaker 1: were made to protect the frontier line, which ran along
• 2:05:58
  Speaker 1: the falls of the river against the ata of Indians. This
• 2:06:02
  Speaker 1: fall line, as the geographers call it, marking the head
• 2:06:04
  Speaker 1: of navigation, and thus the boundary of the maritime or
• 2:06:07
  Speaker 1: lowland South, runs from the side of Washington, through Richmond
• 2:06:10
  Speaker 1: and onto Raleigh, North Carolina and Columbia, South Carolina. Virginia,
• 2:06:15
  Speaker 1: having earliest advanced thus far to the interior, found it
• 2:06:18
  Speaker 1: necessary in the closing years of the seventeenth century to
• 2:06:21
  Speaker 1: draw a military frontier along this line. As early as
• 2:06:24
  Speaker 1: sixteen seventy five, a statute was enacted providing that paid
• 2:06:28
  Speaker 1: troops of five hundred men should be drawn from the
• 2:06:30
  Speaker 1: midland and most secure parts of the country and placed
• 2:06:33
  Speaker 1: on the heads of the rivers and other places fronting
• 2:06:35
  Speaker 1: upon the Indians. What was meant by the heads of
• 2:06:38
  Speaker 1: the rivers is shown by the fact that several of
• 2:06:40
  Speaker 1: these forts were located either at the falls of the
• 2:06:42
  Speaker 1: rivers or just above tidewater, as follows, one on the
• 2:06:46
  Speaker 1: Lower Potomac in Stafford County, one near the falls of
• 2:06:50
  Speaker 1: the Rappahannock, one on the Mattapony, one on the Pamunkey,
• 2:06:53
  Speaker 1: one at the falls of the James near the site
• 2:06:55
  Speaker 1: of Richmond, one near the falls of the Opomatox, and
• 2:06:59
  Speaker 1: others on the Black Wall, the Nanceimond, and the Accomack Peninsula,
• 2:07:03
  Speaker 1: all in the eastern part of Virginia. Again, in sixteen
• 2:07:06
  Speaker 1: seventy nine, similar provision was made, and an especially interesting
• 2:07:10
  Speaker 1: act was passed, making quasi memorial grants to Major Lawrence
• 2:07:14
  Speaker 1: Smith and Captain William Byrd to see eight certain lands
• 2:07:17
  Speaker 1: at the head falls of Rappahannock and James River, respectively.
• 2:07:22
  Speaker 1: This scheme failed for lack of approval by the authorities
• 2:07:25
  Speaker 1: in England, but Bird at the falls of the James
• 2:07:27
  Speaker 1: near the present side of Richmond, Robert Beverly on the Rappahannock,
• 2:07:31
  Speaker 1: and other frontier commanders on the York and Potomac continued
• 2:07:34
  Speaker 1: to undertake colonial defense. The system of mounted rangers was
• 2:07:38
  Speaker 1: established in sixteen ninety one, by which a lieutenant, eleven
• 2:07:41
  Speaker 1: soldiers and two Indians at the heads or falls of
• 2:07:44
  Speaker 1: each great river were to scout for enemy, and the
• 2:07:46
  Speaker 1: Indian boundary line was strictly defined by the opening years
• 2:07:50
  Speaker 1: of the eighteenth century. Seventeen oh one, the Assembly of
• 2:07:53
  Speaker 1: Virginia had reached the conclusion that settlement would be the
• 2:07:56
  Speaker 1: best means of protecting the frontiers, and that the best
• 2:07:59
  Speaker 1: way of settling in cohabitations upon the said land frontiers
• 2:08:02
  Speaker 1: within this government will be by encouragements to induce societies
• 2:08:06
  Speaker 1: of men to undertake the same. It was declared to
• 2:08:09
  Speaker 1: be inexpedient to have less than twenty fighting men in
• 2:08:11
  Speaker 1: each society, and provision was made for a land grant
• 2:08:15
  Speaker 1: to be given to these societies or towns not less
• 2:08:17
  Speaker 1: than ten thousand or more than thirty thousand acres upon
• 2:08:21
  Speaker 1: any of the frontiers, to be held in common by
• 2:08:23
  Speaker 1: the society. The power of ordering and managing these lands,
• 2:08:27
  Speaker 1: and the settling and planting of them, was to remain
• 2:08:29
  Speaker 1: in the society. Virginia was to pay the cost of survey,
• 2:08:32
  Speaker 1: also quit rents for the first twenty years for the
• 2:08:35
  Speaker 1: two hundred acre tract as the site of the cohabitation.
• 2:08:38
  Speaker 1: Within this two hundred acres, each member was to have
• 2:08:41
  Speaker 1: a half acre lot for living upon, and a right
• 2:08:43
  Speaker 1: to two hundred acres next adjacent until the thirty thousand
• 2:08:46
  Speaker 1: acres were taken up. The members of the society were
• 2:08:49
  Speaker 1: exempt from taxes for twenty years and from the requirements
• 2:08:53
  Speaker 1: of military duty, except such as they imposed upon themselves.
• 2:08:56
  Speaker 1: The resemblance to the New England town is obvious, provided
• 2:09:01
  Speaker 1: always brand the quiet statute is. It is the true
• 2:09:04
  Speaker 1: intent and meaning of this Act that for every five
• 2:09:07
  Speaker 1: hundred acres of land to be guaranteed in pursuance of
• 2:09:09
  Speaker 1: this Act, there shall be, and shall be continuously kept
• 2:09:12
  Speaker 1: upon the said land, one Christian man between sixteen and
• 2:09:15
  Speaker 1: sixty years of age, perfect of limb able, and fit
• 2:09:18
  Speaker 1: for service, who shall also be continually provided with a
• 2:09:22
  Speaker 1: well fixed musket or fuzzy, a good pistol, sharp scimitar, tomahawk,
• 2:09:27
  Speaker 1: and five pounds of good, clean pistol powder, and twenty
• 2:09:30
  Speaker 1: pounds of sizeable leaden bullets or swan or goose shot
• 2:09:33
  Speaker 1: to be kept within the fort directed by this act,
• 2:09:35
  Speaker 1: besides the power and shot for his necessary or useful
• 2:09:38
  Speaker 1: shirting at game, provided also that the said warlike Christian
• 2:09:42
  Speaker 1: man should have his dwelling and continual abode within the
• 2:09:45
  Speaker 1: space of two hundred acres of land, to be laid
• 2:09:47
  Speaker 1: out in a geometrical square, or as near that figure
• 2:09:50
  Speaker 1: as conveniency will admit, et cetera. Within two years. The
• 2:09:54
  Speaker 1: society was required to cause a half acre in the
• 2:09:56
  Speaker 1: middle of the cohabitation to be palisaded with good sound
• 2:09:59
  Speaker 1: pallacide at least fifteen foot long and six inches diameter
• 2:10:03
  Speaker 1: in the middle of the length thereof, and set double
• 2:10:05
  Speaker 1: and at least three foot within the ground. Such Juan
• 2:10:08
  Speaker 1: seventeen oh one was the idea of the Virginia tide
• 2:10:11
  Speaker 1: water assembly of a frontiersman and of the frontier towns
• 2:10:14
  Speaker 1: by which the old Dominion should spread her population into
• 2:10:17
  Speaker 1: the upland south. But the warlike Christian man who actually
• 2:10:21
  Speaker 1: came to furnish the firing line for Virginia was destined
• 2:10:24
  Speaker 1: to be the Scotch Irishman and the German with long
• 2:10:27
  Speaker 1: rifle in place of fuzzy and Scimito, and altogether too
• 2:10:31
  Speaker 1: restless to have his continual abode within the space of
• 2:10:33
  Speaker 1: two hundred acres. Nevertheless, there are points of resemblance between
• 2:10:37
  Speaker 1: this idea of society settled about a fortified town and
• 2:10:40
  Speaker 1: the latest stations of Kentucky. By the beginning of the
• 2:10:44
  Speaker 1: eighteenth century, the engrossing of the lands of Lowland Virginia
• 2:10:47
  Speaker 1: had progressed so far the practice of holding large tracts
• 2:10:50
  Speaker 1: of wasteland for reserves and the great plantations had become
• 2:10:53
  Speaker 1: so common that the authorities of Virginia reported to the
• 2:10:56
  Speaker 1: Home government that the best lands were all taken up,
• 2:10:58
  Speaker 1: and settlers were passing into North Carolina seeking cheap lands
• 2:11:01
  Speaker 1: near navigable rivers. Attention was directed also to the Piedmont
• 2:11:05
  Speaker 1: portions of Virginia, for by this time the Indians were
• 2:11:08
  Speaker 1: conquered in this region. It was now possible to acquire
• 2:11:11
  Speaker 1: land by purchase at five shillings sterling or fifty acres,
• 2:11:15
  Speaker 1: as well as by head rights for importation or settlement,
• 2:11:18
  Speaker 1: and land speculation soon turned to the new area. Already,
• 2:11:21
  Speaker 1: the Piedmont had been somewhat explored. Even by the middle
• 2:11:25
  Speaker 1: of the seventeenth century, fur traders had followed the trail
• 2:11:27
  Speaker 1: southwest from the James more than four hundred miles to
• 2:11:30
  Speaker 1: the Catawbas and later to the Cherokees. Colonel William Byrd had,
• 2:11:34
  Speaker 1: as we have seen, not only been absorbing good lands
• 2:11:37
  Speaker 1: in the lowlands and defending his post at the falls
• 2:11:39
  Speaker 1: of the James like account of the border, but he
• 2:11:42
  Speaker 1: also engaged in this fur trade and sent his pack
• 2:11:44
  Speaker 1: trains along this trail through the Piedmont of the Carolinas,
• 2:11:48
  Speaker 1: and took note of the rich savannahs of that region.
• 2:11:50
  Speaker 1: Charleston traders engaged in rivalry for this trade. It was
• 2:11:54
  Speaker 1: not long before cattle raisers from the older settlements, learning
• 2:11:57
  Speaker 1: from the traders of the fertile plains and peavi pastures
• 2:12:00
  Speaker 1: of this land, followed the fur traders and erected scattered
• 2:12:03
  Speaker 1: cowpens or ranches beyond the line of plantations in the Piedmont.
• 2:12:07
  Speaker 1: Even at the close of the seventeenth century, herds of
• 2:12:10
  Speaker 1: wild horses and cattle ranged at the outskirts of the
• 2:12:13
  Speaker 1: Virginia settlements and were hunted by the planters, driven into
• 2:12:16
  Speaker 1: pens and branded somewhat after the manner of the later
• 2:12:19
  Speaker 1: ranching on the Great Plains. Now the cow drovers and
• 2:12:22
  Speaker 1: the cowpens began to enter the uplands. The Indians had
• 2:12:25
  Speaker 1: by this time been reduced to submission in most of
• 2:12:28
  Speaker 1: the Virginia Piedmont, as Governor Spotswood reported in seventeen twelve,
• 2:12:32
  Speaker 1: living quietly on our frontiers, trafficking with the inhabitants. After
• 2:12:37
  Speaker 1: the defeat of the Tuscaroras and yema Sees about this
• 2:12:39
  Speaker 1: time in the Carolinas, similar opportunities for expansion existed there.
• 2:12:44
  Speaker 1: The cattle drovers sometimes took their herds from range to range.
• 2:12:47
  Speaker 1: Sometimes they were gathered permanently near the penns. Finding the
• 2:12:50
  Speaker 1: range sufficient throughout the year, they were driven to Charleston
• 2:12:53
  Speaker 1: or later sometimes even to Philadelphia and Baltimore markets. By
• 2:12:57
  Speaker 1: the middle of the century, disease worked havoc with them
• 2:12:59
  Speaker 1: in South Carolina and destroyed seven eighths of those in
• 2:13:02
  Speaker 1: North Carolina. Virginia made regulations governing the driving of cattle
• 2:13:06
  Speaker 1: through her frontier counties to avoid the disease. Just as
• 2:13:09
  Speaker 1: in our own time, the northern cattlemen attempted to protect
• 2:13:12
  Speaker 1: their herds against the Texas fever. Thus, cattle raisers from
• 2:13:15
  Speaker 1: the coast followed the fur traders toward the Uplands, and
• 2:13:18
  Speaker 1: already pioneer farmers were straggling into the same region, soon
• 2:13:21
  Speaker 1: to be outnumbered by the tide of settlement that flowed
• 2:13:23
  Speaker 1: into the region from Pennsylvania. The descriptions of the Uplands
• 2:13:27
  Speaker 1: by contemporaneous writers are in glowing terms. Mackamie, in his
• 2:13:32
  Speaker 1: Plain and Friendly Persuasion seventeen oh five declared, the best
• 2:13:36
  Speaker 1: richest and most healthy part of your country is yet
• 2:13:38
  Speaker 1: to be inhabited, above the falls of every river to
• 2:13:41
  Speaker 1: the mountains. Jones, in his Present State of Virginia seventeen
• 2:13:45
  Speaker 1: twenty four, comments on the convenience of tide, water transportation, etc.
• 2:13:49
  Speaker 1: But declares that section not nearly so healthy as the
• 2:13:52
  Speaker 1: uplands and barons, which serve for rangers for stock, although
• 2:13:56
  Speaker 1: he speaks less enthusiastically of the savannahs and marshes which
• 2:13:59
  Speaker 1: lay in the midas of the forest areas. In fact,
• 2:14:02
  Speaker 1: the Piedmont was by no means the unbroken forest that
• 2:14:05
  Speaker 1: might have been imagined, for in addition to natural meadows,
• 2:14:08
  Speaker 1: the Indians had burned over large tracts. It was a
• 2:14:10
  Speaker 1: rare combination of woodland and pasture, with clear running streams
• 2:14:14
  Speaker 1: and mild climate. The occupation of the Virginia Piedmont received
• 2:14:18
  Speaker 1: a special impetus from the interest which Governor Spotswood took
• 2:14:21
  Speaker 1: in the frontier. In seventeen ten, he proposed a plan
• 2:14:24
  Speaker 1: for intercepting the French in their occupation of the interior
• 2:14:27
  Speaker 1: by inducing Virginia settlement to proceed along one side of
• 2:14:30
  Speaker 1: the James River only until this column of advancing pioneers
• 2:14:33
  Speaker 1: should strike the attentuated line of French posts in the center.
• 2:14:37
  Speaker 1: In the same year he sent a body of horsemen
• 2:14:39
  Speaker 1: to the top of the Blue Ridge, where they could
• 2:14:41
  Speaker 1: overlook the Valley of Virginia. By seventeen fourteen he became
• 2:14:44
  Speaker 1: active as a colonizer himself. Thirty miles above the falls
• 2:14:49
  Speaker 1: of the Rappahannock on the Rapadan at Germana, he settled
• 2:14:52
  Speaker 1: a little village of German Redemptionists, who, in return for
• 2:14:55
  Speaker 1: having the passage paid, agreed to serve without wages for
• 2:14:57
  Speaker 1: a term of years, to engage in his iron work,
• 2:15:00
  Speaker 1: also to act as rangers on the frontier. From here.
• 2:15:03
  Speaker 1: In seventeen sixteen, with two companies of rangers and four Indians,
• 2:15:07
  Speaker 1: Governor Spotswood and a band of Virginia gentlemen made a
• 2:15:10
  Speaker 1: summer picnic excursion of two weeks across the Blue Ridge
• 2:15:12
  Speaker 1: into the Shenandoah Valley. Sick juvat transcendier Monte was the
• 2:15:18
  Speaker 1: motto of these Knights of the Golden Horseshoe, as the
• 2:15:21
  Speaker 1: governor dubbed them, But they were not the warlike Christian
• 2:15:23
  Speaker 1: men destined to occupy the frontier. Spotswood's interest in the
• 2:15:27
  Speaker 1: advance along the Rappahannock probably accounts for the fact that
• 2:15:30
  Speaker 1: in seventeen twenty Spotsylvania and Brunswick were organized as Frontier
• 2:15:34
  Speaker 1: Counties of Virginia. Five hundred dollars were contributed by the
• 2:15:38
  Speaker 1: colony to the Church and one thousand dollars for arms
• 2:15:40
  Speaker 1: and ammunition for the settlers in these counties. The fears
• 2:15:44
  Speaker 1: of the French and Indians beyond the high mountains were
• 2:15:46
  Speaker 1: alleged as reasons for this advance. To attract new settlers
• 2:15:50
  Speaker 1: to these counties, they were exempt from purchasing the lands
• 2:15:53
  Speaker 1: under the system of head rights and from payment of
• 2:15:55
  Speaker 1: quit rents for seven years after seventeen twenty one. The
• 2:15:58
  Speaker 1: free grants that obtained were not to exceed a thousand acres.
• 2:16:02
  Speaker 1: This was soon extended to six thousand acres, but with
• 2:16:05
  Speaker 1: provision requiring the settlement of a certain number of families
• 2:16:07
  Speaker 1: upon the grant within a certain time. In seventeen twenty nine,
• 2:16:11
  Speaker 1: Spotswood was ordered by the council to produce rights and
• 2:16:14
  Speaker 1: pay the quick rents for the fifty nine thousand, seven
• 2:16:16
  Speaker 1: hundred and eighty six acres which he claimed in this county.
• 2:16:20
  Speaker 1: Other similar actions by the council showed that large holdings
• 2:16:23
  Speaker 1: were developing. There also that the difficulty of establishing a
• 2:16:26
  Speaker 1: frontier democracy in contact with the area of expanding plantations
• 2:16:29
  Speaker 1: was very real by the time of the occupation of
• 2:16:32
  Speaker 1: the Shenandoah Valley. Therefore, the custom was established in this
• 2:16:35
  Speaker 1: part of Virginia of making grants of one thousand acres
• 2:16:38
  Speaker 1: for each family settled. Speculative planters influential with the Governor
• 2:16:42
  Speaker 1: and council secured grants of many thousand acres, conditioned upon
• 2:16:46
  Speaker 1: seating a certain number of families and satisfying the requirements
• 2:16:49
  Speaker 1: of planting. Thus, what had originally been intended as direct
• 2:16:53
  Speaker 1: grants to the actual settler frequently became grants to great
• 2:16:56
  Speaker 1: planters like Beverly, who promoted the coming of scotch Irish
• 2:16:59
  Speaker 1: and US German settlers or took advantage of the natural
• 2:17:02
  Speaker 1: drift into the valley to sell lands in their grants.
• 2:17:05
  Speaker 1: As a rule reserving quitrants. The liberal grants of per
• 2:17:08
  Speaker 1: family enabled these speculative planters, while satisfying the terms of settlement,
• 2:17:13
  Speaker 1: to hold large portions of the grant for themselves. Under
• 2:17:16
  Speaker 1: the Blacks requirements and probably still more lax enforcement of
• 2:17:19
  Speaker 1: the provisions for actual cultivation or cattle raising, it was
• 2:17:22
  Speaker 1: not difficult to hold such wild land. These conditions rendered
• 2:17:26
  Speaker 1: possible the extension of a measure of aristocratic planter life
• 2:17:29
  Speaker 1: in the course of time to the Piedmont and Valley
• 2:17:31
  Speaker 1: lands of Virginia. It must be added, however, that some
• 2:17:34
  Speaker 1: of the newcomers, both Germans and scotch Irish, like the
• 2:17:37
  Speaker 1: Van Meters, Stover and Lewis, also showed an ability to
• 2:17:41
  Speaker 1: act as promoters in locating settlers and securing grants to themselves.
• 2:17:45
  Speaker 1: End of Section ten, Chapter three, Part four. In the
• 2:17:50
  Speaker 1: northern part of the Shenandoah Valley lay part of the
• 2:17:53
  Speaker 1: estate of Lord Fairfax, some six million acres in extent,
• 2:17:56
  Speaker 1: which came to the family by dower from the old
• 2:17:59
  Speaker 1: Culpeper and other Arlington grant of Northern Neck. In seventeen
• 2:18:03
  Speaker 1: forty eight, the youthful Washington was surveying this estate upon
• 2:18:06
  Speaker 1: the upper waters of the Potomac, finding a bed under
• 2:18:08
  Speaker 1: the stars and learning the life of the frontier. Lord
• 2:18:12
  Speaker 1: Fairfax established his own Greenway manner and divided his domain
• 2:18:15
  Speaker 1: into other manners, giving ninety nine year leases to settlers
• 2:18:18
  Speaker 1: already on the ground at twenty shillings annually per hundred acres,
• 2:18:22
  Speaker 1: while of the newcomers he exacted two shillings annual quit
• 2:18:25
  Speaker 1: rent for this amount of land in fee. Simple litigation
• 2:18:29
  Speaker 1: kept land titles uncertain here for many years. Similarly, Beverly's
• 2:18:33
  Speaker 1: manner about Staunton represented a grant of one hundred eighteen
• 2:18:37
  Speaker 1: thousand acres to Beverly and his associates on condition of
• 2:18:40
  Speaker 1: placing the proper number of families on the tract. Thus,
• 2:18:43
  Speaker 1: speculative planters on this frontier shared in the movement of
• 2:18:46
  Speaker 1: occupation and made an aristocratic element in the up country.
• 2:18:50
  Speaker 1: But the increasing proportion of Scotch Irish immigrants as well
• 2:18:53
  Speaker 1: as German settlers, together with the contrast in natural conditions,
• 2:18:57
  Speaker 1: made the interior a different Virginia from that of the Tidewater.
• 2:19:00
  Speaker 1: As settlement ascended the Rappahannock and emigrants began to enter
• 2:19:04
  Speaker 1: the valley from the north, so contemporaneously settlement ascended the
• 2:19:07
  Speaker 1: James above the falls, succeeding to the posts of the
• 2:19:10
  Speaker 1: fur traders. Gutchland County was set off in seventeen twenty eight,
• 2:19:14
  Speaker 1: and the growth of population led as early as seventeen
• 2:19:17
  Speaker 1: twenty nine to proposals for establishing a city Richmond at
• 2:19:21
  Speaker 1: the falls. Along the upper James. As on the Rappahannock,
• 2:19:24
  Speaker 1: speculative planters bought head rights and located settlers and tenants
• 2:19:28
  Speaker 1: to hold their grants. Into this region came natives of Virginia,
• 2:19:32
  Speaker 1: emigrants from the British Isles, and scattered representatives of other lands,
• 2:19:35
  Speaker 1: some of them coming up the James, others up the York,
• 2:19:38
  Speaker 1: and still others arriving with the southward moving current along
• 2:19:41
  Speaker 1: both sides of the Blue Ridge. Before seventeen thirty, few
• 2:19:45
  Speaker 1: settlers lived above the mouth of the Ravanna. In seventeen
• 2:19:48
  Speaker 1: thirty two, Peter Jefferson planted a thousand acres at the
• 2:19:51
  Speaker 1: eastern opening of its mountain gap, and here under frontier conditions.
• 2:19:55
  Speaker 1: Thomas Jefferson was born in seventeen forty three near his
• 2:19:58
  Speaker 1: later estate of Monticello. About him were pioneer farmers as
• 2:20:02
  Speaker 1: well as four sided engrossers of the land. In the main,
• 2:20:05
  Speaker 1: his country was that of a democratic frontier people Scotch, Irish, Presbyterians, Quakers,
• 2:20:09
  Speaker 1: Baptists and other sects out of sympathy with the established
• 2:20:12
  Speaker 1: church and the landed gentry of the lowlands. This society
• 2:20:16
  Speaker 1: in which he was born was defined in Jefferson a
• 2:20:19
  Speaker 1: powerful exponent of its ideals. Patrick Henry was born in
• 2:20:23
  Speaker 1: seventeen thirty six above the Falls, not far from Richmond,
• 2:20:26
  Speaker 1: and he also was a mouthpiece of the interior Virginia
• 2:20:29
  Speaker 1: in the Revolutionary era. In short, a society was already
• 2:20:33
  Speaker 1: forming in the Virginia Piedmont, which was composed of many
• 2:20:35
  Speaker 1: sects of independent yearmen as well as their great planter leaders,
• 2:20:39
  Speaker 1: a society naturally expansive, seeing its opportunity to deal in
• 2:20:43
  Speaker 1: unoccupied lands along the frontier which continually moved toward the west,
• 2:20:47
  Speaker 1: and in this era of the eighteenth century, dominated by
• 2:20:49
  Speaker 1: the democratic ideals of pioneers rather than by the aristocratic
• 2:20:53
  Speaker 1: tendencies of slave holding planters, as there were two New Englands,
• 2:20:57
  Speaker 1: so there were by this time two Virginias, and the
• 2:21:00
  Speaker 1: uplands belonged with the Old West. The advance across the
• 2:21:03
  Speaker 1: Fall line from the coast was in North Carolina much
• 2:21:06
  Speaker 1: slower than in Virginia. After the Tuscarora War from seventeen
• 2:21:11
  Speaker 1: twelve to seventeen thirteen, an extensive region west from Pamlico
• 2:21:15
  Speaker 1: Sound was opened. In seventeen twenty four. The region to
• 2:21:18
  Speaker 1: the north about the Roanoke had before this begun to
• 2:21:21
  Speaker 1: receive frontier settlers, largely from Virginia. Their traits are interestingly
• 2:21:26
  Speaker 1: portrayed in Bird's dividing line. By seventeen twenty eight, the
• 2:21:29
  Speaker 1: farthest inhabitants along the Virginia boundary were frontiersmen about Great Creek,
• 2:21:33
  Speaker 1: a branch of the Roanoke. The North Carolina commissioners desired
• 2:21:37
  Speaker 1: to stop running the line after going one hundred and
• 2:21:39
  Speaker 1: seventy miles on the plea that they were already fifty
• 2:21:41
  Speaker 1: miles beyond the outermost inhabitant and there would be no
• 2:21:44
  Speaker 1: need for an age or two to carry the line farther.
• 2:21:47
  Speaker 1: But the Virginia surveyors pointed out that already speculators were
• 2:21:50
  Speaker 1: taking up the land. A line from Weldon to Fayetteville
• 2:21:53
  Speaker 1: would roughly mark the western boundary of North Carolina's sparse
• 2:21:56
  Speaker 1: population of forty thousand souls. The advances explained partly because
• 2:22:01
  Speaker 1: of the latest settlement of the Carolinas, partly because the
• 2:22:04
  Speaker 1: Indians continued to be troublesome on the flanks of the
• 2:22:07
  Speaker 1: advancing population, as seen in the Tuscarora and Yemassee Wars,
• 2:22:11
  Speaker 1: and partly because the line running parallel with the Fall
• 2:22:14
  Speaker 1: line made a zone of infertile land not attractive to settlers.
• 2:22:18
  Speaker 1: The North Carolina low country indeed, had from the end
• 2:22:21
  Speaker 1: of the seventeenth century been a kind of southern frontier
• 2:22:23
  Speaker 1: for overflow from Virginia, and in many ways was assimilated
• 2:22:27
  Speaker 1: to the type of the upcountry in its turbulent democracy,
• 2:22:30
  Speaker 1: its variety of sex and peoples, and its primitive conditions.
• 2:22:34
  Speaker 1: But under the lax management of the public lands, the
• 2:22:37
  Speaker 1: use of blank patents and other evasions made possible the
• 2:22:40
  Speaker 1: development of large landholding side by side with head rights
• 2:22:43
  Speaker 1: to settlers. Here, as in Virginia, a great proprietary grant
• 2:22:47
  Speaker 1: extended across the colony. Lord Granville's proprietary was a zone
• 2:22:51
  Speaker 1: embracing the northern half of North Carolina. Within the area,
• 2:22:54
  Speaker 1: sales and quip rents were administered by the agents of
• 2:22:57
  Speaker 1: the owner, with the result that uncertainty and disorder of
• 2:23:00
  Speaker 1: an agrarian nature extended down to the Revolution. There were likewise,
• 2:23:04
  Speaker 1: great speculative holdings conditioned on seating a certain proportion of
• 2:23:07
  Speaker 1: settlers into which the frontiersmen were drifting. But this system
• 2:23:11
  Speaker 1: also made it possible for agents of later migrating congregations
• 2:23:14
  Speaker 1: to establish colonies like that of the Moravians at Wacovia. Thus,
• 2:23:18
  Speaker 1: by the time settlers came into the uplands from the north,
• 2:23:21
  Speaker 1: a land system existed similar to that of Virginia. A
• 2:23:24
  Speaker 1: common holding was a square mile six hundred and forty acres,
• 2:23:27
  Speaker 1: but in practice this did not prevent the accumulation of
• 2:23:29
  Speaker 1: great estates. Whereas Virginia's Piedmont area was to a large
• 2:23:33
  Speaker 1: extent entered by extensions from the coast, that of North
• 2:23:36
  Speaker 1: Carolina remained almost untouched by seventeen thirty. The same is
• 2:23:40
  Speaker 1: true of South Carolina. By seventeen thirty, settlement had progressed
• 2:23:43
  Speaker 1: hardly eighty miles from the coast, even in the settled
• 2:23:46
  Speaker 1: area of the Lowlands. The tendency to engross the Lowlands
• 2:23:49
  Speaker 1: for large plantations was clear here as elsewhere. The Surveyor
• 2:23:53
  Speaker 1: General reports in seventeen thirty two that not as many
• 2:23:55
  Speaker 1: as one thousand acres within one hundred miles of Charleston
• 2:23:58
  Speaker 1: or within twenty miles of a va river or navigable
• 2:24:01
  Speaker 1: creek were unpossessed. In seventeen twenty nine, the crowd ordered
• 2:24:05
  Speaker 1: eleven townships of twenty thousand acres each to be laid
• 2:24:08
  Speaker 1: out in rectangles divided into fifty acres for each actual settler,
• 2:24:11
  Speaker 1: under a quip rent of four shillings a year for
• 2:24:13
  Speaker 1: everye hundred acres, or proportionally to be paid after the
• 2:24:17
  Speaker 1: first ten years. By seventeen thirty two. These townships, designed
• 2:24:21
  Speaker 1: to attract foreign Protestants, were laid out on the great
• 2:24:23
  Speaker 1: rivers of the colony. As they were located in the
• 2:24:25
  Speaker 1: middle region east of the fall line, among pine barrens,
• 2:24:29
  Speaker 1: or in malarial lands in the southern corner of the colony.
• 2:24:32
  Speaker 1: They all proved abortive as towns, except Orangeburg on the
• 2:24:35
  Speaker 1: north Odisto, where German redemptioners made a settlement the Scotch
• 2:24:38
  Speaker 1: Irish Presbyterians who came to Williamsburg on Black River suffered hardships,
• 2:24:43
  Speaker 1: as did the Swiss, who under the visionary leadership of Purry,
• 2:24:46
  Speaker 1: settled in the deadly climate of Perrysburg on the Lower Savannah.
• 2:24:50
  Speaker 1: To Welsh colonists from Pennsylvania, there was made of grant
• 2:24:52
  Speaker 1: known as the Welsh Tract, embracing over one hundred and
• 2:24:55
  Speaker 1: seventy three thousand acres on the Great Penny Marion County
• 2:24:58
  Speaker 1: under head rights of fifty eight acres, also a bounty
• 2:25:01
  Speaker 1: in provisions, tools and livestock. These attempts east of the
• 2:25:05
  Speaker 1: Fall line are interesting as showing the colonial policy of
• 2:25:07
  Speaker 1: marking out towns which were to be politically organized parishes
• 2:25:11
  Speaker 1: with representation in the legislature, and attracting foreigners there too,
• 2:25:15
  Speaker 1: prior to the coming of settlers from the north. The
• 2:25:18
  Speaker 1: settlement of Georgia in seventeen thirty two completed the southern
• 2:25:21
  Speaker 1: line of colonization toward the Piedmont. Among the objects of
• 2:25:24
  Speaker 1: the colony, as specified in the charters, were the relief
• 2:25:27
  Speaker 1: of the poor and the protection of the frontiers, to
• 2:25:30
  Speaker 1: guard against the tendency to engross the lands in greater
• 2:25:32
  Speaker 1: States already so clearly revealed in the older colonies. The
• 2:25:36
  Speaker 1: Georgia Trustees provided that the grants of fifty acres should
• 2:25:39
  Speaker 1: not be alienated or divided, but should pass to the
• 2:25:41
  Speaker 1: male heirs and revert to the Trustees in case heirs
• 2:25:44
  Speaker 1: were lacking. No ground greater than five hundred acres was permitted,
• 2:25:47
  Speaker 1: and even this was made conditionally upon the holder settling
• 2:25:50
  Speaker 1: ten colonists. However, under local conditions and the competition and
• 2:25:54
  Speaker 1: example of neighbouring colonies, this attempt to restrict land tenure
• 2:25:57
  Speaker 1: in the interest of democracy broke down by seven teen fifty,
• 2:26:00
  Speaker 1: and Georgia's land system became not unlike that of the
• 2:26:03
  Speaker 1: other southern colonies. In seventeen thirty four, Salzburger's had been
• 2:26:07
  Speaker 1: located above Savannah, and within seven years some twelve hundred
• 2:26:10
  Speaker 1: German Protestants were dwelling on the Georgia frontier, while a
• 2:26:13
  Speaker 1: settlement of Scotch islanders at Daria, near the mouth of
• 2:26:16
  Speaker 1: the Oltmaha protected the southern frontier at Augusta, an Indian
• 2:26:20
  Speaker 1: training fort seventeen thirty five, whence the dealers in Peltry
• 2:26:24
  Speaker 1: visited the Cherokee completed the familiar picture of frontier advance.
• 2:26:28
  Speaker 1: We have now hastily surveyed the movement of the frontier
• 2:26:30
  Speaker 1: of settlement westward from the Lowlands in the later years
• 2:26:33
  Speaker 1: of the seventeenth and early part of the eighteenth century.
• 2:26:36
  Speaker 1: There is much that is common in the whole line
• 2:26:38
  Speaker 1: of advance. The original settlers engrossed the desirable lands of
• 2:26:42
  Speaker 1: the older area. Indented servants and newcomers passed to the
• 2:26:45
  Speaker 1: frontiers seeking a place to locate their head rights or
• 2:26:48
  Speaker 1: plant new towns. Adventurous and speculative wealthy planters acquire large
• 2:26:52
  Speaker 1: holdings in the new areas and bring over settlers to
• 2:26:55
  Speaker 1: satisfy the requirements of seating and cultivating their extensive grants,
• 2:26:58
  Speaker 1: thus building up a year yumanry of small landholders side
• 2:27:01
  Speaker 1: by side with the holders of large estates. The most
• 2:27:04
  Speaker 1: far sighted of the newcomers followed the example of the
• 2:27:07
  Speaker 1: planters and petitioned for increasing extensive grants. Meanwhile, pioneers like
• 2:27:11
  Speaker 1: Abraham Wood himself once an indebted servant, and gentlemen like
• 2:27:15
  Speaker 1: Colonel William Byrd prosecuting the Indian trade from their posts
• 2:27:19
  Speaker 1: at the heads of the rivers and combining frontier protection
• 2:27:22
  Speaker 1: exploring and surveye make known the more distant, fertile soils
• 2:27:26
  Speaker 1: of the Piedmont. Already in the first part of the
• 2:27:28
  Speaker 1: eighteenth century, the frontier population tended to be a rude democracy,
• 2:27:32
  Speaker 1: with a large representation of Scotch Irish, Germans, Welsh and
• 2:27:35
  Speaker 1: huge knot French settlers holding religious face unlike that of
• 2:27:38
  Speaker 1: the followers of the established church in the Lowlands. The
• 2:27:41
  Speaker 1: movement of slaves into the region was unimportant, but not unknown.
• 2:27:45
  Speaker 1: The Virginia Valley was practically unsettled in seventeen thirty, as
• 2:27:49
  Speaker 1: was much of the Ginia's Piedmont area and all the
• 2:27:51
  Speaker 1: Piedmont area of the Carolinas. The significance of the movement
• 2:27:54
  Speaker 1: of settlers from the north into this vacant valley in
• 2:27:56
  Speaker 1: the Piedmont behind the area occupied by expansion from the
• 2:27:59
  Speaker 1: coast is that it was geographically separated from the westward
• 2:28:03
  Speaker 1: movement from the coast, and that it was sufficient in
• 2:28:05
  Speaker 1: volume to recruit the democratic forces and postpone for a
• 2:28:08
  Speaker 1: long time the process of social assimilation to the type
• 2:28:11
  Speaker 1: of the Lowlands, as has been pointed out, especially in
• 2:28:14
  Speaker 1: the Carolina as a belt of pine barrens roughly eighty
• 2:28:17
  Speaker 1: miles in breadth ran parallel with the fore line, and
• 2:28:20
  Speaker 1: thus discouraged western advance across this belt. Even before the
• 2:28:23
  Speaker 1: head of navigation was reached in Virginia, the Blue Ridge
• 2:28:26
  Speaker 1: made an almost equally effective barrier, walling off the Shenandoah
• 2:28:30
  Speaker 1: Valley from the westward advance. At the same time, this
• 2:28:33
  Speaker 1: valley was but a continuation of the Great Valley that
• 2:28:35
  Speaker 1: ran along the eastern edge of the Alleghenies in southeastern Pennsylvania,
• 2:28:39
  Speaker 1: and included in its mountain trough the Cumberland and Haggerstown Valleys.
• 2:28:43
  Speaker 1: In short, a broad limestone band of fertile soil was
• 2:28:46
  Speaker 1: stretched within mountain walls southerly from Pennsylvania to southwestern Virginia,
• 2:28:51
  Speaker 1: and here the water gaps opened the way to descend
• 2:28:53
  Speaker 1: to the Carolina Piedmont. This whole area, a kind of
• 2:28:56
  Speaker 1: peninsula thrust down from Pennsylvania, was rendered comparatively in a
• 2:29:00
  Speaker 1: accessible to the westward movement from the Lowlands, and was
• 2:29:02
  Speaker 1: equally accessible to the population which was entering Pennsylvania. Thus
• 2:29:06
  Speaker 1: it happened that from about seventeen thirty seventeen sixty a
• 2:29:10
  Speaker 1: generation of settlers poured along this mountain troff into the
• 2:29:13
  Speaker 1: southern Uplands or Piedmont, creating a new, continuous social and
• 2:29:16
  Speaker 1: economic area which cut across the artificial colonial boundary lines,
• 2:29:20
  Speaker 1: disarranged the regular extension of local government from the coast westward,
• 2:29:24
  Speaker 1: and built up a new Pennsylvania in contrast with the
• 2:29:27
  Speaker 1: old Quaker colonies and a new South in contrast with
• 2:29:29
  Speaker 1: the Tidewater South. This new South composed the southern half
• 2:29:33
  Speaker 1: of the Old West end of Section eleven, Chapter three,
• 2:29:38
  Speaker 1: Part five. From its beginning, Pennsylvania was advertised as a
• 2:29:43
  Speaker 1: home for dissenting sex seeking freedom in the wilderness. But
• 2:29:47
  Speaker 1: it was not until the exodus of German redemptioners from
• 2:29:50
  Speaker 1: about seventeen seventeen that the Palatinate and neighbouring areas sent
• 2:29:54
  Speaker 1: the great tide of Germans, which by the time of
• 2:29:56
  Speaker 1: the revolution made them nearly a third of the total
• 2:29:58
  Speaker 1: population of pennsylvan It has been carefully estimated that in
• 2:30:02
  Speaker 1: seventeen seventy five, over two hundred thousand Germans lived in
• 2:30:06
  Speaker 1: the thirteen Colonies, chiefly along the frontier zone of the
• 2:30:09
  Speaker 1: Old West. Of these, one hundred thousand had their home
• 2:30:12
  Speaker 1: in Pennsylvania, mainly in the Great Valley, in the region
• 2:30:16
  Speaker 1: which is still so. Notably, the abode of the Pennsylvania
• 2:30:19
  Speaker 1: Dutch space does not permit us to describe this movement
• 2:30:22
  Speaker 1: of colonization. The entrance to the fertile limestone soils of
• 2:30:26
  Speaker 1: the Great Valley of Pennsylvania was easy in view of
• 2:30:28
  Speaker 1: the low elevation of the South Mountain Ridge and the
• 2:30:31
  Speaker 1: water gaps there. Too. The continuation along the similar valley
• 2:30:35
  Speaker 1: to the south in Maryland and Virginia was a natural one,
• 2:30:38
  Speaker 1: especially as the increasing tide of emigrants raised the price
• 2:30:41
  Speaker 1: of lands. In seventeen nineteen, the proprietor's price for Pennsylvania
• 2:30:45
  Speaker 1: lands was ten pounds per hundred acres and two shillings quitrents.
• 2:30:49
  Speaker 1: In seventeen thirty two this became fifteen to one half pounds,
• 2:30:53
  Speaker 1: with a quid rent of a halfpenny per acre. During
• 2:30:56
  Speaker 1: the period seventeen eighteen to seventeen thirty two, when the
• 2:30:58
  Speaker 1: Germans were coming in great numbers, the management of the
• 2:31:01
  Speaker 1: lands fell into confusion, and many seated themselves as squatters
• 2:31:05
  Speaker 1: without title. This was a fortunate possibility for the poor redemptionists,
• 2:31:09
  Speaker 1: who had sold their service for a term of years
• 2:31:11
  Speaker 1: in order to secure their transportation to America. By seventeen
• 2:31:15
  Speaker 1: twenty six, it was estimated that there were one hundred
• 2:31:17
  Speaker 1: thousand squatters, and of the six hundred and seventy thousand
• 2:31:20
  Speaker 1: acres occupied between seventeen thirty two and seventeen forty, it
• 2:31:23
  Speaker 1: is estimated that four hundred thousand acres were settled without grants. Nevertheless,
• 2:31:28
  Speaker 1: these must ultimately be paid for with interest, and the
• 2:31:31
  Speaker 1: concession of the right of preemption to squatters made this easier.
• 2:31:35
  Speaker 1: But it was not until seventeen fifty five that the
• 2:31:37
  Speaker 1: governor offered land free from purchase, and this was to
• 2:31:40
  Speaker 1: be taken only west of the Alleghenies. Although the credit
• 2:31:43
  Speaker 1: system relieved the difficulty in Pennsylvania, the lands of that
• 2:31:47
  Speaker 1: colony were in competition with the Maryland lands offered between
• 2:31:50
  Speaker 1: seventeen seventeen and seventeen thirty eight at forty shillings sterling
• 2:31:54
  Speaker 1: per hundred acres, which in seventeen thirty eight was raised
• 2:31:57
  Speaker 1: to five pounds sterling. At the same time, in the
• 2:32:00
  Speaker 1: Virginia Valley, as will be recalled, free grants were being
• 2:32:03
  Speaker 1: made of one thousand acres per family. Although large tracts
• 2:32:07
  Speaker 1: of the Shenandoah Valley had been granted to speculators like
• 2:32:09
  Speaker 1: Beverly Borden and the Carters, as well as to Lord Fairfax.
• 2:32:13
  Speaker 1: The owners sold six or seven pounds cheaper per hundred
• 2:32:16
  Speaker 1: acres than did the Pennsylvania Land Office between seventeen twenty
• 2:32:20
  Speaker 1: six and seventeen thirty four. Therefore, the Germans began to
• 2:32:24
  Speaker 1: enter this valley, and before long they extended their settlements
• 2:32:26
  Speaker 1: into the Piedmont of the Carolinas, being recruited in South
• 2:32:29
  Speaker 1: Carolina by emigrants coming by way of Charleston, especially after
• 2:32:33
  Speaker 1: Governor Glen's purchase from the Cherokee in seventeen fifty five
• 2:32:36
  Speaker 1: of the extreme western portion of the colony. Between seventeen
• 2:32:40
  Speaker 1: fifty and the Revolution, these settlers in the Carolinas greatly
• 2:32:44
  Speaker 1: increased in numbers. Thus a zone of almost continuous German
• 2:32:47
  Speaker 1: settlements had been established, running from the head of the
• 2:32:50
  Speaker 1: Mohawk in New York to the Savannah in Georgia. They
• 2:32:53
  Speaker 1: had found the best soils, and they knew how to
• 2:32:55
  Speaker 1: till them intensively and thriftily, as attested by their large,
• 2:32:59
  Speaker 1: well filled barnes, good stock, and big canvas covered conestoga wagons.
• 2:33:04
  Speaker 1: They preferred to dwell in groups, often of the same
• 2:33:06
  Speaker 1: religious denomination Lutherans, Reformed Moravians, Mennonites, and many lesser sex
• 2:33:12
  Speaker 1: The diaries of Moravian missionaries from Pennsylvania who visited them
• 2:33:16
  Speaker 1: show how the parent congregations kept in touch with their colonies,
• 2:33:19
  Speaker 1: and how intimate, in general was the bond of connection
• 2:33:22
  Speaker 1: between this whole German frontier zone and that of Pennsylvania.
• 2:33:26
  Speaker 1: Side by side with this German occupation of valley in
• 2:33:29
  Speaker 1: Piedmont went the migration of the Scotch Irish. These Lowland
• 2:33:33
  Speaker 1: Scots had been planted in Ulster early in the seventeenth
• 2:33:36
  Speaker 1: century followers of John Knox. They had the contentious individualism
• 2:33:40
  Speaker 1: and revolutionary temper that seemed natural to Scotch Presbyterianism. They
• 2:33:44
  Speaker 1: were brought up on the Old Testament and in the
• 2:33:46
  Speaker 1: doctrine of government by covenant or compact. In Ireland. Their
• 2:33:50
  Speaker 1: fighting qualities had been revealed in the Siege of Londonderry,
• 2:33:53
  Speaker 1: where their stubborn resistance balked the hopes of James the Second. However,
• 2:33:57
  Speaker 1: religious and political disabilities were imposed upon these ulstermen, which
• 2:34:01
  Speaker 1: made them discontented, and hard times contributed to detach them
• 2:34:04
  Speaker 1: from their homes. Their movement to America was contemporaneous with
• 2:34:08
  Speaker 1: the heavy German migration. By the Revolution. It is believed
• 2:34:11
  Speaker 1: that a third of the population of Pennsylvania was Scotch Irish,
• 2:34:15
  Speaker 1: and it has been estimated, probably too liberally, that a
• 2:34:18
  Speaker 1: half million came to the United States between seventeen thirty
• 2:34:20
  Speaker 1: and seventeen seventy. Especially after the Rebellion of seventeen forty five,
• 2:34:25
  Speaker 1: large numbers of Highlanders came to increase the Scotch blood
• 2:34:28
  Speaker 1: in the nation. Some of the Scotch Irish went to
• 2:34:30
  Speaker 1: New England, given the cold shoulder by Congregational Puritans, they
• 2:34:34
  Speaker 1: passed to unsettled lands about Worcester, to the frontier in
• 2:34:38
  Speaker 1: the Berkshires, and in southern New Hampshire at Londonderry, whence
• 2:34:42
  Speaker 1: came John Stark, a frontier leader in the French and
• 2:34:44
  Speaker 1: Indian War and the hero of Bennington in the Revolution,
• 2:34:48
  Speaker 1: as well as the ancestors of Horace Greeley and sp Chase.
• 2:34:51
  Speaker 1: In New York, a Scotch Irish settlement was planted on
• 2:34:54
  Speaker 1: the frontier at Cherry Valley. Scotch Highlanders came to the Mohawk,
• 2:34:58
  Speaker 1: where they followed Sir William Johnson and became Tory raiders
• 2:35:01
  Speaker 1: in the Revolution. But it was in Pennsylvania that the
• 2:35:04
  Speaker 1: center of Scotch Irish power lay. These bold and indigant strangers,
• 2:35:09
  Speaker 1: saying as their excuse when challenged for titles, that we
• 2:35:11
  Speaker 1: had solicited for colonists, and they had come accordingly, and
• 2:35:15
  Speaker 1: asserting that it was against the laws of God and
• 2:35:17
  Speaker 1: nature that so much land should be idle, while so
• 2:35:20
  Speaker 1: many Christians wanted it to work on and to raise
• 2:35:22
  Speaker 1: their bread. Squatted on the vacant lands, especially in the
• 2:35:25
  Speaker 1: region disputed between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and remained in spite
• 2:35:29
  Speaker 1: of efforts to drive them off. Finding the Great Valley
• 2:35:32
  Speaker 1: in the hands of the Germans, they planted their own
• 2:35:34
  Speaker 1: outposts along the line of the Indian trading path from
• 2:35:36
  Speaker 1: Lancaster to Bedford. They occupied Cumberland Valley, and before seventeen
• 2:35:41
  Speaker 1: sixty pressed up the Juniata somewhat beyond the Narrows, spreading
• 2:35:44
  Speaker 1: out along its tributaries, and by seventeen sixty eight had
• 2:35:47
  Speaker 1: to be warned off from the red Stone Country to
• 2:35:49
  Speaker 1: avoid Indian trouble. By the time of the Revolution, their
• 2:35:53
  Speaker 1: settlements made Pittsburgh center, from which was to come a
• 2:35:55
  Speaker 1: new era in Pennsylvania. History. It was the Scotch Irish
• 2:35:59
  Speaker 1: and German fe traders whose pack trains pioneered into the
• 2:36:02
  Speaker 1: Ohio Valley in the days before the French and Indian Wars.
• 2:36:05
  Speaker 1: The messengers between civilization and savagery were such men as
• 2:36:09
  Speaker 1: the Irish Crogan and the Germans Conrad Weiser and Christian post.
• 2:36:14
  Speaker 1: Like the Germans, the scotch Irish passed into the Shenandoah
• 2:36:16
  Speaker 1: Valley and onto the uplands of the South. In seventeen
• 2:36:20
  Speaker 1: thirty eight, a delegation of the Philadelphia Presbyterian Synod was
• 2:36:23
  Speaker 1: sent to the Virginia Governor and received assurances of security
• 2:36:26
  Speaker 1: by religious freedom. The same policy was followed by the Carolinas.
• 2:36:30
  Speaker 1: By seventeen sixty a zone of scotch Irish Presbyterian churches
• 2:36:33
  Speaker 1: extended from the frontiers of the New England to the
• 2:36:36
  Speaker 1: frontiers of South Carolina. This zone combined in part with
• 2:36:39
  Speaker 1: the German zone, but in general Scotch Irishmen tended to
• 2:36:42
  Speaker 1: follow the valleys farther toward the mountains to be the
• 2:36:45
  Speaker 1: outer edge of this frontier. Along with this combined frontier
• 2:36:48
  Speaker 1: stream were English, Welsh and Irish Quakers and French Hugenots.
• 2:36:53
  Speaker 1: Among this moving mass as it passed along the valley
• 2:36:56
  Speaker 1: into the Piedmont in the middle of the eighteenth century
• 2:36:58
  Speaker 1: were Daniel Boone, John Sevier, James Robertson, and the ancestors
• 2:37:03
  Speaker 1: of John C. Calhoun, Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson, Davis Stonewall Jackson,
• 2:37:08
  Speaker 1: James K. Polk, Sam Houston, and Davy Crockett, while the
• 2:37:11
  Speaker 1: father of Andrew Jackson came to the Carolina Piedmont at
• 2:37:14
  Speaker 1: the same time from the coast. Recalling that Thomas Jefferson's
• 2:37:17
  Speaker 1: home was on the frontier at the edge of the
• 2:37:19
  Speaker 1: Blue Ridge, we perceived that these names represent the militant,
• 2:37:22
  Speaker 1: expansive movement in American life. They foretell the settlement across
• 2:37:26
  Speaker 1: the Alleghenies in Kentucky and Tennessee, the Louisiana purchase and
• 2:37:30
  Speaker 1: Lewis and Clark's transcontinental exploration, the conquest of the Gulf
• 2:37:34
  Speaker 1: Plains in the War of eighteen twelve to fifteen, the
• 2:37:37
  Speaker 1: annexation of Texas, the acquisition of California, and the Spanish Southwest.
• 2:37:41
  Speaker 1: They represent two frontier democracy in its two aspects, personified
• 2:37:45
  Speaker 1: in Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln. It was a democracy
• 2:37:48
  Speaker 1: responsive to leadership susceptible to waves of in motion of
• 2:37:52
  Speaker 1: a high religious voltage, quick and direct in action. The
• 2:37:56
  Speaker 1: volume of this northern movement into the southern uplands is
• 2:37:59
  Speaker 1: illustri by the statement of Governor Tryon of North Carolina
• 2:38:03
  Speaker 1: that in the summer and winter of seventeen sixty five
• 2:38:05
  Speaker 1: more than one thousand immigrant wagons passed through Salisbury in
• 2:38:09
  Speaker 1: that colony, coming by families or groups of families or congregations.
• 2:38:13
  Speaker 1: They often drove their herds with them. Whereas in seventeen
• 2:38:16
  Speaker 1: forty six scarce one hundred fighting men were found in
• 2:38:19
  Speaker 1: Orange and the western counties of North Carolina, there were
• 2:38:22
  Speaker 1: in seventeen fifty three fully three thousand, in addition to
• 2:38:25
  Speaker 1: over one thousand Scotch in the Cumberland, and they covered
• 2:38:28
  Speaker 1: the province more or less thickly, from Hillsborough and Fayetteville
• 2:38:32
  Speaker 1: to the mountains. Bassett remarks that the Presbyterians received their
• 2:38:35
  Speaker 1: first ministers from the Synod of New York and Pennsylvania,
• 2:38:38
  Speaker 1: and later on sent their ministerial students to Princeton College. Indeed,
• 2:38:42
  Speaker 1: it is likely that the inhabitants of this region knew
• 2:38:45
  Speaker 1: more about Philadelphia at that time than about newbern or Edenton.
• 2:38:49
  Speaker 1: We are now in a position to note briefly in conclusion,
• 2:38:52
  Speaker 1: some of the results of the occupation of this new
• 2:38:54
  Speaker 1: frontier during the first half of the eighteenth century. Some
• 2:38:57
  Speaker 1: of the consequences of this formation of the Old West. One,
• 2:39:01
  Speaker 1: A fighting frontier had been created all along the line
• 2:39:04
  Speaker 1: from New England to Georgia, which bore the brunt of
• 2:39:06
  Speaker 1: French and Indian attacks and gave indispensable service during the Revolution.
• 2:39:10
  Speaker 1: The significance of this fact could only be developed by
• 2:39:12
  Speaker 1: an extended survey of the scattered border warfare of this area.
• 2:39:16
  Speaker 1: We should have to see Rogers leading his New England rangers,
• 2:39:19
  Speaker 1: and Washington defending interior Virginia with his frontiersmen in their
• 2:39:22
  Speaker 1: hunting shirts in the French and Indian War. When all
• 2:39:25
  Speaker 1: of the campaigns about the region of Canada, Lake Champlain
• 2:39:28
  Speaker 1: and the Hudson Central New York, Eriskany, Cherry Valley, Sullivan's
• 2:39:33
  Speaker 1: expedition against the Iroquois, Wyoming Valley, Western Pennsylvania, the Virginia
• 2:39:37
  Speaker 1: Valley and the back country of the South are considered
• 2:39:39
  Speaker 1: as a whole. From this point of view, the meaning
• 2:39:42
  Speaker 1: of the Old West will become more apparent. Two a
• 2:39:46
  Speaker 1: new society had been established, Differing in essentials from the
• 2:39:49
  Speaker 1: colonial society of the coast. It was a democratic, self sufficing,
• 2:39:52
  Speaker 1: primitive agricultural society in which individualism was more pronounced than
• 2:39:57
  Speaker 1: the community life of the lowlands. Tended servant in the
• 2:40:01
  Speaker 1: slave were not a normal part of its labour system.
• 2:40:03
  Speaker 1: It was engaged in grain and cattle raising, not in
• 2:40:06
  Speaker 1: producing staples, and it found a partial means of supplying
• 2:40:09
  Speaker 1: its scarcity of specie by the peltries which it shipped
• 2:40:12
  Speaker 1: to the coast. But the hunter folk were already pushing
• 2:40:15
  Speaker 1: farther on. The cow pens and the range were giving
• 2:40:18
  Speaker 1: place to the small farm, as in our own day
• 2:40:20
  Speaker 1: they have done in the cattle country. It was a
• 2:40:22
  Speaker 1: region of hard work and poverty, not of wealth and leisure.
• 2:40:26
  Speaker 1: Schools and churches were secured under serious difficulty, if at all,
• 2:40:30
  Speaker 1: But in spite of the natural tendencies of a frontier life,
• 2:40:32
  Speaker 1: a large portion of the interior showed a distinctly religious atmosphere. Three,
• 2:40:38
  Speaker 1: the Old West began the movement of internal trade, which
• 2:40:40
  Speaker 1: developed home markets and diminished that colonial dependence on Europe
• 2:40:44
  Speaker 1: in industrial matters shown by the maritime and staple raising sections.
• 2:40:48
  Speaker 1: Not only did Boston and other New England towns increase
• 2:40:50
  Speaker 1: as trading centers when the backcountry settled up, but an
• 2:40:53
  Speaker 1: even more significant interchange occurred along the valley in Piedmont.
• 2:40:57
  Speaker 1: The German farmers of the Great Valley bought their own
• 2:41:00
  Speaker 1: woven linen, knitted stockings, firkins of butter, dried apples, grain,
• 2:41:04
  Speaker 1: et cetera to Philadelphia, and especially to Baltimore, which was
• 2:41:07
  Speaker 1: laid out in seventeen thirty To this city also came
• 2:41:10
  Speaker 1: trade from the Shenandoah Valley, and even from the Piedmont
• 2:41:13
  Speaker 1: came peltry, trains and droves of cattle and hogs to
• 2:41:15
  Speaker 1: the same market. The increase of settlement on the Upper
• 2:41:19
  Speaker 1: James resulted in the establishment of the city of Richmond
• 2:41:21
  Speaker 1: at the falls of the river in seventeen thirty seven. Already,
• 2:41:24
  Speaker 1: the tobacco planting aristocracy of the Lowlands were finding rivals
• 2:41:28
  Speaker 1: in the grain raising area of interior Virginia and Maryland.
• 2:41:32
  Speaker 1: Charleston prospered as the upcountry of the Carolinas grew righting
• 2:41:35
  Speaker 1: In the middle of the eighteenth century, Governor Glen of
• 2:41:38
  Speaker 1: South Carolina, explaining the apparent diminution of the colony's shipping. Thus,
• 2:41:43
  Speaker 1: our trade with New York and Philadelphia was of this sort,
• 2:41:46
  Speaker 1: draining us of all the little money and bills that
• 2:41:48
  Speaker 1: we could gather from other places for their bread, flour, beer, hams, bacon,
• 2:41:53
  Speaker 1: and other things of their produce, all which except beer.
• 2:41:56
  Speaker 1: Our new townships begin to supply us with which are
• 2:41:58
  Speaker 1: settled with very industrial and consequently thriving Germans. It was
• 2:42:03
  Speaker 1: not long before this interior trade produced those rivalries for
• 2:42:06
  Speaker 1: commercial ascendency between the coastwise cities, which still continue. The
• 2:42:10
  Speaker 1: problem of internal improvements became a pressing one, and the
• 2:42:13
  Speaker 1: statutes show increasing provision for roads, ferries, bridges, river improvements, etc.
• 2:42:19
  Speaker 1: The basis was being laid for a national economy, and
• 2:42:21
  Speaker 1: at the same time a new source of foreign export
• 2:42:24
  Speaker 1: was created. Four the Old West raised the issues of
• 2:42:28
  Speaker 1: nativism and a lower standard of comfort. In New England,
• 2:42:31
  Speaker 1: scotch Irish Presbyterians had been frowned upon and pushed away
• 2:42:34
  Speaker 1: by the Puritan townsmen in Pennsylvania. The coming of the
• 2:42:38
  Speaker 1: Germans and the scotch Irish in such numbers caused grave anxiety. Indeed,
• 2:42:43
  Speaker 1: a bill was passed to limit the importation of the Palatines,
• 2:42:46
  Speaker 1: but it was vetoed such as stude observers as Franklin,
• 2:42:49
  Speaker 1: feared in seventeen fifty three that Pennsylvania would be unable
• 2:42:52
  Speaker 1: to preserve its language and that even its government would
• 2:42:55
  Speaker 1: become precarious. I remember, he declares, when they modestly declined
• 2:42:59
  Speaker 1: into meddling in our elections. But now they come in
• 2:43:02
  Speaker 1: droves and carry all before them, except in one or
• 2:43:04
  Speaker 1: two counties. And he lamented that the English could not
• 2:43:07
  Speaker 1: remove their prejudices by addressing them in German. Doctor Douglas
• 2:43:11
  Speaker 1: apprehended that Pennsylvania would degenerate into a foreign colony and
• 2:43:15
  Speaker 1: endanger the quiet of the adjacent provinces. Edmund Burke, regretting
• 2:43:19
  Speaker 1: that the Germans adhered to their own schools, literature, and language,
• 2:43:22
  Speaker 1: and that they possessed great tracts without admixture of English,
• 2:43:26
  Speaker 1: feared that they would not blend and become one people
• 2:43:28
  Speaker 1: with the British colonists, and that the colony was threatened
• 2:43:31
  Speaker 1: with the danger of being wholly foreign. He also noted
• 2:43:34
  Speaker 1: that these foreigners, by their industry, frugality, and the hard
• 2:43:37
  Speaker 1: way of living in which they greatly exceed our people,
• 2:43:40
  Speaker 1: have in a manner thrust them out in several places.
• 2:43:43
  Speaker 1: This is a phenomenon with which a succession of later
• 2:43:46
  Speaker 1: frontiers has familiarized us. In point of fact, the Pennsylvania
• 2:43:50
  Speaker 1: Dutch remained through our history a very stubborn area to assimilate,
• 2:43:53
  Speaker 1: with corresponding effect upon Pennsylvania politics. It should be noted
• 2:43:58
  Speaker 1: also that this coming of non English stock to the
• 2:44:00
  Speaker 1: frontier raised in all the colonies, affected questions of naturalization
• 2:44:04
  Speaker 1: and land tenure by aliens. Five. The creation of this
• 2:44:09
  Speaker 1: frontier society, of which so large a portion differed from
• 2:44:12
  Speaker 1: that of the coast in language and religion, as well
• 2:44:14
  Speaker 1: as in economic life, social structure, and ideals, produced an
• 2:44:18
  Speaker 1: antagonism between interior and coast, which worked itself out in
• 2:44:22
  Speaker 1: interesting fashion. In general, this took these forms contests between
• 2:44:26
  Speaker 1: the property holding class of the coast and the deader
• 2:44:28
  Speaker 1: class of the interior, where specie was lacking and where
• 2:44:31
  Speaker 1: paper money and a readjustment of the basis of taxation
• 2:44:33
  Speaker 1: were demanded. Contests over defective or unjust local government in
• 2:44:37
  Speaker 1: the administration of taxes, fees, lands, and the courts. Contests
• 2:44:41
  Speaker 1: over apportionment in the legislature, whereby the coast was able
• 2:44:45
  Speaker 1: to dominate even when its white population was in the minority,
• 2:44:48
  Speaker 1: contests to secure the complete separation of church and state,
• 2:44:51
  Speaker 1: and later contests over slavery, internal improvements, and party politics
• 2:44:55
  Speaker 1: in general. These contests are also intimately connected with the
• 2:44:59
  Speaker 1: political flowosophy of the Revolution and with the development of
• 2:45:02
  Speaker 1: American democracy. In nearly every colony. Prior to the Revolution,
• 2:45:06
  Speaker 1: struggles had been in progress between the party of privilege,
• 2:45:09
  Speaker 1: chiefly the eastern men of property allied with the English authorities,
• 2:45:13
  Speaker 1: and the democratic classes, strongest in the western the cities.
• 2:45:17
  Speaker 1: This theme deserves more space than can here be allotted
• 2:45:19
  Speaker 1: to it, but a rapid survey of conditions in this
• 2:45:22
  Speaker 1: respect along the whole frontier will at least serve to
• 2:45:24
  Speaker 1: bring out the point end of Section twelve, Chapter three,
• 2:45:30
  Speaker 1: Part six. In New England as a whole, the contest
• 2:45:34
  Speaker 1: is less in evidence that part of the friction elsewhere,
• 2:45:37
  Speaker 1: seen as the result of defective local government in the
• 2:45:40
  Speaker 1: back country, was met by the efficiency of the town system,
• 2:45:43
  Speaker 1: But between the interior and the coast there were struggles
• 2:45:46
  Speaker 1: over appointment and religious freedom. The former is illustrated by
• 2:45:50
  Speaker 1: the convention that met in Dracket, Massachusetts in seventeen seventy
• 2:45:53
  Speaker 1: six to petition the states of Massachusetts and New Hampshire
• 2:45:56
  Speaker 1: to relieve the financial distress and unfair legislative represents. Sixteen
• 2:46:02
  Speaker 1: of the border towns of New Hampshire sent delegates to
• 2:46:04
  Speaker 1: this convention. Two years later, these New Hampshire towns attempted
• 2:46:08
  Speaker 1: to join Vermont as a revolutionary state. Vermont itself was
• 2:46:12
  Speaker 1: an illustration of the same tendency of the interior to
• 2:46:14
  Speaker 1: break away from the coast. Massachusetts in this period witnessed
• 2:46:18
  Speaker 1: a campaign between the paper money Party, which was entrenched
• 2:46:21
  Speaker 1: in the more recently and thinly settled areas of the
• 2:46:23
  Speaker 1: interior and West, and the property holding classes of the coast.
• 2:46:28
  Speaker 1: The opposition to the constitutions of seventeen seventy eight and
• 2:46:31
  Speaker 1: seventeen eighty is tinctured with the same antagonism between the
• 2:46:34
  Speaker 1: ideas of the newer part of the interior and of
• 2:46:36
  Speaker 1: the coast. Chay's Rebellion and the anti federal opposition of
• 2:46:40
  Speaker 1: seventeen eighty seven to eighty eight found its stronghold in
• 2:46:43
  Speaker 1: the same interior areas. The religious struggles continued until the
• 2:46:47
  Speaker 1: democratic interior, where dissenting sex were strong and where there
• 2:46:51
  Speaker 1: was antagonism to the privileges of the Congregational Church finally
• 2:46:55
  Speaker 1: secured complete disestablishment in New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. This
• 2:47:00
  Speaker 1: belongs to a later period. Pennsylvania affords a clear illustration
• 2:47:04
  Speaker 1: of these sectional antagonisms. The Memorial of the Frontier. Paxton
• 2:47:08
  Speaker 1: Boys in seventeen sixty four demanded a right to share
• 2:47:11
  Speaker 1: in political privileges with the older part of the colony,
• 2:47:14
  Speaker 1: and protested against the apportionment by which the counties of Chester, Bucks,
• 2:47:18
  Speaker 1: and Philadelphia, together with the city of Philadelphia, elected twenty
• 2:47:22
  Speaker 1: six delegates while the five frontier countries had but ten.
• 2:47:26
  Speaker 1: The Frontier complained against the failure of the dominant Quaker
• 2:47:28
  Speaker 1: party of the coast to protect the interior against the Indians.
• 2:47:32
  Speaker 1: The three old wealthy counties under Quaker rule feared the
• 2:47:34
  Speaker 1: growth of the West, therefore made new counties and carefully
• 2:47:38
  Speaker 1: restricted the representation in each to preserve the majority in
• 2:47:41
  Speaker 1: the old section. At the same time, by a property qualification,
• 2:47:45
  Speaker 1: they met the danger of the democratic city population. Among
• 2:47:48
  Speaker 1: the points of grievance in this colony, in addition to
• 2:47:50
  Speaker 1: apportionment and representation, was the difficulty of access to the
• 2:47:54
  Speaker 1: county seat, owing to the size of the back counties.
• 2:47:57
  Speaker 1: Doctor Lincoln has well set forth the struggle of the
• 2:47:59
  Speaker 1: b Beast County, culminating in its triumph in the Constitutional
• 2:48:03
  Speaker 1: Convention of seventeen seventy six, which was chiefly the work
• 2:48:06
  Speaker 1: of the Presbyterian counties. Indeed, there were two revolutions in
• 2:48:10
  Speaker 1: Pennsylvania which went on side by side, one a revolt
• 2:48:13
  Speaker 1: against the coastal property holding classes the old dominant Quaker party,
• 2:48:17
  Speaker 1: and the other a revolt against Great Britain, which was
• 2:48:19
  Speaker 1: in this colony made possible only by the triumph of
• 2:48:22
  Speaker 1: the interior. In Virginia, as early as seventeen ten, Governor
• 2:48:27
  Speaker 1: Spotswood had complained that the old counties remained small, while
• 2:48:30
  Speaker 1: the new ones were sometimes ninety miles long, the inhabitants
• 2:48:33
  Speaker 1: being obliged to travel thirty or forty miles to their
• 2:48:35
  Speaker 1: own courthouse. Some of the counties had seventeen hundred titheables,
• 2:48:39
  Speaker 1: while others only a dozen miles square had five hundred.
• 2:48:43
  Speaker 1: Justices of the peace disliked to ride forty or fifty
• 2:48:46
  Speaker 1: miles to their monthly courts. Likewise, there was disparity in
• 2:48:49
  Speaker 1: the size of parishes, for example, that of Verena on
• 2:48:52
  Speaker 1: the Upper James had nine hundred tithe bules, many of
• 2:48:55
  Speaker 1: whom lived fifty miles from their church. But the Vestry
• 2:48:58
  Speaker 1: refused to allow the remote paris to separate because it
• 2:49:01
  Speaker 1: would increase the parish levy of those that remained. He
• 2:49:04
  Speaker 1: feared lest this would afford opportunity to secretaries to establish
• 2:49:08
  Speaker 1: their opinions among them, and thereby shaped that happy establishment
• 2:49:11
  Speaker 1: of the Church of England, which this colony enjoys with
• 2:49:14
  Speaker 1: less mixture of dissenters than any other of Her Majesty's plantations.
• 2:49:18
  Speaker 1: And when once schism has crept into the church, it
• 2:49:20
  Speaker 1: will soon create faction in the civil government. That Spotsword's
• 2:49:25
  Speaker 1: fears were well founded. We have already seen as the
• 2:49:28
  Speaker 1: secretaries of the back county increased dissatisfaction with the established
• 2:49:31
  Speaker 1: church grew. After the revolution came, Jefferson, with the back
• 2:49:35
  Speaker 1: country behind him, was able finally to destroy the establishment
• 2:49:38
  Speaker 1: and to break down the system of entails and primagenure
• 2:49:41
  Speaker 1: behind which the tobacco planting aristocracy of the coast was entrenched.
• 2:49:45
  Speaker 1: The desire of Jefferson to see slavery gradually abolished and
• 2:49:48
  Speaker 1: popular education provided is a further illustration of the attitude
• 2:49:52
  Speaker 1: of the interior. In short, Jeffersonian democracy, with its idea
• 2:49:57
  Speaker 1: of separation of church and state, it was to popular education,
• 2:50:01
  Speaker 1: and its dislike for special privilege, was deeply affected by
• 2:50:04
  Speaker 1: the Western society of the Old Dominion. The Virginian reform movement, however,
• 2:50:08
  Speaker 1: was unable to redress the grievance of unequal apportionment. In
• 2:50:11
  Speaker 1: seventeen eighty, Jefferson pointed out that the practice of allowing
• 2:50:14
  Speaker 1: each county an equal representation in the legislature gave control
• 2:50:18
  Speaker 1: to the numerous small counties of the tidewater, while the large,
• 2:50:21
  Speaker 1: populous counties of the upcountry suffered. Thus, he wrote, the
• 2:50:25
  Speaker 1: ninety thousand men below the falls give law to more
• 2:50:27
  Speaker 1: than thirty thousand living in other parts of the state,
• 2:50:31
  Speaker 1: and appoint all their chief officers, executive and judiciary. This
• 2:50:35
  Speaker 1: led to a long struggle between coast and interior, terminated
• 2:50:38
  Speaker 1: only when the slave population passed across the fall line
• 2:50:41
  Speaker 1: and more nearly assimilated coast and upcountry. In the mountain
• 2:50:45
  Speaker 1: areas which did not undergo this change, the independent state
• 2:50:49
  Speaker 1: of West Virginia remains as a monument of the contest
• 2:50:52
  Speaker 1: in the Convention of eighteen twenty nine to thirty, the
• 2:50:54
  Speaker 1: whole philosophy of representation was discussed, and the coast defended
• 2:50:58
  Speaker 1: its control as necessary to preach property from the assaults
• 2:51:01
  Speaker 1: of a numerical majority. They fear that the interior would
• 2:51:04
  Speaker 1: tax their slaves in order to secure funds for internal improvements.
• 2:51:08
  Speaker 1: As Doddridge put the case, the principle is that the
• 2:51:11
  Speaker 1: owners of slave property must be possessed of all the
• 2:51:14
  Speaker 1: powers of government, however small their own numbers may be,
• 2:51:17
  Speaker 1: to secure that property from the rapacity of an overgrown
• 2:51:20
  Speaker 1: majority of white men. This principle admits of no relaxation,
• 2:51:24
  Speaker 1: because the weaker the minority becomes, the greater will their
• 2:51:26
  Speaker 1: need for power be according to their own doctrines. Lee
• 2:51:30
  Speaker 1: of Chesterfield County declared, it is remarkable, I mention it
• 2:51:34
  Speaker 1: for the curiosity of the fact that if any evil,
• 2:51:37
  Speaker 1: physical or moral arise in any of the states south
• 2:51:39
  Speaker 1: of US, it never takes a northerly direction or taints
• 2:51:42
  Speaker 1: the southern breeze. Whereas if any plague originate in the North,
• 2:51:46
  Speaker 1: it is short to spread to the South than to
• 2:51:47
  Speaker 1: invade US. Sooner or later. The influenza, the small pox,
• 2:51:51
  Speaker 1: the Yarralloid, the Hessian fly, the circuit court system, universal suffrage.
• 2:51:55
  Speaker 1: All come from the north, and they always cross above
• 2:51:58
  Speaker 1: the falls of the great rivers below. It seems the
• 2:52:01
  Speaker 1: broad expanse of waters interposing effectively arrests their progress. Nothing
• 2:52:07
  Speaker 1: could more clearly bring out the sense of contrast between
• 2:52:09
  Speaker 1: upland and lowland Virginia and the continued intimacy of the
• 2:52:13
  Speaker 1: bond of connection between the North and its valley and
• 2:52:15
  Speaker 1: Piedmont colonies than this unconscious testimony. In northern South Carolina,
• 2:52:20
  Speaker 1: the upland south beyond the pine barrens and the Fall
• 2:52:22
  Speaker 1: line had similar grievances against the coast, but as the
• 2:52:26
  Speaker 1: zone of separation was more strongly marked, the grievances were
• 2:52:29
  Speaker 1: more acute. The tide of backwood settlement flowing down the
• 2:52:32
  Speaker 1: Piedmont from the north had cut across the lines of
• 2:52:34
  Speaker 1: local government and disarranged the regular course of development of
• 2:52:37
  Speaker 1: the colonies from the sea coast. Under the common practice,
• 2:52:40
  Speaker 1: large counties in North Carolina and parishes in South Carolina
• 2:52:44
  Speaker 1: had been projected into the unoccupied interior from the older
• 2:52:47
  Speaker 1: settlements along their eastern edge. But the Piedmont settlers brought
• 2:52:51
  Speaker 1: their own social order, and could not be well governed
• 2:52:53
  Speaker 1: by the older planters living far away toward the sea board.
• 2:52:56
  Speaker 1: This may be illustrated by conditions in South Carolina. The
• 2:53:00
  Speaker 1: General Court in Charleston had absorbed county in precinct courts
• 2:53:03
  Speaker 1: except the mind jurisdiction of Justices of the Peace. This
• 2:53:06
  Speaker 1: was well enough for the great planters, who made their
• 2:53:08
  Speaker 1: regular residents there for a part of the year, but
• 2:53:10
  Speaker 1: it was a source of oppression to the upcountry settlers
• 2:53:13
  Speaker 1: remote from the court. The difficulty of bringing witnesses, the
• 2:53:16
  Speaker 1: delay of the law, and the costs all resulted in
• 2:53:18
  Speaker 1: the escape of criminals, as well as in the immunity
• 2:53:21
  Speaker 1: of reckless debtors. The extortions of officials and their occasional
• 2:53:25
  Speaker 1: collusion with horse and cattle thieves, and the lack of
• 2:53:27
  Speaker 1: regular administration of the law led the South Carolina upcountrymen
• 2:53:31
  Speaker 1: to take affairs in their own hands, and in seventeen
• 2:53:33
  Speaker 1: sixty four to establish associations to administer Lynch law under
• 2:53:36
  Speaker 1: the name of regulators. The Scovelites or Government Party and
• 2:53:41
  Speaker 1: the Regulators met in arms on the Saluda in seventeen
• 2:53:44
  Speaker 1: sixty nine, but hostilities were averted and remedial measures plassed,
• 2:53:48
  Speaker 1: which alleviated the difficulty until the revolution. There still remained, however,
• 2:53:52
  Speaker 1: the grievance of unjust legislative representation. Calhoun stated the condition
• 2:53:57
  Speaker 1: in these words, the Upper Country had no representation in
• 2:54:01
  Speaker 1: the government and no political existence as a constituent portion
• 2:54:04
  Speaker 1: of the state until a period near the commencement of
• 2:54:07
  Speaker 1: the revolution. Indeed, during the revolution and until the formation
• 2:54:10
  Speaker 1: of the present constitution in seventeen ninety its political weight
• 2:54:14
  Speaker 1: was scarcely felt in the government. Even then, although it
• 2:54:17
  Speaker 1: had become the most populous section, Powell was so distributed
• 2:54:20
  Speaker 1: under the constitution as to leave it in a minority
• 2:54:22
  Speaker 1: in every department of government. Even in seventeen ninety four,
• 2:54:26
  Speaker 1: it was claimed by the Upcountry leaders that four fifths
• 2:54:29
  Speaker 1: of the people were governed by one fifth. Nor was
• 2:54:32
  Speaker 1: the difficulty met until the Constitutional Amendment of eighteen o eight,
• 2:54:35
  Speaker 1: the effect of which was to give the control of
• 2:54:37
  Speaker 1: the Senate to the lower section and of the House
• 2:54:39
  Speaker 1: of Representatives to the upper section, thus providing a mutual
• 2:54:42
  Speaker 1: veto This South Carolina experience furnished the historical basis for
• 2:54:46
  Speaker 1: Calhoun's argument for nullification and for the political philosophy underlying
• 2:54:50
  Speaker 1: his theory of the concurrent majority. This adjustment was effected, however,
• 2:54:54
  Speaker 1: only after the advance of the black Belt toward the
• 2:54:57
  Speaker 1: interior had assimilated portions of the Piedmont to Lowland ice deals.
• 2:55:01
  Speaker 1: When we turned to North Carolina's upper country, we find
• 2:55:03
  Speaker 1: the familiar story, but with a more tragic ending. The
• 2:55:06
  Speaker 1: local officials owed their selection to the governor and the
• 2:55:09
  Speaker 1: council whom he appointed. Thus power was all concentrated in
• 2:55:12
  Speaker 1: the official ring of the Lowland area. The men of
• 2:55:16
  Speaker 1: the interior resented the extortionate fees and the poll tax,
• 2:55:19
  Speaker 1: which bore with unequal weight upon the poor settlers of
• 2:55:21
  Speaker 1: the back country. This tax had been continued after sufficient
• 2:55:25
  Speaker 1: funds had been collected to extinguish the debt for which
• 2:55:27
  Speaker 1: it was originally levied, but venal sheriffs had failed to
• 2:55:30
  Speaker 1: pay it into the treasury. A report of seventeen seventy
• 2:55:33
  Speaker 1: showed at least one defaulting sheriff in every county of
• 2:55:36
  Speaker 1: the province. This tax, which was almost the sole tax
• 2:55:39
  Speaker 1: of the colony, was to be collected in specie for
• 2:55:42
  Speaker 1: the warehouse system by which staples might be accepted. While
• 2:55:45
  Speaker 1: familiar on the coast did not apply to the interior.
• 2:55:49
  Speaker 1: The speci was exceedingly difficult to obtain. In lack of it,
• 2:55:52
  Speaker 1: the farmer saw the sheriff, who owed his appointment to
• 2:55:54
  Speaker 1: the dominant Lowland planters, sell the lands of the delinquent
• 2:55:57
  Speaker 1: to his speculative friends. Lawyers and court fees followed. In short,
• 2:56:02
  Speaker 1: the interior felt that it was being exploited and it
• 2:56:04
  Speaker 1: had no redress, for the legislature was so appointed that
• 2:56:07
  Speaker 1: all power rested in the Old Lowland region. Efforts to
• 2:56:10
  Speaker 1: secure paper money failed by reason of the governor's opposition
• 2:56:13
  Speaker 1: under instructions from the Crown, and the currency was contracting
• 2:56:16
  Speaker 1: at the very time when population was rapidly increasing in
• 2:56:19
  Speaker 1: the interior. As in New England in the days of
• 2:56:22
  Speaker 1: Shay's rebellion, violent prejudice existed against the judiciary and the lawyers,
• 2:56:26
  Speaker 1: and it must of course be understood that the movement
• 2:56:29
  Speaker 1: was not free from frontier dislike of taxation and the
• 2:56:32
  Speaker 1: restraints of law and order in general. In seventeen sixty six.
• 2:56:35
  Speaker 1: In seventeen sixty eight, meetings were held in the upper
• 2:56:37
  Speaker 1: counties to organize the opposition, and an association was formed,
• 2:56:41
  Speaker 1: the members of which pledged themselves to pay no more
• 2:56:44
  Speaker 1: taxes or fees until they satisfied themselves that these were
• 2:56:47
  Speaker 1: agreeable to law. The Regulators, as they called themselves, assembled
• 2:56:51
  Speaker 1: in the autumn of seventeen sixty eight to the number
• 2:56:53
  Speaker 1: of nearly four thousand, and tried to secure terms of adjustment.
• 2:56:57
  Speaker 1: In seventeen seventy the courthouse at Hillsborough was broken into
• 2:57:00
  Speaker 1: by a mob. The Assembly passed some measures designed to
• 2:57:03
  Speaker 1: conciliate the back country, but before they became operative, Governor
• 2:57:07
  Speaker 1: Tryon's militia, about twelve hundred men, largely from the lowlands
• 2:57:10
  Speaker 1: and led by the gentry whose privileges were involved, met
• 2:57:13
  Speaker 1: the Motley army of the Regulators, who numbered about two thousand,
• 2:57:16
  Speaker 1: in the Battle of the alamancei May seventeen seventy one.
• 2:57:20
  Speaker 1: Many were killed and wounded. The Regulators dispersed, and over
• 2:57:23
  Speaker 1: six thousand men came into camp and took the oath
• 2:57:25
  Speaker 1: of submission to the colonial authorities. The battle was not
• 2:57:29
  Speaker 1: the first Battle of the Revolution, as it had been
• 2:57:31
  Speaker 1: sometimes called, for it had little or no relation to
• 2:57:34
  Speaker 1: the Stamp Act, and many of the frontiersmen involved later
• 2:57:37
  Speaker 1: refused to fight against England because of the very hatred
• 2:57:39
  Speaker 1: which had been inspired for the Lowland revolutionary leaders in
• 2:57:42
  Speaker 1: this Battle of Alamance. The interior of the Carolinas was
• 2:57:46
  Speaker 1: a region where neighbours during the revolution engaged in inter
• 2:57:49
  Speaker 1: nissan conflicts of tories against Whigs. But in the sense
• 2:57:52
  Speaker 1: that the Battle of Alomancy was a conflict against privilege
• 2:57:55
  Speaker 1: and for equality of political rights and power, it was
• 2:57:58
  Speaker 1: indeed a preliminary battle of the rugs, although fought against
• 2:58:01
  Speaker 1: many of the very men who later professed revolutionary doctrines.
• 2:58:04
  Speaker 1: In North Carolina. The need of recognizing the importance of
• 2:58:08
  Speaker 1: the interior led to concessions in the Convention of seventeen
• 2:58:10
  Speaker 1: seventy six in that state. Of the forty four sections
• 2:58:14
  Speaker 1: of the Constitution, thirteen are embodiments of reforms sought by
• 2:58:17
  Speaker 1: the regulators. But it was in this period that hundreds
• 2:58:21
  Speaker 1: of North Carolina backwardsmen crossed the mountains to Tennessee and Kentucky,
• 2:58:24
  Speaker 1: many of them coming from the heart of the regulator region.
• 2:58:27
  Speaker 1: They used the device of associations to provide for government
• 2:58:30
  Speaker 1: in their communities. In the matter of apportionment, North Carolina
• 2:58:34
  Speaker 1: showed the same lodgment of power in the hands of
• 2:58:36
  Speaker 1: the coast, even after population preponderated in the Piedmont. It
• 2:58:41
  Speaker 1: is needless to comment on the uniformity of the evidence
• 2:58:43
  Speaker 1: which has been adduced to show that the Old West,
• 2:58:45
  Speaker 1: the interior region from New England to Georgia, had a
• 2:58:48
  Speaker 1: common grievance against the coast, that it was deprived throughout
• 2:58:51
  Speaker 1: most of the region of its due share of representation,
• 2:58:54
  Speaker 1: and neglected and oppressed in local government. In large portions
• 2:58:57
  Speaker 1: of the section, the familiar struggle of West against East,
• 2:59:00
  Speaker 1: of democracy against privileged classes was exhibited along the entire line.
• 2:59:05
  Speaker 1: The phenomenon must be considered as a unit, not in
• 2:59:07
  Speaker 1: the fragments of state histories. It was a struggle of
• 2:59:10
  Speaker 1: interior against coast. End of Section thirteen, Chapter three, Part
• 2:59:16
  Speaker 1: seven six. Perhaps the most noteworthy Western activity in the
• 2:59:21
  Speaker 1: Revolutionary era, aside from the aspects already mentioned, was in
• 2:59:25
  Speaker 1: the part which the multitude of sects in the Old
• 2:59:27
  Speaker 1: West played in securing the great contribution which the United
• 2:59:30
  Speaker 1: States made to civilization by providing for complete religious liberty.
• 2:59:34
  Speaker 1: A secular state with free churches, particularly the revolutionary constitutions
• 2:59:40
  Speaker 1: of Pennsylvania and Virginia under the influence of the back country,
• 2:59:44
  Speaker 1: ensured religious freedom. The effects of the North Carolina Upland
• 2:59:48
  Speaker 1: area to secure a similar result. Were noteworthy, though for
• 2:59:50
  Speaker 1: the time ineffective. Seven As population increased in these years,
• 2:59:56
  Speaker 1: the coast gradually yielded to the upcountry's demands, illustrated by
• 3:00:00
  Speaker 1: the transfer of the capitals from the lowlands to the
• 3:00:03
  Speaker 1: fall Line Valley in seventeen seventy nine. Virginia changed her
• 3:00:07
  Speaker 1: seat of government from Williamsburg to Richmond in seventeen ninety,
• 3:00:10
  Speaker 1: South Carolina from Charleston to Columbia in seventeen ninety one,
• 3:00:14
  Speaker 1: North Carolina from Edenton to Raleigh in seventeen ninety seven,
• 3:00:18
  Speaker 1: New York from New York City to Albany in seventeen
• 3:00:21
  Speaker 1: ninety nine, Pennsylvania from Philadelphia to Lancaster eight. The democratic
• 3:00:27
  Speaker 1: aspect of the new constitutions was also influenced by the frontier,
• 3:00:30
  Speaker 1: as well as by the prevnent revolutionary philosophy and the
• 3:00:33
  Speaker 1: demands for paper money, stay and tender laws, etc. Of
• 3:00:37
  Speaker 1: this period were strongest in the interior. It was this
• 3:00:40
  Speaker 1: region that supported Shay's rebellion. It was, with some important exceptions,
• 3:00:45
  Speaker 1: the same area that resisted the ratification of the Federal Constitution,
• 3:00:48
  Speaker 1: fearful of a stronger government and the loss of paper money. Nine.
• 3:00:53
  Speaker 1: The interior later showed its opposition to the coast by
• 3:00:56
  Speaker 1: the persistent contest against slavery carried on in the up
• 3:00:59
  Speaker 1: country of Virgil and North and South Carolina. Until the
• 3:01:02
  Speaker 1: decade eighteen thirty to forty, it was not certain that
• 3:01:05
  Speaker 1: both Virginia and North Carolina would not find some means
• 3:01:08
  Speaker 1: of gradual abolition. The same influence accounts for much of
• 3:01:12
  Speaker 1: the exodus of the Piedmont pioneers into Indiana and Illinois
• 3:01:15
  Speaker 1: in the first half of the nineteenth century. Ten. These
• 3:01:20
  Speaker 1: were the regions also in which were developed a desire
• 3:01:23
  Speaker 1: of the pioneers who crossed the mountains and settled on
• 3:01:25
  Speaker 1: the western waters to establish new states free from control
• 3:01:29
  Speaker 1: by the lowlands, owning their own lands, able to determine
• 3:01:32
  Speaker 1: their own currency, and in general to govern themselves in
• 3:01:35
  Speaker 1: accordance with the ideals of the Old West. They were
• 3:01:38
  Speaker 1: ready also if need be to become independent of the
• 3:01:40
  Speaker 1: Old thirteen Vermond must be considered in this aspect, as
• 3:01:45
  Speaker 1: well as Kentucky and Tennessee eleven. The land system of
• 3:01:49
  Speaker 1: the Old West furnished precedents which developed into the land
• 3:01:52
  Speaker 1: system of the trans Allegheny West. The squatters of Pennsylvania
• 3:01:56
  Speaker 1: and the Carolinas found it easy to repeat the operation
• 3:01:58
  Speaker 1: on another frontier preemption laws became established. Features the Revolution
• 3:02:03
  Speaker 1: gave opportunity to confiscate the claims of Lord Fairfax, Lord Granville,
• 3:02:07
  Speaker 1: and mccullor to their vast estates, as well as the
• 3:02:10
  Speaker 1: remaining lands of the Pennsylvania proprietors. The six hundred and
• 3:02:14
  Speaker 1: forty acre or one square mile unit of North Carolina
• 3:02:17
  Speaker 1: for preemptions and frontier land bounties became the area awarded
• 3:02:21
  Speaker 1: to frontier stations by Virginia in seventeen seventy nine and
• 3:02:24
  Speaker 1: the section of the later federal land system. The Virginia
• 3:02:28
  Speaker 1: preemption right of four hundred acres on the western waters
• 3:02:31
  Speaker 1: or a thousand for those who came prior to seventeen
• 3:02:33
  Speaker 1: seventy eight, was in substance the continuation of a system
• 3:02:36
  Speaker 1: familiar in the Old West. The grants to Beverly of
• 3:02:39
  Speaker 1: over one hundred thousand acres in the valley conditioned on
• 3:02:42
  Speaker 1: seating a family for every thousand acres, and the similar
• 3:02:45
  Speaker 1: grants to Bordon, Carter, and Lewis were followed by the
• 3:02:48
  Speaker 1: Great Grant to the Ohio Company. This company, including leading
• 3:02:52
  Speaker 1: Virginia planters and some frontiersmen, asked in seventeen forty nine
• 3:02:56
  Speaker 1: for two hundred thousand acres on the Upper Ohio, conditioned
• 3:02:59
  Speaker 1: on seating a hundred families in seven years, and for
• 3:03:01
  Speaker 1: an additional grant of three hundred thousand acres after this
• 3:03:04
  Speaker 1: should be accomplished. It was proposed to settle Germans on
• 3:03:07
  Speaker 1: these lands. The Loyal Land Company, by order of the
• 3:03:10
  Speaker 1: Virginia Council in seventeen forty nine, was authorized to take
• 3:03:14
  Speaker 1: up eight hundred thousand acres west and north of the
• 3:03:16
  Speaker 1: southern boundary of Virginia on condition of purchasing rights for
• 3:03:19
  Speaker 1: the amount within four years. The company sold many tracks
• 3:03:23
  Speaker 1: for three pounds per hundred acres to settlers, but finally
• 3:03:26
  Speaker 1: lost its claim. The Mississippi Company, including in its membership
• 3:03:30
  Speaker 1: the Lees, Washington's and other Great Virginia planters, applied for
• 3:03:33
  Speaker 1: two and one half million acres in the West in
• 3:03:36
  Speaker 1: seventeen sixty nine. Similar land companies of New England origin,
• 3:03:40
  Speaker 1: like the Susquehanna Company and Lyman's Mississippi Company, exhibit the
• 3:03:44
  Speaker 1: same tendency of the Old West. On the northern side
• 3:03:47
  Speaker 1: New England's Ohio Company of Associates, which settled Marietta, had
• 3:03:51
  Speaker 1: striking resemblances to town proprietors. These were only the most
• 3:03:55
  Speaker 1: noteworthy of many companies of this period, and it is
• 3:03:58
  Speaker 1: evident that they were a natural outgrowth of time speculations
• 3:04:00
  Speaker 1: in the Old West. Washington securing military bounty land claims
• 3:04:04
  Speaker 1: of soldiers of the French and Indian War, and selecting
• 3:04:07
  Speaker 1: lands in West Virginia until he controlled over seventy thousand
• 3:04:10
  Speaker 1: acres for speculation, is an excellent illustration of the tendency.
• 3:04:14
  Speaker 1: He also thought of colonizing German palatines upon his lands.
• 3:04:18
  Speaker 1: The formation of the Transylvania and Vandalier companies were natural
• 3:04:22
  Speaker 1: developments on a still vaster scale. Twelve. The final phase
• 3:04:27
  Speaker 1: of the Old West, which I wish merely to mention
• 3:04:29
  Speaker 1: in conclusion, is its colonization of areas beyond the mountains.
• 3:04:33
  Speaker 1: The essential unity of the movement is brought out by
• 3:04:35
  Speaker 1: a study of how New England's Old West settled northern Maine,
• 3:04:39
  Speaker 1: New Hampshire, and Vermont, the Adirondacks, Central and western New York.
• 3:04:43
  Speaker 1: The Wyoming Valley once organizes a part of Lichfield, Connecticut,
• 3:04:47
  Speaker 1: The Ohio Company's region about Marietta and Connecticut's western reserve
• 3:04:51
  Speaker 1: on the shores of Lake Erie, and how the pioneers
• 3:04:53
  Speaker 1: of the Great Valley and the Piedmont region of the
• 3:04:55
  Speaker 1: South crossed the Alleghenies and settled on the western waters.
• 3:04:59
  Speaker 1: Daniel Boone, going from his Pennsylvania home to the Adkin
• 3:05:02
  Speaker 1: and from the Adkin to Tennessee and Kentucky, took part
• 3:05:05
  Speaker 1: in the whole process and later in its continuation into Missouri.
• 3:05:09
  Speaker 1: The social conditions and ideals of the Old West powerfully
• 3:05:12
  Speaker 1: shaped those of the trans Allegheny West. The important contrast
• 3:05:15
  Speaker 1: between the spirit of individual colonization resentful of control, which
• 3:05:19
  Speaker 1: the Southern frontiersmen showed, and the spirit of community colonization
• 3:05:23
  Speaker 1: and control to which the New England pioneers inclined left
• 3:05:26
  Speaker 1: deep traces on the later history of the West. The
• 3:05:29
  Speaker 1: Old West diminished the importance of the town as a
• 3:05:31
  Speaker 1: colonizing unit, even in New England. In the southern area,
• 3:05:34
  Speaker 1: efforts to legislate towns into existence, as in Virginia, South
• 3:05:38
  Speaker 1: Carolina and Georgia failed. They faded away before wilderness conditions,
• 3:05:43
  Speaker 1: But in general, the northern stream of migration was communal
• 3:05:46
  Speaker 1: and the Southern Individual. The difference which existed between that
• 3:05:49
  Speaker 1: portion of the Old West which was formed by Northwood colonization,
• 3:05:52
  Speaker 1: chiefly of the New England Plateau including New York, and
• 3:05:55
  Speaker 1: that portion formed by the southward colonization of the Virginia
• 3:05:58
  Speaker 1: Valley and the Southern Peak Edmont was reflected in the
• 3:06:01
  Speaker 1: History of the Middle West and the Mississippi Valley end
• 3:06:05
  Speaker 1: of Section fourteen, Chapter four The Middle West Part one.
• 3:06:13
  Speaker 1: American sectional nomenclature is still confused. Once the West described
• 3:06:18
  Speaker 1: the whole region beyond the alleghenies, but the term has
• 3:06:21
  Speaker 1: hopelessly lost its definiteness. The rapidity of the spread of
• 3:06:25
  Speaker 1: settlement has broken down old usage, and as yet no
• 3:06:28
  Speaker 1: substitute has been generally accepted. The Middle West is a
• 3:06:32
  Speaker 1: term variously used by the public, but for the purpose
• 3:06:35
  Speaker 1: of the present paper, it will be applied to that
• 3:06:37
  Speaker 1: region of the United States included in the census reports
• 3:06:40
  Speaker 1: under the name of the North Central Division, comprising the
• 3:06:43
  Speaker 1: states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, the old
• 3:06:48
  Speaker 1: territory northwest of the River Ohio and their trans Mississippi
• 3:06:52
  Speaker 1: sisters of the Louisiana Purchase, Missouri Iowa, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska,
• 3:06:58
  Speaker 1: North Dakota, and South Dakota. It is an imperial domain.
• 3:07:03
  Speaker 1: If the greater countries of Central Europe France, Germany, Italy,
• 3:07:07
  Speaker 1: and Austro Hungary were laid down upon this area, the
• 3:07:10
  Speaker 1: Middle West would still show a margin of spare territory. Pittsburgh, Cleveland,
• 3:07:15
  Speaker 1: and Buffalo constitute its gateways to the Eastern States. Kansas City, Omaha,
• 3:07:19
  Speaker 1: Saint Poor, Minneapolis and Duluth Superior dominate its western areas.
• 3:07:24
  Speaker 1: Cincinnati and Saint Louis stand on its southern borders, and
• 3:07:27
  Speaker 1: Chicago reigns at the centre. What Boston, New York, Philadelphia
• 3:07:31
  Speaker 1: and Baltimore are to the Atlantic sea board, these cities
• 3:07:34
  Speaker 1: are to the middle West, the Great Lakes and the Mississippi,
• 3:07:38
  Speaker 1: with the Ohio and the Missouria's laterals, constitute the vast
• 3:07:42
  Speaker 1: water system that binds the Middle West together. It is
• 3:07:45
  Speaker 1: the economic and political center of the Republic. At one
• 3:07:48
  Speaker 1: edge is the populism of the Prairies. At the other
• 3:07:51
  Speaker 1: the capitalism that is typified in Pittsburgh. Great as are
• 3:07:55
  Speaker 1: the local differences within the Middle West it possesses in
• 3:07:58
  Speaker 1: its physiography. In the US, the history of its settlement
• 3:08:01
  Speaker 1: and in its economic and social life, a unity and
• 3:08:04
  Speaker 1: interdependence which warrant a study of the area as an entity.
• 3:08:08
  Speaker 1: Within the limits of this article. Treatment of so vast
• 3:08:11
  Speaker 1: a region, however, can at best afford no more than
• 3:08:14
  Speaker 1: an outlying sketch in which old and well known facts must,
• 3:08:17
  Speaker 1: if possible, be so grouped as to explain the position
• 3:08:20
  Speaker 1: of the section in American history. In spite of the
• 3:08:23
  Speaker 1: difficulties of the task, there is a definite advantage in
• 3:08:26
  Speaker 1: so large a view. By fixing our attention too exclusively
• 3:08:30
  Speaker 1: upon the artificial boundary lines of the States, we have
• 3:08:33
  Speaker 1: failed to perceive much that is significant in the westward
• 3:08:35
  Speaker 1: development of the United States. For instance, our colonial system
• 3:08:39
  Speaker 1: did not begin with the Spanish War. The United States
• 3:08:42
  Speaker 1: has had a colonial history and policy from the beginning
• 3:08:44
  Speaker 1: of the republic, but they have been hidden under the
• 3:08:47
  Speaker 1: phraseology of interstate migration and territorial organization. The American people
• 3:08:53
  Speaker 1: have occupied a spacious wilderness. Vast physiographic provinces, each with
• 3:08:57
  Speaker 1: its own peculiarities, have lain across the part of this migration,
• 3:09:01
  Speaker 1: and each has furnished a special environment for economic and
• 3:09:04
  Speaker 1: social transformation. It is possible to underestimate the importance of
• 3:09:08
  Speaker 1: state lines. But if we direct our gaze rather to
• 3:09:11
  Speaker 1: the physiographic province than to the state area, we shall
• 3:09:14
  Speaker 1: be able to see some facts in a new light.
• 3:09:17
  Speaker 1: Then it becomes clear that these physiographic provinces in America
• 3:09:20
  Speaker 1: are in some respects comparable to the countries of Europe,
• 3:09:23
  Speaker 1: and that each has its own history of occupation and development.
• 3:09:27
  Speaker 1: General Francis A Walker once remarked that the course of
• 3:09:30
  Speaker 1: settlement has called upon our people to occupy territory as
• 3:09:33
  Speaker 1: extensive as Switzerland, as England, as Italy, and latterly as
• 3:09:37
  Speaker 1: France or Germany every ten years. It is this element
• 3:09:41
  Speaker 1: of vastness in the achievements of American democracy that gives
• 3:09:44
  Speaker 1: a peculiar interest to the conquest and development of the
• 3:09:47
  Speaker 1: Middle West. The effects of this conquest and development upon
• 3:09:50
  Speaker 1: the present United States have been of fundamental importance. Geographically,
• 3:09:55
  Speaker 1: the Middle West is almost conterminous with the provinces of
• 3:09:57
  Speaker 1: the Lake and Prairie Plains, but the large a share
• 3:10:00
  Speaker 1: of Kansas and Nebraska, and the western part of the
• 3:10:02
  Speaker 1: two Dakotas belong to the Great Plains. The Ozark Mountains
• 3:10:06
  Speaker 1: occupy a portion of Missouri and the southern parts of
• 3:10:09
  Speaker 1: Ohio and Indiana merge into the Allegheny Plateau. The relation
• 3:10:13
  Speaker 1: of the provinces and of the lake and prairie plains
• 3:10:15
  Speaker 1: to the rest of the United States is an important
• 3:10:17
  Speaker 1: element in the significance of the Middle West. On the
• 3:10:21
  Speaker 1: north lies the similar region of Canada. The Great Lakes
• 3:10:24
  Speaker 1: are in the center of the whole eastern and more
• 3:10:26
  Speaker 1: thickly settled half of North America, and they bind the
• 3:10:30
  Speaker 1: Canadian and Middle Western people together. On the south, the
• 3:10:34
  Speaker 1: provinces meet the apex of that of the Gulf Plains,
• 3:10:37
  Speaker 1: and the Mississippi unites them. To the west, they merge
• 3:10:40
  Speaker 1: gradually into the Great Plains. The Missouri and its tributaries,
• 3:10:43
  Speaker 1: and the Pacific railroads make for them a bond of union.
• 3:10:47
  Speaker 1: Another rather effective bond is the interdependence of the cattle
• 3:10:50
  Speaker 1: of the plains and the corn of the prairies. To
• 3:10:53
  Speaker 1: the east, the province meets the Allegheny and New England
• 3:10:56
  Speaker 1: plateaus and is connected with them by the Upper Ohio
• 3:11:00
  Speaker 1: and by the line of the Erie Canal. Here, the
• 3:11:03
  Speaker 1: interaction of industrial life and the historical facts of settlement
• 3:11:06
  Speaker 1: have produced a close relationship The intimate connection between the
• 3:11:10
  Speaker 1: larger part of the North Central and the North Atlantic
• 3:11:12
  Speaker 1: divisions of the United States will impress anyone who examines
• 3:11:16
  Speaker 1: the industrial and social maps of the Census Atlas. By
• 3:11:19
  Speaker 1: reason of these interprovincial relationships, the Middle West is the
• 3:11:22
  Speaker 1: mediator between Canada and the United States, and between the
• 3:11:26
  Speaker 1: concentrated wealth and manufactures of the North Atlantic states and
• 3:11:30
  Speaker 1: the sparsely settled Western mining, cattle raising, and agricultural states.
• 3:11:34
  Speaker 1: It has a connection with the South that was once
• 3:11:36
  Speaker 1: still closer, and is likely before long to reassert itself
• 3:11:40
  Speaker 1: with new power within the limits of the United States. Therefore,
• 3:11:44
  Speaker 1: we have problems of interprovincial trade and commerce similar to
• 3:11:47
  Speaker 1: those that exist between the nations of the Old World.
• 3:11:50
  Speaker 1: Over most of the province of the Lake and Prairie Plains,
• 3:11:53
  Speaker 1: the Laurentide Glacier spreads its drift rich in limestone and
• 3:11:56
  Speaker 1: other rock powder, which farmers in less favoured sections must
• 3:11:59
  Speaker 1: per to replenish the soil. The alluvial deposit from primeval
• 3:12:04
  Speaker 1: lakes contributed to fatten the soil of other parts of
• 3:12:06
  Speaker 1: the prairies. Taken as a whole, the prairie plains surpass
• 3:12:10
  Speaker 1: in fertility any other region of America or Europe, unless
• 3:12:13
  Speaker 1: we accept some territory about the Black Sea. It is
• 3:12:16
  Speaker 1: the land marked out as the granary of the nation,
• 3:12:19
  Speaker 1: but it is more than a granary. On the rocky
• 3:12:21
  Speaker 1: shores of Lake Superior were concealed copper mines rivaled only
• 3:12:24
  Speaker 1: by those of Montana, and iron fields, which now furnished
• 3:12:28
  Speaker 1: the ore for the production of eighty percent of the
• 3:12:30
  Speaker 1: pig iron of the United States. The Great Lakes afford
• 3:12:33
  Speaker 1: a highway between these iron fields and the coal areas
• 3:12:36
  Speaker 1: of the Ohio Valley. The gas and oil deposits of
• 3:12:39
  Speaker 1: the Ohio Valley, the coal of Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, and
• 3:12:42
  Speaker 1: Eastern Kansas, the lead and zinc of the Ozark region
• 3:12:46
  Speaker 1: and of the Upper Mississippi Valley, and the gold of
• 3:12:48
  Speaker 1: the Black Hills all contribute underground wealth to the Middle West.
• 3:12:53
  Speaker 1: The primeval American forest once spread its shade over vast
• 3:12:56
  Speaker 1: portions of the same province. Ohio, Indiana, southern Mischigon, and
• 3:13:00
  Speaker 1: central Wisconsin were almost covered with a growth of noble
• 3:13:03
  Speaker 1: deciduous trees. In southern Illinois, along the broad bottom lands
• 3:13:08
  Speaker 1: of the Mississippi and the Illinois, and in southern and
• 3:13:10
  Speaker 1: southwestern Missouri. Similar forests prevailed to the north. In Michigan, Wisconsin,
• 3:13:15
  Speaker 1: and Minnesota appeared the somber white pine wilderness, interlaced with
• 3:13:20
  Speaker 1: hard woods, which swept in ample zone along the Great
• 3:13:22
  Speaker 1: Lakes till the deciduous forests triumphed again and in their
• 3:13:26
  Speaker 1: turn faded into the treeless expanse of the prairies. In
• 3:13:30
  Speaker 1: the remaining portions were openings in the midst of the
• 3:13:32
  Speaker 1: forested area, and then the grassy ocean of prairie that
• 3:13:36
  Speaker 1: rolled to west and northwest until it passed beyond the
• 3:13:38
  Speaker 1: line of sufficient rainfall for agriculture without irrigation into the
• 3:13:42
  Speaker 1: semi arid stretches of the Great Plains. In the middle
• 3:13:46
  Speaker 1: of the eighteenth century, the forested region of this province
• 3:13:49
  Speaker 1: was occupied by the Wigwams of many different tribes of
• 3:13:52
  Speaker 1: the Yolonquid tongue, sparsely scattered in villages along the water courses,
• 3:13:56
  Speaker 1: warring and trading through the vast wilderness. Edge of the
• 3:14:00
  Speaker 1: prairie and the Great Plains were held by the Sioux,
• 3:14:03
  Speaker 1: chasing herds of bison across these far stretching expanses. These
• 3:14:07
  Speaker 1: horsemen of the Plains and the Canoemen of the Great
• 3:14:10
  Speaker 1: Lakes and the Ohio were factors with which civilization had
• 3:14:13
  Speaker 1: to reckon, for they constituted important portions of perhaps the
• 3:14:17
  Speaker 1: fiercest native race with which the white man has ever
• 3:14:20
  Speaker 1: battled for new lands. The Frenchman had done but little
• 3:14:23
  Speaker 1: fighting for this region. He swore brotherhood with its savages,
• 3:14:27
  Speaker 1: traded with them, intermarriage with them, and explored the Middle West.
• 3:14:30
  Speaker 1: But he left the wilderness much as he found it.
• 3:14:33
  Speaker 1: Some six or seven thousand French people in all about
• 3:14:36
  Speaker 1: Detroit and Vincennes, and in the Illinois country, and scattered
• 3:14:40
  Speaker 1: among the Indian villages of the remote lakes and streams,
• 3:14:43
  Speaker 1: held possession. When George Washington reached the site of Pittsburgh,
• 3:14:46
  Speaker 1: bearing Virginia's summons of eviction to France in his person,
• 3:14:50
  Speaker 1: fate knocked at the portals of a rising empire. France
• 3:14:54
  Speaker 1: hurried her commanders and garrisons with Indian allies from the
• 3:14:57
  Speaker 1: posts about the Great Lakes in the Upper Mississippi, but
• 3:15:00
  Speaker 1: it was in vain. In vain too, the aftermath of
• 3:15:03
  Speaker 1: Pontiac's widespread Indian uprising against the English occupation, when she
• 3:15:08
  Speaker 1: came into possession of the lands between the Ohio the
• 3:15:10
  Speaker 1: Mississippi and the Great Lakes, England organized them as a
• 3:15:14
  Speaker 1: part of the Province of Quebec. The daring conquest of
• 3:15:17
  Speaker 1: George Rogers Clark left Virginia in military possession of the
• 3:15:21
  Speaker 1: Illinois country at the conclusion of the Revolutionary War, but
• 3:15:24
  Speaker 1: over all the remainder of the old Northwest England was
• 3:15:27
  Speaker 1: in control. Although she seated the region by the treaty
• 3:15:30
  Speaker 1: which closed the Revolution, she remained for many years the
• 3:15:33
  Speaker 1: mistress of the Indians in the fur trade. When Lord
• 3:15:36
  Speaker 1: Shelburne was upraided in Parliament for yielding the Northwest to
• 3:15:39
  Speaker 1: the United States, the complaint was that he had clothed
• 3:15:42
  Speaker 1: the Americans in the warm covering of our fur trade,
• 3:15:45
  Speaker 1: and his defense was that the peltry trade of the
• 3:15:47
  Speaker 1: ceded tract was not sufficiently profitable to warrant further war.
• 3:15:52
  Speaker 1: But the English government became convinced that the Indian trade
• 3:15:54
  Speaker 1: demanded the retention of the Northwest, and she did in
• 3:15:57
  Speaker 1: fact hold her post there in spite of the Treaty
• 3:15:59
  Speaker 1: of peace. Dundas, the English Secretary for the Colonies, expressed
• 3:16:04
  Speaker 1: the policy when he declared in seventeen ninety two that
• 3:16:06
  Speaker 1: the object was to interpose an Indian barrier between Canada
• 3:16:10
  Speaker 1: and the United States, and in pursuance of this policy
• 3:16:13
  Speaker 1: of preserving the Northwest as an Indian buffer state, the
• 3:16:15
  Speaker 1: Canadian authorities supported the Indians in their resistance to American
• 3:16:19
  Speaker 1: settlement beyond the Ohio. The conception of the Northwest as
• 3:16:22
  Speaker 1: an Indian reserve strikingly exhibits England's inability to foresee the
• 3:16:26
  Speaker 1: future of the region and to measure the forces of
• 3:16:28
  Speaker 1: American expansion. By the sessions of Virginia, New York, Massachusetts,
• 3:16:33
  Speaker 1: and Connecticut, the Old Congress had come into nominal possession
• 3:16:36
  Speaker 1: of an extensive public domain and a field for the
• 3:16:39
  Speaker 1: exercise of national authority. The significance of this fact in
• 3:16:43
  Speaker 1: the development of national power is not likely to be overestimated.
• 3:16:46
  Speaker 1: The first result was the completion of the Ordinance of
• 3:16:49
  Speaker 1: seventeen eighty seven, which provided a territorial government for the
• 3:16:52
  Speaker 1: Old Northwest with provisions for the admission of states into
• 3:16:56
  Speaker 1: the Union. This federal colonial system guaranteed that the new
• 3:16:59
  Speaker 1: national possessions should not be governed as dependent provinces, but
• 3:17:03
  Speaker 1: should enter as a group of sister states into the Federation.
• 3:17:06
  Speaker 1: While the importance of the Article excluding slavery. Has often
• 3:17:09
  Speaker 1: been pointed out, it is probable that the provisions for
• 3:17:12
  Speaker 1: a federal colonial organization have been at least equally potential
• 3:17:16
  Speaker 1: in our actual development. The full significance of this feature
• 3:17:20
  Speaker 1: of the Ordinance is only appreciated when we consider its
• 3:17:22
  Speaker 1: continuous influence upon the American territorial and state policy in
• 3:17:26
  Speaker 1: the westward expansion to the Pacific, and the political preconceptions
• 3:17:30
  Speaker 1: with which Americans approach the problems of government in the
• 3:17:33
  Speaker 1: new insular possessions. The Land Ordinance of seventeen eighty five
• 3:17:37
  Speaker 1: is also worthy of attension in this connection, for under
• 3:17:40
  Speaker 1: its provisions, almost all of the Middle West has been
• 3:17:42
  Speaker 1: divided by the Government surveyor into rectangles of sections and townships,
• 3:17:46
  Speaker 1: by whose lines the settler has been able easily and
• 3:17:49
  Speaker 1: certainly to locate his farm and the forester is forty.
• 3:17:53
  Speaker 1: In the local organization of the Middlewest, these lines have
• 3:17:56
  Speaker 1: played an important part. End of Section fifty, Chapter four,
• 3:18:02
  Speaker 1: Part two. It would be impossible within the limits of
• 3:18:06
  Speaker 1: this paper to detail the history of the occupation of
• 3:18:09
  Speaker 1: the Middle West, with the larger aspects of the flow
• 3:18:11
  Speaker 1: of population into the region may be sketched. Massachusetts men
• 3:18:15
  Speaker 1: had formed the Ohio Company and had been influential in
• 3:18:18
  Speaker 1: shaping the liberal provisions of the Ordnance. Their land purchase
• 3:18:23
  Speaker 1: paid foreign soldiers certificates, embraced an area larger than the
• 3:18:26
  Speaker 1: state of Rhode Island. At Marietta in seventeen eighty eight,
• 3:18:30
  Speaker 1: under the shelter of Fort Harmer, their bulletproof barge landed
• 3:18:34
  Speaker 1: the first New England colony. A New Jersey colony was
• 3:18:37
  Speaker 1: planted soon after at Cincinnati in the Sims Purchase. Thus
• 3:18:41
  Speaker 1: American civilization crossed the Ohio. The French settlements at Detroit
• 3:18:46
  Speaker 1: and in Indiana and Illinois belonged to other times and
• 3:18:49
  Speaker 1: had their own ideals. But with the entrance of the
• 3:18:52
  Speaker 1: American pioneer into the forest of the Middle West, a
• 3:18:55
  Speaker 1: new era began. The Indians, with the moral support of England,
• 3:18:59
  Speaker 1: resids listed the invasion and an Indian War followed. The
• 3:19:03
  Speaker 1: conquest of Wayne in seventeen ninety five pushed back the
• 3:19:06
  Speaker 1: Indians to the Greenville line, extending irregularly across the state
• 3:19:10
  Speaker 1: of Ohio from the site of Cleveland to Fort Recovery
• 3:19:12
  Speaker 1: in the middle point of her present western boundary, and
• 3:19:15
  Speaker 1: secured certain areas in Indiana. In the same period, Jay's
• 3:19:19
  Speaker 1: Treaty provided for the withdrawal of the British posts. After
• 3:19:23
  Speaker 1: this extension of the area open to the pioneer, new
• 3:19:26
  Speaker 1: settlements were rapidly formed. Connecticut disposed of her reserve land
• 3:19:30
  Speaker 1: about Lake Erie to companies, and in seventeen ninety six
• 3:19:33
  Speaker 1: General Moses Cleveland led the way to the site of
• 3:19:36
  Speaker 1: the city that bears his name. This was the beginning
• 3:19:39
  Speaker 1: of the occupation of the Western Reserve, a district about
• 3:19:42
  Speaker 1: as large as the parent state of Connecticut, a New
• 3:19:45
  Speaker 1: England colony in the Middle West which has maintained even
• 3:19:49
  Speaker 1: to the present time. The Impress of New England traits
• 3:19:52
  Speaker 1: Virginia and Kentucky. Settlers sought the Virginia military bounty lands,
• 3:19:56
  Speaker 1: and the foundation of Chillicothee here in seventeen ninety six,
• 3:20:00
  Speaker 1: afforded a centre for southern settlement. The region is a
• 3:20:03
  Speaker 1: modified extension of the Limestone area of Kentucky and naturally
• 3:20:07
  Speaker 1: attracted the emigrants from the Bluegrass State. Ohio's history is
• 3:20:11
  Speaker 1: deeply marked by the interaction of the New England, Middle
• 3:20:14
  Speaker 1: and Southern colonies within her borders. By the opening of
• 3:20:17
  Speaker 1: the nineteenth century, when Napoleon's session brought to the United
• 3:20:20
  Speaker 1: States the vast spaces of the Louisiana Purchase. Beyond the Mississippi.
• 3:20:25
  Speaker 1: The pioneers had hardly more than entered the outskirts of
• 3:20:28
  Speaker 1: the forest along the Ohio and Lake Erie, but by
• 3:20:31
  Speaker 1: eighteen ten the government had extinguished the Indian title to
• 3:20:34
  Speaker 1: the unsecured portions of the Western Reserve and to great
• 3:20:37
  Speaker 1: tracts of Indiana along the Ohio and up the Wabash Valley,
• 3:20:41
  Speaker 1: thus protecting the Ohio Highway from the Indians and opening
• 3:20:44
  Speaker 1: new lands to settlement. The embargo had destroyed the trade
• 3:20:48
  Speaker 1: of New England and had weighted down her citizens with
• 3:20:50
  Speaker 1: debt and taxation. Caravans of Yankee emigrant wagons precursors of
• 3:20:55
  Speaker 1: the Prairie schooner, had already begun to cross Pennsylvania on
• 3:20:58
  Speaker 1: their way to Ohio, and they now greatly increased in number.
• 3:21:02
  Speaker 1: North Carolina back countrymen flocked to the Indiana settlements, giving
• 3:21:06
  Speaker 1: the peculiar Hoosia flavoured to the state, and other Southerners followed,
• 3:21:10
  Speaker 1: outnumbering the northern immigrants who sought the eastern edge of
• 3:21:12
  Speaker 1: Indiana to company. Rendered desperate by the advance into his
• 3:21:16
  Speaker 1: hunting grounds, took up the hatchet, made wide reaching alliances
• 3:21:20
  Speaker 1: among the Indians, and turned to England for protection. The
• 3:21:24
  Speaker 1: Indian War merged into the War of eighteen twelve, and
• 3:21:26
  Speaker 1: the settlers strove in vain to add Canadian lands to
• 3:21:29
  Speaker 1: their empire. In the diplomatic negotiations that followed the war,
• 3:21:32
  Speaker 1: England made another attempt to erect the old Northwest beyond
• 3:21:35
  Speaker 1: the Greenville Line into a permanent Indian barrier between Canada
• 3:21:39
  Speaker 1: and the United States, but the demand was refused, and
• 3:21:42
  Speaker 1: by the Treaties of eighteen eighteen, the Indians were pressed
• 3:21:44
  Speaker 1: still farther north. In the meantime, Indian treaties had released
• 3:21:48
  Speaker 1: additional land in southern Illinois, and pioneers were widening the
• 3:21:51
  Speaker 1: bounds of the old French settlements. Avoiding the rich savannahs
• 3:21:55
  Speaker 1: of the Prairie regions as devoid of wood, remote from
• 3:21:57
  Speaker 1: transportation facilities, and suited only to raising, they entered the
• 3:22:01
  Speaker 1: hard woods, and in the early twenties they were advancing
• 3:22:04
  Speaker 1: in a wedge shaped column up the Illinois Valley. The
• 3:22:08
  Speaker 1: southern element constituted the main portion of this phalanx of
• 3:22:11
  Speaker 1: axe bearers. Abraham Lincoln's father joined the throng of Kentuckians
• 3:22:15
  Speaker 1: that entered the Indiana Woods in eighteen sixteen, and the boy,
• 3:22:18
  Speaker 1: when he had learned to hew out a forest home,
• 3:22:21
  Speaker 1: but took himself in eighteen thirty to Sangamon County, Illinois.
• 3:22:25
  Speaker 1: He represents the pioneer of the period. But his axe
• 3:22:28
  Speaker 1: sank deeper than other men's, and the plaster cast of
• 3:22:31
  Speaker 1: his great sinewy hand at Washington embodies the training of
• 3:22:34
  Speaker 1: those frontier rail splitters in the days when Fort Dearborn,
• 3:22:38
  Speaker 1: on the site of Chicago was but a military outpost
• 3:22:40
  Speaker 1: in a desolate country. While the hardwoods of Illinois were
• 3:22:44
  Speaker 1: being entered, the pioneer movement passed also into the Missouri Valley.
• 3:22:48
  Speaker 1: The French lead miners had already opened the southeastern section,
• 3:22:52
  Speaker 1: and Southern mountaineers had pushed up the Missouri, But now
• 3:22:55
  Speaker 1: the planters from the Ohio Valley and the Upper Tennessee followed,
• 3:22:58
  Speaker 1: seeking the alluvial soils for slip. Moving across the southern
• 3:23:02
  Speaker 1: border of Free Illinois, they had awakened regrets in that
• 3:23:05
  Speaker 1: state at the loss of so large a body of settlers.
• 3:23:08
  Speaker 1: Looking at the Middle West as a whole. In the
• 3:23:10
  Speaker 1: decade from eighteen ten to eighteen twenty, we perceived that
• 3:23:13
  Speaker 1: settlement extended from the shores of Lake Erie in an
• 3:23:16
  Speaker 1: arc following the banks of the Ohio till it joined
• 3:23:18
  Speaker 1: the Mississippi, and thence along that river and up the
• 3:23:21
  Speaker 1: Missouri well into the center of the state. The next
• 3:23:24
  Speaker 1: decade was marked by the increased use of the steamboat.
• 3:23:27
  Speaker 1: Pioneers pressed farther up the streams, etching out the hardwood
• 3:23:30
  Speaker 1: forests well up to the prairie lands, and forming additional
• 3:23:33
  Speaker 1: tracts of settlement in the region tributary to Detroit and
• 3:23:36
  Speaker 1: in the southeastern part of Michigan, in the area of
• 3:23:39
  Speaker 1: the Gallina lead mines of northwestern Illinois, southwestern Wisconsin, and
• 3:23:43
  Speaker 1: northeastern Iowa. Southerners had already begun operations, and if we
• 3:23:47
  Speaker 1: except Ohio and Michigan, the dominant element in all this
• 3:23:51
  Speaker 1: overflow of settlement into the Middle West was southern, particularly
• 3:23:54
  Speaker 1: from Kentucky, Virginia, and North Carolina. The settlements were still
• 3:23:58
  Speaker 1: dependent on the rivers for transportation, and the areas between
• 3:24:01
  Speaker 1: the rivers were but lightly occupied. The Mississippi constituted the
• 3:24:05
  Speaker 1: principal outlet for the products of the Middle West, Pittsburgh
• 3:24:08
  Speaker 1: furnished most of the supplies for the region, but New
• 3:24:10
  Speaker 1: Orleans received its crops. The Old National Road was built
• 3:24:14
  Speaker 1: piecemeal and too late as a whole to make a
• 3:24:16
  Speaker 1: great artery of trade throughout the Middle West in this
• 3:24:18
  Speaker 1: early period, but it marked the northern borders of the
• 3:24:21
  Speaker 1: southern stream of population. Running as this did through Columbus, Indianapolis,
• 3:24:26
  Speaker 1: and Vandalia. The twenty years from eighteen thirty to eighteen
• 3:24:30
  Speaker 1: fifty saw great changes in the composition of the population
• 3:24:33
  Speaker 1: of the Middle West. The opening of the Erie Canal
• 3:24:36
  Speaker 1: in eighteen twenty five was an epoch making event. It
• 3:24:39
  Speaker 1: furnished a new outlet and inlet for Northwestern traffic. Buffalo
• 3:24:43
  Speaker 1: began to grow, and New York City changed from a
• 3:24:45
  Speaker 1: local market to a great commercial center. But even more
• 3:24:49
  Speaker 1: important was the place which the canal occupied as the
• 3:24:51
  Speaker 1: highway for a new migration in the march of the
• 3:24:54
  Speaker 1: New England people from the coast. Three movements are of
• 3:24:57
  Speaker 1: a special importance. The advance from the sea bored up
• 3:25:00
  Speaker 1: the Connecticut and Housatonic Valleys through Massachusetts and into Vermont.
• 3:25:04
  Speaker 1: The advance thence to central and western New York, and
• 3:25:07
  Speaker 1: the advance to the interior of the Old Northwest. The
• 3:25:10
  Speaker 1: second of these stages occupied the generation from about seventeen
• 3:25:13
  Speaker 1: ninety to eighteen twenty. After that, the second generation was
• 3:25:17
  Speaker 1: ready to seek new lands, and these the Erie Canal
• 3:25:20
  Speaker 1: and Lake navigation opened to them and to the Vermontes
• 3:25:23
  Speaker 1: and other adventurous spirits of New England. It was this
• 3:25:26
  Speaker 1: combined to New York New England stream that in the
• 3:25:28
  Speaker 1: thirties poured in large volume into the zone north of
• 3:25:31
  Speaker 1: the settlements which have been described the newcomers filled in
• 3:25:34
  Speaker 1: the southern counties of Michigan and Wisconsin. The northern countries
• 3:25:38
  Speaker 1: of Illinois, and parts of the northern and central areas
• 3:25:40
  Speaker 1: of Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Ohio sent a similar type of
• 3:25:44
  Speaker 1: people to the area adjacent to those states. In Iowa,
• 3:25:48
  Speaker 1: a stream combined of the southern element and of these
• 3:25:50
  Speaker 1: settlers sought the wooded tributaries of the Mississippi in the
• 3:25:53
  Speaker 1: southeastern part of the state. In default of legal authority.
• 3:25:56
  Speaker 1: In this early period, they formed squatter governments and land asssociations,
• 3:26:00
  Speaker 1: comparable to the action of the Massachusetts men, who in
• 3:26:03
  Speaker 1: the first quarter of the seventeenth century squatted in the
• 3:26:06
  Speaker 1: Connecticut Valley. A great forward movement had occurred which took
• 3:26:10
  Speaker 1: possession of oak openings and prairies, gave birth to the
• 3:26:13
  Speaker 1: cities of Chicago, Milwaukee, Saint Paul, and Minneapolis, as well
• 3:26:17
  Speaker 1: as to a multitude of lesser cities, and replaced the
• 3:26:19
  Speaker 1: dominance of the Southern element by that of a modified
• 3:26:22
  Speaker 1: Puritan stock. The railroad system of the early fifties bound
• 3:26:25
  Speaker 1: the Mississippi to the North Atlantic Sea board. New Orleans
• 3:26:29
  Speaker 1: gave way to New York as the outlet for the
• 3:26:30
  Speaker 1: Middle West, and the day of river settlement was succeeded
• 3:26:33
  Speaker 1: by the era of inter river settlement and railway transportation.
• 3:26:38
  Speaker 1: The change in the political and social ideals was at
• 3:26:40
  Speaker 1: least equal to the change in economic connections, and together
• 3:26:43
  Speaker 1: these forces made an intimate organic union between New England,
• 3:26:47
  Speaker 1: New York, and the newly settled West. In estimating the
• 3:26:51
  Speaker 1: New England influence in the Middle West, it must not
• 3:26:53
  Speaker 1: be forgotten that the New York settlers were mainly New
• 3:26:56
  Speaker 1: Englanders of a later generation. Combined with the streams from
• 3:27:00
  Speaker 1: the east, came the German migration into the Middle West
• 3:27:03
  Speaker 1: over half a million, mainly from the Palatinate, Vouertenburg and
• 3:27:07
  Speaker 1: the adjacent regions sought America between eighteen thirty and eighteen fifty,
• 3:27:11
  Speaker 1: and nearly a million more Germans came in the next decade.
• 3:27:15
  Speaker 1: The larger portion of these went into the Middle West.
• 3:27:17
  Speaker 1: They became pioneers in the newer parts of Ohio, especially
• 3:27:20
  Speaker 1: along the Central Ridge and in Cincinnati. They took up
• 3:27:24
  Speaker 1: the hardwood lands of the Wisconsin counties along the Lake Michigan,
• 3:27:27
  Speaker 1: and they came in important numbers to Missouri, Illinois, Indiana,
• 3:27:31
  Speaker 1: and Michigan, and to the river towns of Iowa. The
• 3:27:34
  Speaker 1: migration in the thirties and forties contained an exceptionally large
• 3:27:37
  Speaker 1: proportion of educated and forceful leaders, men who had struggled
• 3:27:41
  Speaker 1: in vain for the idea of a liberal German nation,
• 3:27:43
  Speaker 1: and who contributed important intellectual forces to the communities in
• 3:27:47
  Speaker 1: which they settled. The Germans as a whole furnished a
• 3:27:50
  Speaker 1: conservative and thrifty agricultural element to the Middle West. In
• 3:27:54
  Speaker 1: some of their social ideals, they came into collision with
• 3:27:56
  Speaker 1: the Puritan element from New England, and the outcome of
• 3:27:59
  Speaker 1: the steady content test has been a compromise. Of all
• 3:28:02
  Speaker 1: the states, Wisconsin has been most deeply influenced by the
• 3:28:05
  Speaker 1: Germans by the later fifties. Therefore, the control of the
• 3:28:08
  Speaker 1: Middle West had passed to its northern zone of population,
• 3:28:11
  Speaker 1: and this zone included representatives of the Middle States, New England,
• 3:28:15
  Speaker 1: and Germany as its principal elements. The southern people north
• 3:28:18
  Speaker 1: of the Ohio differed in important respects from the southerners
• 3:28:21
  Speaker 1: across the river. They had sprung largely from the humbler
• 3:28:25
  Speaker 1: classes of the South, although there were important exceptions. The
• 3:28:28
  Speaker 1: early pioneer life, however, was ill suited to the great plantations,
• 3:28:32
  Speaker 1: and slavery was excluded under the Ordinance. Thus, this southern
• 3:28:36
  Speaker 1: zone of the Middle West, particularly in Indiana and Illinois,
• 3:28:39
  Speaker 1: constituted a meditating section between the South and the north.
• 3:28:42
  Speaker 1: The Mississippi still acted as a bond of union, and
• 3:28:45
  Speaker 1: up to the close of the War of eighteen twelve,
• 3:28:47
  Speaker 1: the valley north and South had been fundamentally of the
• 3:28:50
  Speaker 1: same social organization. In order to understand what follows, we
• 3:28:54
  Speaker 1: must bear in mind the outlines of the occupation of
• 3:28:56
  Speaker 1: the Gulf Plains. While settlement had been crossing the Ohio
• 3:29:00
  Speaker 1: to the northwest, the spread of cotton culture and Negro
• 3:29:03
  Speaker 1: slavery into the Northwest had been equally significant what the
• 3:29:06
  Speaker 1: New England States and New York were in the occupation
• 3:29:09
  Speaker 1: of the Middle West, Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia were
• 3:29:12
  Speaker 1: in the occupation of the Gulf States. But, as in
• 3:29:15
  Speaker 1: the case of the Northwest, a modification of the original
• 3:29:18
  Speaker 1: stock occurred in the new environment. A greater energy and
• 3:29:21
  Speaker 1: initiative appeared in the new southern lands. The pioneer's devotion
• 3:29:25
  Speaker 1: to exploiting the territory in which he was placed transferred
• 3:29:28
  Speaker 1: slavery from the patriarchal to the commercial bases. The same
• 3:29:32
  Speaker 1: expansive tendency scene in the Northwest revealed itself with a
• 3:29:35
  Speaker 1: belligerent seasoning. In the Gulf States, they had a program
• 3:29:39
  Speaker 1: of action. Abraham Lincoln migrated from Kentucky to Indiana and
• 3:29:43
  Speaker 1: to Illinois. Jefferson Davis moved from Kentucky to Louisiana and
• 3:29:47
  Speaker 1: thence to Mississippi in the same period, starting from the
• 3:29:50
  Speaker 1: same locality. Each represented the divergent flow of streams of
• 3:29:54
  Speaker 1: settlement into contrasted environments. The result of these antagonist extremes
• 3:29:58
  Speaker 1: of migration to the West was a struggle between the
• 3:30:00
  Speaker 1: lake and prairie Plainsmen on the one side, and the
• 3:30:03
  Speaker 1: Gulf Plainsman on the other for the possession of the
• 3:30:05
  Speaker 1: Mississippi Valley. It was the crucial part of the struggle
• 3:30:08
  Speaker 1: between the northern and southern sections of the nation. What
• 3:30:12
  Speaker 1: gave slavery and state sovereignty their power as issues was
• 3:30:15
  Speaker 1: the fact that they involved the question of dominance over
• 3:30:17
  Speaker 1: common territory in an expanding nation. The place of the
• 3:30:21
  Speaker 1: Middle West in the origin and settlement of the Great
• 3:30:23
  Speaker 1: Slavery Struggle is of the highest significance. End of Section sixteen,
• 3:30:29
  Speaker 1: Chapter four, Part three. In the early history of Ohio, Indiana,
• 3:30:34
  Speaker 1: and Illinois, a modified form of slavery existed under a
• 3:30:37
  Speaker 1: system of indenture of the colored servant. And the effort
• 3:30:41
  Speaker 1: of Southern settlers in Indiana and in Illinois to reintroduce
• 3:30:44
  Speaker 1: slavery are indicative of the importance of the pro slavery
• 3:30:47
  Speaker 1: element in the Northwest. But the most significant early manifestation
• 3:30:51
  Speaker 1: of the rival currents of migration with respect to slavery
• 3:30:54
  Speaker 1: is seen in the contest which culminated in the Missouri Compromise.
• 3:30:58
  Speaker 1: The historical obstacle of the U Ordinance, as well as
• 3:31:01
  Speaker 1: natural conditions, gave an advantage to the anti slavery settlers
• 3:31:04
  Speaker 1: northwest of the Ohio. But when the Mississippi was crossed
• 3:31:08
  Speaker 1: and the rival streams of settlement mingled in the area
• 3:31:10
  Speaker 1: of the Louisiana Purchase, the struggle followed. It was an
• 3:31:14
  Speaker 1: Illinois man with constituents in both currents of settlement who
• 3:31:18
  Speaker 1: introduced the Missouri Compromise, which made a modes vivendi for
• 3:31:21
  Speaker 1: the Middle West until the Compromise of eighteen fifty gave
• 3:31:24
  Speaker 1: to Senator Douglas of Illinois in eighteen fifty four the
• 3:31:28
  Speaker 1: opportunity to reopen the issue by his Kansas Nebraska Bill.
• 3:31:32
  Speaker 1: In his doctrine of Squatter Sovereignty, or the right of
• 3:31:35
  Speaker 1: the Territories to determine the question of slavery within their bounds,
• 3:31:39
  Speaker 1: Douglas utilized a favorite Western political idea, one which Cass
• 3:31:43
  Speaker 1: of Michigan had promulgated before. Douglas set the love of
• 3:31:47
  Speaker 1: the Middle West for local self government against its preponderant
• 3:31:50
  Speaker 1: antipathy to the spread of slavery. At the same time
• 3:31:54
  Speaker 1: he brought to the support of the doctrine the Democratic Party, which,
• 3:31:57
  Speaker 1: ever since the days of Andrew Jackson, had voiced the
• 3:32:00
  Speaker 1: love of the Frontier for individualism and for popular power.
• 3:32:04
  Speaker 1: In his Young America doctrines, Douglas had also made himself
• 3:32:07
  Speaker 1: the spokesman of Western expansive tendencies. He thus found important
• 3:32:11
  Speaker 1: sources of popular support when he invoked the localism of
• 3:32:14
  Speaker 1: his section. Western appeals to Congress for aid in internal improvements,
• 3:32:18
  Speaker 1: protective tariffs, and land grants had been indications of nationalism.
• 3:32:23
  Speaker 1: The doctrine of squatter sovereignty itself catered to the love
• 3:32:26
  Speaker 1: of national union by presenting the appearance of a non
• 3:32:29
  Speaker 1: sectional compromise which should allow the new areas of the
• 3:32:31
  Speaker 1: Middlewest to determine their own institutions. But the Free Soil Party,
• 3:32:36
  Speaker 1: strongest in the regions occupied by the New York New
• 3:32:39
  Speaker 1: England colonists, and having for its program national prohibition of
• 3:32:42
  Speaker 1: the spread of slavery into the territories, had already found
• 3:32:45
  Speaker 1: in the Middle Western important center of power. The strength
• 3:32:49
  Speaker 1: of the movement far surpassed the actual voting power of
• 3:32:52
  Speaker 1: the Free Soil Party, for it compelled both Whigs and
• 3:32:55
  Speaker 1: Democrats to propose fusion on the basis of concession to
• 3:32:58
  Speaker 1: Free Soil doctrines. New England settlers and the Western New
• 3:33:01
  Speaker 1: York settlers, the children of New England were keenly alive
• 3:33:05
  Speaker 1: to the importance of the issue. Indeed, Seward, in an
• 3:33:08
  Speaker 1: address at Madison, Wisconsin in eighteen sixty, declared that the Northwest,
• 3:33:12
  Speaker 1: in reality, extended to the base of the Alleghenies, and
• 3:33:15
  Speaker 1: that the New States had matured just in the critical
• 3:33:18
  Speaker 1: moment to rally the free states of the Atlantic coast
• 3:33:21
  Speaker 1: to call them back to their ancient principles. These free
• 3:33:24
  Speaker 1: soil forces in the nationalistic tendencies of the Middle West
• 3:33:27
  Speaker 1: proved too strong for the opposing doctrines when the real
• 3:33:30
  Speaker 1: struggle came, Calhoun and Tainey shaped the issue so logically
• 3:33:34
  Speaker 1: that the Middlewest saw that the contest was not only
• 3:33:36
  Speaker 1: a war for the preservation of the Union, but also
• 3:33:39
  Speaker 1: a war for the possession of the unoccupied West, a
• 3:33:42
  Speaker 1: struggle between the Middle West and the states of the
• 3:33:44
  Speaker 1: Gulf Plains. The economic life of the Middle West had
• 3:33:47
  Speaker 1: been bound by the railroad to the North Atlantic, and
• 3:33:50
  Speaker 1: its interests, as well as its love of national unity,
• 3:33:53
  Speaker 1: made it in every way hostile to secession. When Doctor
• 3:33:56
  Speaker 1: Cutler had urged the desires of the Ohio Company upon
• 3:33:59
  Speaker 1: Congress in seventeen eighty seven, he had promised a plant
• 3:34:02
  Speaker 1: in the Ohio Valley a colony that would stand for
• 3:34:05
  Speaker 1: the Union. Vinton of Ohio, in arguing for the admission
• 3:34:08
  Speaker 1: of Iowa, urged the position of the Middle West as
• 3:34:11
  Speaker 1: the great unifying section of the country. Disunion, he said,
• 3:34:15
  Speaker 1: is to ruin them. They have no alternative but to
• 3:34:18
  Speaker 1: resist it. Whenever or wherever attempted. Massachusetts and South Carolina might,
• 3:34:22
  Speaker 1: for aught, I know, find a dividing line that would
• 3:34:25
  Speaker 1: be mutually satisfactory to them. But sir, they can find
• 3:34:28
  Speaker 1: no such line to which the western country can assent.
• 3:34:32
  Speaker 1: But it was Abraham Lincoln who stated the issue with
• 3:34:34
  Speaker 1: the greatest precision, and who voiced most clearly the nationalism
• 3:34:37
  Speaker 1: of the Middle West when he declared, a house divided
• 3:34:40
  Speaker 1: against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure
• 3:34:45
  Speaker 1: permanently half slave and half free. So it was that
• 3:34:49
  Speaker 1: when the Civil War in Kansas grew into the Civil
• 3:34:52
  Speaker 1: War in the Union after Lincoln's election to the presidency,
• 3:34:55
  Speaker 1: the Middle West, dominated by its combined Puritan and German population,
• 3:34:59
  Speaker 1: ceased compromise and turned the scale in favor of the North.
• 3:35:03
  Speaker 1: The Middle West furnished more than one third of the
• 3:35:05
  Speaker 1: Union troops. The names of Grant and Sherman a sufficient
• 3:35:08
  Speaker 1: testimony to her leadership in the field. The names of
• 3:35:11
  Speaker 1: Lincoln and Chase show that the presidential, the financial, and
• 3:35:14
  Speaker 1: the war powers were in the hands of the Middle West.
• 3:35:18
  Speaker 1: If we were to accept Suward's own classification, the conduct
• 3:35:21
  Speaker 1: of foreign affairs as well belonged to the same section.
• 3:35:23
  Speaker 1: It was at least in the hands of representatives of
• 3:35:26
  Speaker 1: the dominant forces of the section. The Middle West, led
• 3:35:29
  Speaker 1: by Grant and Sherman, hewed its way down the Mississippi
• 3:35:32
  Speaker 1: and across the Gulf States, and Lincoln could exult in
• 3:35:35
  Speaker 1: eighteen sixty three, the Father of Waters again goes unvexed
• 3:35:39
  Speaker 1: to the sea, thanks to the great Northwest, for it
• 3:35:42
  Speaker 1: nor yet wholly to them. In thus outlining the relations
• 3:35:46
  Speaker 1: of the Middle West to the slavery struggle, we have
• 3:35:48
  Speaker 1: passed over important decisions of the settlement in the decade
• 3:35:51
  Speaker 1: before the war. In these years, not only did the
• 3:35:53
  Speaker 1: density of settlement increase in the older portions of the region,
• 3:35:56
  Speaker 1: but new waves of colonization passed into the remoter prayers.
• 3:36:00
  Speaker 1: Iowa's pioneers, after Indian sessions had been secured, spread well
• 3:36:05
  Speaker 1: toward her western limits. Minnesota also was recruited by a
• 3:36:08
  Speaker 1: column of pioneers. The Treaty of Traverse des Sieux in
• 3:36:12
  Speaker 1: eighteen fifty one opened over twenty million acres of arable
• 3:36:16
  Speaker 1: land in that state, and Minnesota increased her population two thousand,
• 3:36:19
  Speaker 1: seven hundred and thirty point seven percent in the decade
• 3:36:22
  Speaker 1: from eighteen fifty to eighteen sixty. Up to this decade,
• 3:36:26
  Speaker 1: the pine belt of the Middle West in northern Michigan, Wisconsin,
• 3:36:29
  Speaker 1: and Minnesota had been the field of operations of Indian traders,
• 3:36:33
  Speaker 1: at first under English companies and afterward under Asta's American
• 3:36:36
  Speaker 1: Fur Company. The traders, with their French and half buried boatmen,
• 3:36:40
  Speaker 1: skirted the Great Lakes and followed the rivers into the forests,
• 3:36:43
  Speaker 1: where they stationed their posts and spread goods and whisky
• 3:36:46
  Speaker 1: among the Indians. Their posts was centres of disintegration among
• 3:36:50
  Speaker 1: the savages. The new once and the demoralization which resulted
• 3:36:53
  Speaker 1: from the Indian trade facilitated the purchases of their lands
• 3:36:56
  Speaker 1: by the federal government. The trader was followed by the
• 3:36:59
  Speaker 1: seeker for the best pineland forties, and by the time
• 3:37:02
  Speaker 1: of the Civil War the exploitation of the pine belt
• 3:37:04
  Speaker 1: had fairly begun. The Irish and Canadian choppers, followed by
• 3:37:08
  Speaker 1: the Scandinavians, joined the forest men and log drives to
• 3:37:11
  Speaker 1: succeeded the trading canoe men from the pine woods of
• 3:37:14
  Speaker 1: Maine and Vermont directed the industry and became magnates in
• 3:37:17
  Speaker 1: the mill towns that grew up in the forests, millionaires
• 3:37:20
  Speaker 1: and afterwards political leaders. In the prairie country of the
• 3:37:24
  Speaker 1: Middle West. The Indian trade that centered at Saint Louis
• 3:37:26
  Speaker 1: had been important ever since eighteen twenty, with an influence
• 3:37:30
  Speaker 1: upon the Indians of the plains similar to the influence
• 3:37:32
  Speaker 1: of the Northern fir trade upon the Indians of the forest.
• 3:37:35
  Speaker 1: By eighteen forty, the removal policy had effected the transfer
• 3:37:38
  Speaker 1: of most of the eastern tribes to lands across the Mississippi.
• 3:37:41
  Speaker 1: Tribal names that formerly belonged to Ohio and the rest
• 3:37:44
  Speaker 1: of the Old Northwest were found on the map of
• 3:37:46
  Speaker 1: the Kansas Valley. The Plathue country belonged to the Pawnee
• 3:37:49
  Speaker 1: and their neighbours, and to the north along the Upper Missouri,
• 3:37:52
  Speaker 1: where the Sioux or Dakota, Crow, Cheyenne, and other horse indians,
• 3:37:56
  Speaker 1: following the vast herds of buffalo that grazed on the
• 3:37:58
  Speaker 1: Great Plains. The discovery of California gold and the opening
• 3:38:02
  Speaker 1: of the Oregon country in the middle of the century
• 3:38:04
  Speaker 1: made it necessary to secure a road through the Indian
• 3:38:06
  Speaker 1: lands for the procession of pioneers that crossed the prairies
• 3:38:09
  Speaker 1: to the Pacific. The organization of Kansas and Nebraska in
• 3:38:13
  Speaker 1: eighteen fifty four was the first step in the withdrawal
• 3:38:15
  Speaker 1: of these territories from the Indians. A period of almost
• 3:38:18
  Speaker 1: constant Indian hostility followed, for the savage lords of the
• 3:38:21
  Speaker 1: Boundless Prairies instinctively felt the significance of the entrance of
• 3:38:25
  Speaker 1: the farmer into their empire. In Minnesota, the Sioux took
• 3:38:28
  Speaker 1: advantage of the Civil War to rise, but the outcome
• 3:38:31
  Speaker 1: was the destruction of their reservations in that state and
• 3:38:34
  Speaker 1: the opening of great tracks to the pioneers. When the
• 3:38:37
  Speaker 1: Pacific Railways were begun, Red Cloud, the astute Sioux chief,
• 3:38:40
  Speaker 1: who in some ways stands as the successor of Pontiac
• 3:38:43
  Speaker 1: and of Takunfi rallied the principal tribes of the Great
• 3:38:46
  Speaker 1: Plains to resist the march of civilization. Their hostility resulted
• 3:38:50
  Speaker 1: in the Peace Measure of eighteen sixty seven and eighteen
• 3:38:52
  Speaker 1: sixty eight, which assigned to the Sioux and their allies
• 3:38:55
  Speaker 1: reservations embracing the major portion of Dakota of the territory
• 3:38:58
  Speaker 1: west of the Missouri River. The systematic slaughter of millions
• 3:39:02
  Speaker 1: of buffalo in the years between eighteen sixty six and
• 3:39:04
  Speaker 1: eighteen seventy three for the sake of their hides put
• 3:39:07
  Speaker 1: an end to the vast herds of the Great Plains
• 3:39:09
  Speaker 1: and destroyed the economic foundation of the Indians. Henceforth they
• 3:39:13
  Speaker 1: were depended on the Whites for their food supply, and
• 3:39:15
  Speaker 1: the Great Plains were open to the cattle ranchers. In
• 3:39:18
  Speaker 1: a preface written in eighteen seventy two for a new
• 3:39:20
  Speaker 1: edition of The Oregon Trail, which had appeared in eighteen
• 3:39:23
  Speaker 1: forty seven, Francis Parkman said, the wild cavalcade that defiled
• 3:39:27
  Speaker 1: with me down the gorges of the Black Hills, with
• 3:39:29
  Speaker 1: its paint and war plumes, fluttering trophies and savage embroidery, bows, arrows,
• 3:39:34
  Speaker 1: lances and shields, will never be seen again. The prairies
• 3:39:38
  Speaker 1: were ready for the final rush of occupation. The Homestead
• 3:39:41
  Speaker 1: Law of eighteen sixty two, passed in the midst of
• 3:39:43
  Speaker 1: the war, did not reveal its full importance as an
• 3:39:46
  Speaker 1: element in the settlement of the Middlewest until after peace.
• 3:39:49
  Speaker 1: It began to operate most actively contemporaneously with the development
• 3:39:53
  Speaker 1: of the several railways to the Pacific in the two
• 3:39:55
  Speaker 1: decades from eighteen seventy to eighteen ninety, and in connection
• 3:39:58
  Speaker 1: with the marketing of the railroad land grants. The outcome
• 3:40:02
  Speaker 1: was an epoch making extension of population. Before eighteen seventy,
• 3:40:06
  Speaker 1: the vast and fertile valley of the Red River, once
• 3:40:09
  Speaker 1: the level bed of an ancient lake, occupying the region
• 3:40:11
  Speaker 1: where North Dakota and Minnesota meat was almost virgin soil.
• 3:40:15
  Speaker 1: But in eighteen seventy five the Great Dalrymple Farm showed
• 3:40:18
  Speaker 1: its advantages for wheat raising, and a tide of farm
• 3:40:21
  Speaker 1: seekers turned to the region. The Jim River Valley of
• 3:40:24
  Speaker 1: South Dakota attracted still other settlers. The Northern Pacific and
• 3:40:27
  Speaker 1: the Great Northern Railway thrust out laterals into these Minnesota
• 3:40:30
  Speaker 1: and Dakota wheat areas from which to draw the nourishment
• 3:40:33
  Speaker 1: for their daring passage to the Pacific. The Chicago, Milwaukee
• 3:40:37
  Speaker 1: and Saint Paul, the Chicago and north Western Railway, Burlington,
• 3:40:41
  Speaker 1: and other roads, gridir and the region and the unoccupied
• 3:40:45
  Speaker 1: lands of the Middle West were taken up by a
• 3:40:47
  Speaker 1: migration that, in its system and scale is unprecedented. The
• 3:40:50
  Speaker 1: railroads set their agents and their literature everywhere, booming the
• 3:40:54
  Speaker 1: Golden West. The opportunity for economic and political fortunes in
• 3:40:58
  Speaker 1: such rapidly growing communities attracted multitudes of Americans whom the
• 3:41:02
  Speaker 1: cheap land alone would not have tempted. In eighteen seventy,
• 3:41:05
  Speaker 1: the Dakotas had fourteen thousand settlers. In eighteen ninety, they
• 3:41:09
  Speaker 1: had over five hundred and ten thousand. Nebraska's population was
• 3:41:13
  Speaker 1: twenty eight thousand in eighteen sixty, one hundred and twenty
• 3:41:16
  Speaker 1: three thousand in eighteen seventy, four hundred and fifty two
• 3:41:20
  Speaker 1: thousand in eighteen eighty, and one million, fifty nine thousand
• 3:41:24
  Speaker 1: in eighteen ninety. Kansas had one hundred and seventy thousand
• 3:41:27
  Speaker 1: in eighteen sixty, three hundred and sixty four thousand in
• 3:41:30
  Speaker 1: eighteen seventy, nine hundred and ninety six thousand in eighteen eighty,
• 3:41:34
  Speaker 1: and one million, four hundred and twenty seven thousand in
• 3:41:37
  Speaker 1: eighteen ninety. Wisconsin and New York gave the largest fractions
• 3:41:41
  Speaker 1: of the native element to Minnesota, Illinois, and Ohio together
• 3:41:44
  Speaker 1: sent perhaps one third of the native element of Kansas
• 3:41:47
  Speaker 1: and Nebraska, but the Missouri and Southern settlers were strongly
• 3:41:51
  Speaker 1: represented in Kansas, Wisconsin, New York, Minnesota, and Iowa gave
• 3:41:55
  Speaker 1: North Dakota the most of her native settlers, and Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois,
• 3:41:59
  Speaker 1: and New York did the same for South Dakota. Railroads
• 3:42:03
  Speaker 1: and steamships organized foreign immigration on scale and system never
• 3:42:06
  Speaker 1: before equalled. A high water mark of American immigration came
• 3:42:10
  Speaker 1: in the early eighties. Germans and Scandinavians were rushed by
• 3:42:13
  Speaker 1: emigrant trains out to the prairies to fill the remaining
• 3:42:16
  Speaker 1: spaces in the older states of the Middle West. The
• 3:42:19
  Speaker 1: census of eighteen nineties showed in Minnesota three hundred and
• 3:42:22
  Speaker 1: seventy three thousand persons of Scandinavian parentage, and out of
• 3:42:25
  Speaker 1: the total million and one half persons of Scandinavian parentage
• 3:42:29
  Speaker 1: in the United States, the Middle West received all but
• 3:42:32
  Speaker 1: about three hundred thousand. The persons of German parentage in
• 3:42:35
  Speaker 1: the Middle West numbered over four millions, out of a
• 3:42:38
  Speaker 1: total of less than seven millions in the whole country.
• 3:42:41
  Speaker 1: The province had in eighteen ninety a smaller proportion of
• 3:42:43
  Speaker 1: persons of foreign parentage than had the North Atlantic region,
• 3:42:47
  Speaker 1: but the proportions varied greatly in the different states. Indiana
• 3:42:51
  Speaker 1: had the lowest percentage twenty point three eight, and rising
• 3:42:54
  Speaker 1: in the scale. Missouri had twenty four point nine four,
• 3:42:58
  Speaker 1: Kansas twenty six point seven five, Ohio thirty three point
• 3:43:02
  Speaker 1: nine three, Nebraska forty two point four to five, Iowa
• 3:43:06
  Speaker 1: forty three point five to seven, Illinois forty nine point
• 3:43:09
  Speaker 1: zero one, Michigan fifty four point five eight, Wisconsin seventy
• 3:43:13
  Speaker 1: three point sixty five, Minnesota seventy five point three seven,
• 3:43:17
  Speaker 1: and North Dakota seventy eight point eight seven. What these
• 3:43:22
  Speaker 1: statistics of settlement mean when translated into the pioneer life
• 3:43:25
  Speaker 1: of the prairie cannot be told. Here there were sharp
• 3:43:28
  Speaker 1: contrasts with the pioneer life of the old Northwest. For
• 3:43:31
  Speaker 1: the forest shade, there was substituted the boundless prairie, the
• 3:43:34
  Speaker 1: sod house for the log hut, the Continental Railway for
• 3:43:37
  Speaker 1: the old National Turnpike, and the Erie Canal. Life moved
• 3:43:40
  Speaker 1: faster in larger masses and with greater momentum in this
• 3:43:44
  Speaker 1: pioneer movement. The horizon line was more remote. Things were
• 3:43:48
  Speaker 1: done in the gross The Transcontinental Railroad, the Bonanza farm,
• 3:43:51
  Speaker 1: the steam plow, harvester and thresher, the League long furrow,
• 3:43:55
  Speaker 1: and the vast cattle ranchers all suggested spacious combination and
• 3:43:58
  Speaker 1: systematization of INNA industry. The largest hopes were excited by
• 3:44:02
  Speaker 1: these conquests of the prairie. The occupation of western Kansas
• 3:44:05
  Speaker 1: may illustrate the movement which went on also in the
• 3:44:08
  Speaker 1: western Nebraska and the Dakotas. The pioneer farmer tried to
• 3:44:11
  Speaker 1: push into the region with the old methods of settlement.
• 3:44:14
  Speaker 1: Deceived by rainy seasons and the railroad advertisements, and recklessly optimistic,
• 3:44:19
  Speaker 1: hosts of settlers poured out into the plains beyond the
• 3:44:22
  Speaker 1: region of sufficient rainfall for successful agriculture without irrigation. Dry
• 3:44:27
  Speaker 1: seasons starved them back, but a repetition of good rainfalls
• 3:44:30
  Speaker 1: again aroused the determination to occupy the western plains. Boomtowns
• 3:44:35
  Speaker 1: flourished like prairie weeds, Eastern capitals struggled for a chance
• 3:44:38
  Speaker 1: to share in the venture, and the Kansas farmers eagerly
• 3:44:41
  Speaker 1: mortgaged their possessions to secure the capital so freely offered
• 3:44:44
  Speaker 1: for their attack on the arid lands. By eighteen eighty seven,
• 3:44:47
  Speaker 1: the tide of the pioneer farmers had flowed across the
• 3:44:50
  Speaker 1: semi arid plains to the western boundary of the state.
• 3:44:53
  Speaker 1: But it was a hopeless effort to conquer a new
• 3:44:55
  Speaker 1: province by the forces that had won the prairies. The
• 3:44:58
  Speaker 1: wave of settlement dashed itself in against the conditions of
• 3:45:01
  Speaker 1: the Great Plains. The Native American farmer had received his
• 3:45:04
  Speaker 1: first defeat. Farm products at the same period had depreciated,
• 3:45:08
  Speaker 1: and he turned to the national government for reinforcements. End
• 3:45:12
  Speaker 1: of Section seventeen.
• 3:45:14
  Speaker 2: Chapter four, The Middle West, Part four. The populistic movement
• 3:45:19
  Speaker 2: of the western half of the Middle West is a
• 3:45:21
  Speaker 2: complex of many forces. In some respects, it is the
• 3:45:24
  Speaker 2: latest manifestation of the same forces that brought on the
• 3:45:27
  Speaker 2: crisis of eighteen thirty seven in the earlier region of
• 3:45:30
  Speaker 2: pioneer exploitation. That era of overconfidence, reckless internal improvements, and
• 3:45:36
  Speaker 2: land purchases by borrowed capital brought a reaction when it
• 3:45:40
  Speaker 2: became apparent that the future had been over discounted. But
• 3:45:43
  Speaker 2: in that time there were the farther free lands to
• 3:45:46
  Speaker 2: which the ruined pioneer could turn. The demand for an
• 3:45:49
  Speaker 2: expansion of the currency has marked each area of Western advance.
• 3:45:53
  Speaker 2: The greenback movement of Ohio and the eastern part of
• 3:45:56
  Speaker 2: the Middle West grew into the Fiat money, free silver,
• 3:46:00
  Speaker 2: and land bank propositions of the populace across the Mississippi.
• 3:46:04
  Speaker 2: Efforts for cheaper transportation also appear in each stage of
• 3:46:07
  Speaker 2: Western advance. When the pioneer left the rivers and had
• 3:46:11
  Speaker 2: to haul his crops by wagon to a market, the
• 3:46:14
  Speaker 2: transportation factor determined both his profits and the extension of settlement.
• 3:46:19
  Speaker 2: Demands for national aid to roads and canals had marked
• 3:46:22
  Speaker 2: the pioneer advance of the first third of the century.
• 3:46:25
  Speaker 2: The granger attacks upon the railway rates and in favor
• 3:46:28
  Speaker 2: of governmental regulation marked a second advance of Western settlement.
• 3:46:32
  Speaker 2: The farmer's alliance and the populist demand for government ownership
• 3:46:36
  Speaker 2: of the railroad is a phase of the same effort
• 3:46:38
  Speaker 2: of the pioneer farmer on his latest frontier. The proposals
• 3:46:42
  Speaker 2: have taken increasing proportions in each region of Western advance.
• 3:46:46
  Speaker 2: Taken as a whole, populism is a manifestation of the
• 3:46:50
  Speaker 2: old pioneer ideals of the native American, with the added
• 3:46:53
  Speaker 2: element of increasing readiness to utilize the national government to
• 3:46:57
  Speaker 2: affect its ends. This is not unnatural, and a section
• 3:47:00
  Speaker 2: whose lands were originally purchased by the government and given
• 3:47:03
  Speaker 2: away to its settlers by the same authority, whose railroads
• 3:47:07
  Speaker 2: were built largely by federal land grants, and whose settlements
• 3:47:10
  Speaker 2: were protected by the United States Army and governed by
• 3:47:13
  Speaker 2: the national authority until they were carved into rectangular states
• 3:47:17
  Speaker 2: and admitted into the Union. Its native settlers were drawn
• 3:47:20
  Speaker 2: from many states, many of them former soldiers of the
• 3:47:23
  Speaker 2: Civil War, who mingled in new lands with foreign immigrants
• 3:47:27
  Speaker 2: accustomed to the vigorous authority of European national governments. But
• 3:47:32
  Speaker 2: these old ideals of the American pioneer, phrased in the
• 3:47:35
  Speaker 2: new language of national power, did not meet with the
• 3:47:38
  Speaker 2: ascent of the East. Even in the Middle West, a
• 3:47:41
  Speaker 2: change of deepest import had been in progress during these
• 3:47:44
  Speaker 2: years of prairie settlement. The agricultural preponderance of the country
• 3:47:48
  Speaker 2: has passed to the prairies, and manufacturing has developed in
• 3:47:51
  Speaker 2: the areas once devoted to pioneer farming. In the decade
• 3:47:54
  Speaker 2: prior to the Civil War, the area of greatest wheat
• 3:47:57
  Speaker 2: production passed from Ohio and the state to the east
• 3:48:01
  Speaker 2: into Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin. After eighteen eighty, the center
• 3:48:05
  Speaker 2: of wheak growing moved across the Mississippi, and in eighteen
• 3:48:09
  Speaker 2: ninety the new settlements produced half the crop of the
• 3:48:12
  Speaker 2: United States. The corn area shows a similar migration. In
• 3:48:16
  Speaker 2: eighteen forty, the Southern States produced half the crop and
• 3:48:19
  Speaker 2: the Middle West one fifth. By eighteen sixty the situation
• 3:48:23
  Speaker 2: was reversed, and in eighteen ninety nearly one half the
• 3:48:26
  Speaker 2: corn of the Union came from beyond the Mississippi. Thus,
• 3:48:30
  Speaker 2: the settlers of the old Northwest and their crops have
• 3:48:33
  Speaker 2: moved together across the Mississippi, and in the regions whence
• 3:48:36
  Speaker 2: they migrated, varied agriculture and manufacture have sprung up. As
• 3:48:41
  Speaker 2: these movements in population and products have passed across the
• 3:48:44
  Speaker 2: Middle West, and as the economic life of the eastern
• 3:48:47
  Speaker 2: border has been intensified, a huge industrial organism has been
• 3:48:52
  Speaker 2: created in the province, an organism of tremendous power, activity,
• 3:48:56
  Speaker 2: and unity. Fundamentally, the Middle West is an agriculture unequaled
• 3:49:01
  Speaker 2: for its combination of space, variety, productiveness, and freedom from interruption.
• 3:49:06
  Speaker 2: By deserts or mountains. The huge water system of the
• 3:49:09
  Speaker 2: Great Lakes has become the highway of a mighty commerce.
• 3:49:13
  Speaker 2: The Siu Saint Marie Canal, although open but two thirds
• 3:49:16
  Speaker 2: of the year, is the channel of a traffic of
• 3:49:18
  Speaker 2: greater tonnage than that which passes through the Suez Canal,
• 3:49:21
  Speaker 2: and nearly all this commerce moves almost the whole length
• 3:49:25
  Speaker 2: of the Great Lakes system, the chief ports being Duluth, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland,
• 3:49:30
  Speaker 2: and Buffalo. The transportation facilities of the Great Lakes were
• 3:49:34
  Speaker 2: revolutionized after eighteen eighty six to supply the needs of
• 3:49:37
  Speaker 2: commerce between the East and the newly developed lands of
• 3:49:40
  Speaker 2: the Middle West. The tonnage doubled. Wooden ships gave way
• 3:49:44
  Speaker 2: to steel, sailing vessels yielded to steam, and huge docks,
• 3:49:48
  Speaker 2: derricks and elevators. Triumphs of mechanical skill were constructed. A
• 3:49:53
  Speaker 2: competent investigator has lately declared that there is probably in
• 3:49:57
  Speaker 2: the world today no place at tidewater where ship plates
• 3:50:00
  Speaker 2: can be laid down for a less price than they
• 3:50:02
  Speaker 2: can be manufactured or purchased at the lake ports end.
• 3:50:07
  Speaker 2: This rapid rise of the merchant marine of our inland
• 3:50:10
  Speaker 2: seas has led to the demand for deep water canals
• 3:50:13
  Speaker 2: to connect them with the Ocean road to Europe. When
• 3:50:15
  Speaker 2: the fleets of the Great Lakes plowed the Atlantic, and
• 3:50:18
  Speaker 2: when Duluth and Chicago become seaports, the water transportation of
• 3:50:22
  Speaker 2: the Middle West will have completed its evolution. The significance
• 3:50:26
  Speaker 2: of the development of the railway systems is not inferior
• 3:50:30
  Speaker 2: to that of the Great Waterway. Chicago has become the
• 3:50:33
  Speaker 2: greatest railroad center of the world, nor is there another
• 3:50:36
  Speaker 2: area of like size which equals this in its railroad facilities.
• 3:50:40
  Speaker 2: All the forces of the nation intersect here. Improved terminals,
• 3:50:44
  Speaker 2: steel rails, better rolling stock, and consolidation of railway systems
• 3:50:48
  Speaker 2: have accompanied the advance of the people of the Middle West.
• 3:50:52
  Speaker 2: This unparalleled development of transportation facilities measures the magnitude of
• 3:50:57
  Speaker 2: the material development of the province. Its wheat and corn
• 3:51:00
  Speaker 2: surplus supplies the deficit of the rest of the United
• 3:51:03
  Speaker 2: States and much of that of Europe. Such is the
• 3:51:06
  Speaker 2: agricultural condition of the province, of which Monroe wrote to
• 3:51:09
  Speaker 2: Jefferson in seventeen eighty six in these words, A great
• 3:51:14
  Speaker 2: part of the territories miserably poor, especially that near Lakes
• 3:51:18
  Speaker 2: Michigan and Erie, and that upon the Mississippi and the
• 3:51:21
  Speaker 2: Illinois consists of extensive plains which have not had from appearances,
• 3:51:26
  Speaker 2: and will not have a single bush on them for ages.
• 3:51:29
  Speaker 2: The districts therefore within which these fall will never contain
• 3:51:33
  Speaker 2: a sufficient number of inhabitants to entitle them to membership
• 3:51:36
  Speaker 2: in the Confederacy. End of quote. Minneapolis and Duluth received
• 3:51:41
  Speaker 2: the spring wheat of the Northern Prairies, and, after manufacturing
• 3:51:45
  Speaker 2: great portions of it into flour, transmitted to Buffalo, the
• 3:51:48
  Speaker 2: Eastern cities, and to Europe. Chicago is still the great
• 3:51:51
  Speaker 2: city of the corn belt, but its power as a
• 3:51:54
  Speaker 2: milling and wheat center has been passing to the cities
• 3:51:56
  Speaker 2: that receive tribute from the Northern Prairies. In the region
• 3:52:00
  Speaker 2: of winter wheat, corn oats, and livestock. Kansas City, Saint Louis,
• 3:52:05
  Speaker 2: and Cincinnati are the sister cities of this zone, which
• 3:52:08
  Speaker 2: reaches into the grazing country of the Great Plains. The
• 3:52:11
  Speaker 2: meeting point of corn and cattle has led to the
• 3:52:14
  Speaker 2: development of the packing industries, large business systems that send
• 3:52:18
  Speaker 2: the beef and pork of the region to supply the
• 3:52:20
  Speaker 2: East and parts of Europe. The feeding system adopted in Kansas, Nebraska,
• 3:52:25
  Speaker 2: and Iowa, whereby the stock is fattened from the surplus
• 3:52:28
  Speaker 2: corn of the region, constitutes a species of varied farming
• 3:52:32
  Speaker 2: that has saved these states from the disasters of the
• 3:52:34
  Speaker 2: failure of a single industry and has been one solution
• 3:52:37
  Speaker 2: of the economic life of the transition belt between the
• 3:52:40
  Speaker 2: Prairies and the Great Plains. Under a more complex agriculture,
• 3:52:44
  Speaker 2: better adapted to the various sections of the state, and
• 3:52:47
  Speaker 2: with better crops, Kansas has become more prosperous and less
• 3:52:51
  Speaker 2: a center of political discontent. While this development of the
• 3:52:55
  Speaker 2: agricultural interests of the Middle West has been in progress,
• 3:52:58
  Speaker 2: the exploitation of the viroine woods of the north has
• 3:53:01
  Speaker 2: furnished another contribution to the commerce of the province. The
• 3:53:04
  Speaker 2: center of activity has migrated from Michigan to Minnesota, and
• 3:53:08
  Speaker 2: the lumber traffic furnishes one of the principal contributions to
• 3:53:12
  Speaker 2: the vessels that ply the Great Lakes and supply the
• 3:53:15
  Speaker 2: tributary mills. As the white pine vanishes, before the organized
• 3:53:19
  Speaker 2: forces of exploitation, the remaining hardwoods served to established factories
• 3:53:24
  Speaker 2: in the former mill towns. The more fertile, denuded lands
• 3:53:27
  Speaker 2: of the North are now receiving settlers who repeat the
• 3:53:29
  Speaker 2: old pioneer life among the stumps. But the most striking
• 3:53:33
  Speaker 2: development in the industrial history of the Middle West in
• 3:53:36
  Speaker 2: recent years has been due to the opening up of
• 3:53:39
  Speaker 2: the iron mines of Lake Superior. Even in eighteen seventy three,
• 3:53:43
  Speaker 2: the Lake Superior ores furnished a quarter of the total
• 3:53:46
  Speaker 2: production of American blast furnaces. The opening of the Gogebic
• 3:53:50
  Speaker 2: mines in eighteen eighty four and the development of the
• 3:53:53
  Speaker 2: Vermilion and Massabi mines adjacent to the head of the
• 3:53:56
  Speaker 2: lake in the early nineties completed the transfer of iron
• 3:53:59
  Speaker 2: ore production to the Lake Superior region. Michigan, Minnesota, and
• 3:54:03
  Speaker 2: Wisconsin together now produced the ore for eighty percent of
• 3:54:07
  Speaker 2: the pig iron of the United States. Four fifths of
• 3:54:10
  Speaker 2: this great product moves to the ports on Lake Erie,
• 3:54:13
  Speaker 2: and the rest to the manufactories at Chicago and Milwaukee.
• 3:54:17
  Speaker 2: The vast steel and iron industry that centers at Pittsburgh
• 3:54:20
  Speaker 2: and Cleveland, with important outposts like Chicago and Milwaukee, is
• 3:54:24
  Speaker 2: the outcome of the meeting of the coal of the
• 3:54:26
  Speaker 2: eastern and southern borders of the province and of Pennsylvania
• 3:54:30
  Speaker 2: with the iron ores of the North. The industry has
• 3:54:33
  Speaker 2: been systematized and consolidated by a few captains of industry.
• 3:54:37
  Speaker 2: Steam shovels dig the ore for many of the massabi mines,
• 3:54:40
  Speaker 2: gravity roads carry it to the docks and to the ships,
• 3:54:43
  Speaker 2: and huge hoisting and carrying devices built especially for the
• 3:54:47
  Speaker 2: traffic unloaded for the railroad and the furnace iron and
• 3:54:51
  Speaker 2: coal mines, transportation fleets, railroad systems, and iron manufactories are
• 3:54:56
  Speaker 2: concentrated in a few corporations, principally the United it States
• 3:55:00
  Speaker 2: Steel Corporation. The world has never seen such a consolidation
• 3:55:04
  Speaker 2: of capital and so complete a systematization of economic processes.
• 3:55:09
  Speaker 2: Such is the economic appearance of the Middle West. A
• 3:55:12
  Speaker 2: century after the pioneers left the frontier village of Pittsburgh
• 3:55:16
  Speaker 2: and crossed the Ohio into the forests, Detokeville exclaimed with
• 3:55:19
  Speaker 2: reason in eighteen thirty three quote, this gradual and continuous
• 3:55:23
  Speaker 2: progress of the European race towards the Rocky Mountains has
• 3:55:27
  Speaker 2: the solemnity of a providential event. It is like a
• 3:55:30
  Speaker 2: deluge of men rising unabatedly and driven daily onward by
• 3:55:34
  Speaker 2: the hand of God. End of quote. The ideals of
• 3:55:37
  Speaker 2: the Middle West began in the log huts set in
• 3:55:40
  Speaker 2: the midst of the forest a century ago. While his
• 3:55:42
  Speaker 2: horizon was still bounded by the clearing that his axe
• 3:55:45
  Speaker 2: had made, the pioneer dreamed of continental conquests. The vastness
• 3:55:49
  Speaker 2: of the wilderness kindled his imagination. His vision saw beyond
• 3:55:53
  Speaker 2: the dank swamp at the edge of the great lake,
• 3:55:56
  Speaker 2: to the lofty buildings and the jostling multitudes of a
• 3:55:58
  Speaker 2: mighty city, Beyond the rank, grass clad prairie, to the
• 3:56:02
  Speaker 2: seas of golden grain, beyond the harsh life of the
• 3:56:05
  Speaker 2: log hut and the sod house, to the home of
• 3:56:07
  Speaker 2: his children, where should dwell comfort in the higher things
• 3:56:10
  Speaker 2: of life, though they might not be for him. The
• 3:56:12
  Speaker 2: men and women who made the Middle West were idealists,
• 3:56:15
  Speaker 2: and they had the power of will to make their
• 3:56:17
  Speaker 2: dreams come true. Here also were the Pioneer's traits, individual activity, inventiveness,
• 3:56:23
  Speaker 2: and competition for the prizes of the rich province that
• 3:56:26
  Speaker 2: awaited exploitation under freedom and equality of opportunity. He honored
• 3:56:31
  Speaker 2: the man whose eye was the quickest and whose grasp
• 3:56:33
  Speaker 2: was the strongest. In this contest. It was everyone for himself.
• 3:56:37
  Speaker 2: The early society of the Middle West was not a complex,
• 3:56:41
  Speaker 2: highly differentiated and organized society. Almost every family was a
• 3:56:45
  Speaker 2: self sufficing unit, and liberty and equality flourished in the
• 3:56:49
  Speaker 2: frontier periods of the Middle West as perhaps never before
• 3:56:52
  Speaker 2: in history. American democracy came from the forest, and its
• 3:56:56
  Speaker 2: destiny drove it to material conquests. But the materialism of
• 3:57:00
  Speaker 2: the pioneer was not the dull, contented materialism of an
• 3:57:03
  Speaker 2: old and fixed society. Both native settler and European immigrant
• 3:57:07
  Speaker 2: saw in this free and competitive movement of the frontier
• 3:57:11
  Speaker 2: the chance to break the bondage of social right and
• 3:57:13
  Speaker 2: to rise to a higher plane of existence. The pioneer
• 3:57:16
  Speaker 2: was passionately desirous to secure for himself and for his
• 3:57:19
  Speaker 2: family a favorable place in the midst of these large
• 3:57:22
  Speaker 2: and free, but vanishing opportunities. It took a century for
• 3:57:26
  Speaker 2: this society to fit itself into the conditions of the
• 3:57:29
  Speaker 2: whole province. Little by little, nature pressed into her mold
• 3:57:33
  Speaker 2: the plastic pioneer life. The Middle West, yesterday a pioneer province,
• 3:57:37
  Speaker 2: is today the field of industrial resources and systematization so
• 3:57:42
  Speaker 2: vast that Europe alarmed for her industries in competition with
• 3:57:45
  Speaker 2: this new power is discussing the policy of forming protective
• 3:57:49
  Speaker 2: alliances among the nations of the continent. Into this region
• 3:57:52
  Speaker 2: flowed the great forces of modern capitalism. Indeed, the region
• 3:57:56
  Speaker 2: itself furnished favorable conditions for the creation of these forces
• 3:58:00
  Speaker 2: and trained many of the famous American industrial leaders. The Prairies,
• 3:58:04
  Speaker 2: the Great Plains, and the Great Lakes furnished new standards
• 3:58:07
  Speaker 2: of industrial measurement. From this society. Seated amidst a wealth
• 3:58:11
  Speaker 2: of material advantages and breeding individualism, energetic competition, inventiveness, and
• 3:58:17
  Speaker 2: spaciousness of design, came the triumph of the strongest. The
• 3:58:21
  Speaker 2: captains of industry arose and seized on nature's gifts, Struggling
• 3:58:25
  Speaker 2: with one another, increasing the scope of their ambitions. As
• 3:58:28
  Speaker 2: the largeness of the resources and the extent of the
• 3:58:31
  Speaker 2: fields of activity revealed themselves, they were forced to accept
• 3:58:35
  Speaker 2: the natural conditions of a province vast in area but
• 3:58:38
  Speaker 2: simple in structure. Competition grew into consolidation on the Pittsburgh
• 3:58:43
  Speaker 2: border of the Middle West. The completion of the process
• 3:58:46
  Speaker 2: is most clearly seen on the prairies of Kansas stands
• 3:58:50
  Speaker 2: the populist, a survival of the pioneer, striving to adjust
• 3:58:53
  Speaker 2: present conditions to his old ideals. The ideals of equality,
• 3:58:57
  Speaker 2: freedom of opportunity, faith in the common man are deep
• 3:59:01
  Speaker 2: rooted in all the Middle West. The frontier stage through
• 3:59:04
  Speaker 2: which each portion passed left abiding traces on the older
• 3:59:08
  Speaker 2: as well as on the newer areas of the province.
• 3:59:11
  Speaker 2: Nor were these ideals limited to the native American settlers.
• 3:59:15
  Speaker 2: Germans and Scandinavians who poured into the Middle West sought
• 3:59:18
  Speaker 2: the country with like hopes and like faith. These facts
• 3:59:21
  Speaker 2: must be remembered in estimating the effects of the economic
• 3:59:24
  Speaker 2: transformation of the province upon its democracy. The peculiar democracy
• 3:59:29
  Speaker 2: of the frontier has passed away with the conditions that
• 3:59:32
  Speaker 2: produced it, but the democratic aspirations remain. They are held
• 3:59:35
  Speaker 2: with passionate determination. The task of the Middle West is
• 3:59:39
  Speaker 2: that of adapting democracy to the vast economic organization of
• 3:59:43
  Speaker 2: the present. This region, which has so often needed the
• 3:59:46
  Speaker 2: reminder that bigness is not greatness, may yet show that
• 3:59:49
  Speaker 2: its training has produced the power to reconcile popular government
• 3:59:53
  Speaker 2: and culture with the huge industrial society of the modern world.
• 3:59:57
  Speaker 2: The democracies of the past have been small communities under
• 4:00:00
  Speaker 2: simple and primitive economic conditions. At bottom, the problem is
• 4:00:04
  Speaker 2: how to reconcile real greatness with bigness. It is important
• 4:00:08
  Speaker 2: that the Middle West should accomplish this. The future of
• 4:00:11
  Speaker 2: the Republic is with her. Politically, she is dominant, as
• 4:00:14
  Speaker 2: is illustrated by the fact that six out of seven
• 4:00:17
  Speaker 2: of the presidents elected since eighteen sixty have come from
• 4:00:20
  Speaker 2: her borders. Twenty six million people live in the Middle
• 4:00:23
  Speaker 2: West as against twenty one million in New England and
• 4:00:26
  Speaker 2: the Middle States together, and the Middle West has indefinite
• 4:00:29
  Speaker 2: capacity for growth. The educational forces are more democratic than
• 4:00:33
  Speaker 2: in the East, and the Middle West has twice as
• 4:00:36
  Speaker 2: many students if we count together the common school, secondary
• 4:00:39
  Speaker 2: and collegiate attendance, as have New England and the Middle
• 4:00:42
  Speaker 2: States combined. Nor is this educational system as a whole
• 4:00:46
  Speaker 2: inferior to that of the Eastern States. State universities crown
• 4:00:50
  Speaker 2: the public school system in every one of these states.
• 4:00:53
  Speaker 2: The Middle West and rank with the universities of the
• 4:00:56
  Speaker 2: Sea Board, while private munificence has furnished others. On an
• 4:00:59
  Speaker 2: unexact sampled scale. The public and private art collections of Pittsburgh, Chicago,
• 4:01:04
  Speaker 2: Saint Paul, and other cities rival those of the Seaboard.
• 4:01:08
  Speaker 2: World's fairs with their important popular educational influences, have been
• 4:01:12
  Speaker 2: held at Chicago, Omaha, and Buffalo, and the next of
• 4:01:16
  Speaker 2: these national gatherings is to be at Saint Louis. There
• 4:01:19
  Speaker 2: is throughout the Middle West a vigor and a mental
• 4:01:22
  Speaker 2: activity among the common people that bode well for its future.
• 4:01:25
  Speaker 2: If the task of reducing the province of the lake
• 4:01:28
  Speaker 2: and prairie plains to the uses of civilization should for
• 4:01:31
  Speaker 2: a time overweight art in literature and even high political
• 4:01:35
  Speaker 2: and social ideals, it would not be surprising. But if
• 4:01:38
  Speaker 2: the ideals of the pioneers shall survive the inundation of
• 4:01:41
  Speaker 2: material success, we may expect to see in the Middle
• 4:01:44
  Speaker 2: West the rise of a highly intelligent society where culture
• 4:01:47
  Speaker 2: shall be reconciled with democracy. In the large end of
• 4:01:52
  Speaker 2: section eighteen.
• 4:01:53
  Speaker 1: The Ohio Valley in American History, Part one, in a
• 4:01:58
  Speaker 1: notable essay, Professor Josiah Royce has asserted the salutary influence
• 4:02:03
  Speaker 1: of a highly organized provincial life in order to counteract
• 4:02:06
  Speaker 1: certain evils arising from the tremendous development of nationalism in
• 4:02:09
  Speaker 1: our own day. Among these evils, he enumerates first the
• 4:02:14
  Speaker 1: frequent changes of dwelling place, whereby the community is in
• 4:02:17
  Speaker 1: danger of losing the well knit organization of a common life. Second,
• 4:02:21
  Speaker 1: the tendency to reduce variety in national civilization, to assimilate
• 4:02:25
  Speaker 1: all to a common type, and thus to discourage individuality
• 4:02:29
  Speaker 1: and produce a remorseless mechanism vast irrational. Third, the evils
• 4:02:34
  Speaker 1: arising from the fact that waves of emotion, the passion
• 4:02:37
  Speaker 1: of the mob, tend in our day to sweep across
• 4:02:39
  Speaker 1: the nation. Against these surges of national feeling, Professor Royce
• 4:02:44
  Speaker 1: would erect dikes in the form of provincialism, the resistance
• 4:02:47
  Speaker 1: of separate sections, each with its own traditions, beliefs, and aspirations.
• 4:02:52
  Speaker 1: Our national unities have grown so vast, our forces of
• 4:02:55
  Speaker 1: social consolidation so paramount, the resulting problems, conflicts, evils have
• 4:03:00
  Speaker 1: become so intensified. He says that we must seek in
• 4:03:03
  Speaker 1: the province renewed strength, usefulness, and beauty of American life.
• 4:03:07
  Speaker 1: Whatever may be thought of this philosopher's appeal for a
• 4:03:10
  Speaker 1: revival of sectionalism on a higher level in order to
• 4:03:13
  Speaker 1: check the tendencies to a deadening uniformity of national consolidation.
• 4:03:18
  Speaker 1: And to me this appeal under the limitations which he
• 4:03:20
  Speaker 1: gives it seems warranted by the conditions. It is certainly
• 4:03:24
  Speaker 1: true that in the history of the United States, sectionalism
• 4:03:27
  Speaker 1: holds a place too little recognized by the historians. Bi sectionalism,
• 4:03:31
  Speaker 1: I do not mean the struggle between North and South,
• 4:03:33
  Speaker 1: which culminated in the Civil War. That extreme and tragic
• 4:03:37
  Speaker 1: form of sectionalism, indeed has almost engrossed the attention of historians,
• 4:03:41
  Speaker 1: and it is no doubt the most striking and painful
• 4:03:43
  Speaker 1: example of the phenomenon in our history. But there are older,
• 4:03:47
  Speaker 1: and perhaps in the long run, more enduring examples of
• 4:03:50
  Speaker 1: the play of sectional forces than the slavery struggle. And
• 4:03:53
  Speaker 1: there are various sections besides North and South. Indeed, the
• 4:03:58
  Speaker 1: United States is, in size and natural or resources, an empire,
• 4:04:01
  Speaker 1: a collection of potential nations, rather than a single nation.
• 4:04:05
  Speaker 1: It is comparable in area to Europe. If the coast
• 4:04:08
  Speaker 1: of California be placed along the coast of Spain, Charleston,
• 4:04:11
  Speaker 1: South Carolina would fall near Constantinople, the northern shores of
• 4:04:15
  Speaker 1: Lake Superior would touch the Baltic and New Orleans would
• 4:04:18
  Speaker 1: lie in southern Italy. Within this vast empire, there are
• 4:04:22
  Speaker 1: geographic provinces separate in physical conditions, into which American colonization
• 4:04:27
  Speaker 1: has flowed, and in each of which a special society
• 4:04:29
  Speaker 1: has developed, with an economic, political, and social life of
• 4:04:33
  Speaker 1: its own. Each of these provinces or sections has developed
• 4:04:36
  Speaker 1: its own leaders, who, in the public life of the
• 4:04:38
  Speaker 1: nation have voiced the needs of their section, contended with
• 4:04:41
  Speaker 1: the representatives of other sections, and arranged compromises between sections
• 4:04:46
  Speaker 1: in national legislation and policy, almost as ambassadors from separate
• 4:04:50
  Speaker 1: countries in a European Congress might make treaties between these sections.
• 4:04:54
  Speaker 1: Commercial relations have sprung up, and economic combinations and contests
• 4:04:59
  Speaker 1: may be traced by the student who looks beneath the
• 4:05:01
  Speaker 1: surface of our national life to the actual grouping of
• 4:05:04
  Speaker 1: states in congressional votes on tariff, internal improvement, currency and banking,
• 4:05:09
  Speaker 1: and all the varied legislation in the field of commerce.
• 4:05:13
  Speaker 1: American industrial life is the outcome of the combinations and
• 4:05:16
  Speaker 1: contests of groups of states in sections, and the intellectual
• 4:05:19
  Speaker 1: the spiritual life of the nation is the result of
• 4:05:22
  Speaker 1: the interplay of the sectional ideals, fundamental assumptions, and emotions.
• 4:05:26
  Speaker 1: In short, the real federal aspect of the nation. If
• 4:05:29
  Speaker 1: we penetrate between constitutional forms to the deeper currents of social, economic,
• 4:05:33
  Speaker 1: and political life will be found to lie in the
• 4:05:36
  Speaker 1: relation of sections and nation, rather than in the relation
• 4:05:39
  Speaker 1: of states in nation. Recently, ex Secretary Route emphasized the
• 4:05:43
  Speaker 1: danger that the states, by neglecting to fulfill their duties,
• 4:05:47
  Speaker 1: might fall into decay while the national government engross their
• 4:05:50
  Speaker 1: former power. But even if the states disappeared altogether as
• 4:05:53
  Speaker 1: effective factors in our national life, the sections might, in
• 4:05:57
  Speaker 1: my opinion, gain from that very disappearance of strength and
• 4:06:00
  Speaker 1: activity that would prove effective limitations upon the nationalizing process.
• 4:06:05
  Speaker 1: Without pursuing the interesting speculation, I may notice evidence of
• 4:06:09
  Speaker 1: the development of sectionalism the various gatherings of businessmen, religious denominations,
• 4:06:14
  Speaker 1: and educational organizations in groups of states. Among the signs
• 4:06:18
  Speaker 1: of growth of a healthy provincialism is the formation of
• 4:06:21
  Speaker 1: sectional historical societies. While the American Historical Association has been
• 4:06:26
  Speaker 1: growing vigorously and becoming a genuine gathering of historical students
• 4:06:30
  Speaker 1: from all parts of the nation, there have also arisen
• 4:06:33
  Speaker 1: societies in various sections to deal with the particular history
• 4:06:36
  Speaker 1: of the groups of states. In part this is due
• 4:06:39
  Speaker 1: to the great distances which render attendance difficult upon the
• 4:06:42
  Speaker 1: meetings of the national body today. But we would be shortsighted, indeed,
• 4:06:46
  Speaker 1: who failed to perceive in the formation of the Pacific
• 4:06:48
  Speaker 1: Coast Historical Association, the Mississippi Valley Historical Association, and the
• 4:06:53
  Speaker 1: Ohio Valley Historical Association, for example, genuine and spontaneous manifestations
• 4:06:58
  Speaker 1: are a sectional conscience business. These associations spring in large
• 4:07:03
  Speaker 1: part from the recognition in each of a common past,
• 4:07:05
  Speaker 1: a common body of experiences, traditions, institutions, and ideals. Is
• 4:07:10
  Speaker 1: it not necessary now to raise the question whether all
• 4:07:13
  Speaker 1: of these associations are based on a real community of
• 4:07:15
  Speaker 1: historical interest, whether there are overlapping areas where the new
• 4:07:19
  Speaker 1: combinations may not be made. They are at least substantial
• 4:07:22
  Speaker 1: attempts to find a common sectional unity, and out of
• 4:07:25
  Speaker 1: their interest in the past of the section, increasing tendencies
• 4:07:28
  Speaker 1: to common sectional ideas and policies are certain to follow.
• 4:07:31
  Speaker 1: I do not mean to prophesy any disruptive tendency in
• 4:07:34
  Speaker 1: American life by the rejuvenation of sexual self consciousness. But
• 4:07:38
  Speaker 1: I do mean to assert that American life will be
• 4:07:40
  Speaker 1: enriched and safeguarded by the development of the greater variety
• 4:07:43
  Speaker 1: of interest, purposes, and ideals which seem to be arising
• 4:07:47
  Speaker 1: a measure of local concentration seems necessary to produce healthy
• 4:07:50
  Speaker 1: intellectual and moral life. The spread of social forces over
• 4:07:54
  Speaker 1: tu vasten area makes for monotony and stagnation. Let us
• 4:07:59
  Speaker 1: then raise the ques estion of how far the Ohio
• 4:08:01
  Speaker 1: Valley has had a part of its own in the
• 4:08:03
  Speaker 1: making of the nation. I have not the temerity to
• 4:08:06
  Speaker 1: attempt a history of valley in the brief compass of
• 4:08:08
  Speaker 1: this address, nor am I confident of my ability even
• 4:08:11
  Speaker 1: to pick out the more important features of its history
• 4:08:14
  Speaker 1: in our common national life. But I venture to put
• 4:08:17
  Speaker 1: the problem to state some familiar facts from the special
• 4:08:19
  Speaker 1: point of view, with the hope of arousing interest in
• 4:08:22
  Speaker 1: the theme among the many students who are advancing the
• 4:08:24
  Speaker 1: science of history. In this section, to the physiographer, the
• 4:08:28
  Speaker 1: section is made up of the province of the Allegheny
• 4:08:30
  Speaker 1: Plateaus and the southern portion of the Prairie Plains. In
• 4:08:33
  Speaker 1: it I found rich mineral deposits which are changing the
• 4:08:35
  Speaker 1: life of the section and of the nation. Although you
• 4:08:38
  Speaker 1: reckon in your membership only the states that touch the
• 4:08:41
  Speaker 1: Ohio River, parts of those states are, from the point
• 4:08:44
  Speaker 1: of view of their social origins, more closely connected with
• 4:08:47
  Speaker 1: the northwest on the lake plains than with the Ohio Valley,
• 4:08:50
  Speaker 1: and on the other hand, the Tennessee Valley, though it
• 4:08:52
  Speaker 1: sweeps far toward the lower south and only joins the
• 4:08:55
  Speaker 1: Ohio at the end of its course, has been through
• 4:08:58
  Speaker 1: much of the history of the region and a central
• 4:09:00
  Speaker 1: part of this society. Together these rivers made up the
• 4:09:03
  Speaker 1: western world of the pioneers of the Revolutionary era, the
• 4:09:07
  Speaker 1: western waters of the backwoodsmen. But after all, the unity
• 4:09:11
  Speaker 1: of the section and its place in history were determined
• 4:09:13
  Speaker 1: by the beautiful river, as the French explorers called it,
• 4:09:16
  Speaker 1: the Ohio, which pours its flood for over one thousand miles.
• 4:09:20
  Speaker 1: A great highway to the west, a historic artery of commerce,
• 4:09:23
  Speaker 1: a wedge of advance between powerful Indian confederacies and rival
• 4:09:27
  Speaker 1: European nations to the Mississippi Valley, a home for six
• 4:09:31
  Speaker 1: mighty states now in the heart of the nation, rich
• 4:09:33
  Speaker 1: in material wealth, richer in the history of American democracy.
• 4:09:37
  Speaker 1: A society that holds a place midway between the industrial
• 4:09:40
  Speaker 1: sections of the seaboard and the plains and prairies of
• 4:09:42
  Speaker 1: the agricultural West. Between the society that formed later along
• 4:09:46
  Speaker 1: the levels about the Great Lakes and the society that
• 4:09:48
  Speaker 1: arose in the lower South on the plains of the
• 4:09:50
  Speaker 1: Gulf of Mexico, the Alleghenies bounded on the east the Mississippi.
• 4:09:54
  Speaker 1: On the west, at the forks of the Great River,
• 4:09:57
  Speaker 1: lies Pittsburgh, the historic gateway to the West, the present
• 4:10:00
  Speaker 1: symbol and embodiment of the age of steel, the type
• 4:10:03
  Speaker 1: of modern industrialism. Near its western border is Saint Louis
• 4:10:07
  Speaker 1: looking toward the prairies, the Great Plains, and the Rocky Mountains,
• 4:10:11
  Speaker 1: the land into which the tide of modern colonization turns.
• 4:10:14
  Speaker 1: Between these old cities for whose sites European nations contended
• 4:10:18
  Speaker 1: stand the cities whose growth pre eminently represents the Ohio Valley, Cincinnati,
• 4:10:23
  Speaker 1: the historic queen of the River, Louisville, the warder of
• 4:10:26
  Speaker 1: the Falls, the cities of the old National Road, Columbus, Indianapolis,
• 4:10:31
  Speaker 1: the cities of the Bluegrass lands which made Kentucky the
• 4:10:34
  Speaker 1: goal of the pioneers, And the cities of that young
• 4:10:36
  Speaker 1: commonwealth whom the Ohio River, by force of its attraction,
• 4:10:40
  Speaker 1: tore away from an uncongenial control by the old dominion
• 4:10:43
  Speaker 1: and joined to the social section where it belonged. The
• 4:10:46
  Speaker 1: Ohio Valley is therefore not only a commercial highway. It
• 4:10:50
  Speaker 1: is a middle kingdom between the east and the west,
• 4:10:52
  Speaker 1: between the northern area, which was occupied by a greater
• 4:10:55
  Speaker 1: New England and emigrants from Northern Europe, and the southern
• 4:10:58
  Speaker 1: area of the Cotton Kingdom. As Pennsylvania and New York
• 4:11:01
  Speaker 1: constituted the middle region in our earlier history, between New
• 4:11:04
  Speaker 1: England and the Sea board south, so the Ohio Valley
• 4:11:07
  Speaker 1: became the middle region of a later time. In its
• 4:11:10
  Speaker 1: position as a highway and a middle region are found
• 4:11:12
  Speaker 1: the keys to its place in American history. From the beginning,
• 4:11:16
  Speaker 1: the Ohio Valley seems to have been a highway for
• 4:11:18
  Speaker 1: migration and the home of a culture of its own.
• 4:11:21
  Speaker 1: The sciences of American archaeology and ethnology are too new
• 4:11:25
  Speaker 1: to enable us to speak with confidence upon the origins
• 4:11:27
  Speaker 1: and earlier distribution of the Aborigines, but it is at
• 4:11:30
  Speaker 1: least clear that the Ohio River played an important part
• 4:11:33
  Speaker 1: in the movements of the earlier men in America, and
• 4:11:36
  Speaker 1: that the mounds of the valley indicate a special type
• 4:11:38
  Speaker 1: of development intermediate between that of the northern hunter folk
• 4:11:42
  Speaker 1: and the Pueblo building races of the south. This dim
• 4:11:45
  Speaker 1: and yet fascinating introduction to the history of the Ohio
• 4:11:48
  Speaker 1: will afford ample opportunity for later students of the relations
• 4:11:51
  Speaker 1: between geography and population to make contributions to our history.
• 4:11:56
  Speaker 1: The French explorers saw the river but failed to grasp
• 4:11:59
  Speaker 1: its significance as a strategic line in the conquest of
• 4:12:01
  Speaker 1: the West. Entangled in the water labyrinth of the vast interior,
• 4:12:05
  Speaker 1: and kindled with aspirations to reach the Sea of the West,
• 4:12:08
  Speaker 1: their fur traders and explorers pushed their way through the
• 4:12:11
  Speaker 1: forests of the North and across the plains of the South,
• 4:12:13
  Speaker 1: from river to lake, from lake to river, until they
• 4:12:16
  Speaker 1: met the mountains of the West. But while they were
• 4:12:19
  Speaker 1: reaching the upper course of the Missouri and the Spanish
• 4:12:21
  Speaker 1: outposts of Santa Fe, they missed the opportunity to hold
• 4:12:24
  Speaker 1: the Ohio Valley, And before France could settle the valley,
• 4:12:27
  Speaker 1: the long and attenuated line of French posts in the West,
• 4:12:31
  Speaker 1: reaching from Canada to Louisiana, was struck by the advancing
• 4:12:34
  Speaker 1: column of the American backwoodsmen in the center. By the
• 4:12:36
  Speaker 1: way of the Ohio. Parkman in whose golden pages is
• 4:12:40
  Speaker 1: written the epic of the American Wilderness, found his hero
• 4:12:43
  Speaker 1: in the wandering Frenchman. Perhaps because he was a New Englander,
• 4:12:47
  Speaker 1: he missed a great opportunity and neglected to betray the
• 4:12:50
  Speaker 1: formation and advance of the backward society, which was finally
• 4:12:53
  Speaker 1: to raise the traces of French control in the interior
• 4:12:56
  Speaker 1: of North America. It is not without significance in a
• 4:12:59
  Speaker 1: can consideration of the national aspects of the history of
• 4:13:02
  Speaker 1: the Ohio Valley, that the messenger of English civilization who
• 4:13:05
  Speaker 1: summoned the French to evacuate the valley in its approaches,
• 4:13:08
  Speaker 1: and whose men near the forks of the Ohio fired
• 4:13:11
  Speaker 1: the opening gun of the world historic conflict that brought
• 4:13:13
  Speaker 1: the doom of New France and America, was George Washington,
• 4:13:17
  Speaker 1: the first American to win a national position in the
• 4:13:19
  Speaker 1: United States. The father of his country was the prophet
• 4:13:23
  Speaker 1: of the Ohio Valley. End of Section nineteen, Chapter five,
• 4:13:28
  Speaker 1: Part two, into this dominion. In the next scene of
• 4:13:32
  Speaker 1: this drama came the backwoods men, the men who began
• 4:13:35
  Speaker 1: the formation of the society of the Valley. I wish
• 4:13:38
  Speaker 1: to consider the effects of the formation of this society
• 4:13:40
  Speaker 1: upon the nation, and first let us consider the stock itself.
• 4:13:44
  Speaker 1: The Ohio Valley was settled for the most part, though
• 4:13:47
  Speaker 1: with important exceptions, especially in Ohio, by men of the
• 4:13:50
  Speaker 1: Upland South, and this determined a large part of its
• 4:13:53
  Speaker 1: influence in the nation through a long period. As the
• 4:13:57
  Speaker 1: Ohio Valley as a whole was an extension of the
• 4:13:59
  Speaker 1: Uplands South, so the Upland South was broadly speaking, an
• 4:14:03
  Speaker 1: extension from the old Middle region, chiefly from Pennsylvania. The
• 4:14:07
  Speaker 1: society of Pioneers English, Scotch, Irish, Germans and other nationalities,
• 4:14:12
  Speaker 1: which formed in the beginning of the eighteenth century in
• 4:14:14
  Speaker 1: the Great Valley of Pennsylvania and its lateral extensions, was
• 4:14:17
  Speaker 1: the nursery of the American Backwardsmen. Between about seventeen thirty
• 4:14:21
  Speaker 1: and the Revolution, successive tides of Pioneers ascended the Shenandoah,
• 4:14:26
  Speaker 1: occupied the Piedmont or upcountry of Virginia and the Carolinas,
• 4:14:29
  Speaker 1: and received recruits from similar peoples who came by eastward
• 4:14:33
  Speaker 1: advances from the coast toward this Old West. Thus, by
• 4:14:36
  Speaker 1: the middle of the eighteenth century, a new section had
• 4:14:39
  Speaker 1: been created in America, a kind of peninsula thrust down
• 4:14:42
  Speaker 1: from Pennsylvania between the falls of the rivers of the
• 4:14:44
  Speaker 1: South Atlantic colonies on the one side and the Allegheny
• 4:14:47
  Speaker 1: Mountains on the other. Its population showed a mixture of
• 4:14:51
  Speaker 1: nationalities and religions, less English than the colonial coast. It
• 4:14:55
  Speaker 1: was built on a basis of religious feeling different from
• 4:14:57
  Speaker 1: that of Puritan New England, and still different from the
• 4:15:00
  Speaker 1: conservative Anglicans of the Southern Sea Board, the Scotch Irish Presbyterians,
• 4:15:04
  Speaker 1: with the glow of the Covenanters, German sectaries with serious
• 4:15:07
  Speaker 1: minded devotion to one or another of a multiplicity of sects,
• 4:15:11
  Speaker 1: but with all deeply responsive to the call of the
• 4:15:13
  Speaker 1: religious spirit, and the English Quakers all furnish a foundation
• 4:15:16
  Speaker 1: of emotional responsiveness to religion and a readiness to find
• 4:15:20
  Speaker 1: a new Heaven and a new Earth in politics as
• 4:15:22
  Speaker 1: well as in religion. In spite of the influence of
• 4:15:25
  Speaker 1: the Backwoods in hampering religious organization, this Upland society is
• 4:15:29
  Speaker 1: a fertile field for tillage by such democratic and emotional
• 4:15:32
  Speaker 1: sects as the Baptists, Methodists, and later the Campbellites, as
• 4:15:36
  Speaker 1: well as by Presbyterians. Mister Bryce has well characterized the
• 4:15:40
  Speaker 1: South as a region of high religious voltage, but this
• 4:15:42
  Speaker 1: characterization is especially applicable to the Upland South and its
• 4:15:46
  Speaker 1: colonies in the Ohio Valley. It is not necessary to
• 4:15:49
  Speaker 1: assert that this religious spirit resulted in the kind of
• 4:15:51
  Speaker 1: conduct associated with the religious life of the Puritans. What
• 4:15:55
  Speaker 1: I wish to point out is the responsiveness of the
• 4:15:57
  Speaker 1: Upland South to emotional, religious and political appeals. Besides its
• 4:16:01
  Speaker 1: variety of stocks and its religious sects responsive to emotion,
• 4:16:04
  Speaker 1: the Upland South was intensely democratic and individualistic. It believed
• 4:16:09
  Speaker 1: that government was based on a limited contract for the
• 4:16:11
  Speaker 1: benefit of the individual, and it acted independently of governmental
• 4:16:15
  Speaker 1: organs and restraints with such ease that in many regions
• 4:16:18
  Speaker 1: this was the habitual mode of social procedure. Voluntary cooperation
• 4:16:22
  Speaker 1: was more natural to the Southern Uplanders than action through
• 4:16:24
  Speaker 1: the machinery of government, especially when government checked rather than aided,
• 4:16:28
  Speaker 1: their industrial and social tendencies and desires. It was a
• 4:16:31
  Speaker 1: naturally radical society. It was, moreover, a rural section, not
• 4:16:35
  Speaker 1: of the plant or merchant type, but characterized by the
• 4:16:38
  Speaker 1: small farmer building his log cabin in the wilderness, raising
• 4:16:41
  Speaker 1: a small crop and a few animals for family use.
• 4:16:44
  Speaker 1: It was this stock which began to pass into the
• 4:16:46
  Speaker 1: Ohio Valley when Daniel Boone and the pioneers associated with
• 4:16:50
  Speaker 1: his name followed the wilderness trace from the Upland South
• 4:16:53
  Speaker 1: to the bluegrass lands in the midst of the Kentucky
• 4:16:55
  Speaker 1: Hills on the Ohio River. In the opening years of
• 4:16:59
  Speaker 1: the Revolution, these pioneers were recruited by westward extensions from
• 4:17:02
  Speaker 1: Pennsylvania and West Virginia. With this colonization of the Ohio
• 4:17:06
  Speaker 1: Valley begins a chapter in American history. This settlement contributed
• 4:17:11
  Speaker 1: a new element to our national development and raised new
• 4:17:14
  Speaker 1: national problems. It took a long time for the sea
• 4:17:17
  Speaker 1: board South to assimilate the Upland section. We cannot think
• 4:17:20
  Speaker 1: of the South as a unit through much of its
• 4:17:23
  Speaker 1: Antebellum history without doing violence to the facts. The struggle
• 4:17:27
  Speaker 1: between the men of the upcountry and the men of
• 4:17:29
  Speaker 1: the tide water made a large part of the domestic
• 4:17:31
  Speaker 1: history of the Old South. Nevertheless, the Upland South, as
• 4:17:35
  Speaker 1: slavery and cotton cultivation extended westward from the coast, gradually
• 4:17:39
  Speaker 1: merged into the East. On the other hand, its children,
• 4:17:42
  Speaker 1: who placed the wall of the Alleghenies between them and
• 4:17:45
  Speaker 1: the East, gave thereby a new life to the conditions
• 4:17:48
  Speaker 1: and ideals which were lost in their former home. Nor
• 4:17:51
  Speaker 1: was this all beyond the mountains. New conditions, new problems, aroused,
• 4:17:55
  Speaker 1: new ambitions, and new social ideals. Its entrance into the
• 4:17:58
  Speaker 1: Western world was a top to this stock. Its crossing
• 4:18:02
  Speaker 1: put new fire into its veins, fires of militant expansion,
• 4:18:05
  Speaker 1: creative social energy, triumphant democracy. A new section was added
• 4:18:10
  Speaker 1: to the American nation, A new element was infused into
• 4:18:12
  Speaker 1: the combination which we called the United States. A new
• 4:18:15
  Speaker 1: flavor was given to the American spirit. We may next
• 4:18:19
  Speaker 1: rapidly note some of the results. First, let us consider
• 4:18:22
  Speaker 1: the national effects of the settlement of this new social
• 4:18:25
  Speaker 1: type in the Ohio Valley upon the expansion and diplomacy
• 4:18:28
  Speaker 1: of the nation. Almost from the first the Ohio Valley
• 4:18:31
  Speaker 1: had constituted the problem of westward expansion. It was the
• 4:18:35
  Speaker 1: entering wedge to the possession of the Mississippi Valley, and,
• 4:18:37
  Speaker 1: although reluctantly, the Eastern colonies and then the Eastern States,
• 4:18:41
  Speaker 1: were compelled to join in the struggle, first to possess
• 4:18:44
  Speaker 1: the Ohio, then to retain it, and finally to enforce
• 4:18:47
  Speaker 1: its demand for the possession of the whole Mississippi Valley
• 4:18:49
  Speaker 1: and the basin of the Great Lakes. As a means
• 4:18:51
  Speaker 1: of outlet for its crops and of defense for its settlements.
• 4:18:55
  Speaker 1: The part played by the pioneers of the Ohio Valley
• 4:18:57
  Speaker 1: as a flying column of the Nation, sent across the
• 4:19:00
  Speaker 1: mountains and making a line of advance between hostile Indians
• 4:19:03
  Speaker 1: and English on the north and hostile Indians and Spaniards
• 4:19:06
  Speaker 1: on the south, is itself too extensive a theme to
• 4:19:09
  Speaker 1: be more than mentioned here. In historic Kentucky, in the
• 4:19:13
  Speaker 1: state which was the home of George Rogers Clark, it
• 4:19:15
  Speaker 1: is not necessary to dwell upon his clear insight and
• 4:19:17
  Speaker 1: courage in carrying American arms into the Northwest. From the
• 4:19:21
  Speaker 1: first Washington also grasped the significance of the Ohio Valley
• 4:19:24
  Speaker 1: as a rising empire whose population and trade were essential
• 4:19:28
  Speaker 1: to the nation, but which found its natural outlet down
• 4:19:31
  Speaker 1: the Mississippi, where Spain blocked the river, and which was
• 4:19:34
  Speaker 1: in danger of withdrawing from the weak confederacy. The intrigues
• 4:19:38
  Speaker 1: of England to attract the valley to herself and those
• 4:19:40
  Speaker 1: of Spain to add the settlements to the Spanish Empire.
• 4:19:42
  Speaker 1: The use of the Indians by these rivals, and the
• 4:19:45
  Speaker 1: efforts of France to use the Pioneers of Kentucky to
• 4:19:47
  Speaker 1: win New Orleans and the whole valley between the Alleghenies
• 4:19:50
  Speaker 1: and the Rocky Mountains for a revived French Empire in
• 4:19:53
  Speaker 1: America are among the fascinating chapters of American as well
• 4:19:57
  Speaker 1: as of Ohio Valley history. The position of the valley
• 4:20:00
  Speaker 1: explains much of the Indian Wars, the foreign relations, and
• 4:20:04
  Speaker 1: indirectly the domestic politics of the period from the Revolution
• 4:20:07
  Speaker 1: to the purchase of Louisiana. Indeed, the purchase was in
• 4:20:11
  Speaker 1: large measure due to the pressure of the settlers of
• 4:20:13
  Speaker 1: the Ohio Valley to secure this necessary outlet. It was
• 4:20:16
  Speaker 1: the Ohio Valley which forced the nation away from a
• 4:20:19
  Speaker 1: narrow colonial attitude into its career as a nation among
• 4:20:22
  Speaker 1: other nations with an adequate physical basis for future growth.
• 4:20:26
  Speaker 1: In this development of a foreign policy in connection with
• 4:20:29
  Speaker 1: the Ohio Valley, we find the germ of a Monroe
• 4:20:31
  Speaker 1: doctrine and the beginnings of the definitive independence of the
• 4:20:34
  Speaker 1: United States from the state system of the Old World,
• 4:20:37
  Speaker 1: the beginning, in fact, of its career as a world power.
• 4:20:40
  Speaker 1: This expansive impulse went on into the War of eighteen twelve,
• 4:20:44
  Speaker 1: a war which was in no inconsiderable degree the result
• 4:20:47
  Speaker 1: of the aggressive leadership of a group of men from
• 4:20:49
  Speaker 1: Kentucky and Tennessee, and especially of the daring and lofty
• 4:20:52
  Speaker 1: demands of Henry Clay, who even thus early voiced the
• 4:20:55
  Speaker 1: spirit of the Ohio Valley that in this war William
• 4:20:59
  Speaker 1: Henry Harrison and the Kentucky troops achieved the real conquest
• 4:21:02
  Speaker 1: of the Northwest Province and Andrew Jackson with his Tennesseans
• 4:21:06
  Speaker 1: achieved the real conquest of the Gulf Plains. Is in
• 4:21:08
  Speaker 1: itself abundant evidence of the part played in the expansion
• 4:21:11
  Speaker 1: of the nation by the section which formed on the
• 4:21:13
  Speaker 1: Ohio and its tributaries. Nor was this the end of
• 4:21:17
  Speaker 1: the process. For the annexation of Texas and the Pacific
• 4:21:20
  Speaker 1: Coast was in a very real sense, only an aftermath
• 4:21:23
  Speaker 1: of the same movement of expansion. While the Ohio Valley
• 4:21:27
  Speaker 1: was leading the way to the building of a greater nation,
• 4:21:29
  Speaker 1: it was also the field wherein was formed an important
• 4:21:32
  Speaker 1: contribution of the United States to political institutions. By this,
• 4:21:36
  Speaker 1: I mean what George Bancroft is well called federal colonial system,
• 4:21:40
  Speaker 1: that is, our system of territories and new states. It
• 4:21:43
  Speaker 1: is a mistake to attribute this system to the Ordinance
• 4:21:45
  Speaker 1: of seventeen eighty seven and to the leadership of New England.
• 4:21:49
  Speaker 1: It was in large measure the work of the communities
• 4:21:51
  Speaker 1: of the Ohio Valley, who wrought out the essentials of
• 4:21:54
  Speaker 1: the system for themselves, and by their attitude, imposed it
• 4:21:57
  Speaker 1: of necessity upon the nation. The Great Ordinance only perfected
• 4:22:02
  Speaker 1: system under the belief that all men going into vacant
• 4:22:05
  Speaker 1: lands have the right to shape their own political institutions.
• 4:22:08
  Speaker 1: The riflemen of western Virginia, Western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Tennessee
• 4:22:13
  Speaker 1: during the Revolution protested against the rule of governments east
• 4:22:16
  Speaker 1: of the mountains and asserted with manly independence, their right
• 4:22:19
  Speaker 1: to self government. But it is significant that in making
• 4:22:22
  Speaker 1: this assertion, they at the same time petitioned Congress to
• 4:22:25
  Speaker 1: admit them to the Sisterhood of States. Even when leaders
• 4:22:28
  Speaker 1: like Wilkinson were attempting to induce Kentucky to act as
• 4:22:31
  Speaker 1: an independent nation, the national spirit of the people as
• 4:22:34
  Speaker 1: a whole led them to delay until at last they
• 4:22:36
  Speaker 1: found themselves a state of the New Union. This recognition
• 4:22:40
  Speaker 1: of the paramount authority of Congress and this demand for
• 4:22:43
  Speaker 1: self government under that authority constitute the foundations of the
• 4:22:47
  Speaker 1: federal territorial system, as expressed in congressional resolutions, worked out
• 4:22:51
  Speaker 1: tentatively in Jefferson's Ordinance of seventeen eighty four, and finally
• 4:22:55
  Speaker 1: shaped in the Ordinance of seventeen eighty seven. Thus, the
• 4:22:58
  Speaker 1: Ohio Valley was not only the area to which this
• 4:23:00
  Speaker 1: system was applied, but it was itself instrumental in shaping
• 4:23:04
  Speaker 1: the system, by its own demands and by the danger
• 4:23:06
  Speaker 1: that too rigorous an assertion of either state or national
• 4:23:09
  Speaker 1: power over these remote communities might result in their loss
• 4:23:12
  Speaker 1: to the nation. The importance of the result can hardly
• 4:23:15
  Speaker 1: be overestimated. It ensured the peaceful and free development of
• 4:23:19
  Speaker 1: the Great West, and gave it political organization, not as
• 4:23:22
  Speaker 1: the outcome of wars of hostile states, nor by arbitrary
• 4:23:25
  Speaker 1: government by distant powers, but by territorial government combined with
• 4:23:29
  Speaker 1: large local autonomy. These governments, in turn, were admitted as
• 4:23:33
  Speaker 1: equal states of the Union. By this peaceful process of colonization,
• 4:23:37
  Speaker 1: a whole continent has been filled with free and orderly commonwealths.
• 4:23:40
  Speaker 1: So quietly, so naturally, that we can only appreciate the
• 4:23:44
  Speaker 1: profound significance of the process by contrasting it with the
• 4:23:47
  Speaker 1: spread of European nations through conquest and oppression. Next, let
• 4:23:51
  Speaker 1: me invite your attention to the part played by the
• 4:23:53
  Speaker 1: Ohio Valley and the economic legislation which shaped our history
• 4:23:57
  Speaker 1: in the years of the making of the nation, between
• 4:23:59
  Speaker 1: the War of eighteen Tiens twelve and the rise of
• 4:24:01
  Speaker 1: the slavery struggle. It needs but slight reflection to discover
• 4:24:04
  Speaker 1: that in the area in question, the men and measures
• 4:24:07
  Speaker 1: of the Ohio Valley held the balance of power and
• 4:24:09
  Speaker 1: set the course of our national progress. The problems before
• 4:24:13
  Speaker 1: the country at that time were problems of internal development,
• 4:24:16
  Speaker 1: the mode of dealing with the public domain, the building
• 4:24:18
  Speaker 1: of roads and digging of canals for the internal improvement
• 4:24:21
  Speaker 1: of a nation which was separated into East and West
• 4:24:24
  Speaker 1: by the Allegheny Mountains. The formation of a tariff system
• 4:24:27
  Speaker 1: for the protection of home industries and to supply a
• 4:24:30
  Speaker 1: market for the surplace of the West, which no longer
• 4:24:32
  Speaker 1: found an outlet in war in Europe. The framing of
• 4:24:35
  Speaker 1: a banking and currency system which should meet the needs
• 4:24:37
  Speaker 1: of the new interstate commerce produced by the rise of
• 4:24:39
  Speaker 1: the western surplus in the Ohio Valley, by the initiative
• 4:24:43
  Speaker 1: of Ohio Valley men and often against the protest of
• 4:24:46
  Speaker 1: eastern sections. The public land policy was developed by laws
• 4:24:49
  Speaker 1: which subordinated the revenue idea to the idea of the
• 4:24:52
  Speaker 1: upbuilding of a democracy of small landholders. The squatters of
• 4:24:55
  Speaker 1: the Ohio Valley forced the passage of preemption laws, and
• 4:24:59
  Speaker 1: these laws, in their tow led to the homestead agitation.
• 4:25:02
  Speaker 1: There has been no single element more influential in shaping
• 4:25:05
  Speaker 1: American democracy in its ideals than this land policy. And
• 4:25:09
  Speaker 1: whether the system be regarded as harmful or helpful, there
• 4:25:12
  Speaker 1: can be I think no doubt that it was the
• 4:25:14
  Speaker 1: outcome of conditions imposed by the settlers of the Ohio Valley.
• 4:25:19
  Speaker 1: End of Section twenty, Chapter five, Part three. When one
• 4:25:25
  Speaker 1: names the tariff internal improvements in the bank, he is
• 4:25:29
  Speaker 1: bound to add the title the American system, and to
• 4:25:32
  Speaker 1: think of Henry Clay of Kentucky, the captivating young statesmen
• 4:25:35
  Speaker 1: who fashioned a national policy, raised issues, and disciplined a
• 4:25:39
  Speaker 1: party to support them, and who finally imposed the system
• 4:25:42
  Speaker 1: upon the nation. But however, clearly we recognize the genius
• 4:25:46
  Speaker 1: and originality of Henry Clay as a political leader. However,
• 4:25:50
  Speaker 1: we recognize that he has a national standing as a
• 4:25:52
  Speaker 1: constructive statesman. We must perceive, if we probe the matter
• 4:25:56
  Speaker 1: deeply enough, that his policy and his power grew out
• 4:25:59
  Speaker 1: of the economic social conditions of the people whose needs
• 4:26:02
  Speaker 1: he voiced, the people of the Ohio Valley. It was
• 4:26:06
  Speaker 1: the fact that in this period they had begun to
• 4:26:08
  Speaker 1: create an agricultural surplus which made the necessity for this legislation.
• 4:26:13
  Speaker 1: The nation has recently celebrated the one hundredth anniversary of
• 4:26:16
  Speaker 1: Fulton's invention of the steamboat, and the Hudson River has
• 4:26:19
  Speaker 1: been a blaze in his honour. But in truth, it
• 4:26:22
  Speaker 1: is on the Ohio and the Mississippi that the fires
• 4:26:24
  Speaker 1: of celebration should really burn in honor of Fulton. For
• 4:26:27
  Speaker 1: the historic significance to the United States of the invention
• 4:26:30
  Speaker 1: of the steamboat does not lie in its use on
• 4:26:32
  Speaker 1: eastern rivers, not even in its use on the ocean.
• 4:26:35
  Speaker 1: For our own internal commerce, carried in our own ships,
• 4:26:38
  Speaker 1: has had a vaster influence upon our national life than
• 4:26:41
  Speaker 1: has our foreign commerce. And this internal commerce was, at first,
• 4:26:45
  Speaker 1: and for many years, the commerce of the Ohio Valley
• 4:26:48
  Speaker 1: carried by way of the Mississippi. When Fulton's steamboat was
• 4:26:52
  Speaker 1: applied in eighteen eleven to the western waters, it became
• 4:26:55
  Speaker 1: possible to develop agriculture and to get the western crops
• 4:26:58
  Speaker 1: rapidly and cheaply to a market. The result was a
• 4:27:01
  Speaker 1: tremendous growth in the entire Ohio Valley. But this invention
• 4:27:05
  Speaker 1: did not solve the problem of cheap supplies of Eastern manufactures,
• 4:27:09
  Speaker 1: nor satisfy the desire of the West to build up
• 4:27:11
  Speaker 1: its own factories in order to consume its own products.
• 4:27:14
  Speaker 1: The Ohio Valley had seen the advantage of home markets
• 4:27:17
  Speaker 1: as her towns grew up with their commerce and manufacturers
• 4:27:20
  Speaker 1: close to the rural regions. Lands had increased in value
• 4:27:24
  Speaker 1: in proportion to their nearness to these cities, and crops
• 4:27:27
  Speaker 1: were in higher demand near them. Thus, Henry Clay found
• 4:27:30
  Speaker 1: a whole section standing behind him when he demanded a
• 4:27:33
  Speaker 1: protective tariff to create home markets on a national scale,
• 4:27:37
  Speaker 1: and when he urged the breaking of the Allegheny Barrier
• 4:27:39
  Speaker 1: by a national system of roads and canals. If we
• 4:27:43
  Speaker 1: analyzed the congressional votes by which the tariff and Internal
• 4:27:46
  Speaker 1: Improvement Acts were passed, we shall find that there was
• 4:27:49
  Speaker 1: an almost unbroken South against them, a Middle region largely
• 4:27:53
  Speaker 1: for them, a new England divided, and the Ohio Valley
• 4:27:56
  Speaker 1: almost a unit, holding the balance of power and casting
• 4:27:59
  Speaker 1: it in faiate of the American system. The next topic
• 4:28:03
  Speaker 1: to which I ask your attention is the influence of
• 4:28:05
  Speaker 1: the Ohio Valley in the promotion of democracy. On this
• 4:28:08
  Speaker 1: I shall, by reason of lack of time, be obliged
• 4:28:11
  Speaker 1: merely to point out that the powerful group of Ohio
• 4:28:13
  Speaker 1: Valley states, which sprang out of the democracy of the Backwoods,
• 4:28:17
  Speaker 1: and which entered the Union one after the other with
• 4:28:19
  Speaker 1: manhood suffrage, greatly recruited the effective forces of democracy in
• 4:28:23
  Speaker 1: the Union. Not only do they add new recruits, but
• 4:28:27
  Speaker 1: by their competitive pressure for population, they forced the old
• 4:28:30
  Speaker 1: estates to break down their historic restraints upon the right
• 4:28:32
  Speaker 1: of voting unless they were to lose their people to
• 4:28:35
  Speaker 1: the freer life of the West. But in the era
• 4:28:38
  Speaker 1: of Jacksonian democracy, Henry Clay and his followers engaged the
• 4:28:42
  Speaker 1: Great Tennesseean in a fierce political struggle, out of which
• 4:28:45
  Speaker 1: was born the rival Whig and Democratic parties. This struggle
• 4:28:49
  Speaker 1: was in fact reflective of the conditions which had arisen
• 4:28:52
  Speaker 1: in the Ohio Valley as the section had grown in
• 4:28:55
  Speaker 1: population and wealth. As the trails changed into Rhodes, the
• 4:28:59
  Speaker 1: cabins into wealth built houses, the clearings into broad farms,
• 4:29:02
  Speaker 1: the hamlets into towns. As barter became commerce, and all
• 4:29:05
  Speaker 1: the modern processes of industrial development began to operate. In
• 4:29:09
  Speaker 1: this rising region, the Ohio Valley broke apart into the
• 4:29:12
  Speaker 1: rival interests of the industrial forces, the tower makers and
• 4:29:15
  Speaker 1: the business builders on the one side, and the old
• 4:29:18
  Speaker 1: rural democracy of the uplands on the other. This division
• 4:29:22
  Speaker 1: was symbolical of national processes. In the contest between these forces,
• 4:29:26
  Speaker 1: Andrew Jackson was the champion of the cause of the
• 4:29:28
  Speaker 1: Upland democracy. He denounced the money power banks, and the
• 4:29:32
  Speaker 1: whole credit system, and sounded a fierce toxin of danger
• 4:29:36
  Speaker 1: against the increasing influence of wealth in politics. Henry Clay,
• 4:29:39
  Speaker 1: on the other hand, represented the new industrial forces along
• 4:29:43
  Speaker 1: the Ohio It is certainly significant that in the rivalry
• 4:29:46
  Speaker 1: between the great Whig of the Ohio Valley and the
• 4:29:48
  Speaker 1: great Democrat of its Tennessee tributary lay the issues of
• 4:29:52
  Speaker 1: American politics almost until the Slavery Struggle. The responsiveness of
• 4:29:56
  Speaker 1: the Ohio Valley to leadership and its enthusiasm in action
• 4:30:00
  Speaker 1: are illustrated by the Harrison Campaign of eighteen forty. In
• 4:30:03
  Speaker 1: that Log Cabin campaign, when the Whigs stole the thunder
• 4:30:07
  Speaker 1: of pioneer Jacksonian democracy for another backwards hero. The Ohio
• 4:30:12
  Speaker 1: Valley carried its spirit as well as its political favorite
• 4:30:15
  Speaker 1: throughout the nation. Meanwhile, on each side of the Ohio Valley,
• 4:30:19
  Speaker 1: other sections were forming New England and the Children of
• 4:30:22
  Speaker 1: New England in western New York, and an increasing flood
• 4:30:25
  Speaker 1: of German immigrants were pouring into the Great Lake Basin
• 4:30:27
  Speaker 1: and the prairies north of the upland peoples who had
• 4:30:30
  Speaker 1: chopped out homes in the forests along the Ohio. This
• 4:30:33
  Speaker 1: section was tied to the east by the Great Lake
• 4:30:35
  Speaker 1: Navigation and the Erie Canal. It became in fact an
• 4:30:38
  Speaker 1: extension of New England and New York. Here the Free
• 4:30:42
  Speaker 1: Soil Party found its strength, and New York newspapers expressed
• 4:30:45
  Speaker 1: the political ideas. Although this section tried to attach the
• 4:30:49
  Speaker 1: Ohio River interest to itself by canals and later by railroads,
• 4:30:53
  Speaker 1: it was in reality for a long time separate in
• 4:30:55
  Speaker 1: its ideals and its interests, and never succeeded in dominating
• 4:30:59
  Speaker 1: the Ohio Valley. On the south, along the Gulf Plains,
• 4:31:02
  Speaker 1: there developed the Cotton Kingdom, a greater south with a
• 4:31:05
  Speaker 1: radical program of slavery expansion mapped out by bold and
• 4:31:08
  Speaker 1: aggressive leaders. Already, this southern section had attempted to establish
• 4:31:12
  Speaker 1: increasing commercial relations with the Ohio Valley. The staple producing
• 4:31:16
  Speaker 1: region was a principal consumer of its livestock and food products.
• 4:31:20
  Speaker 1: South Carolina leaders like Calhoun, tried to bind the Ohio
• 4:31:24
  Speaker 1: to the chariot of the South by the Cincinnati and
• 4:31:26
  Speaker 1: Charleston Railroad, designed to make an outlet for the Ohio
• 4:31:29
  Speaker 1: Valley products to the southeast. Georgia, in her turn, was
• 4:31:33
  Speaker 1: a rival of South Carolina in plans to drain this
• 4:31:35
  Speaker 1: commerce itself. In all of these plans to connect the
• 4:31:38
  Speaker 1: Ohio Valley commercially with the South, the political object was
• 4:31:42
  Speaker 1: quite as prominent as the commercial. In short, various areas
• 4:31:46
  Speaker 1: were bidding for the support of the zone of population
• 4:31:48
  Speaker 1: along the Ohio River. The Ohio Valley recognized its old
• 4:31:52
  Speaker 1: relationship to the South, but its people were by no
• 4:31:55
  Speaker 1: means champions of slavery. In the southern portion of the
• 4:31:58
  Speaker 1: states north of the Ohio, wherein dented servitude for many
• 4:32:01
  Speaker 1: years opened away to a system of semi slavery, there
• 4:32:04
  Speaker 1: were divided councils. Kentucky also spoke with no certain voice.
• 4:32:08
  Speaker 1: As a result, it is in these regions that we
• 4:32:11
  Speaker 1: find the stronghold of the compromising movement in the slavery struggle.
• 4:32:15
  Speaker 1: Kentucky furnished Abraham Lincoln to Illinois and Jefferson Davis to Mississippi,
• 4:32:19
  Speaker 1: and was, in the reality the very center of the
• 4:32:22
  Speaker 1: region of adjustment between these rival interests. Senator Thomas of
• 4:32:26
  Speaker 1: Southern Illinois moved the Missouri Compromise, and Henry Clay was
• 4:32:30
  Speaker 1: the most effective champion of that compromise, as he was
• 4:32:33
  Speaker 1: the architect of the Compromise of eighteen fifty. The written
• 4:32:36
  Speaker 1: and compromised proposals on the eve of the Civil War
• 4:32:39
  Speaker 1: came also from Kentucky and represent the persistence of the
• 4:32:42
  Speaker 1: spirit of Henry Clay in a word, As I pointed
• 4:32:45
  Speaker 1: out in the beginning, the Ohio Valley was a middle
• 4:32:48
  Speaker 1: region with a strong national allegiance, striving to hold apart
• 4:32:52
  Speaker 1: with either hand the sectional combatants in this struggle. In
• 4:32:55
  Speaker 1: the cautious development of his policy of emancipation, we may
• 4:32:58
  Speaker 1: see the profounds of the Ohio Valley upon Abraham Lincoln,
• 4:33:02
  Speaker 1: Kentucky's greatest son. No one can understand his presidency without
• 4:33:06
  Speaker 1: proper appreciation of the deep influence of the Ohio Valley,
• 4:33:10
  Speaker 1: its ideals, and its prejudices upon America's original contribution to
• 4:33:13
  Speaker 1: the great men of the world. Enough has been said
• 4:33:16
  Speaker 1: to make it clear. I trust that the Ohio Valley
• 4:33:19
  Speaker 1: has not only a local history worthy of study, a
• 4:33:21
  Speaker 1: rich heritage to its people, but also that it has
• 4:33:24
  Speaker 1: been an independent and powerful force in shaping the development
• 4:33:27
  Speaker 1: of a nation. Of the late history of this valley,
• 4:33:30
  Speaker 1: the rise of its vast industrial power, its far reaching
• 4:33:33
  Speaker 1: commercial influence, it is not necessary that I should speak.
• 4:33:37
  Speaker 1: You know its statesmen and their influence upon our own time.
• 4:33:41
  Speaker 1: You know the relation of Ohio to the office of
• 4:33:43
  Speaker 1: President of the United States. Nor is it necessary that
• 4:33:46
  Speaker 1: I should attempt to prophesy concerning the future which the
• 4:33:49
  Speaker 1: Ohio Valley will hold in the nation. In that new
• 4:33:52
  Speaker 1: age of inland water transportation, which is certain to supplement
• 4:33:56
  Speaker 1: the age of the railroad, there can be no more
• 4:33:58
  Speaker 1: important region than the Ohioio Valley. Let us hope that
• 4:34:01
  Speaker 1: its old love of democracy may endure, and that in
• 4:34:04
  Speaker 1: this section where the first trans Allegheny pioneers struck blows
• 4:34:08
  Speaker 1: at the forests, they may be brought to blossom and
• 4:34:10
  Speaker 1: to fruit the ripe civilization of a people who know
• 4:34:13
  Speaker 1: that whatever the glories of prosperity may be, there are
• 4:34:16
  Speaker 1: greater glories of the spirit of man, who know that
• 4:34:19
  Speaker 1: in the ultimate record of history, the place of the
• 4:34:22
  Speaker 1: Ohio Valley will depend upon the contribution which her people
• 4:34:25
  Speaker 1: and her leaders make to the cause of an enlightened,
• 4:34:27
  Speaker 1: a cultivated, a god fearing, and a free as well
• 4:34:30
  Speaker 1: as a comfortable democracy. End of Section twenty one, Chapter six.
• 4:34:37
  Speaker 1: The Significance of the Mississippi Valley in American History, Part one.
• 4:34:43
  Speaker 1: The rise of a company of sympathetic and critical students
• 4:34:46
  Speaker 1: of history in the South and in the West is
• 4:34:48
  Speaker 1: bound to revolutionize the perspective of American history. Already, our
• 4:34:53
  Speaker 1: Eastern colleagues are aware in general, if not in detail,
• 4:34:56
  Speaker 1: of the importance of the work of this nation in
• 4:34:58
  Speaker 1: dealing with the vast interior and with the influence of
• 4:35:01
  Speaker 1: the West upon the nation. Indeed, I might take as
• 4:35:05
  Speaker 1: the text for this address the words of one of
• 4:35:07
  Speaker 1: our Eastern historians, Professor Albert Bushnell Hart, who a decade
• 4:35:11
  Speaker 1: ago wrote, the Mississippi Valley yields to no region in
• 4:35:15
  Speaker 1: the world in interest in romance and in promise for
• 4:35:18
  Speaker 1: the future. Here, if anywhere, is the real America, the field,
• 4:35:23
  Speaker 1: the theater, and the basis of the civilization of the
• 4:35:26
  Speaker 1: Western world. The history of the Mississippi Valley is the
• 4:35:29
  Speaker 1: history of the United States. Its future is the future
• 4:35:32
  Speaker 1: of one of the most powerful of modern nations. If
• 4:35:36
  Speaker 1: those of us who have been insisting on the importance
• 4:35:38
  Speaker 1: of our own region are led at times by the
• 4:35:40
  Speaker 1: enthusiasm of the pioneer for the inviting historical domain that
• 4:35:44
  Speaker 1: opens before us, to overstate the importance of our subjects,
• 4:35:48
  Speaker 1: we may at least plead that we have gone no
• 4:35:49
  Speaker 1: farther than some of our brethren of the East, and
• 4:35:52
  Speaker 1: we may take comfort in this declaration of Theodore Roosevelt.
• 4:35:55
  Speaker 1: The states that have grown up around the Great Lakes
• 4:35:58
  Speaker 1: and in the valley of the Upper Mississippi are the
• 4:36:00
  Speaker 1: states which are destined to be the greatest, the richest,
• 4:36:03
  Speaker 1: the most prosperous of all the great, rich and prosperous commonwealth,
• 4:36:07
  Speaker 1: which go to make up the mightiest republic the world
• 4:36:09
  Speaker 1: has ever seen. These states form the heart of the
• 4:36:12
  Speaker 1: country geographically, and they will soon become the heart in
• 4:36:15
  Speaker 1: population and in political and social importance. I should be
• 4:36:19
  Speaker 1: sorry to think that before these states there loomed a
• 4:36:22
  Speaker 1: future of material prosperity. Merely, I regard this section of
• 4:36:26
  Speaker 1: the country as the heart of true American sentiment. In
• 4:36:30
  Speaker 1: studying the history of the whole Mississippi Valley, therefore, the
• 4:36:33
  Speaker 1: members of this association are studying the origins of that
• 4:36:36
  Speaker 1: portion of the nation, which is admitted by competent Eastern
• 4:36:39
  Speaker 1: authorities to be the section potentially most influential in the
• 4:36:42
  Speaker 1: future of America. They are also studying the region which
• 4:36:46
  Speaker 1: has engaged the most vital activities of the whole nation.
• 4:36:49
  Speaker 1: For the problems arising from the existence of the Mississippi Valley,
• 4:36:53
  Speaker 1: whether of movement of population, diplomacy, politics, economic development, or
• 4:36:57
  Speaker 1: social structure, have been fundamental problems in shuh shaping the nation.
• 4:37:01
  Speaker 1: It is not a narrow not even a local interest,
• 4:37:03
  Speaker 1: which determines the mission of this association. It is nothing
• 4:37:06
  Speaker 1: less than the study of the American people in the
• 4:37:09
  Speaker 1: presence and under the influence of the vast spaces the
• 4:37:12
  Speaker 1: imperial resources of the great Interior. The social destiny of
• 4:37:16
  Speaker 1: this valley will be the social destiny and will mark
• 4:37:18
  Speaker 1: the place and history of the United States in a
• 4:37:22
  Speaker 1: large sense, and in the one usually given to it
• 4:37:24
  Speaker 1: by geographers and historians. The Mississippi Valley includes the whole
• 4:37:28
  Speaker 1: interior basin, a province which drains into nearly two thousand
• 4:37:31
  Speaker 1: miles of navigable waters of the Mississippi itself, two thousand
• 4:37:35
  Speaker 1: miles of the Tawny Flood of the Missouri, and one
• 4:37:38
  Speaker 1: thousand miles of the Ohio, five thousand miles of main
• 4:37:41
  Speaker 1: water highways open to the steamboat, nearly two and a
• 4:37:44
  Speaker 1: half million square miles of drainage basin. And a land
• 4:37:47
  Speaker 1: greater than all Europe except Russia, Norway and Sweden. A
• 4:37:51
  Speaker 1: land of levels marked by a central geographic unity, A
• 4:37:54
  Speaker 1: land estimated to be able to support a population of
• 4:37:56
  Speaker 1: two or three hundred millions, three times the present population
• 4:38:00
  Speaker 1: of the whole nation. An empire of natural resources in
• 4:38:03
  Speaker 1: which to build a noble social structure worthy to hold
• 4:38:06
  Speaker 1: its place as the heart of American industrial, political, and
• 4:38:09
  Speaker 1: spiritual life. The significance of the Mississippi Valley and American
• 4:38:13
  Speaker 1: history was first shown in the fact that it opened
• 4:38:15
  Speaker 1: to various nations visions of power in the New World,
• 4:38:19
  Speaker 1: visions that sweep across the horizon of historical possibility, like
• 4:38:22
  Speaker 1: the luminous but unsubstantial aura of a comet's train. Portentous
• 4:38:26
  Speaker 1: and fleeting out of the darkness of the primitive history
• 4:38:29
  Speaker 1: of the continent are being drawn the evidences of the
• 4:38:32
  Speaker 1: rise and fall of Indian cultures, the migrations through and
• 4:38:35
  Speaker 1: into the Great Valley by men of the Stone Age,
• 4:38:38
  Speaker 1: hinted at in legends and languages, dimly told in the
• 4:38:41
  Speaker 1: records of mounds and artifacts, but waiting still for complete interpretation.
• 4:38:45
  Speaker 1: Into these spaces and among the savage peoples, came France
• 4:38:48
  Speaker 1: and wrote a romantic page in our early history, a
• 4:38:51
  Speaker 1: page that tells of unfulfilled empire. What is striking in
• 4:38:55
  Speaker 1: the effect of the Mississippi Valley upon France is the
• 4:38:57
  Speaker 1: pronounced influence of the unity of its greats. It is
• 4:39:01
  Speaker 1: not without meaning that Radisson and Gracilier not only reached
• 4:39:04
  Speaker 1: the extreme of Lakes Superior, but also, in all probability,
• 4:39:08
  Speaker 1: entered upon the waters of the Mississippi and learned of
• 4:39:10
  Speaker 1: its western affluent. That Marquette not only received the Indians
• 4:39:14
  Speaker 1: of the Illinois region in his post on the shores
• 4:39:16
  Speaker 1: of Lake Superior, but traversed the length of the Mississippi
• 4:39:19
  Speaker 1: almost to its mouth and returning revealed the site of
• 4:39:22
  Speaker 1: Chicago that Lassalle was inspired with the vision of a
• 4:39:26
  Speaker 1: huge interior empire reaching from the Gulf to the Great Lakes.
• 4:39:30
  Speaker 1: Before the close of the seventeenth century, Perrot's influence was
• 4:39:33
  Speaker 1: supreme in the upper Mississippi, while the Iberville was laying
• 4:39:37
  Speaker 1: the foundations of Louisiana toward the mouth of the river.
• 4:39:40
  Speaker 1: Nor is it without significance that while the Verandries were
• 4:39:43
  Speaker 1: advancing toward the northwest, where they discovered the Big Horn
• 4:39:46
  Speaker 1: Mountains and revealed the natural boundaries of the valley, the
• 4:39:49
  Speaker 1: Mallet brothers were ascending the Platte, crossing the Colorado Plains
• 4:39:53
  Speaker 1: to Santa Fe, and so revealing the natural boundaries towards
• 4:39:56
  Speaker 1: the southwest to the English. The Great Valley was a
• 4:39:59
  Speaker 1: land beyond the the alleghenies. Spotswood, the far sighted governor
• 4:40:03
  Speaker 1: of Virginia, predecessor of frontier builders, grasped the situation when
• 4:40:06
  Speaker 1: he proposed western settlements to prevent the French from becoming
• 4:40:09
  Speaker 1: a great people at the back of the colonies. He
• 4:40:12
  Speaker 1: realized the importance of the Mississippi Valley as the field
• 4:40:15
  Speaker 1: for expansion and the necessity to the English empire of
• 4:40:18
  Speaker 1: dominating it if England would remain the great power of
• 4:40:21
  Speaker 1: the New World. In the war that followed between France
• 4:40:24
  Speaker 1: and England, we now see what the men of the
• 4:40:26
  Speaker 1: time could not have realized. That the main issue was
• 4:40:28
  Speaker 1: neither the possession of the fisheries, nor the approaches to
• 4:40:31
  Speaker 1: the Saint Lawrence on the one hemisphere, nor the possession
• 4:40:34
  Speaker 1: of India on the other, but the mastery of the
• 4:40:36
  Speaker 1: interior basin of North America. How little the nations realized.
• 4:40:40
  Speaker 1: The true meaning of the final victory of England is
• 4:40:42
  Speaker 1: shown in the fact that Spain reluctantly received from France
• 4:40:45
  Speaker 1: the Session of the Lands beyond the Mississippi, accepting it
• 4:40:48
  Speaker 1: as a means of preventing the infringement of her colonial
• 4:40:51
  Speaker 1: monopoly in Spanish America, rather than as a field for
• 4:40:53
  Speaker 1: imperial expansion. But we know now that when George Washington
• 4:40:58
  Speaker 1: came as a stripling to the camp of the French
• 4:41:00
  Speaker 1: at the edge of the Great Valley and demanded the
• 4:41:01
  Speaker 1: relinquishment of the French posts in the name of Virginia,
• 4:41:05
  Speaker 1: he was demanding, in the name of the English speaking people,
• 4:41:07
  Speaker 1: the right to occupy and rule the real center of
• 4:41:09
  Speaker 1: American resources and power. When Braddock's axemen cut their road
• 4:41:14
  Speaker 1: from the Potomac toward the forks of the Ohio, they
• 4:41:17
  Speaker 1: were opening a channel through which the forces of civilization
• 4:41:20
  Speaker 1: should flow with ever increasing momentum, and carving across on
• 4:41:23
  Speaker 1: the wilderness rim At the spot which is now the
• 4:41:25
  Speaker 1: center of industrial power of the American nation. England trembled
• 4:41:29
  Speaker 1: on the brink of her great conquest, fearful of the
• 4:41:32
  Speaker 1: effect of these far stretching rivers upon her colonial system,
• 4:41:35
  Speaker 1: timorous in the presence of the fierce peoples who held
• 4:41:37
  Speaker 1: the vast domain beyond the Alleghanies. It seems clear, however,
• 4:41:41
  Speaker 1: that the Proclamation of seventeen sixty three forbidding settlement and
• 4:41:45
  Speaker 1: the patenting of lands beyond the Alleghanies was not intended
• 4:41:48
  Speaker 1: as a permanent creation of an Indian reservation out of
• 4:41:50
  Speaker 1: this valley, but was rather a temporary arrangement in order
• 4:41:53
  Speaker 1: that British plans might mature and a system of gradual
• 4:41:56
  Speaker 1: colonization be devised. Already, our greatest leaders, men like Washington
• 4:42:01
  Speaker 1: and Franklin, had been quick to see the importance of
• 4:42:03
  Speaker 1: this new area for enlarged activities of the American people.
• 4:42:07
  Speaker 1: A sudden revelation that it was the west, rather than
• 4:42:09
  Speaker 1: the Ocean, which was the real theatre for the creative
• 4:42:12
  Speaker 1: energy of America came with triumph over France. The Ohio
• 4:42:16
  Speaker 1: Company and the Loyal Land Company indicate the interest of
• 4:42:19
  Speaker 1: the outbreak of the war, while the Mississippi Company, headed
• 4:42:22
  Speaker 1: by the Washingtons and Lees, organized to occupy southern Illinois, Indiana,
• 4:42:27
  Speaker 1: and western Kentucky mark the Virginia interest in the Mississippi Valley,
• 4:42:31
  Speaker 1: and Franklin's activity in promoting a colony in the Illinois
• 4:42:34
  Speaker 1: country illustrates the interest of the Philadelphians. Indeed, Franklin saw
• 4:42:39
  Speaker 1: clearly the possibilities of a settlement there as a means
• 4:42:41
  Speaker 1: of breaking up Spanish America. Writing to his son in
• 4:42:45
  Speaker 1: seventeen sixty seven, he declared that a settlement should be
• 4:42:48
  Speaker 1: made in the Illinois country, raising a strength there which,
• 4:42:50
  Speaker 1: on occasions of a future war, might easily be poured
• 4:42:53
  Speaker 1: down the Mississippi, upon the lower country and into the
• 4:42:55
  Speaker 1: Bay of Mexico, to be used against Cuba, the French Islands,
• 4:42:59
  Speaker 1: or Mexico itself. The Mississippi Valley had been the despair
• 4:43:03
  Speaker 1: of France in the matter of governmental control. The corrouse
• 4:43:06
  Speaker 1: du Bois, escaping from restraints of law and order, took
• 4:43:09
  Speaker 1: their way through its extensive wilderness, exploring and trading as
• 4:43:13
  Speaker 1: they listed. Similarly, when the English colonists crossed the Alleghenies,
• 4:43:17
  Speaker 1: they escaped from the control of mother colonies as well
• 4:43:20
  Speaker 1: as of the mother country. If the Mississippi Valley revealed
• 4:43:22
  Speaker 1: to the statesmen of the East in the exaltation of
• 4:43:25
  Speaker 1: the war with France, an opportunity for new empire building,
• 4:43:28
  Speaker 1: it revealed to the frontiersmen who penetrated the passes of
• 4:43:31
  Speaker 1: the Alleghenies and entered into their new inheritance, the sharp
• 4:43:34
  Speaker 1: distinctions between them and the Eastern lands which they left behind.
• 4:43:38
  Speaker 1: From the beginning, it was clear that the lands beyond
• 4:43:40
  Speaker 1: the Alleghanies furnished an opportunity and an incentive to develop
• 4:43:43
  Speaker 1: American society on independent and unconventional lines. The men of
• 4:43:48
  Speaker 1: the Western Waters broke with the old order of things,
• 4:43:50
  Speaker 1: subordinated social restraint to the freedom of the individual, won
• 4:43:54
  Speaker 1: their title to the rich lands, which they entered by
• 4:43:56
  Speaker 1: hard fighting against the Indians, hotly challenged the right of
• 4:43:59
  Speaker 1: the East to rule them, demanded their own states, and
• 4:44:02
  Speaker 1: would not be refused. Spoke with contempt of the old
• 4:44:05
  Speaker 1: social order of ranks and classes in the lands between
• 4:44:08
  Speaker 1: the Alleghenies and the Atlantic, and proclaimed the ideal of
• 4:44:11
  Speaker 1: democracy for the vast country which they had entered. Not
• 4:44:14
  Speaker 1: with the mercurial facility of the French did they follow
• 4:44:16
  Speaker 1: the river systems of the Great Valley like the advance
• 4:44:19
  Speaker 1: of the glacier. They changed the face of the country
• 4:44:21
  Speaker 1: in their steady and inevitable progress, and they sought the sea.
• 4:44:25
  Speaker 1: It was not long before the Spaniards at the mouth
• 4:44:27
  Speaker 1: of the river realized the meaning of the new forces
• 4:44:29
  Speaker 1: that had entered the valley. In seventeen ninety four, the
• 4:44:32
  Speaker 1: Governor of Louisiana wrote, this vast and restless population, progressively
• 4:44:37
  Speaker 1: driving the Indian tribes before them, and upon us, seek
• 4:44:40
  Speaker 1: to possess themselves of all the extensive regions which the
• 4:44:43
  Speaker 1: Indians occupy between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, the Gulf
• 4:44:46
  Speaker 1: of Mexico, and the Appalachian Mountains, thus becoming our neighbours.
• 4:44:50
  Speaker 1: At the same time that they menacingly asked for the
• 4:44:52
  Speaker 1: free navigation of the Mississippi. If they achieved their objects,
• 4:44:56
  Speaker 1: their ambitions would not be confined to this side of
• 4:44:58
  Speaker 1: the Mississippi. Writings, public papers, and speeches all turn on
• 4:45:02
  Speaker 1: this point. The free navigation of the Gulf by the
• 4:45:05
  Speaker 1: rivers which empty into it, the rich fur trade of
• 4:45:07
  Speaker 1: the Missouri, and in time the possession of the rich
• 4:45:10
  Speaker 1: minds of the interior provinces of the very Kingdom of Mexico.
• 4:45:14
  Speaker 1: Their mode of growth and their policy are as formidable
• 4:45:17
  Speaker 1: for Spain as their armies, their roving spirit, and the
• 4:45:20
  Speaker 1: readiness with which they procure sustenance and shelter facilitate rapid settlement.
• 4:45:24
  Speaker 1: A rifle and a little corn meal in a bag
• 4:45:26
  Speaker 1: are enough for an American wandering alone in the woods
• 4:45:29
  Speaker 1: for a month, with logs crossed upon one another. He
• 4:45:32
  Speaker 1: makes a house, and even an impregnable fort against the Indians.
• 4:45:35
  Speaker 1: Coal does not terrify him. And when a family wearies
• 4:45:38
  Speaker 1: of one place, it moves to another and settles there
• 4:45:40
  Speaker 1: with the same ease. If such men come to occupy
• 4:45:44
  Speaker 1: the banks of the Mississippi and Missouri, or secure their navigation,
• 4:45:47
  Speaker 1: doubtless nothing will prevent them from crossing and penetrating into
• 4:45:50
  Speaker 1: our provinces on the other side, which, being to a
• 4:45:53
  Speaker 1: great extent unoccupied, can oppose no resistance. In my opinion,
• 4:45:58
  Speaker 1: a general revolution in America threatens to Spain unless the
• 4:46:00
  Speaker 1: remedy be applied properly. In fact, the pioneers who had
• 4:46:04
  Speaker 1: occupied the uplands of the south, the Backwood Stock, with
• 4:46:07
  Speaker 1: its Scotch Irish leaders, which had formed on the eastern
• 4:46:10
  Speaker 1: edge of the Alleghenies, separate and distinct from the type
• 4:46:12
  Speaker 1: of Tidewater and New England, had found in the Mississippi
• 4:46:15
  Speaker 1: Valley a new field for expansion under conditions of free
• 4:46:18
  Speaker 1: land and unrestraint. These conditions gave it promise of ample
• 4:46:22
  Speaker 1: time to work out its own social type. But first
• 4:46:24
  Speaker 1: of all, these men who were occupying the western waters
• 4:46:27
  Speaker 1: must find an outlet for their surplus products if they
• 4:46:30
  Speaker 1: were to become a powerful people. While the Alleghanies placed
• 4:46:33
  Speaker 1: a veto toward the east, the Mississippi opened a broad
• 4:46:36
  Speaker 1: highway to the south. Its swift current took their flat
• 4:46:39
  Speaker 1: boats in its strong arms to bear them to the sea.
• 4:46:42
  Speaker 1: But across the outlet of the Great River, Spain drew
• 4:46:44
  Speaker 1: the barrier of her colonial monopoly and denied them exit.
• 4:46:48
  Speaker 1: End of Section twenty two.
• 4:46:51
  Speaker 2: Chapter six, The Significance of the Mississippi Valley in American History,
• 4:46:55
  Speaker 2: Part two. The significance of the Mississippi Valley in American
• 4:46:59
  Speaker 2: history at the opening of the New Republic therefore lay
• 4:47:02
  Speaker 2: in the fact that beyond the area of the social
• 4:47:05
  Speaker 2: and political control of the thirteen colonies, there had arisen
• 4:47:09
  Speaker 2: a new and aggressive society which imperiously put the questions
• 4:47:13
  Speaker 2: of the public lands, internal communication, local self government, defense,
• 4:47:18
  Speaker 2: and aggressive expansion before the legislators of the old colonial regime.
• 4:47:23
  Speaker 2: The men of the Mississippi Valley compelled the men of
• 4:47:26
  Speaker 2: the East to think in American terms instead of European.
• 4:47:29
  Speaker 2: They dragged a reluctant nation on in a new course.
• 4:47:33
  Speaker 2: From the Revolution to the end of the War of
• 4:47:35
  Speaker 2: eighteen twelve, Europe regarded the destiny of the Mississippi Valley
• 4:47:39
  Speaker 2: as undetermined. Spain desired to maintain her hold by means
• 4:47:43
  Speaker 2: of the control given through the possession of the mouth
• 4:47:45
  Speaker 2: of the river and the gulf, by her influence upon
• 4:47:48
  Speaker 2: the Indian tribes, and by intrigues with the settlers. Her
• 4:47:52
  Speaker 2: object was primarily to safeguard the Spanish American monopoly, which
• 4:47:56
  Speaker 2: had made her a great nation in the world. Instinctively,
• 4:47:59
  Speaker 2: she seemed to serve that out of this valley were
• 4:48:01
  Speaker 2: the issues of her future. Here was the lever which
• 4:48:04
  Speaker 2: might break successively from her empire fragments about the Gulf, Louisiana,
• 4:48:09
  Speaker 2: Florida and Texas, Cuba and Puerto Rico, the Southwest and
• 4:48:13
  Speaker 2: the Pacific Coast, and even the Philippines and the Isthmian Canal,
• 4:48:17
  Speaker 2: while the American Republic, building itself on the resources of
• 4:48:20
  Speaker 2: the valley, should become paramount over the independent republics into
• 4:48:25
  Speaker 2: which her empire was to disintegrate. France, seeking to regain
• 4:48:29
  Speaker 2: her former colonial power, would use the Mississippi Valley as
• 4:48:32
  Speaker 2: a means of provisioning her West Indian Islands, of dominating
• 4:48:36
  Speaker 2: Spanish America, and of subordinating to her purposes the feeble
• 4:48:41
  Speaker 2: United States, which her policy assigned to the lands between
• 4:48:44
  Speaker 2: the Atlantic and the Alleghanies. The ancient Bourbon Monarchy, the
• 4:48:48
  Speaker 2: Revolutionary Republic, and the Napoleonic Empire all contemplated the acquisition
• 4:48:54
  Speaker 2: of the whole valley of the Mississippi, from the Alleghanies
• 4:48:57
  Speaker 2: to the Rocky Mountains, England, holding the Great Lakes, dominating
• 4:49:02
  Speaker 2: the northern Indian populations, and threatening the Gulf and the
• 4:49:05
  Speaker 2: mouth of the Mississippi by her fleet watched during the
• 4:49:08
  Speaker 2: Revolution the Confederation and the early Republic for the breaking
• 4:49:12
  Speaker 2: of the fragile bonds of the Thirteen States, ready to
• 4:49:16
  Speaker 2: extend her protection over the settlers in the Mississippi Valley.
• 4:49:20
  Speaker 2: Alarmed by the prospect of England's taking Louisiana and Florida
• 4:49:23
  Speaker 2: from Spain, Jefferson wrote in seventeen ninety quote embraced from
• 4:49:28
  Speaker 2: Saint Croix to Saint Mary's on one side, by their possessions,
• 4:49:32
  Speaker 2: on the other by their fleet, we need not hesitate
• 4:49:34
  Speaker 2: to say that they would soon find means to unite
• 4:49:37
  Speaker 2: to them all the territory covered by the ramifications of
• 4:49:40
  Speaker 2: the Mississippi end of quote, and that he thought must
• 4:49:44
  Speaker 2: result in bloody and eternal war or indisciluble confederacy with England.
• 4:49:49
  Speaker 2: None of these nations deemed it impossible that American settlers
• 4:49:53
  Speaker 2: in the Mississippi Valley might be one to accept another
• 4:49:56
  Speaker 2: flag than that of the United States. Guardo Key had
• 4:49:59
  Speaker 2: they effe in seventeen eighty seven to suggest a Madison
• 4:50:02
  Speaker 2: that the Kentuckians would make good Spanish subjects. France enlisted
• 4:50:07
  Speaker 2: the support of frontiersmen led by George Rogers Clark for
• 4:50:10
  Speaker 2: her attempted conquest of Louisiana in seventeen ninety three, England
• 4:50:15
  Speaker 2: tried to win support among the western settlers. Indeed, when
• 4:50:19
  Speaker 2: we recall that George Rogers Clark accepted a commission as
• 4:50:22
  Speaker 2: major general from France in seventeen ninety three, and again
• 4:50:25
  Speaker 2: in seventeen ninety eight, that Wilkinson, afterwards Commander in chief
• 4:50:29
  Speaker 2: of the American Army, secretly asked Spanish citizenship and promised
• 4:50:34
  Speaker 2: renunciation of his American allegiance. That Governor Sevier Franklin, afterwards,
• 4:50:39
  Speaker 2: Senator from Tennessee and its first governor's Estate Robertson, the
• 4:50:43
  Speaker 2: founder of Cumberland, and Blunt, Governor of the Southwest Territory,
• 4:50:47
  Speaker 2: and afterwards Senator from Tennessee, were all willing to accept
• 4:50:51
  Speaker 2: the rule of another nation sooner than see the navigation
• 4:50:54
  Speaker 2: of the Mississippi yielded by the American government, we can
• 4:50:57
  Speaker 2: easily believe that it lay within the realm of possibility
• 4:51:01
  Speaker 2: that another allegiance might have been accepted by the frontiersmen themselves.
• 4:51:05
  Speaker 2: We may well trust Rufus Putnam, whose federalism and devotion
• 4:51:09
  Speaker 2: to his country had been proved, and whose work in
• 4:51:11
  Speaker 2: founding New England's settlement at Marietta is well known when
• 4:51:15
  Speaker 2: he wrote in seventeen ninety and answer to fisher Ames
• 4:51:18
  Speaker 2: question whether the Mississippi Valley could be retained in the Union, quote,
• 4:51:23
  Speaker 2: should Congress give up her claim to the navigation of
• 4:51:25
  Speaker 2: the Mississippi or cede it to the Spaniards? I believe
• 4:51:29
  Speaker 2: the people in the Western Quarter would separate themselves from
• 4:51:32
  Speaker 2: the United States very soon. Such a measure, I have
• 4:51:35
  Speaker 2: no doubt, would excite so much rage and dissatisfaction that
• 4:51:38
  Speaker 2: the people would sooner put themselves under the despotic government
• 4:51:42
  Speaker 2: of Spain than remained the indented servants of Congress. End
• 4:51:45
  Speaker 2: of He added that if Congress did not afford due
• 4:51:49
  Speaker 2: protection also to these western settlers, they might turn to
• 4:51:52
  Speaker 2: England or Spain. Prior to the railroad, the Mississippi Valley
• 4:51:56
  Speaker 2: was potentially the basis for an independent empire, in spite
• 4:51:59
  Speaker 2: of the fact that its population would inevitably be drawn
• 4:52:03
  Speaker 2: from the Eastern States. Its natural outlet was down the
• 4:52:06
  Speaker 2: current to the Gulf. New Orleans controlled the valley, in
• 4:52:09
  Speaker 2: the words of Wilkinson, quote as the key, the lock,
• 4:52:12
  Speaker 2: or the citadel the outworks end of quote. So long
• 4:52:15
  Speaker 2: as the Mississippi Valley was menaced or in part controlled
• 4:52:18
  Speaker 2: by rival European states. Just so long must the United
• 4:52:22
  Speaker 2: States be a part of the state system of Europe
• 4:52:24
  Speaker 2: involved in its fortunes. And particularly was this the case
• 4:52:28
  Speaker 2: in view of the fact that, until the Union made
• 4:52:30
  Speaker 2: internal commerce based upon the Mississippi Valley its dominant economic interest,
• 4:52:36
  Speaker 2: the merchants and sailors of the Northeastern States and the
• 4:52:39
  Speaker 2: staple producers of the Southern Seaboard were a commercial appanage
• 4:52:43
  Speaker 2: of Europe. The significance of the Mississippi Valley was clearly
• 4:52:46
  Speaker 2: seen by Jefferson, writing to Livingston in eighteen o two,
• 4:52:50
  Speaker 2: he declared, quote, there is on the globe one single spot,
• 4:52:54
  Speaker 2: the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy.
• 4:52:57
  Speaker 2: It is New Orleans, through which the produce three eighths
• 4:53:00
  Speaker 2: of our territory must pass to market, and from its
• 4:53:03
  Speaker 2: fertility it will air long yield more than half of
• 4:53:06
  Speaker 2: our whole produce, and contain more than half of our inhabitants.
• 4:53:10
  Speaker 2: The day that France takes possession of New Orleans fixes
• 4:53:13
  Speaker 2: the sentence which is to restrain her within her low
• 4:53:15
  Speaker 2: water mark. It seals the union of two nations who,
• 4:53:19
  Speaker 2: in conjunction can maintain exclusive possession of the ocean. From
• 4:53:22
  Speaker 2: that moment, we must marry ourselves to the British Fleet
• 4:53:25
  Speaker 2: and nation holding the two continents of America in sequestration
• 4:53:29
  Speaker 2: for the common purposes of the United British and American nations.
• 4:53:33
  Speaker 2: End of the acquisition of Louisiana was a recognition of
• 4:53:37
  Speaker 2: the essential unity of the Mississippi Valley. The French engineer
• 4:53:41
  Speaker 2: Colo reported to his government after an investigation in seventeen
• 4:53:45
  Speaker 2: ninety six, quote, all the positions on the left east
• 4:53:49
  Speaker 2: bank of the Mississippi, without the alliance of the Western States,
• 4:53:53
  Speaker 2: are far from covering Louisiana. When two nations possess one
• 4:53:57
  Speaker 2: the coasts and the other the plains, the former must
• 4:54:00
  Speaker 2: inevitably embark or submit from thence I conclude that the
• 4:54:03
  Speaker 2: Western States of the North American Republic must unite themselves
• 4:54:07
  Speaker 2: with Louisiana and form in the future one single compact nation,
• 4:54:11
  Speaker 2: or else that colony, to whatever power it shall be,
• 4:54:14
  Speaker 2: long will be conquered or devoured.
• 4:54:17
  Speaker 1: End.
• 4:54:18
  Speaker 2: The effect of bringing political unity to the Mississippi Valley
• 4:54:21
  Speaker 2: by the Louisiana purchase was profound. It was the decisive
• 4:54:26
  Speaker 2: step of the United States on an independent career as
• 4:54:28
  Speaker 2: a world power, free from entangling foreign alliances. The victories
• 4:54:33
  Speaker 2: of Harrison in the Northwest in the War of eighteen
• 4:54:35
  Speaker 2: twelve that followed ensured our expansion in the northern half
• 4:54:39
  Speaker 2: of the Valley. Jackson's triumphal March to the Gulf and
• 4:54:42
  Speaker 2: his defense of New Orleans in the same war won
• 4:54:45
  Speaker 2: the basis for that cotton kingdom, so important in the
• 4:54:48
  Speaker 2: economic life of the nation and so pregnant with the
• 4:54:51
  Speaker 2: issue of slavery. The acquisition of Florida, Texas and the
• 4:54:54
  Speaker 2: far West followed naturally. Not only was the nation set
• 4:54:58
  Speaker 2: on an independent path and foreign relations, its political system
• 4:55:02
  Speaker 2: was revolutionized. For the Mississippi Valley now opened to the
• 4:55:06
  Speaker 2: way for adding state after state, swamping the New England
• 4:55:09
  Speaker 2: section and its federalism. The doctrine of strict construction had
• 4:55:13
  Speaker 2: received a fatal blow at the hands of its own profit.
• 4:55:16
  Speaker 2: The old conception of historic sovereign states makers of a
• 4:55:19
  Speaker 2: federation was shattered by this vast edition of raw material
• 4:55:23
  Speaker 2: for an indefinite number of parallelograms called states, nursed through
• 4:55:27
  Speaker 2: a territorial period by the federal government, admitted under conditions,
• 4:55:32
  Speaker 2: and animated by national rather than by state patriotism. The
• 4:55:36
  Speaker 2: area of the nation had been so enlarged and the
• 4:55:38
  Speaker 2: development of the internal resources so promoted by the acquisition
• 4:55:43
  Speaker 2: of the whole course of the Mighty River, its tributaries,
• 4:55:45
  Speaker 2: and its outlet, that the Atlantic coast soon turned its
• 4:55:49
  Speaker 2: economic energies from the sea to the interior. Cities and
• 4:55:53
  Speaker 2: sections began to struggle for ascendancy over its industrial life.
• 4:55:57
  Speaker 2: A real national activity, a genuine American culture began. The
• 4:56:01
  Speaker 2: vast spaces, the huge natural resources of the valley demanded
• 4:56:05
  Speaker 2: exploitation and population. Later there came the tide of foreign immigration,
• 4:56:10
  Speaker 2: which has risen so steadily that it has made a
• 4:56:12
  Speaker 2: composite American people whose amalgamation is destined to produce a
• 4:56:16
  Speaker 2: new national stock. But without attempting to exhaust or even
• 4:56:20
  Speaker 2: to indicate all the effects of the Louisiana purchase, I
• 4:56:23
  Speaker 2: wish next to ask your attention to the significance of
• 4:56:26
  Speaker 2: the Mississippi Valley in the promotion of democracy and the
• 4:56:29
  Speaker 2: transfer of the political center of gravity in the nation.
• 4:56:32
  Speaker 2: The Mississippi Valley has been the especial home of democracy,
• 4:56:36
  Speaker 2: born of free land and the pioneer spirit nurtured in
• 4:56:39
  Speaker 2: the ideas of the Revolution and finding free play for
• 4:56:42
  Speaker 2: these ideas in the freedom of the wilderness. Democracy showed
• 4:56:45
  Speaker 2: itself in the earliest utterances of the men of the
• 4:56:48
  Speaker 2: Western waters, and it has persisted there. The demand for
• 4:56:52
  Speaker 2: local self government, which was insistent on the frontier, and
• 4:56:55
  Speaker 2: the endorsement given by the Alleghenies to these demands, led
• 4:56:59
  Speaker 2: to the creek of a system of independent Western governments
• 4:57:02
  Speaker 2: and to the Ordinance of seventeen eighty seven, an original
• 4:57:06
  Speaker 2: contribution to colonial policy. This was framed in the period
• 4:57:10
  Speaker 2: when any rigorous subjection of the West to Eastern rule
• 4:57:13
  Speaker 2: would have endangered the ties that bound them to the
• 4:57:15
  Speaker 2: Union itself. In the Constitutional Convention, prominent Eastern statesmen expressed
• 4:57:21
  Speaker 2: their fears of the Western democracy and would have checked
• 4:57:24
  Speaker 2: its ability to outvote the regions of property by limiting
• 4:57:27
  Speaker 2: its political power so that it should never equal that
• 4:57:30
  Speaker 2: of the Atlantic coast. But more liberal councils prevailed. In
• 4:57:34
  Speaker 2: the first debates upon the public lands. Also, it was
• 4:57:37
  Speaker 2: clearly stated that the social system of the nation was
• 4:57:40
  Speaker 2: involved quite as much as the question of revenue. Eastern
• 4:57:44
  Speaker 2: fears that cheap lands and abundance would depopulate the Atlantic
• 4:57:47
  Speaker 2: states and check their industrial growth by a scarcity of
• 4:57:50
  Speaker 2: labor supply were met by the answer of one of
• 4:57:53
  Speaker 2: the representatives in seventeen ninety six quote, I question if
• 4:57:57
  Speaker 2: any man would be hardy enough to point out a
• 4:58:00
  Speaker 2: class of citizens by name that ought to be the
• 4:58:02
  Speaker 2: servants of the community. Yet, unless that is done, to
• 4:58:05
  Speaker 2: what class of the people could you direct such a law?
• 4:58:08
  Speaker 2: But if you pass such an act limiting the area
• 4:58:11
  Speaker 2: offered for sale in the Mississippi Valley, it would be
• 4:58:14
  Speaker 2: ten amounts of saying that there is some class which
• 4:58:16
  Speaker 2: must remain here and by law be obliged to serve
• 4:58:19
  Speaker 2: the others for such wages as they please to give.
• 4:58:22
  Speaker 1: End of quote.
• 4:58:24
  Speaker 2: Gallatin showed his comprehension of the basis of the prosperous
• 4:58:28
  Speaker 2: American democracy in the same debate when he said, quote,
• 4:58:31
  Speaker 2: if the cause of the happiness of this country was
• 4:58:34
  Speaker 2: examined into, it would be found to arise as much
• 4:58:37
  Speaker 2: from the great plenty of land in proportion to the
• 4:58:39
  Speaker 2: inhabitants which their citizens enjoyed, as from the wisdom of
• 4:58:43
  Speaker 2: their political institutions end of quote. Out of this frontier
• 4:58:47
  Speaker 2: democratic society, where the freedom and abundance of land in
• 4:58:50
  Speaker 2: the great Valley opened a refuge to the oppressed in
• 4:58:53
  Speaker 2: all regions. Came the Jacksonian democracy, which governed the nation
• 4:58:57
  Speaker 2: after the downfall of the Party of John Quintams. Its
• 4:59:01
  Speaker 2: center rested in Tennessee, the region from which so large
• 4:59:04
  Speaker 2: a portion of the Mississippi Valley was settled by descendants
• 4:59:08
  Speaker 2: of the men of the Upland South. The rule of
• 4:59:10
  Speaker 2: the Mississippi Valley is seen when we recall the place
• 4:59:14
  Speaker 2: that Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri held in both parties. Besides Jackson,
• 4:59:19
  Speaker 2: Clay Harrison, and polk Weld count such presidential candidates as
• 4:59:23
  Speaker 2: Hugh White and John Bell Grundy, the chairman of the
• 4:59:25
  Speaker 2: Finance Committee, and Benton, the champion of Western radicalism. It
• 4:59:30
  Speaker 2: was in this same period, and largely by reason of
• 4:59:33
  Speaker 2: the drainage of population to the West and the stir
• 4:59:36
  Speaker 2: in the air raised by the western winds of Jacksonian democracy,
• 4:59:39
  Speaker 2: that most of the older states reconstructed their constitutions on
• 4:59:43
  Speaker 2: a more democratic basis. From the Mississippi Valley, where there
• 4:59:47
  Speaker 2: were liberal suffrage provisions based on population alone instead of
• 4:59:51
  Speaker 2: property and population, disregard of vested interests, and insistence on
• 4:59:56
  Speaker 2: the rights of man came the inspiration for this era
• 4:59:59
  Speaker 2: of change in the franchise and apportionment of reform of
• 5:00:03
  Speaker 2: laws for imprisonment for debt, of general attacks upon monopoly
• 5:00:07
  Speaker 2: and privilege. It is now plain, wrote Jackson in eighteen
• 5:00:10
  Speaker 2: thirty seven, that the war is to be carried on
• 5:00:13
  Speaker 2: by the moneyed aristocracy of the few against the democracy
• 5:00:16
  Speaker 2: of numbers. The prosperous to make the honest laborers hewers
• 5:00:20
  Speaker 2: of wood and drawers of water through the credit and
• 5:00:23
  Speaker 2: paper system