Latest / دانشگاه صوتی چکیده ماندگار | کتاب تاریخی سیاسی / خلاصه کتاب راه بردگی، فردریش هایک در ۵۶ دقیقه

Transcript

خلاصه کتاب راه بردگی، فردریش هایک در ۵۶ دقیقه · دانشگاه صوتی چکیده ماندگار | کتاب تاریخی سیاسی

• 0:00
  Speaker 1: In short, the book The Road to Serfdom written by
• 0:07
  Speaker 1: Friedrich von Hayek. It was the winter of 1942, the
• 0:12
  Speaker 1: days of World War II. In London, a long page
• 0:14
  Speaker 1: in front of a government office had appeared. People had
• 0:17
  Speaker 1: made a move to buy a government official report. Its
• 0:21
  Speaker 1: name was Beverage Report. William Beverage the head of a
• 0:31
  Speaker 1: government committee and the head of the London Economic Council,
• 0:33
  Speaker 1: had promised in this report that after the war, social security,
• 0:37
  Speaker 1: universal health and full employment will be guaranteed for all.
• 0:41
  Speaker 1: He promised that people tired of war would be thirsty
• 0:44
  Speaker 1: to hear it. About half a million copies of that
• 0:47
  Speaker 1: report went to the market. Beverage had written, the moment
• 0:51
  Speaker 1: of revolution in the history of the world. It is
• 0:59
  Speaker 1: the time of revolution, not the time of work. But
• 1:04
  Speaker 1: it is true that on those days, the Austrian economist,
• 1:06
  Speaker 1: the teacher of that London School of Economics and the
• 1:11
  Speaker 1: co-worker of Bridge in that school, was not happy with
• 1:15
  Speaker 1: this report. Friedrich Hayek. He had spent his youth in Vienna, Austria,
• 1:22
  Speaker 1: during the World War II and had seen that the
• 1:24
  Speaker 1: idea of a pro-government government that is, a government that
• 1:29
  Speaker 1: thinks and decides instead of the market, what will be
• 1:33
  Speaker 1: produced and what will be taken by whom, in Germany,
• 1:36
  Speaker 1: will lead to dictatorship and war. He asks why the
• 1:40
  Speaker 1: British intellectuals who consider themselves to be anti-fascists, imitate the
• 1:47
  Speaker 1: same ideas that were established in Germany by Nazism. If
• 1:53
  Speaker 1: we want to summarize the book of Raah-e-Bardegi in just
• 1:55
  Speaker 1: one sentence, it is as follows. When the government, instead
• 1:59
  Speaker 1: of resisting, programs the entire economy and instead of thinking
• 2:05
  Speaker 1: and making decisions, power is concentrated in the hands of
• 2:08
  Speaker 1: a limited number of government members and individual freedom, rule
• 2:12
  Speaker 1: of law and democracy are divided one by one. But
• 2:22
  Speaker 1: according to Hayek, this writing is not forbidden. If the
• 2:27
  Speaker 1: people understand the situation, they can change the path. And
• 2:31
  Speaker 1: his book was written for the same purpose, to prevent
• 2:33
  Speaker 1: the dictatorship of fascism and the socialism of Britain. Welcome
• 2:38
  Speaker 1: to the book, The Path to Freedom. A book that
• 2:43
  Speaker 1: was written 80 years ago, but its questions are still alive.
• 2:50
  Speaker 1: Especially in these days of famine, impoverishment and war in
• 2:54
  Speaker 1: our Iran, which are very likely to become more economic
• 2:58
  Speaker 1: and solve problems, these questions are very important to us. Hello,
• 3:06
  Speaker 1: I am Esfandiar Khodai. In the days when our Iran
• 3:10
  Speaker 1: is more than ever in need of education and books,
• 3:14
  Speaker 1: in the sound university of Chikide Mandegar, Every week we
• 3:19
  Speaker 1: summarize an important book on history, politics and economy in
• 3:24
  Speaker 1: the shortest possible time. Books that you may not have
• 3:28
  Speaker 1: the opportunity to read. Let's go to the writer and
• 3:32
  Speaker 1: the story of the book Raah Bardegi. Friedrich Hayek came
• 3:40
  Speaker 1: to the world in 1899 in Vienna, Austria. In the
• 3:44
  Speaker 1: First World War, he served in the Austrian Army. And
• 3:47
  Speaker 1: then he studied law and politics. In 1931, he was
• 3:51
  Speaker 1: invited to the London Economic School for four speeches. The
• 3:55
  Speaker 1: speeches were so popular that a year later, they gave
• 3:58
  Speaker 1: him the same school as the economic professor. In 1974,
• 4:11
  Speaker 1: He won the Nobel Prize in Economics and passed away
• 4:13
  Speaker 1: in 1992. The book begins with a discussion. In the
• 4:15
  Speaker 1: early 1930s, after the great collapse of 1929, many, including
• 4:19
  Speaker 1: Sir William Beveridge, the director of the same London Academy
• 4:23
  Speaker 1: of Economics, considered fascism to be the last weapon of
• 4:27
  Speaker 1: the capitalist movement. Their intention was that capitalism reached the
• 4:41
  Speaker 1: end line and in this storm of death, for its
• 4:43
  Speaker 1: own salvation, it brings the fascists to power to suppress
• 4:47
  Speaker 1: the workers and the communists. Hayek was against it. He
• 4:52
  Speaker 1: did not see fascism in capitalism, but in the socialist
• 4:57
  Speaker 1: idea of a centralized media. It became an article and
• 5:01
  Speaker 1: an article became the book of the path of freedom.
• 5:06
  Speaker 1: which he presented to the socialists of all parties. His
• 5:09
  Speaker 1: intention from the socialists of all parties was to make
• 5:13
  Speaker 1: it clear that the center-right program can be carried out
• 5:17
  Speaker 1: both from the left and from the right, and in
• 5:21
  Speaker 1: both cases it is wrong. On the page of the
• 5:28
  Speaker 1: book title, this is David Hume's clear sentence. Freedom is
• 5:32
  Speaker 1: lost once and for all. I mean, freedom is usually
• 5:35
  Speaker 1: taken step by step by people. Some American authors deleted
• 5:40
  Speaker 1: the book. One said, Haik is a little out of
• 5:43
  Speaker 1: today's thinking. I mean, his words are old and he
• 5:46
  Speaker 1: does not read with the words of the winner of today. Finally,
• 5:50
  Speaker 1: the University of Chicago accepted and its manager said that
• 5:56
  Speaker 1: it may sell 900 copies, but a few months later,
• 6:00
  Speaker 1: The book was published in the Reader's Digest and in
• 6:05
  Speaker 1: a few years more than a million copies were published.
• 6:10
  Speaker 1: The book, which was supposed to sell only 900 copies,
• 6:12
  Speaker 1: became one of the most famous political and economic books
• 6:17
  Speaker 1: of the 20th century. In the third edition of this book,
• 6:23
  Speaker 1: John Minard Keynes, a great economist of the 20th century
• 6:27
  Speaker 1: and a fan of Hayek's thinking, On the way to
• 6:32
  Speaker 1: the Berton Woods conference in Kishti, he read and wrote
• 6:37
  Speaker 1: a book, which is a great book and in terms
• 6:40
  Speaker 1: of morality and philosophy, it is almost in line with
• 6:43
  Speaker 1: all of them and has been deeply influenced. George Orwell,
• 6:49
  Speaker 1: author of the book The Catering of Animals and also
• 6:51
  Speaker 1: the book 1984, wrote that Haik's arguments are true against
• 6:59
  Speaker 1: the central political party. According to him, the socialist economy
• 7:05
  Speaker 1: is not democratic in itself, and at least it gives
• 7:10
  Speaker 1: a certain power that even the supporters of the Middle
• 7:15
  Speaker 1: Ages did not dream of. Henry Heslitt, economist and New
• 7:20
  Speaker 1: York Times economic journalist, One of the most important books
• 7:26
  Speaker 1: of our generation And Farah Khan knows it well to
• 7:30
  Speaker 1: all the socialists and journalists of Khushniyat That they should listen,
• 7:36
  Speaker 1: look and listen to the arguments that are well heard
• 7:41
  Speaker 1: The American journalist, a few days after seeing these three,
• 7:45
  Speaker 1: ordered the second and third chapter of the book Let's
• 7:47
  Speaker 1: go to the first and second chapters of the book
• 7:52
  Speaker 1: of Rahe Bardegi Raah-e-Raha-Shodeh. Hayek spent half of his life
• 8:00
  Speaker 1: in Austria and the other half in Britain and the
• 8:04
  Speaker 1: United States. He says, it's like watching a movie twice.
• 8:08
  Speaker 1: The same ideas that were heard in Germany before Hitler
• 8:12
  Speaker 1: were now popularized in England and the same way the
• 8:15
  Speaker 1: American socialists did. And this trend was not new. Dastekam
• 8:23
  Speaker 1: 25 years ago, before he became a symbol of the
• 8:27
  Speaker 1: totalitarianism of the socialists in the world, he was afraid
• 8:33
  Speaker 1: of his own individuality. What is that identity? Hayek says individualism.
• 8:40
  Speaker 1: This belief that everyone has the right to shape their
• 8:43
  Speaker 1: own life. After the Renaissance, people were freed from the
• 8:47
  Speaker 1: band of order and series of order. And science and
• 8:52
  Speaker 1: technology have risen for this reason. Hayek compares the liberal
• 8:55
  Speaker 1: look to a gardener. A gardener does not design trees
• 8:59
  Speaker 1: from the front. He only reflects the conditions of tree growth.
• 9:03
  Speaker 1: If we want to create the image of its opponent,
• 9:05
  Speaker 1: it becomes a sculpture. I will tell you about this
• 9:08
  Speaker 1: example of a sculpture. A sculpture has the final form
• 9:12
  Speaker 1: in its mind from the front. and the mother will
• 9:22
  Speaker 1: paint until it comes out in the same way. But
• 9:25
  Speaker 1: what happened that the people of Europe were in the
• 9:29
  Speaker 1: early 1920s and instead of the garden path, they took
• 9:32
  Speaker 1: the path of sculpting. That is, to put aside the
• 9:35
  Speaker 1: self-sufficient forces of society and the conscious guidance of everything
• 9:41
  Speaker 1: towards the goals that a few people choose and organize.
• 9:47
  Speaker 1: When a few people instead of millions of people think
• 9:51
  Speaker 1: and broadcast, it is a place for testing the mistakes
• 9:54
  Speaker 1: of people and the rise of creativity and the misguidance
• 9:58
  Speaker 1: of talents. And why did the people of Germany, Italy,
• 9:52
  Speaker 1: Russia and sometimes England and America accept the idea of
• 9:56
  Speaker 1: a centralized program? Because this philosophy came with the promise
• 10:02
  Speaker 1: of a new freedom. but it turns this path of
• 10:51
  Speaker 1: freedom into a path of freedom. Tocqueville had said in
• 10:56
  Speaker 1: 1848 that democracy and socialism are both equal desires. Democracy
• 11:04
  Speaker 1: wants equality in freedom and socialism wants equality in unity
• 11:09
  Speaker 1: and freedom. Many of the leaders of fascism and Nazism
• 11:15
  Speaker 1: in Italy, Germany and Russia, such as Mussolini, بحث بر
• 11:22
  Speaker 1: سر مقصد نیست بر سر مسیره. Elie Hallewey, متفكر فرانسوی
• 11:47
  Speaker 1: میگه سوسياليستا به دو چیز باور دارند که شاید اصلاً
• 11:54
  Speaker 1: با هم نسازند. آزادی و سازماندهی. آزادی یعنی هر کس
• 12:01
  Speaker 1: برای خودش تصمیم بگیرد. سازماندهی یعنی یک مرکز برای همه
• 12:07
  Speaker 1: تصمیم بگیرد. حایک اول سراغ واجه ها میره. Socialism has
• 12:14
  Speaker 1: two meanings, purpose and path. Purpose means justice, equality and security,
• 12:21
  Speaker 1: and this is very interesting and beautiful. The difference is
• 12:26
  Speaker 1: on the path. The loss of the private ownership of
• 12:29
  Speaker 1: the production and economic administration with the central program, Haik,
• 12:34
  Speaker 1: calls this path collective. Every economy that is guided from
• 12:43
  Speaker 1: above and with one plan is based on the goal
• 12:47
  Speaker 1: it pursues. Socialism is only one of them. Fascism and
• 12:52
  Speaker 1: communism are also other types. Because the same tool can
• 12:56
  Speaker 1: be used to achieve completely opposite goals. What do we want?
• 13:01
  Speaker 1: To achieve a better survival or to a party or
• 13:05
  Speaker 1: to all in the same way? Ravish yekiye, saazamandehi markezi ektesad.
• 13:14
  Speaker 1: Barnaam rizi ham kalameye faribande is. Khanawadey ke baraye kharide
• 13:20
  Speaker 1: khoune pasandaz mikone ham barnaam rizi mikone. Khod nevisande ham
• 13:25
  Speaker 1: baraye neveshtane in kitab labud barnaam rizi karde. Ya man
• 13:29
  Speaker 1: baraye khalase kardane in kitab dar chekide mandegar. Wa shoma
• 13:33
  Speaker 1: baraye shenidane on barnaam rizi kardid. So there is no
• 13:37
  Speaker 1: discussion about having or not having a program. The discussion
• 13:43
  Speaker 1: is about who writes the program. Millions of people, each
• 13:47
  Speaker 1: with their own knowledge, or one government position for all.
• 13:50
  Speaker 1: Haik is not against the role and presence of the
• 13:54
  Speaker 1: government in the economy. The government must enforce the law
• 13:59
  Speaker 1: of good management, Prohibit raw materials, limit working hours And
• 14:06
  Speaker 1: provide services that people can't afford Like road signs in
• 14:11
  Speaker 1: the streets, police and security But our problem with the
• 14:14
  Speaker 1: regime is against competition A new flag that all the
• 14:19
  Speaker 1: old enemies of competition Like socialists, fascists and dictators have
• 14:33
  Speaker 1: gathered under this banner. When the government, instead of being
• 14:40
  Speaker 1: a competitor, starts a program, its first result is not
• 14:44
  Speaker 1: complete socialism, but something worse. The government organizes with class restrictions.
• 14:51
  Speaker 1: The investors and workers of the same industry can both
• 14:54
  Speaker 1: profit from this restriction. The investor has a higher value,
• 14:59
  Speaker 1: the worker has a higher salary, and is a consumer
• 15:04
  Speaker 1: who pays his taxes and stays without a coat on
• 15:08
  Speaker 1: his head. He buys more and has no way to protest.
• 15:10
  Speaker 1: Suppose that bakers, truck drivers and drug dealers determine their
• 15:16
  Speaker 1: own price and entry conditions for their own class. Each
• 15:19
  Speaker 1: class keeps its price high because it has no enemy
• 15:21
  Speaker 1: to sell it more expensively. and the consumer has no
• 15:32
  Speaker 1: choice but to buy from the same class. This situation
• 15:37
  Speaker 1: is not stable. Either it has to return to competition
• 15:41
  Speaker 1: until the prices go down, or the government will control
• 15:45
  Speaker 1: these shortages, and this control will become more and more
• 15:50
  Speaker 1: complete until it reaches the central program. America also faced
• 15:55
  Speaker 1: the same problem of shortages and tariffs in the early
• 15:58
  Speaker 1: 20th century, But he chose another path, the strength of
• 16:04
  Speaker 1: resistance and the power of resistance, not the state-centered program.
• 16:09
  Speaker 1: That is, the same two paths that Germany, Italy and
• 16:11
  Speaker 1: the Soviet Union went one way, the United States went
• 16:15
  Speaker 1: the other way. Some think there is also an intermediate path,
• 16:20
  Speaker 1: half resistance, half program. Pike says this is like driving
• 16:29
  Speaker 1: with one foot on the gas and one foot on
• 16:33
  Speaker 1: the brake. If both tools are missing, they work badly
• 16:36
  Speaker 1: and their combination is worse than any other. The path
• 16:40
  Speaker 1: is a program for competition, not against competition. The message
• 16:45
  Speaker 1: of the third season. The discussion is not about the purpose,
• 16:50
  Speaker 1: it is about the path. Haik is opposed to the
• 16:54
  Speaker 1: anti-terrorism program that is going to take the place of
• 16:57
  Speaker 1: the opposition, not with the government and not with any
• 17:01
  Speaker 1: kind of anti-terrorism. 4. Is the central anti-terrorism program impenetrable?
• 17:10
  Speaker 1: This period begins with a sentence from Mussolini, the Italian
• 17:16
  Speaker 1: fascist leader, who says, No matter how sophisticated it is,
• 17:23
  Speaker 1: The freedom of the individual becomes less and less limited.
• 17:27
  Speaker 1: Hayek says that there are fewer programs that say that
• 17:30
  Speaker 1: the central program is good for the economy. They say
• 17:34
  Speaker 1: more that we have no way. The fairy tales that
• 17:38
  Speaker 1: continue to be built, we are forced to go this way,
• 17:43
  Speaker 1: not the choice. The reason is that the bigger the market,
• 17:49
  Speaker 1: the more expensive it is, so it sells cheaper. and
• 17:52
  Speaker 1: takes the small bombs out of the field of competition.
• 17:55
  Speaker 1: In every industry, only one or two people remain, and
• 18:00
  Speaker 1: the shortage, i.e. a seller, becomes impenetrable. At that time,
• 18:03
  Speaker 1: only two ways remain, private shortage or government administration. Hayek
• 18:08
  Speaker 1: says this is a legend that they made themselves. The
• 18:13
  Speaker 1: first witness If technology leads to recession, it must first
• 18:20
  Speaker 1: be found in the most advanced economies, such as England,
• 18:26
  Speaker 1: France and the Netherlands. But it was first found in
• 18:30
  Speaker 1: the United States and Germany, which were newly industrialized, and
• 18:34
  Speaker 1: the governments also helped in this recession. In Germany, since 1878,
• 18:38
  Speaker 1: the government first encouraged and then forced companies to create cartels,
• 18:47
  Speaker 1: That is, they agree with each other not to compete
• 18:51
  Speaker 1: and determine the prices in a joint way. In Britain,
• 18:55
  Speaker 1: in 1931, the industry was almost the most competitive in
• 18:58
  Speaker 1: its history. The prices went up at a time when
• 19:00
  Speaker 1: the government increased foreign goods with a heavy introduction and
• 19:04
  Speaker 1: thus the domestic market came to a sharp decline. The
• 19:09
  Speaker 1: second witness The biggest revelation of the United States, the
• 19:18
  Speaker 1: report of the National Economic Committee in 1941 says that
• 19:21
  Speaker 1: it has not been proven that the big banks are
• 19:24
  Speaker 1: more profitable than the small banks. So, profit was not
• 19:27
  Speaker 1: the reason for the collapse. The collapse was more due
• 19:31
  Speaker 1: to the failure of government companies and policies. And if
• 19:36
  Speaker 1: they were replaced, the competition would return. The collapse was
• 19:40
  Speaker 1: the policy of the government, not the writing. I don't know.
• 19:40
  Speaker 1: The second claim is that they claim that the economy
• 19:44
  Speaker 1: is so complicated that only one center can manage it.
• 19:51
  Speaker 1: Hayek says the opposite. No center can see all the
• 19:54
  Speaker 1: information spread among millions of people. But the market prices
• 20:00
  Speaker 1: do this work. Everyone who sees something big understands that
• 20:11
  Speaker 1: it is a shortage and reduces its consumption. The producer
• 20:16
  Speaker 1: also understands what to do by looking at a few
• 20:19
  Speaker 1: prices like an engineer by looking at a few acres.
• 20:22
  Speaker 1: In fact, the more the economy is developed, the more
• 20:26
  Speaker 1: this market organization is needed. The message of the fourth
• 20:29
  Speaker 1: chapter was that Rizi's program was a choice, not a
• 20:33
  Speaker 1: claim of food and money. Some young people have chosen
• 20:39
  Speaker 1: it and it can change this policy. The fifth phase.
• 20:44
  Speaker 1: Programming and democracy. The central programming, i.e. the awareness of
• 20:51
  Speaker 1: the work of the society for a single social goal.
• 20:55
  Speaker 1: But what is that single goal? General welfare and universal
• 20:59
  Speaker 1: welfare They are so important that no specific program comes
• 21:07
  Speaker 1: out of them. To write a single program, millions of
• 21:11
  Speaker 1: people need to be ranked on a value scale. That is,
• 21:14
  Speaker 1: something that is called a perfect moral code. Such a
• 21:16
  Speaker 1: code does not exist. So what can be done? Suppose
• 21:19
  Speaker 1: all people say that the economy should be a negative program.
• 21:33
  Speaker 1: No one is against it, but the next question is
• 21:37
  Speaker 1: which program precedes one industry, one agriculture and one health?
• 21:41
  Speaker 1: Like a group that everyone says let's travel together, but
• 21:46
  Speaker 1: one wants a river and one a mountain. And Hayek
• 21:50
  Speaker 1: says that as a result, everyone gets upset and goes
• 21:54
  Speaker 1: on a trip that most of them don't want. And
• 21:58
  Speaker 1: according to democracy, The complete economic program must be approved
• 22:03
  Speaker 1: by the parliament. Because if no majority agrees, the discussion
• 22:08
  Speaker 1: will be incomplete and the parliament will lose its effect.
• 22:14
  Speaker 1: Haik says the parliament will become a talking shop. People
• 22:18
  Speaker 1: get tired and the result is that the political program
• 22:22
  Speaker 1: must be taken out and given to the experts. Harold Lasky,
• 22:30
  Speaker 1: a socialist theorist, said that the parliament is not suitable
• 22:34
  Speaker 1: for legalization and must be limited to two things. Listening
• 22:41
  Speaker 1: to complaints and discussing general principles. The parliament can only
• 22:46
  Speaker 1: accept or reject the majority. So in practice, it can
• 22:50
  Speaker 1: only choose someone who has almost absolute power. At that time,
• 22:56
  Speaker 1: the voice of the economic dictator rises. Hayek considers democracy
• 23:01
  Speaker 1: as a tool to preserve peace and freedom. But if
• 23:05
  Speaker 1: we want to make a complete economic program out of democracy,
• 23:09
  Speaker 1: it will reach the power of desire. The fact that
• 23:13
  Speaker 1: a power like Hitler's Germany has come from the people's
• 23:18
  Speaker 1: opinion does not prevent its self-sufficiency. But such agreement does
• 23:56
  Speaker 1: not exist abroad. So the decisions fall on the hands
• 23:59
  Speaker 1: of the experts and the positions. Democracy apparently remains, the
• 24:04
  Speaker 1: parliament and the elections and these things, but in practice
• 24:08
  Speaker 1: it becomes empty. Seventh season. The law program and rule
• 24:15
  Speaker 1: of law. Haik says that nothing like the rule of
• 24:20
  Speaker 1: law does not separate the free country from the country
• 24:24
  Speaker 1: under its own government. The meaning of rule of law
• 24:28
  Speaker 1: is this. The state is bound by rules that have
• 24:31
  Speaker 1: been announced before. So I as a citizen can predict
• 24:35
  Speaker 1: what the state will do at any time and base
• 24:37
  Speaker 1: my life on it. Kant said that Man is free
• 24:49
  Speaker 1: if he does not take orders from anyone other than
• 24:52
  Speaker 1: the law. The good law is like the road sign
• 24:58
  Speaker 1: and the public sidewalks. It says how to go, but
• 25:00
  Speaker 1: you choose the purpose yourself. But the central program is
• 25:05
  Speaker 1: like giving orders, To what purpose and from which path
• 25:16
  Speaker 1: you should go and when you should move and when
• 25:20
  Speaker 1: you should stay. Now why can't the economic program work
• 25:23
  Speaker 1: with a general rule? Because it has to decide for
• 25:27
  Speaker 1: the millions of real people and choose between them. It
• 25:30
  Speaker 1: can't stop it from its own front. And here the
• 25:33
  Speaker 1: interesting point is that the good law is bad. And
• 25:43
  Speaker 1: he doesn't know who he is dealing with. Like the
• 25:45
  Speaker 1: traffic laws and the same blinding of being blind. But
• 25:49
  Speaker 1: a government that knows from the past what its decisions
• 25:54
  Speaker 1: are for what, what it does, is no longer valid.
• 25:57
  Speaker 1: It is on the side, that is, it has taken
• 25:59
  Speaker 1: the side of one from the past. When the law
• 26:10
  Speaker 1: cannot advance the details, it leads to situations such as
• 26:14
  Speaker 1: justified and reasonable and decides on every matter according to
• 26:18
  Speaker 1: the opinion of the judge or the officer. Hayek says,
• 26:22
  Speaker 1: the history of the law's rule in Germany can be
• 26:28
  Speaker 1: written with these situations. The equality is also sacrificed if
• 26:33
  Speaker 1: the government wants to make all As a result of
• 26:41
  Speaker 1: one-sided construction, it is impossible for everyone to have a
• 26:47
  Speaker 1: different behavior. And this means the end of equality within
• 26:54
  Speaker 1: the law. And being legal is not enough either. Hayek
• 26:57
  Speaker 1: writes that Hitler may have taken his unlimited power completely
• 27:02
  Speaker 1: legally and everything he does is legal. However, no one
• 27:05
  Speaker 1: in Germany knew that the rule of law was in place.
• 27:08
  Speaker 1: The message of the 6th century is that the rule
• 27:12
  Speaker 1: of law means that the state must be subject to
• 27:15
  Speaker 1: general rules and known from the past. However, the central program,
• 27:19
  Speaker 1: in its place, decides the subject to the subject and
• 27:22
  Speaker 1: freedom and equality are both sacrificed. Season 7 Economic control
• 27:39
  Speaker 1: and integrity The Rizan program promises a peace of mind.
• 27:45
  Speaker 1: We only program the economy. The rest of the life
• 27:49
  Speaker 1: remains free. Stuart Chase, from the American intelligence program, assured
• 27:54
  Speaker 1: that political democracy can remain as long as it moves
• 27:59
  Speaker 1: away from the economy. It is apparently reasonable مگر اقتصاد
• 28:04
  Speaker 1: جز نان و کفش و لباسه. Hayek میگه همین فرض اشتباهه.
• 28:08
  Speaker 1: هدف سرفن اقتصادی اصلا وجود نداره. پول و مال وسیلن
• 28:17
  Speaker 1: برای هدفهای دیگر ما. مثل تحصيل, کتاب, سفر, کمت به دیگران.
• 28:27
  Speaker 1: As herkes همه اقتصاد رو کنترل کنه ابزار رسیدن و
• 28:28
  Speaker 1: همه هدفهای ما رو هم در دست داره و تصمیم
• 28:29
  Speaker 1: میگیره کدوم هدف ما براورده بشه و کدوم نه. Hayek
• 28:30
  Speaker 1: فصل رو با این جمعه شروع میکنه کنترل تولید سروت
• 28:41
  Speaker 1: کنترل خود زندگی انسانه. در بازار اگر یک نفر خواسته
• 28:52
  Speaker 1: ما رو براورده نکرد We are going to another path.
• 28:59
  Speaker 1: But the source that will take over the entire economy
• 29:02
  Speaker 1: is the biggest destroyer. If he doesn't say anything, there
• 29:07
  Speaker 1: will be no door open for us. And this power
• 29:09
  Speaker 1: controls all the dimensions of our lives. It also accounts
• 29:13
  Speaker 1: for our work, which is a big part of our lives,
• 29:15
  Speaker 1: and determines where and among whom we live. And it
• 29:18
  Speaker 1: goes further from there. to our children's education, to the
• 29:28
  Speaker 1: place where we travel, and even to what book we
• 29:31
  Speaker 1: can read. Consider a young man who does not have
• 29:35
  Speaker 1: a special skill, but his heart wants to learn. with
• 29:40
  Speaker 1: less rights and then if he has a background and creativity,
• 29:44
  Speaker 1: he will prove himself. But if the government A centralized
• 30:25
  Speaker 1: program with production control actually decides what we eat and
• 30:28
  Speaker 1: where we work and even how we spend our spare time.
• 30:31
  Speaker 1: Economic freedom is not separate from other freedoms. 8. When
• 30:34
  Speaker 1: the government determines the role of everyone. They say the
• 30:38
  Speaker 1: market is empty and it makes no difference between people.
• 30:54
  Speaker 1: Hayek says that the price of the market is in
• 30:57
  Speaker 1: the same coin. In the market, no one determines in
• 31:02
  Speaker 1: advance who will win. Everyone's role is to try and
• 31:07
  Speaker 1: have a little luck. We have no absolute standard to
• 31:10
  Speaker 1: tell everyone exactly how much they will be punished. Our
• 31:14
  Speaker 1: choice is between two systems. Nizami ke eradeye chan nafar
• 31:25
  Speaker 1: tayin mikone ke che kasi, che mqdar begire, yani nizam
• 31:30
  Speaker 1: barnaam rizi. Wa nizami ke sahme afrat ta haddi be
• 31:35
  Speaker 1: tabanai wa ebtekar eshun, wa albate be sharayete pishbini nashode
• 31:40
  Speaker 1: bastegi dare, yani nizam bazar. Hayek qabul dare ke fursat
• 31:47
  Speaker 1: ha dar bazar barabar nist, ama migi, The poor in
• 31:52
  Speaker 1: a competitive society are more free than the rich in
• 31:56
  Speaker 1: a progressive society. Because its success only depends on itself,
• 32:00
  Speaker 1: not on the grace of the powerful, and no one
• 32:03
  Speaker 1: can prevent its effort. But the progressive system is intolerant.
• 32:07
  Speaker 1: Unemployment or lack of income, which may happen to anyone,
• 32:21
  Speaker 1: If there is a bad luck or a mistake, there
• 32:26
  Speaker 1: is no change. If a company says it doesn't need you,
• 32:32
  Speaker 1: there is no insult to you. But if there is
• 32:35
  Speaker 1: a permanent decision, it is very bad. John Stuart Mill says,
• 32:42
  Speaker 1: The rule of firmness or fortune can be tolerated, but
• 32:45
  Speaker 1: the fact that human beings give more to one person
• 32:48
  Speaker 1: and less to another is not tolerable. For this reason,
• 32:51
  Speaker 1: the possessiveness of the superior is against the central power.
• 32:56
  Speaker 1: Haik says that the power of one billion is much
• 32:59
  Speaker 1: less than the power of the smallest government position that
• 33:04
  Speaker 1: allows me and your work The message of the 8th century.
• 33:12
  Speaker 1: When the state determines the position of each person, the
• 33:19
  Speaker 1: battle is close to the power of the state instead
• 33:24
  Speaker 1: of the economic resistance. The possession of property is the
• 33:27
  Speaker 1: most important obstacle to the formation of this centralized power.
• 33:32
  Speaker 1: The 9th century. Amniyat wa azadi. Haik dono amniyat ro
• 33:44
  Speaker 1: az ham joda mikone. Awal amniyat hadagadi. Ghaza, sarpanaah wa
• 33:50
  Speaker 1: pushak kafi barae hame wa bime dar barabare bimari wa hadese.
• 33:56
  Speaker 1: Inro mishe barae hame tahmin kard, bi anke azadiye digaran
• 34:01
  Speaker 1: be khatar bieofte. Dovom, amniyat motlag. Trotsky wrote about Shoravi
• 34:36
  Speaker 1: in 1937 when he only said that the government should
• 34:39
  Speaker 1: not do anything, but give its place to those who
• 34:43
  Speaker 1: do not do anything. Hayek says that the last tool
• 34:46
  Speaker 1: of the competitive economy is to get to the bottom
• 34:50
  Speaker 1: and the last tool of the economy is the tyrant.
• 35:04
  Speaker 1: Why does the government want absolute obedience and falling into
• 35:08
  Speaker 1: absolute government means giving up everything? The message of the
• 35:13
  Speaker 1: ninth season is that minimum security is possible for everyone,
• 35:19
  Speaker 1: but the guarantee of absolute security ends with the release
• 35:22
  Speaker 1: of others. The tenth season. Why do the worst come up? First,
• 36:05
  Speaker 1: the higher the education and awareness of the people, the
• 36:09
  Speaker 1: more diverse their values and values ​ ​ are, and the
• 36:12
  Speaker 1: less they agree on a series of values. Therefore, the
• 36:15
  Speaker 1: government has decided that in order to find a large
• 36:20
  Speaker 1: group with a single eye, it must go to the
• 36:22
  Speaker 1: lowest level of values and values, where people are more similar,
• 36:26
  Speaker 1: that is, the largest group of values, Usually the least
• 36:34
  Speaker 1: productive and the least independent people. Second, the leader, in
• 36:38
  Speaker 1: order to increase his ranks, submits to simple lords and lords.
• 36:43
  Speaker 1: Those who do not have a firm belief in themselves
• 36:47
  Speaker 1: and accept any prepared value system, it is enough to
• 36:50
  Speaker 1: be repeated high enough in the media. The third and
• 37:04
  Speaker 1: most important thing is this human nature, which is easier
• 37:09
  Speaker 1: to agree on than to work positively. Hatred of enemies
• 37:13
  Speaker 1: and envy of those who have better conditions is easier
• 37:18
  Speaker 1: than producing wealth. Always destroying is easier than fixing. So
• 37:24
  Speaker 1: the leader always needs a mother in front of them,
• 37:28
  Speaker 1: themselves in front of others, He needs an enemy. In Germany,
• 37:38
  Speaker 1: Jews and in Russia, Kulak, that is, successful and landowners,
• 37:42
  Speaker 1: were good enemies. Now, in a society that has been overthrown,
• 37:48
  Speaker 1: what is morality? In the morality of the individual, rules
• 37:53
  Speaker 1: such as not to steal and not to betray are absolute.
• 37:56
  Speaker 1: But in the morality of the collective, Because only the standard,
• 38:04
  Speaker 1: the general good and the general business, the main goal
• 38:09
  Speaker 1: and means are turned into a great rule, although in
• 38:12
  Speaker 1: this system, the works that the sane mind knows are explained,
• 38:16
  Speaker 1: such as espionage, terror and lies. Gestapo is not a
• 38:26
  Speaker 1: suitable place for kind people and the way to reach
• 38:28
  Speaker 1: the highest government positions unfortunately goes through these paths. The
• 38:32
  Speaker 1: possibility that a kind person who is out of poverty
• 38:35
  Speaker 1: reaches the head of such a regime is almost the
• 38:37
  Speaker 1: same as the possibility that a very kind and kind
• 38:41
  Speaker 1: person In the 11th century, a sentence from A.H. Carr
• 39:22
  Speaker 1: was written. Nationalization of the idea has progressed everywhere along
• 39:28
  Speaker 1: with nationalization of the industry. Carr himself was a fan
• 39:33
  Speaker 1: of the program and wrote this as a reality. But
• 39:37
  Speaker 1: Hayek is against it and explains why in this chapter.
• 39:44
  Speaker 1: They must believe. To implement a single plan is not
• 39:48
  Speaker 1: enough for people to be forced to work. They must
• 39:52
  Speaker 1: know their own goal. Therefore, all media tools are integrated
• 39:56
  Speaker 1: in one place. Just as the Germans called it co-creation.
• 40:00
  Speaker 1: Hayek says that the media itself is not always completely specific.
• 40:06
  Speaker 1: The difference is that in a society that has been destroyed,
• 40:40
  Speaker 1: So he makes a legend. The leader may only know
• 40:45
  Speaker 1: that the Jews are bad for him and he loves
• 40:46
  Speaker 1: the high-ranking German leader. So like the Nazi Germany, he
• 40:49
  Speaker 1: accepts the theory of freedom and wears the dress of
• 40:53
  Speaker 1: knowledge on this dress. The meaning of the sentences changes.
• 40:56
  Speaker 1: The worst sacrifice is the sentence of freedom. Hayek says
• 41:09
  Speaker 1: that wherever freedom is lost, it has always been called
• 41:14
  Speaker 1: a fresh freedom. Karl Mannheim says that it is the
• 41:18
  Speaker 1: freedom of the community. Hayek says that this freedom of
• 41:22
  Speaker 1: the community does not include the members of society. Unlimited
• 41:26
  Speaker 1: freedom is for himself a great program to do whatever
• 41:29
  Speaker 1: he wants with the spirit of society. Hayek is someone
• 41:33
  Speaker 1: who has seen himself closely in Germany. He says that
• 41:38
  Speaker 1: those who have not seen him do not understand his words.
• 41:42
  Speaker 1: If one of the two brothers gets used to the
• 41:44
  Speaker 1: new faith, then for a while he seems to speak
• 41:47
  Speaker 1: to another language with his brother. In this society, the
• 41:51
  Speaker 1: conversation becomes impossible and people are divided into themselves and others.
• 42:00
  Speaker 1: Critics become silent. Arzashayetar sarih gofte ne mishan ve fagat
• 42:07
  Speaker 1: be tore kolli matrah mishan. In tori khodetar ve her
• 42:11
  Speaker 1: kar hukumat az nagt masoon mimune. Be gozareche Sidney ve
• 42:17
  Speaker 1: Beatrice Webb, dar her karkhuneye shouravi ebraze tardi darbareye mufagiyate
• 42:23
  Speaker 1: tar khiyanat shumorde mishod. Madrese ve ruznamo, radio ve sinema
• 42:30
  Speaker 1: fagat onche ke to strengthen the trust in the state. Now,
• 42:34
  Speaker 1: what is the challenge of science? The Nazis read the
• 42:42
  Speaker 1: theory of relativity as a reference to the physics of
• 42:47
  Speaker 1: Christ and the Nordic and in the council they considered
• 42:50
  Speaker 1: it contrary to the dialectical materialism. The publication of Nazi
• 42:55
  Speaker 1: journalists was full of parties in journalism For example, there
• 43:02
  Speaker 1: were political issues regarding Hezb's project. And Lenard, a physicist
• 43:09
  Speaker 1: and winner of the Nobel Prize, named his book Physics
• 43:14
  Speaker 1: of Germany. Even the chess players said that we must
• 43:17
  Speaker 1: finish chess once and for all. The truth gives its meaning.
• 43:19
  Speaker 1: There is nothing else to learn. He wants to rule
• 43:57
  Speaker 1: the mind, but he destroys it. 12th and 13th centuries
• 44:00
  Speaker 1: Nazism comes from where? Nazism was never found. Hayek says
• 44:07
  Speaker 1: his roots were in ideas that were made a few
• 44:12
  Speaker 1: German thinkers years ago and some of them were Marxist
• 44:16
  Speaker 1: and socialist thinkers. In the middle of World War I,
• 44:27
  Speaker 1: Werner Zumbart, an economist who was a Marxist until a
• 44:31
  Speaker 1: few years ago, wrote that the British are merchants and
• 44:35
  Speaker 1: only think of profit and the Germans are the heroes.
• 44:41
  Speaker 1: Johann Plange, the great Marxist, called war a war of
• 44:45
  Speaker 1: freedom with the organization and he was on the side
• 44:49
  Speaker 1: of the organization, that is, on the side of the
• 44:51
  Speaker 1: collective administration of everything. دشمن مشترك همه اینها لیبراليسم و
• 44:54
  Speaker 1: آزادی فردی بود. Hayek میگه خطر فقط در آلمان نیست.
• 44:55
  Speaker 1: دموقراسی های امروز شبیه آلمان بیستی سال پیشند. در بریطانيا
• 44:56
  Speaker 1: هم کسانی بودند که برنامه ریزی رو نجات بخش میدونستند.
• 44:56
  Speaker 1: Harold Nixon نوشته بود در حزب محافظ کار هم با
• 45:12
  Speaker 1: استعداد ترین نمایندگان در دل سوسيالیستند. And Karel Mannheim said,
• 45:26
  Speaker 1: This is a dangerous program. It should only be elected,
• 45:29
  Speaker 1: whether it is democratic or totalitarian. The message of these
• 45:34
  Speaker 1: two seasons is that this danger is not only in
• 45:38
  Speaker 1: other countries. It starts from where we think we are safe.
• 45:42
  Speaker 1: 14th to 16th seasons. Morality, world and return. Hayek says,
• 45:53
  Speaker 1: They call it Rifaq. But its value is something bigger
• 46:01
  Speaker 1: than money. Morality. Man is only moral when he is
• 46:06
  Speaker 1: free and makes his own decisions. When the government makes
• 46:11
  Speaker 1: decisions instead of us, we also take responsibility. And the
• 46:15
  Speaker 1: virtues that the free society has built on them, i.e. independence,
• 46:21
  Speaker 1: It is also the case in the world. If each
• 46:24
  Speaker 1: country makes its economy a program, they will be able
• 46:29
  Speaker 1: to compete with each other on the ground. A global
• 46:34
  Speaker 1: program is also not an option, because the bigger the comparison,
• 46:38
  Speaker 1: the less the agreement, and more force is needed. Its
• 46:52
  Speaker 1: solution is an alliance of governments with a power that
• 46:57
  Speaker 1: limits the law precisely, only to the extent of keeping peace.
• 47:00
  Speaker 1: Those days of 1940 were the days of the international organization.
• 47:05
  Speaker 1: The last season is short. Hayek has no detailed plan.
• 47:09
  Speaker 1: He says the West cannot and should not return to
• 47:14
  Speaker 1: the 19th century. but he can revive his dreams, and
• 47:22
  Speaker 1: those dreams were not lost. If in the first attempt
• 47:25
  Speaker 1: to build a world of free people we have been defeated,
• 47:29
  Speaker 1: we must try again. The essence of the path is this.
• 47:32
  Speaker 1: The only policy that takes the freedom of the individual
• 47:37
  Speaker 1: is the real policy. And yet the comments on the
• 47:39
  Speaker 1: book of Rahe Bardegi, The critics from that year published
• 47:52
  Speaker 1: three main ideas to this book. First, where is the
• 47:57
  Speaker 1: basis of good and bad programming? Alvin Henson, Harvard economist
• 48:05
  Speaker 1: and John Minard Keynes, the great economist of the 20th century,
• 48:08
  Speaker 1: raises this question. Hayek says we have good and bad programming,
• 48:13
  Speaker 1: but we do not specify their basis. Where is its
• 48:20
  Speaker 1: purpose exactly? Hayek answers. Purpose is the general rule in
• 48:25
  Speaker 1: the market system against the current order in the central system.
• 48:29
  Speaker 1: For example, banning raw materials or low-end materials is the
• 48:34
  Speaker 1: rule for all. But determining who produces what is the order. However,
• 48:38
  Speaker 1: where is this purpose in action exactly? The second point
• 48:50
  Speaker 1: is that freedom without justice is a poor explanation. Karl Popper,
• 48:57
  Speaker 1: who was one of Hayek's friends and colleagues at the
• 49:01
  Speaker 1: London Economic School, wrote in a letter to him, Although
• 49:08
  Speaker 1: nothing takes the free market for protection from freedom, the
• 49:10
  Speaker 1: free market is enough to protect and support the weak.
• 49:10
  Speaker 1: He was worried that Hayek had focused so much on
• 49:13
  Speaker 1: free will that he was left without justice and support
• 49:17
  Speaker 1: from the oppressors. In the end, Hayek in the ninth
• 49:20
  Speaker 1: century The minimum security, i.e. food, shelter and shelter, is
• 49:41
  Speaker 1: the target of the government's official goal and is not
• 49:44
  Speaker 1: against helping the weak. However, he believes that the widespread
• 49:49
  Speaker 1: justice is a centralized program and ultimately leads to the
• 49:53
  Speaker 1: reduction of freedom. With this, the question of whether minimum
• 49:56
  Speaker 1: security is enough to preserve freedom or not is still open.
• 50:07
  Speaker 1: And the third criticism is the attack on democracy. Hermann Feiner,
• 50:12
  Speaker 1: a political science scholar, read the book The Greatest Attack
• 50:16
  Speaker 1: on Democracy. He says that Hayek wants to limit the
• 50:21
  Speaker 1: power of majority. Hayek answers that democracy is a tool
• 50:27
  Speaker 1: for preserving freedom, not a sacred goal. If democracy wants
• 50:32
  Speaker 1: to implement a complete economic program, something that in Germany
• 50:37
  Speaker 1: and other places has led to its own lack of willpower. So,
• 50:41
  Speaker 1: limiting power limits the danger of self-defense, not democracy itself.
• 50:46
  Speaker 1: The people who had been executed in front of the
• 50:48
  Speaker 1: London State Department in 1942 were not bad people. After
• 51:04
  Speaker 1: years of struggle and war, they wanted no more worries
• 51:09
  Speaker 1: about bread, work and security. Haikam is not against the
• 51:14
  Speaker 1: guarantee of minimum wage for everyone. Food, shelter and a
• 51:17
  Speaker 1: safe haven for everyone. His question was one thing. What
• 51:22
  Speaker 1: happens when the government, instead of gardening and providing conditions,
• 51:26
  Speaker 1: leads the entire economy with a single, centralized plan? The
• 51:35
  Speaker 1: book's cover comes in a chain. To guide the economy,
• 51:38
  Speaker 1: it must be ranked and such a ranking does not exist. Therefore,
• 51:41
  Speaker 1: the parliament is unable and the authority is up to
• 51:44
  Speaker 1: the experts. The experts also have to make decisions among
• 51:47
  Speaker 1: thousands of people to carry out the program and make
• 51:50
  Speaker 1: a difference. The law gives its place to the law
• 51:55
  Speaker 1: and the profession. And leadership falls into the hands of
• 52:05
  Speaker 1: those who are more impoverished and have less moral resistance.
• 52:10
  Speaker 1: Even the truth is sacrificed. The words give their meaning
• 52:14
  Speaker 1: and the freedom of the majority is destroyed in the
• 52:18
  Speaker 1: name of a fresh freedom. Haik is not defending everything.
• 52:23
  Speaker 1: He wants a government that, instead of a central program
• 52:27
  Speaker 1: for the economy and the people's protection, And maybe it
• 52:33
  Speaker 1: would be better to end with the same sentence as
• 52:37
  Speaker 1: David Hume, the same one that Hayek put on the
• 52:40
  Speaker 1: title page of his book. Azadi az har nou be
• 53:02
  Speaker 1: nodrat yek bare az dast mire, qadam be qadam mire,
• 53:06
  Speaker 1: wa qadam be qadam ham mishe negah eshtasht. Harf e akhar.
• 53:13
  Speaker 1: Az tawajoh wa hamrahiye samimaneye shoma sepas gozaram. Jaleb e
• 53:19
  Speaker 1: bedounid ke ba wujud on ke kanal e chekide mandegar
• 53:23
  Speaker 1: dar platforma hai mokhtalif hezaran ozv dare, wa har post
• 53:27
  Speaker 1: hezaran bazdid dare, but only about 5% of the reviews
• 53:31
  Speaker 1: are successful in listening to the summary of a book
• 53:33
  Speaker 1: until the last moment. From what you have seen so far,
• 53:38
  Speaker 1: we are happy and grateful. If you find listening to
• 53:41
  Speaker 1: the summary of a book useful, we recommend reading the
• 53:45
  Speaker 1: original book, because it is free of economic components, It
• 53:55
  Speaker 1: is a history, philosophy, evidence and arguments that do not
• 54:00
  Speaker 1: suffice in a summary. The summary of each book, from
• 54:05
  Speaker 1: reading and writing to publishing, takes at least one or
• 54:09
  Speaker 1: two weeks to print. With this, all our content is
• 54:12
  Speaker 1: available to everyone and will remain available to everyone. But
• 54:22
  Speaker 1: being a volunteer does not mean being without a salary.
• 54:26
  Speaker 1: The treatment of this journey is only possible with your
• 54:30
  Speaker 1: support and support. You are our only sponsor. If you
• 54:34
  Speaker 1: find these books useful and want to keep this light on,
• 54:39
  Speaker 1: you can help this journey in two ways. One is
• 54:42
  Speaker 1: by donating to Mahiyaneh to any amount you want, The
• 54:52
  Speaker 1: link to apply for financial support and the bank card
• 54:55
  Speaker 1: number is in the description of this post and also
• 54:58
  Speaker 1: in the bio of the channel. 2. On every platform
• 55:01
  Speaker 1: that hears this summary, like and comment and especially by
• 55:05
  Speaker 1: sending this content to your groups and friends, support us
• 55:08
  Speaker 1: and introduce us. I also want to thank all my
• 55:12
  Speaker 1: friends who have supported me with the application of the
• 55:16
  Speaker 1: monthly membership and also the introduction of Chekideh Mandegar have
• 55:26
  Speaker 1: supported us. The Chekideh Mandegar audio library is in the
• 55:31
  Speaker 1: internal and external messages, in Balay, Telegram, Eta, Rubika, YouTube,
• 55:36
  Speaker 1: at the address of AdSign Esfandiar Khudai in your address.
• 55:40
  Speaker 1: And if you use podcast applications such as CastBox, Spotify
• 55:47
  Speaker 1: or Apple Podcasts, and also this device, Thank you and goodbye.