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“The Flu” A Brief History of Influenza in U. S. America, Europe, Hawaii - A. Mouritz · The Major Symptoms of Hysteria

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Speaker 1: Preface and bibliography of the Flu. This is a LibriVox recording.
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Speaker 1: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
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Speaker 1: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording
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Speaker 1: by Grace Buchanan. The Flu by A. Moritz, pH d. Physician, Honolulu, Hawaii,
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Speaker 1: U S. America. Preface. This booklet has been written and
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Speaker 1: compiled for the use of any student or layman who
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Speaker 1: seeks concise and clear information on the history of influenza.
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Speaker 1: Brief and salient facts are set forth relating to flu
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Speaker 1: epidemics and pandemics. Other collateral features have also been discussed
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Speaker 1: connected with or bearing upon this subject. A. M Author
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Speaker 1: and compiler, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, nineteen twenty one. Bibliography. Finkler,
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Speaker 1: Dittmar Influenza Bonn, eighteen ninety eight. Fonseca Influenza Salamanca, sixteen
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Speaker 1: twenty five, Hubbard Influenza London, sixteen sixty seven, Lavineau Influenza Paris,
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Speaker 1: sixteen fifty, Besky Influenza Paris sixteen sixty five, Perkins Influenza
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Speaker 1: Paris seventeen seventy six. Feiffer Richard Influenza Breslau eighteen ninety two.
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Speaker 1: Short Thomas Influenza, London, fifteen eighty seven, Thompson Theodore Influenza, London,
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Speaker 1: eighteen fifty two. Webster Noah Epidemics Pestilences, London, eighteen hundred.
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Speaker 1: American Dictionary of Medicine, Various Authors, nineteen fourteen, Report of
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Speaker 1: London College of Physicians, London, seventeen eighty three. Matava, Indian
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Speaker 1: physician Pathology, rug Venesheia b c. Five eighty two. Deodorus
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Speaker 1: Siculus historian a Gyro sicily A d. Seventy eight end
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Speaker 1: of preface and bibliography. Recording by Grace Buchanan. Chapter one
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Speaker 1: of the flu A Brief History of Influenza in US America, Europe,
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Speaker 1: Hawaii by A. Moritz. This LibriVox recording is in the
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Speaker 1: public domain. Recording by Grace Buchanan, Chapter one. What is
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Speaker 1: influenza discovery of the bacillis alleged causes, names given to
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Speaker 1: the disease and their translation explanation of medical words. Influenza
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Speaker 1: an infectious and contagious disease, most startling in its methods
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Speaker 1: of sudden appearance and disappearance. Its widely diffused and rapid
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Speaker 1: spread is seen in no other disease. It has excited
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Speaker 1: universal and general attention. Physicians and scientists have been stimulated
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Speaker 1: and fascinated whilst pursuing their investigations and studying the disease
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Speaker 1: in its various phases, to wit spread incubation, differences of type,
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Speaker 1: and the exact microorganism which invades the system of man,
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Speaker 1: and if there is more than one that enters together
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Speaker 1: or separately. Discovery of the Bacillus. In the year eighteen
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Speaker 1: ninety two, doctor Richard Pfeiffer of the University of breslau Cilicia, Prussia,
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Speaker 1: discovered the specific microbe of influenza A Bacillus, which is
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Speaker 1: generally accepted as being the cause of the disease. However,
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Speaker 1: there are some physicians who dissent. It was found to
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Speaker 1: be present in the lungs, bronchial mucous membrane, sputum, and
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Speaker 1: nasal discharge. It is one of the smallest of the
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Speaker 1: known basilli, measures about one micron long and a one
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Speaker 1: half micron in breadth. A micron is equal to one
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Speaker 1: twenty five thousand of an inch. The Bacillis is found
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Speaker 1: singly and in pairs. Is non motile. Domestic animals are
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Speaker 1: not subject to the flu, but monkeys and rabbits can
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Speaker 1: be infected. Alleged causes of the flu it has been
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Speaker 1: attributed to numerous and varied agencies. In the past, philosophers, physicians,
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Speaker 1: and the people believed the disease to be due to
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Speaker 1: supernatural phenomena. Some of the causes given were, in the
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Speaker 1: main fanciful, freakish, and imaginary. The delusions of minds filled
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Speaker 1: with wonder or fear, and illusions of the senses such
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Speaker 1: as comets, earthquakes, volcanoes, and cosmic dust caused by the
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Speaker 1: rising and setting of the sun a D. Fourteen eleven
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Speaker 1: diabolical pollution of the air with pestilential vapors arising from
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Speaker 1: the air and ground. These caused bleedings from the mouth, nose,
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Speaker 1: and bowels, and in women caused abortions a D. Fifteen
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Speaker 1: eighty bad conduct of serious the dog star caused by
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Speaker 1: anger a D. Sixteen fifty eight blast from the stars
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Speaker 1: a D seventeen forty two two malign influence, influenza of
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Speaker 1: the stars, et cetera, et cetera. Names given to influenza
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Speaker 1: translated date of epidemic a D eight twenty seven name
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Speaker 1: ze Wulf language Saxon eight twenty seven, Halt flow on
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Speaker 1: Anglo Saxon eight seventy six. Italier febris Latin fourteen eleven,
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Speaker 1: attack French fourteen fourteen, Laurion French fourteen twenty seven, Laedando
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Speaker 1: Italian fifteen ten, cephal Ca torral French fifteen ten, caclouche
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Speaker 1: French fifteen ten caclouche Anglo French seventeen forty two, in
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Speaker 1: Fluente Italian seventeen forty two, La Greek French seventeen eighty one.
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Speaker 1: Cataro russo Italian se wolf se the wolf wolf, probably
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Speaker 1: so named from the cough of the flu victim, resembling
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Speaker 1: the growl of the wolf, or from the sudden seizure
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Speaker 1: by the outlaw wolf of its victim halft flow on
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Speaker 1: halft head flow on to hence head Catar Italier febris
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Speaker 1: fever of Italy. The attack, the rot, slow recovery, persistent
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Speaker 1: cough like TB. Laurion, the thump or blow, suddenness of
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Speaker 1: the attack of the flu. Ladendo. This word is puzzling.
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Speaker 1: It is slang Latin or Italian, or is misspelt if
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Speaker 1: Latendo it means the hidden one, the flu if it
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Speaker 1: is loudendo. Then it may mean the tickler or laugher,
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Speaker 1: the tickling cough spasms resembling a person laughing. In the
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Speaker 1: epidemic of fourteen twenty seven, the manner of greeting was
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Speaker 1: ast eu laedendo, have you had lodendo cephal catarell head catart.
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Speaker 1: Cocalouche from cock, the male bird, hence crested like the
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Speaker 1: comb of a cock. Luche means a cap or hood.
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Speaker 1: The wearing of a cap cocked or crest shaped by
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Speaker 1: the victim of the flu gave the name to the disease,
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Speaker 1: hence cocaluche. Cocaluche is the above word. Cocalouche Anglicized cock
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Speaker 1: or cock is Anglo Saxon for the French word cock
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Speaker 1: la gripe la the and the verb agripe to grip
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Speaker 1: or to cling to or choke. Influenza, the world wide
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Speaker 1: designation by which the disease is known today, is of
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Speaker 1: Italian origin, from the word influente, a malign influence or
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Speaker 1: influenza from the stars being the cause. Latin in into
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Speaker 1: or a pan, and fluo to flow, hence a flowing
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Speaker 1: in into or a pan caused by an unseen power
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Speaker 1: or influence or influenza, like the profuse nasal discharge flowing
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Speaker 1: from an invisible source. The perfect language Sanskrit literally means
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Speaker 1: the perfect language from san or sam with and crita
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Speaker 1: perfected or done. It is a mother language, the ancient
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Speaker 1: language of the Hindus, and called the infallible language because
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Speaker 1: it is based on infallible rules and also the language
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Speaker 1: of the gods. The language contains the root plu to flow,
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Speaker 1: to reign, to swim. Now, whether it is the Anglo
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Speaker 1: Saxon word flow on to flow, or the Latin words
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Speaker 1: pluo to reign and fluo to flow, or the German
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Speaker 1: fleecin to flow, or the Greek word flao to flow
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Speaker 1: and the Italian word influente in fluo and hence influenza.
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Speaker 1: Every one of these words is drafted from this Sanskrit
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Speaker 1: root plu. From eighteen hundred b c. Downwards is the
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Speaker 1: time that the Sanskrit was in use. Plu or flu
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Speaker 1: is an ancient disease, so the author of this booklet believes,
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Speaker 1: and in confirmation thereof cites the views of native Indian
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Speaker 1: Sanskrit scholars who have found the records of a pestilence
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Speaker 1: resembling the flu away. Back in the mists of antiquity
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Speaker 1: twelve hundred b C. This disease repeatedly ravaged the then
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Speaker 1: centers of dense population, Central Asia, Mesopotamia, and Southern Asia.
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Speaker 1: In the reigns of Tiglathpilaser eleven twenty to zero zero
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Speaker 1: and Nebudcadnezzar six five to five sixty two. The sickness
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Speaker 1: affected the citizens of ancient Babylon, and the described features
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Speaker 1: of the epidemics were such as we have today in
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Speaker 1: those of influenza, cough, headache, fever, pain in the eyeballs,
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Speaker 1: and copious tears, and water gushing from the nose stained
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Speaker 1: with blood or all blood. The Sanskrit historians gave the
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Speaker 1: name plu to the disease, probably from the flowing nasal discharge.
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Speaker 1: It is an uncanny coincidence that or Hawaiian people, who
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Speaker 1: are descended from the Indian branch of the Indo European
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Speaker 1: family of nations, use the softer letter P in pronouncing
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Speaker 1: the shortened form of the word influenza plu for flu Unknowingly,
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Speaker 1: the Hawaiians are using probably the word that their ancestors
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Speaker 1: used twenty five hundred years ago in India on the
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Speaker 1: banks of the river Sindu or Indus. Explanation of medical words.
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Speaker 1: Before entering upon a description of the epidemics of influenza
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Speaker 1: which have ravaged the various countries of the world, it
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Speaker 1: is essential to explain the meanings of certain medical words
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Speaker 1: used in connection with epidemic, contagious and infectious diseases. The
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Speaker 1: definitions which are given, if not exactly orthodox, are fairly
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Speaker 1: in accord with modern views and are clear, simple, and
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Speaker 1: should be easily understood by any ordinary reader. Infectious a
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Speaker 1: disease acquired without any direct contact with a sick person.
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Speaker 1: The infection may be carried by a person in apparently
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Speaker 1: good health, or by any intermediary substance, or by the
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Speaker 1: entrance of a non immune person into a room, house,
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Speaker 1: or any place of human residence or occupied as such
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Speaker 1: where there has been recently any infectious disease, such as flu, scarlet, fever, measles,
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Speaker 1: or smallpox, et cetera, et cetera. Infection the entrance into
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Speaker 1: the system or body of living disease producing germs, such
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Speaker 1: as by a droplet infection, bacteria infected minute particles or
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Speaker 1: droplets ejected by sneezing coughing, spitting and talking. B Aerial
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Speaker 1: dust particles coated with bacteria C mixed more than one
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Speaker 1: bacteria or organism present in the system, they may enter together,
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Speaker 1: or one precede the other. Contagious A disease acquired from
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Speaker 1: a direct contact with the sick conta jiuon. The spreading
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Speaker 1: of a disease by direct or indirect contact A direct contagion,
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Speaker 1: B Indirect contagion or mediate as by a carrier who
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Speaker 1: is apparently in good health but nevertheless carries disease and
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Speaker 1: can convey it to other non immune persons see by
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Speaker 1: means of Fomites hereafter defined contain jump the virus or
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Speaker 1: poison which transmits disease, such as the vaccine used in
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Speaker 1: anti smallpox vaccination, which in former years was obtained from
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Speaker 1: the vacca or cow. Now the calf is the source
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Speaker 1: of supply phomites. Any nonanimate agents or substances that transmit contagion,
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Speaker 1: such as blankets, towels, handkerchiefs, or any articles which have
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Speaker 1: been contaminated by the secretions or excretions of the sick.
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Speaker 1: Endemic A disease which is permanently present in a people
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Speaker 1: or district. It may become epidemic. Epidemic a rapidly and
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Speaker 1: widely spreading disease attacking many people. Pandemic a widely and
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Speaker 1: rapidly spreading epidemic affecting many people and all countries. Sporadic
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Speaker 1: A disease occurring here and there, not attacking many people,
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Speaker 1: not widely spread, nor epidemic. Incubation the period between the
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Speaker 1: implanting or acquiring of a communicable disease and its development
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Speaker 1: and visible by external signs or other recognizable manifestations. End
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Speaker 1: of chapter one recording by Grace Buchanan. Chapter two of
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Speaker 1: the flu A Brief History of Influenza in US America, Europe,
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Speaker 1: Hawaii by Amoritz. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain.
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Speaker 1: Recording by Grace Buchanan, Chapter two. Influenza Epidemics in US America.
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Speaker 1: A d. Fifteen fifty seven appeared in America, spread from
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Speaker 1: Constantinople very fatal fifteen eighty. Pandemic two spread to America
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Speaker 1: sixteen forty seven, for the first time mentioned in the
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Speaker 1: history of America, swept the plantations in the South seventeen
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Speaker 1: thirty two to thirty three. Pandemic three October seventeen thirty
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Speaker 1: two appeared in Connecticut following day in Massachusetts, Annapolis two
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Speaker 1: days later attacked fifty percent of the garrison. Seventeen sixty
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Speaker 1: one appeared in the spring northern parts of the USA, Philadelphia, Massachusetts,
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Speaker 1: and Weymouth. Seventeen sixty seven appeared in the month of May.
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Speaker 1: Seventeen seventy five to seventy six epidemic in the USA.
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Speaker 1: Seventeen eighty one to eighty two Pandemic four, very severe,
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Speaker 1: widespread appearing in the spring, began in the East China,
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Speaker 1: thence to India, Russia, Western Europe. Named the Russian Katar,
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Speaker 1: appeared in USA in April seventeen eighty two. Seventeen eighty
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Speaker 1: eight to eighty nine prevailed extensively in USA from the
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Speaker 1: fifteenth to the forty fifth degree of latitude spread over
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Speaker 1: this area in six to eight weeks. Eighteen o seven
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Speaker 1: generally disseminated throughout the USA. Eighteen fifteen, ditto eighteen twenty four,
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Speaker 1: ditto eighteen twenty five, ditto eighteen twenty six, ditto eighteen thirty.
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Speaker 1: Pandemic six November eighteen thirty one reached America. Seat of
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Speaker 1: the outbreak, Manila PI in September eighteen thirty eighteen forty three,
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Speaker 1: very prevalent in New England in the month of June
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Speaker 1: eighteen fifty to fifty one. Epidemic in the USA eighteen
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Speaker 1: seventy three, prevalent in the states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Missouri, Alabama, Louisiana,
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Speaker 1: Texas eighteen seventy four to seventy five reoccurred in all
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Speaker 1: the above states eighteen seventy nine. Epidemic in the USA
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Speaker 1: eighteen eighty nine to ninety Pandemic nine began in May
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Speaker 1: eighteen eighty nine at Bukara, Russian Turkestan. One of the
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Speaker 1: worst pandemics ever known, ran over the whole globe in
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Speaker 1: a few months. America, Infected from both Siberia and Europe,
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Speaker 1: appeared in New York end of October eighteen eighty nine.
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Speaker 1: San Francisco infected from Japan December eighteen eighty nine. Nineteen
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Speaker 1: eighteen to nineteen. Pandemic ten began in southwestern Spain in
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Speaker 1: April nineteen eighteen, spread to the USA in May nineteen eighteen.
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Speaker 1: Wide morbidity prevalent all over the states pneumonia very severe
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Speaker 1: and fatal, especially in the training camps, where it swept off.
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Speaker 1: Numbers of the flower of the American youth to date,
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Speaker 1: number of epidemics in the USA seventeen to date, number
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Speaker 1: of pandemics in the U s. A five influenza epidemics
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Speaker 1: in Europe and Asia b C. Eleven O three epidemic
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Speaker 1: in Babylon or Barbarus of the Persians seven twenty two.
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Speaker 1: Epidemic in Nineveh during the reign of Sargon, King of Assyria.
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Speaker 1: Five ninety one. Diodorus mentions a pestilence as having occurred
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Speaker 1: at this date, accompanied with headache, coma, and death meningitis a. M.
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Speaker 1: Four twelve. The Roman historian and writer Livy refers to
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Speaker 1: a pestilence resembling the flu in book four, page fifty two,
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Speaker 1: three ninety five, a pestilence claimed to be flu droyed
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Speaker 1: by thousands the soldiers in the Greek army at the
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Speaker 1: Siege of Syracuse. Plague or cholera a M. A. D.
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Speaker 1: Eight twenty seven, a cough disease with fever, spread rapidly
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Speaker 1: and widely known as half or half of flowin also
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Speaker 1: as so wulf epidemic in Britain eight seventy six, A
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Speaker 1: disease attended with cough and fever pain in the eyes,
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Speaker 1: Italier febris Italian fever ravaged Germany and Italy eight eighty eight.
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Speaker 1: A disease with cough and fever spread through Germany. Nine
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Speaker 1: twenty seven. A disease with cough and fever epidemic in
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Speaker 1: France and Germany nine ninety six to seven. A da
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Speaker 1: disease with cough and fever epidemic in England eleven seventy three.
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Speaker 1: First epidemic or claimed to be the first, prevailed in Italy,
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Speaker 1: Germany and England thirteen twenty three. The same countries invaded,
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Speaker 1: spread to persons, towns and villages. Thirteen twenty seven. The
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Speaker 1: same countries invaded spread to persons, towns and villages. Thirteen
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Speaker 1: eighty seven. Jakob van Konnigshaufen states in the Strasbourg Chronicle,
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Speaker 1: a general pestilence invaded the whole country, attended with cough
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Speaker 1: and fever. Hardly one among ten were unaffected. Fourteen oh
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Speaker 1: three to four. Epidemic over Europe eleven epidemic name given
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Speaker 1: to the disease attack cause contagion in the air extensively
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Speaker 1: caused abortions. During convalescence. There was profuse hemorrhages from the mouth, nose,
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Speaker 1: and bowels. This account of the disease is given by
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Speaker 1: Bescuie of Paris sixteen sixty five. Fourteen fourteen epidemic in
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Speaker 1: France in February and March. Names given to the disease litack,
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Speaker 1: laurent and cocleuche Authority l'aveneaux fourteen twenty seven, epidemic widespread
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Speaker 1: in France and the continent of Europe. Name given to
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Speaker 1: the disease ladendo, symptoms, cough, insomnia, renal pains, anorexia regis constantly.
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Speaker 1: The greeting everywhere on meeting friends was have you had? Ladaindo?
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Speaker 1: Fifteen ten pandemic one all over Europe. First accurate description
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Speaker 1: given of its prevalence in the British Isles. Mild in type.
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Speaker 1: Names given in France cephal caterrel and cocalouche in Britain
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Speaker 1: cockalouche Authority T. Thompson fifteen fifty seven came from constantinople
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Speaker 1: very fatal spread to the USA. Ravaged Paris in July
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Speaker 1: and August, Spain in August. England and September, Holland and October.
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Speaker 1: Distinctive symptoms quote tightness and dreadful oppression over the chest
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Speaker 1: as if bound with red hot chains, the same sensations
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Speaker 1: over the abdomen and stomach. Authorities Thompson Herrmann fifteen sixty
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Speaker 1: two Mild epidemic fifteen sixty three. Mild epidemic fifteen eighty
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Speaker 1: Pandemic two started on the north coast of Africa in
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Speaker 1: Algiers and Morocco in May. Also in the island of
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Speaker 1: Malta spread to the USA. Authority Fonseca of Madrid, England
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Speaker 1: ravaged August, September, October, November Rome. Nine thousand persons died. Barcelona, Cadiz, Cordova, Seville,
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Speaker 1: Madrid and other Spanish cities are said to have been depopulated.
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Speaker 1: The Spanish physicians bled their patients. This Venice Venice section
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Speaker 1: is said to have been very fatal. Those who were
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Speaker 1: not bled most lived. Thomas Short London fifteen eighty seven
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Speaker 1: states on page nine all had the coholouche. Few died
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Speaker 1: except those who were bled or had unsound Viscera. Anna,
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Speaker 1: wife of Philip the First of Spain, died of the disease.
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Speaker 1: Pope Gregory the thirteenth was given up for death, but
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Speaker 1: recovered epidemics in fifteen ninety one, fifteen ninety three, fifteen
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Speaker 1: ninety seven, sixteen twenty six, sixteen forty seven. Noah Webster
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Speaker 1: states for the first time influenza is mentioned in the
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Speaker 1: history of US America, but it must not be concluded,
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Speaker 1: in the absence of earlier records, that the disease never
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Speaker 1: occurred in the US. Webster also cites from Hubbard the
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Speaker 1: disease swept the Southern States and the plantations the West
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Speaker 1: Indies were ravaged and had an extensive morbidity. On each
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Speaker 1: of the islands of Barbadoes and Saint Kitts. There were
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Speaker 1: five thousand to six thousand cases. Sixteen fifty eight epidemic
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Speaker 1: in Europe started the end of April. Thomas Wills, m D.
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Speaker 1: Of Oxford says, quote the cause of the disease was
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Speaker 1: a blast from the stars end quote. Sixteen seventy five
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Speaker 1: epidemic ravaged Germany. Sixteen eighty eight epidemic began in May.
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Speaker 1: Europe swept great mortality in Britain sixteen ninety three epidemic
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Speaker 1: Europe seventeen o nine epidemic in Europe. France, Germany and
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Speaker 1: Italy chiefly affected. Seventeen twelve Europe epidemic began in Germany. Fever, cough,
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Speaker 1: sense of dread and oppression, painful eyes and great backache.
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Speaker 1: Rapid spread, great and prolonged exhaustion, morbidity, great nearly everyone attacked, mortality,
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Speaker 1: very light seventeen twenty nine to thirty. Origin Moscow, Russia,
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Speaker 1: April seventeen twenty nine. Morbidity enormous, lightning like spread in London,
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Speaker 1: great mortality, barely one percent escaped. In the month of
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Speaker 1: September seventeen twenty nine, over one thousand percon died each week.
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Speaker 1: Rome had some sixty thousand cases. Authority Han seventeen thirty
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Speaker 1: two to three, pandemic three raged over the entire earth.
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Speaker 1: Spread to US America October seventeen thirty two, seventeen forty
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Speaker 1: two to three, LA Greepe, and Influenza appear as names
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Speaker 1: given to the disease for the first time. Epidemic, great morbidity,
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Speaker 1: few deaths seventeen fifty eight. The flu prevailed as an
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Speaker 1: epidemic in France, Scotland and the West Indies seventeen sixty one.
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Speaker 1: Present in the USA in the spring seventeen sixty two.
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Speaker 1: Epidemic in Europe seventeen sixty seven the US America began
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Speaker 1: in month of May seventeen seventy five to six, spread
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Speaker 1: from Europe to USA. Authority Glues seventeen eighty to one
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Speaker 1: January seventeen eighty started in France seventeen eighty one to two.
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Speaker 1: Pandemic four, very severe widespread began in the autumn of
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Speaker 1: seventeen eighty one on the borders of China and India,
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Speaker 1: thence spread to Russia and USA. In seventeen eighty two
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Speaker 1: appeared in Western Europe. The name given in this pandemic
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Speaker 1: was Russian Katar. The British fleet sailed from the Channel
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Speaker 1: ports Plymouth and Portsmouth on May sixth, seventeen eighty two.
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Speaker 1: No further contact was had with the land, yet on
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Speaker 1: the twenty seventh of May the flu broke out on
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Speaker 1: the fleet. The presence of flu carriers on the ships
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Speaker 1: or infected stores closed and other fomites and only opened
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Speaker 1: after a week or two at sea. Also, the flu
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Speaker 1: being epidemic at the ports of departure will amply account
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Speaker 1: for this alleged miracle. Author seventeen eighty eight to nine
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Speaker 1: widespread epidemic in the USA. Statement of Webster quote, influenza
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Speaker 1: is not spread by infection. Sailors on board ships one
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Speaker 1: hundred miles from land and insulated as to infection were attacked.
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Speaker 1: End quote, Influenza is spread by infection. The explanation and
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Speaker 1: defense is the same as just made above. Author seventeen
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Speaker 1: ninety nine to eighteen hundred North THEA Eastern Europe epidemic
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Speaker 1: eighteen o two three Pandemic five, eighteen o seven, Pandemic six,
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Speaker 1: eighteen thirty Pandemic seven. The seat of the outbreak was Manila, PI.
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Speaker 1: In September it spread to the USA. Eighteen thirty three
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Speaker 1: epidemic in Northern Asia, Europe, North Africa in Saint Petersburg
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Speaker 1: great morbidity none escaped eighteen thirty six to seven Pandemic
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Speaker 1: eight starting point obscure, but in the Eastern Hemisphere morbidity
35:44
Speaker 1: and mortality large pulmonary influenza or influenza pneumonia cases very common.
35:53
Speaker 1: In London. For the week ending January twenty fourth, eighteen
35:57
Speaker 1: thirty seven, there died one thousand, thousand, one hundred and
36:01
Speaker 1: sixty six persons, and for the week ending January thirty one,
36:07
Speaker 1: the death rate reached a total of one thousand, one
36:10
Speaker 1: hundred sixty nine. These deaths were solely due to flu
36:17
Speaker 1: eighteen forty seven to eight Pandemic nine. Point of origin unknown,
36:24
Speaker 1: center of the focus of the disease. The Eastern hemisphere
36:28
Speaker 1: and Europe, especially more females than males were attacked, great mortality.
36:36
Speaker 1: Of those affected with the disease there died eighty three
36:40
Speaker 1: percent of children, babies and infants, one hundred and four
36:45
Speaker 1: percent of those fifteen to sixty years, two hundred and
36:50
Speaker 1: forty seven percent of those over sixty years. Authority peacock
36:57
Speaker 1: in Paris, one quarter to one half of the population
37:01
Speaker 1: were attacked in Geneva, one third of the population were attacked.
37:07
Speaker 1: In London. Two hundred and fifty thousand were said to
37:11
Speaker 1: have been stricken. US America escaped the disease eighteen fifty
37:18
Speaker 1: to one, eighteen fifty seven to eight, eighteen seventy three
37:24
Speaker 1: to four, eighteen seventy five, eighteen seventy nine. Influenza prevalent
37:31
Speaker 1: in both hemispheres eighteen eighty nine to ninety. Pandemic ten
37:40
Speaker 1: started at Bukara in Russian Turkestan, large province situated to
37:46
Speaker 1: the east of the Caspian Sea. March eighteen eighty nine,
37:51
Speaker 1: very vicious in its morbidity and spread, acted as never before,
37:57
Speaker 1: ran over the whole globe in a few months. Contagious
38:03
Speaker 1: which hitherto in doubt, was clearly demonstrated by this epidemic,
38:08
Speaker 1: which spread from Asia to Russia. America was infected from
38:13
Speaker 1: both Siberia and Europe. Tropical and temperate countries, mountain and
38:20
Speaker 1: plain were all swept over alike nineteen eighteen to nine
38:28
Speaker 1: to nineteen twenty. Pandemic eleven origin in southeastern Spain, Barcelona,
38:37
Speaker 1: a seaport April nineteen eighteen, where a German submarine is
38:43
Speaker 1: said to have carried it, originally acquired by this boat
38:48
Speaker 1: at the Baltic port or ports of Danzig or Stettin,
38:53
Speaker 1: swept Europe and entered Asiatic Russia, later Japan. US America
39:00
Speaker 1: was infected at its Pacific and Atlantic ports. The conditions
39:05
Speaker 1: of trade and commerce during the World War were unusually
39:09
Speaker 1: favorable for the carrying of influenza to the USA America.
39:15
Speaker 1: The Great Souled as always acting most generously, putting herself
39:21
Speaker 1: on short rations in order to feed the starving millions
39:25
Speaker 1: of the world, and sending her ships with food and
39:28
Speaker 1: clothing to the flu infected ports carried back the disease
39:32
Speaker 1: to her own people to date. Number of epidemics in
39:38
Speaker 1: Europe forty seven to date. Number of pandemics in Europe eleven.
39:48
Speaker 1: Names for influenza Italian cataro russo and influente Portuguese cataro epidemico,
40:00
Speaker 1: Spanish kataro epidemico, German blitz gtar equals lightning gutar German influenz.
40:14
Speaker 1: End of chapter two recording by Grace Buchanan. Chapter three
40:26
Speaker 1: of the Flu A Brief History of Influenza in US America, Europe,
40:31
Speaker 1: Hawaii by A. Moritz. This LibriVox recording is in the
40:36
Speaker 1: public domain. Recording by Grace Buchanan, Chapter three, Influenza in Hawaii.
40:47
Speaker 1: Previous to the year eighteen eighty nine, Hawaii had been
40:51
Speaker 1: tolerably free from the flu. Such cases which had appeared
40:55
Speaker 1: in former years were of a mild character, as were
40:59
Speaker 1: also those which prevailed during the eighteen eighty nine ninety epidemic.
41:04
Speaker 1: Epidemic Qatar has been known in the Hawaiian Islands for
41:08
Speaker 1: many years. The annals of the early missionary fathers mention
41:12
Speaker 1: it doctor Alonzo Chapin, an early missionary physician, refers to
41:18
Speaker 1: it on page thirty nine of the author's monograph on Leprosy.
41:23
Speaker 1: Is the following quotation, taken from the doctor's writings in
41:26
Speaker 1: the years eighteen thirty six to thirty seven in Hawaii.
41:31
Speaker 1: Quote diseases occur epidemically, as was the case with Qatar,
41:36
Speaker 1: repeatedly end quote. This epidemic Qatar was probably influenza in
41:42
Speaker 1: a mild form, or it may have been the epidemic
41:46
Speaker 1: Qatar of the kind known to the physicians of today
41:50
Speaker 1: as that caused by the Micrococcus cataralyus, a globular or
41:54
Speaker 1: spheroid shaped microorganism. South wind qatar. In Hawaii during the
42:02
Speaker 1: season when the south wind prevails from November to March,
42:06
Speaker 1: epidemic and infectious colds are very common. They are attended
42:11
Speaker 1: with disagreeable frontal headache, nasal discharge, sore throat, fever, aching
42:17
Speaker 1: limbs and body. These are cases of mild flu Elderly people,
42:22
Speaker 1: middle aged and old, Foreign residents and our aboriginal population
42:28
Speaker 1: are those mostly affected Hawaii today due to great increase
42:33
Speaker 1: of travel, greater speed of ocean steamers, and its cosmopolitan
42:37
Speaker 1: population is probably infected, like all other ports of the USA,
42:43
Speaker 1: with several different species or strains of the influenza bacillus
42:48
Speaker 1: and also those of the Micrococcus catarallus contagious nature of
42:55
Speaker 1: colds or gutars so called. It is a well well
43:00
Speaker 1: known fact that when isolated peoples are visited by strangers,
43:05
Speaker 1: whether they arrive by sea or land, epidemic colds speedily appear.
43:10
Speaker 1: Amongst the residents of these localities the Eskimo Indian tribes,
43:17
Speaker 1: residents of South Sea Islands, Caroline Marshall and Marques's groups
43:22
Speaker 1: Pitcairn Island, et cetera. Isolated peoples and out of the
43:27
Speaker 1: track of travel, when visited by strangers, become affected with
43:31
Speaker 1: epidemic qatar and cough, which may attack great numbers of
43:35
Speaker 1: them and cause high mortality. Those visitors who carry the
43:40
Speaker 1: germs of the qatar show no visible signs of disease themselves.
43:47
Speaker 1: Possible sources of disease. During the past four centuries, there
43:52
Speaker 1: is clear evidence that Hawaii has been infected with diseases
43:57
Speaker 1: from certain sources. There is also evidence that is not
44:01
Speaker 1: so clear yet is worthy of consideration. From what countries
44:06
Speaker 1: could ships carry diseases to Hawaii before the opening up
44:10
Speaker 1: of the islands to foreign trade Spain, China, Japan, and Russia.
44:17
Speaker 1: Since the opening up of the islands to foreign commerce,
44:21
Speaker 1: the ships of all nations have carried to Hawaii a
44:25
Speaker 1: varied assortment of diseases, some nearly harmless, but others of
44:31
Speaker 1: the deadliest kind. In the past centuries, there are credible
44:36
Speaker 1: records of Spanish visitors, also of Chinese and Japanese, and
44:41
Speaker 1: of a people coming in prows and junks with tufts
44:45
Speaker 1: of hair on their faces for Moss, whose speech has
44:50
Speaker 1: an alliance with the Malayo, Polynesian and hence Hawaiian. At
44:56
Speaker 1: the present time, numerous ships which visit at Honolulu carry
45:01
Speaker 1: infectious and contagious diseases amongst their crews and passengers, especially
45:08
Speaker 1: those who travel in the steerage. What occurs today at
45:12
Speaker 1: known intervals on a very large scale most probably happened
45:17
Speaker 1: on a smaller scale at extended and unknown intervals. In
45:21
Speaker 1: past centuries, diseases were introduced to Hawaii and carried from here.
45:28
Speaker 1: Castaways and shipwrecked mariners can carry diseases to the shores.
45:32
Speaker 1: They arrive at the same as other voyagers, and probably
45:36
Speaker 1: did so to Hawaii. If there was no tuberculosis and
45:42
Speaker 1: Hawaii before the coming of the foreigner, then where do
45:46
Speaker 1: the ancient words hooki e ake pau come from. Hookii
45:51
Speaker 1: means in English to grow thin in flesh, to waste away,
45:56
Speaker 1: ake pau means to consume, to finish, to eat away.
46:02
Speaker 1: Even today, inspection of arrivals from oversea ports, and even
46:07
Speaker 1: limited quarantine carefully carried out by competent officials, is not
46:12
Speaker 1: always an effective protection against the introduction of infectious and
46:16
Speaker 1: contagious diseases into any country. The following list of contagious
46:22
Speaker 1: and infectious diseases eluded the quarantine officials at the Port
46:27
Speaker 1: of Honolulu and infected the town. Some later infected other
46:33
Speaker 1: islands of the group. Year eighteen fifty three, month May
46:39
Speaker 1: thirteenth disease, smallpox eighteen eighty one, February fourth smallpox eighteen
46:49
Speaker 1: ninety five, August twenty second, cholera eighteen eighty nine, December
46:56
Speaker 1: plague nineteen eleven, February twenty third, cholera nineteen eleven, October
47:05
Speaker 1: twenty seventh, yellow fever nineteen eighteen, June influenza, the epidemic
47:14
Speaker 1: of eighteen eighty nine to ninety. The tenth epidemic, which
47:19
Speaker 1: had its origin in the month of March eighteen eighty
47:22
Speaker 1: nine at Bukara, Russian Turkestan, ultimately reached Hawaii, both from
47:28
Speaker 1: Japan and San Francisco, from the former country in August
47:33
Speaker 1: of that year and from the latter city in December.
47:38
Speaker 1: Influenza became epidemic in the Islands in the year eighteen
47:42
Speaker 1: ninety in the months of January, February March, and practically
47:46
Speaker 1: ceased to exist in the latter part of April. Its
47:50
Speaker 1: morbidity was extensive, its death rate almost nil. Extract from
47:58
Speaker 1: the report of the President of the Border of Health
48:00
Speaker 1: to the Legislature session of eighteen ninety quote. In the
48:05
Speaker 1: early autumn of the year eighteen eighty nine, a disease
48:09
Speaker 1: started in Russia, which on that account took the name
48:13
Speaker 1: of the Russian disease end quote. It spread rapidly over
48:18
Speaker 1: Europe and the British Isles, very soon across the Atlantic,
48:23
Speaker 1: and with extreme rapidity, spread over the whole continent of
48:27
Speaker 1: North America. Early in January eighteen ninety, doctor Trousseau, the
48:33
Speaker 1: port physician, reported many cases existing among passengers on the
48:38
Speaker 1: mail steamer en route to the colonies. In its journey
48:43
Speaker 1: westward from its initial starting point in Russia to the
48:47
Speaker 1: confines of California, its march has been marked by great
48:51
Speaker 1: prevalence and fatality. In Hawaii, with its mild and salubrious climate,
48:58
Speaker 1: its intensity is greatly modified, and although it caused great
49:03
Speaker 1: distress and physical suffering, very few deaths have resulted from it.
49:09
Speaker 1: This disease has prevailed as an epidemic on several former
49:14
Speaker 1: occasions under the name of influenza. Other extracts from the
49:19
Speaker 1: same report are as follows. Agent Reynolds quote. Influenza has
49:24
Speaker 1: visited most of the families in town since its arrival,
49:28
Speaker 1: but deaths have been few. End quote. Doctor S. B.
49:33
Speaker 1: Swift quote at Callaou Papa, females at the Bishop Home
49:39
Speaker 1: were most affected. End quote. Doctor Jared Smith, Kawaie quote
49:45
Speaker 1: extreme prevalence of influenza of mild type began the middle
49:49
Speaker 1: of January. End quote doctor D. Campbell, Way Maya, Cowi
49:55
Speaker 1: quote influenza widespread. End quote Doctor Greenfield, Hamakua, Hawaii quote
50:04
Speaker 1: no influenza epidemic qatar and bronchitis, wet and cold weather.
50:11
Speaker 1: End quote. Doctor G. Herbert Wailuku, Maui. Quote one third
50:18
Speaker 1: of the population affected at least three thousand cases one
50:24
Speaker 1: pneumonia case, fatal symptoms, fever, frontal and occipital headache, spinal
50:32
Speaker 1: and limpanes, pulmonary congestion, and occasionally pneumonia end quote. Estimated
50:40
Speaker 1: number of cases of influenza Island of Oahu six thousand,
50:46
Speaker 1: five hundred population twenty eight thousand, Island of Maui three thousand,
50:54
Speaker 1: three hundred population, nineteen thousand deaths in Honolulu February three,
51:03
Speaker 1: March five total eight earlier arrival of influenza Hawaii invaded
51:12
Speaker 1: from Japan on or about the twentieth of August eighteen
51:17
Speaker 1: eighty nine. Recently arrived Japanese laborers had influenza in a
51:23
Speaker 1: mild form this shipment. On arrival from Japan at Honolulu,
51:29
Speaker 1: were transferred immediately from the Ocean steamer to the deck
51:32
Speaker 1: of an inter island one and were landed direct at
51:36
Speaker 1: Onomea and Haklau plantations. The type of influenza was very mild,
51:42
Speaker 1: never infected other laborers, but those who had the disease
51:47
Speaker 1: were segregated for a week. At Onomea. There were nine
51:52
Speaker 1: cases at Haklau, eleven author the epidemic of eighteen ninety
51:58
Speaker 1: left the trail of a tawn somewhat different from the
52:02
Speaker 1: way it had acted as an epidemic. For almost a decade,
52:07
Speaker 1: cases of the nervous type frequently kept cropping out. These
52:12
Speaker 1: were attended with insomnia, great prostration, severe neuritis, and facial neuralgia.
52:19
Speaker 1: Frequent attacks and relapses in the intervals of this nervous
52:24
Speaker 1: form of influenza were responsible for the decease of Honolulu's
52:29
Speaker 1: most prominent physician in the year of eighteen ninety four,
52:35
Speaker 1: the last and fatal attack the doctor believe he acquired
52:39
Speaker 1: from visitors to Honolulu from Siberia, that country and European
52:44
Speaker 1: Russia being a continuous source of endemic influenza DENGI. DENGI,
52:54
Speaker 1: in its initial stage or degree of progress in some
52:57
Speaker 1: respects resembles the flu and is often mistaken for it.
53:02
Speaker 1: Such was the case in the years nineteen hundred to
53:06
Speaker 1: nineteen o one, when imported laborers from Puerto Rico w
53:11
Speaker 1: I carried the dannge or breakbone fever with them. This
53:16
Speaker 1: disease has practically disappeared. A sporadic case of it comes
53:20
Speaker 1: to light now and then its transmission by the mosquito
53:25
Speaker 1: culex fatigans is not yet definitely determined. A new and
53:31
Speaker 1: more virulent type or species of the influenza basilis was
53:35
Speaker 1: carried overseas to the port of Honolulu in the third
53:39
Speaker 1: week of June nineteen eighteen and spread to the residents
53:45
Speaker 1: of the town. And it was this new imported type
53:49
Speaker 1: of influenza that was responsible for the high mortality in
53:53
Speaker 1: the epidemics of that disease in nineteen eighteen to nineteen
53:57
Speaker 1: twenty due to influenza and complicating pneumonia, the so called
54:03
Speaker 1: pulmonary or mnemonic form of the disease. All these matters
54:08
Speaker 1: have been fully described in the public press and in
54:11
Speaker 1: part in the reports of the Board of Health, which
54:13
Speaker 1: qv end of chapter three recording by Grace Buchanan. Chapter
54:25
Speaker 1: four of the flu A Brief History of Influenza in
54:30
Speaker 1: US America, Europe, Hawaii by A. Moritz. This LibriVox recording
54:37
Speaker 1: is in the public domain. Recording by Grace Buchanan, Chapter
54:43
Speaker 1: four General considerations, contents, effect of influenza on man, Pulmonary
54:54
Speaker 1: influenza or influenza, pneumonia, immunity in cubation, salient points, quarantine
55:06
Speaker 1: cause of flu. Hy microbes created flu preventatives hours when
55:14
Speaker 1: flu attacks salient points effect of influenza on man. When
55:23
Speaker 1: the influenza bacillus or microbe has gained access to the
55:27
Speaker 1: system of man, it speedily produces an acute infectious taxemia
55:33
Speaker 1: or blood poisoning due to the toxin or poison liberated
55:37
Speaker 1: in the blood by the bacillus. There are also other
55:41
Speaker 1: disease producing microorganisms found in the sputum or spit of
55:45
Speaker 1: the influenza victim. These are spheroid or bead shaped and
55:50
Speaker 1: called Coxi caccus, a berry Greek which apparently aid the
55:56
Speaker 1: bee influenza as allies of destruction to our systems. The
56:02
Speaker 1: effects of the flu poisoning on the human lung somewhat
56:06
Speaker 1: resembles the conditions seen in those who have died from
56:10
Speaker 1: inhaling strong chlorine gas, carbon monoxide, or nitrogen gases in
56:15
Speaker 1: an atmosphere devoid of oxygen. The type or general character
56:21
Speaker 1: of the flu which has prevailed in Hawaii during the
56:24
Speaker 1: past two years, especially in Honolulu in the months of January, February,
56:30
Speaker 1: March and April nineteen twenty, is the highest development of
56:35
Speaker 1: destructiveness to man that the b influenza is capable of.
56:40
Speaker 1: It was the true Russian catar or malignant flu, and
56:45
Speaker 1: so called by the Italians cataro russo, and not influente
56:50
Speaker 1: or influenza. This type of the flu was reintroduced into
56:55
Speaker 1: the USA in the spring of nineteen eighteen. Influenza pneumonia,
57:04
Speaker 1: pulmonary influenza or influenza pneumonia frequently complicates the flu in
57:10
Speaker 1: some epidemics, but not in all of them. It is
57:14
Speaker 1: the main cause for the mortality due to that disease.
57:18
Speaker 1: A century and a half ago, the French physicians first
57:22
Speaker 1: demonstrated its peculiarities and its difference from ordinary pneumonia, which
57:28
Speaker 1: is as follows a. It develops gradually and complicates the
57:33
Speaker 1: bronchitis of influenza B. Its peculiar physical signs are the
57:40
Speaker 1: respiratory murmur in the early stages of the flu is
57:44
Speaker 1: diminished and later completely disappears. Then bronchial breathing begins without
57:51
Speaker 1: dullness or crepitent rouse like true pneumonia. In Hawaii as elsewhere,
57:58
Speaker 1: the complicating pneumonia seldom of peers before the second or
58:01
Speaker 1: third day. Occasionally it comes to the fore after the
58:05
Speaker 1: fifth or sixth, it is not always easy of detection
58:10
Speaker 1: in a mild case. In our epidemic in Honolulu last
58:15
Speaker 1: winter nineteen twenty, some of the cases considered as pneumonia
58:20
Speaker 1: were in fact those of simple pulmonary congestion and edema
58:24
Speaker 1: attended with expectoration of frothy blood tinged mucus resembling the
58:30
Speaker 1: swollen or drowned lung found in those who have been
58:33
Speaker 1: submerged and dyed from drowning. The true influenza pneumonia sputum
58:40
Speaker 1: or spit is greenish yellow, this greenish color being due
58:45
Speaker 1: to the presence in the sputum of a green pigment
58:48
Speaker 1: excreted by the diplococcus or double caucus, like a necklace
58:53
Speaker 1: of beads or sometimes resembling rounded small rods. Sees of
59:00
Speaker 1: the flu to man a tendency to t B softening
59:07
Speaker 1: of the heart muscle, nervous prostration, insomnia, restlessness and inability
59:13
Speaker 1: for brain work, depression of spirits, and irritability of temper, neuralgias,
59:19
Speaker 1: middle ear disease, eye troubles, vertigo or giddiness from the
59:24
Speaker 1: ear disease, or eye or heart stomach disease. After intestinal
59:28
Speaker 1: influenza vomiting spells, et cetera, et cetera, emaciation, diarrhea. The
59:36
Speaker 1: open air life of the occupants of TB hospitals accounts
59:40
Speaker 1: for their freedom from the epidemic flu, but they are
59:43
Speaker 1: not immune to every epidemic. Residents of asylums, hospitals, and
59:49
Speaker 1: jails are not so fortunate. Numbers of the inmates being
59:53
Speaker 1: attacked daily rations of quinine should be given immunity the
1:00:01
Speaker 1: king protector. Paradoxical as the statement may appear, the mild
1:00:08
Speaker 1: and balmy climate of the Hawaiian Islands or any other place,
1:00:12
Speaker 1: neither protects nor prevents any person from being attacked by
1:00:17
Speaker 1: the influenza. A mild climate is not a factor of
1:00:21
Speaker 1: prevention against any infectious or contagious disease. The dominant agent
1:00:27
Speaker 1: and king of protectors, is an immunity. Inherited or acquired
1:00:33
Speaker 1: climate cannot alter, change, or prevent any person from being
1:00:37
Speaker 1: infected with smallpox, plague, cholera, scarlet fever, typhus, or influenza.
1:00:43
Speaker 1: In the presence of king flu, all men are not equal.
1:00:49
Speaker 1: Those who have had several attacks of the disease in
1:00:52
Speaker 1: former years or have recently had it, are fairly immune,
1:00:56
Speaker 1: not absolutely so, but others who have not recently had
1:01:01
Speaker 1: flu are liable to become infected with it, and may
1:01:05
Speaker 1: be stricken at any time. Good living, careful personal hygiene,
1:01:11
Speaker 1: fresh air, and abundance, avoidance of overheated and poorly ventilated rooms,
1:01:17
Speaker 1: together with a general high standard of living, are excellent
1:01:22
Speaker 1: in their way to prevent ordinary disease, but in so
1:01:26
Speaker 1: far as they can prevent anyone from being infected by
1:01:29
Speaker 1: the flu, the absolute protection is entirely lacking in them.
1:01:35
Speaker 1: None of these very essential hygienic principles can produce immunity,
1:01:41
Speaker 1: which is the sole protector from an attack or more
1:01:45
Speaker 1: than one attack, of influenza, and it is nature's standby
1:01:50
Speaker 1: and by means of which it braces up the system
1:01:53
Speaker 1: to convalescence and ultimate recovery. Successful vaccination against smallpox will
1:02:01
Speaker 1: prevent or render mild an attack of that disease in
1:02:05
Speaker 1: ninety five percent of those who have been vaccinated and revaccinated.
1:02:11
Speaker 1: A baby in arms, if successfully vaccinated, is immune and protected,
1:02:16
Speaker 1: whereas an unvaccinated giant living in a balmy climate, should
1:02:22
Speaker 1: he contract smallpox, will probably be a candidate for a
1:02:27
Speaker 1: coffin or the furnace of a crematory. A mild climate
1:02:32
Speaker 1: cannot alter nor render less harmful to the system of
1:02:37
Speaker 1: man the specific toxin or poison of influenza, once it
1:02:42
Speaker 1: is liberated into his blood, nor the toxin of any
1:02:46
Speaker 1: other microorganism of the infectious type. In the combat with disease,
1:02:52
Speaker 1: many of the advantages of our Hawaiian climate are to
1:02:55
Speaker 1: a certain extent neutralized by a lack of stamina and
1:03:00
Speaker 1: disease resistance, and also the neglecting to call in the
1:03:04
Speaker 1: services of a physician at an early stage of the
1:03:06
Speaker 1: illness of some of our inhabitants. Any person who is
1:03:11
Speaker 1: affected with symptoms of disease such as fever, headache, nasal discharge, cough,
1:03:18
Speaker 1: sore and tickling throat, and lassitude during the prevalence of
1:03:22
Speaker 1: flu epidemic or sporadic should take to bed, and by
1:03:28
Speaker 1: doing so it may mean and is in line with
1:03:31
Speaker 1: a quick recovery and a mild case of that disease,
1:03:36
Speaker 1: whereas fighting off the disease and struggling to pursue one's
1:03:41
Speaker 1: daily avocation may change a mild type of illness to
1:03:45
Speaker 1: a very grave and hopeless one. In this respect, influenza
1:03:51
Speaker 1: resembles typhoid fever of the ambulatory type. The victim does
1:03:55
Speaker 1: not realize how sick he is, but when the hour
1:03:59
Speaker 1: comes that it exhausted body and brain forces him to
1:04:02
Speaker 1: seek his bed, it is often too late, and death
1:04:06
Speaker 1: or prolonged sickness awaits him. Frequently. The athlete and the
1:04:11
Speaker 1: physically strong, when stricken with flu, refrain from early rest,
1:04:16
Speaker 1: struggle against the inroads of the disease, exhaust their recuperative powers,
1:04:21
Speaker 1: and when finally driven to bed, collapse and die, whereas
1:04:27
Speaker 1: a weaker individual, being speedily overcome, gives up and takes
1:04:31
Speaker 1: early to bed and recovers. The death rate amongst those
1:04:36
Speaker 1: who are attacked by the flu varies in each epidemic
1:04:39
Speaker 1: and pandemic. As a fair average, approximately most recover, say
1:04:46
Speaker 1: seventy five percent, incomplete recovery fifteen percent, and in the
1:04:52
Speaker 1: late epidemic in Honolulu the winter of nineteen twenty, the
1:04:56
Speaker 1: death rate was eight percent to ten percent. In the
1:04:59
Speaker 1: US USA it was four percent to six percent, and
1:05:03
Speaker 1: in Europe four and a half percent. Incubation great discrepancies
1:05:10
Speaker 1: occur in the statements of different observers, but inasmuch as
1:05:14
Speaker 1: each epidemic varies, in severity a severe type of the
1:05:19
Speaker 1: flu may have a shorter incubative period than a mild type,
1:05:23
Speaker 1: and therefore, taking the variations in type into consideration may
1:05:28
Speaker 1: reconcile the differences. If influenza was accompanied with a facial
1:05:34
Speaker 1: eruption or exanthem, this would materially assist in the determination
1:05:38
Speaker 1: of its incubative period. In Hawaii, two or three days
1:05:44
Speaker 1: is the most frequent period of incubation. It may vary, however,
1:05:48
Speaker 1: from twenty four hours to seventy two hours, even to
1:05:52
Speaker 1: five days. In these long incubative cases, headache, aching, eyeballs,
1:05:58
Speaker 1: and great languor are the indicating signs, and those persons
1:06:03
Speaker 1: so affected succumb slowly and offer great resistance to the
1:06:07
Speaker 1: overpowering toxins of the Bacillis influenzae. The immunity which a
1:06:13
Speaker 1: person may possess in one epidemic and not in another
1:06:17
Speaker 1: may be accounted for by assuming that each epidemic may
1:06:21
Speaker 1: have a difference in the strain or the species of
1:06:24
Speaker 1: the influenza Bacillus salient points period of life. Most cases
1:06:32
Speaker 1: occur between twenty and forty years. In schools, the older
1:06:37
Speaker 1: children are first attacked. Open air schools are a positive
1:06:41
Speaker 1: but not an absolute defense against infection. Indoor schools, the
1:06:47
Speaker 1: ratio of prevalence amongst children of all ages is forty percent.
1:06:53
Speaker 1: Outdoor schools all ages, the ratio of prevalence is ten percent.
1:07:00
Speaker 1: Open air occupations such as workers in the field twelve
1:07:05
Speaker 1: percent are attacked. Closed rooms factory operatives forty nine percent
1:07:12
Speaker 1: are attacked. Main factor of spread not the weather, but
1:07:19
Speaker 1: human intercourse, especially commerce. The greater the speed of commerce,
1:07:26
Speaker 1: the greater and quicker is the spread of the flu.
1:07:30
Speaker 1: It follows the path of human travel. It is a
1:07:34
Speaker 1: contagion solely spread by human intercourse viz. The influenza carrier
1:07:41
Speaker 1: or carriers. Positions in life which require contact with travelers
1:07:47
Speaker 1: necessarily influence and spread the disease. Flu is spread in
1:07:52
Speaker 1: the same ratio of speed as the carrier of it.
1:07:57
Speaker 1: When the flu is a weakling, his best nurses and
1:08:00
Speaker 1: foster mothers are overcrowding and lack of pure air. Where
1:08:06
Speaker 1: the crowd is there, the flu is. Little crowding means
1:08:11
Speaker 1: little flu. Plenty of crowding, plenty of flu. Quarantine and isolation.
1:08:22
Speaker 1: Period of isolation for ordinary flu patients twelve days period
1:08:29
Speaker 1: of isolation for influenza pneumonia cases until the end of convalescence.
1:08:36
Speaker 1: Quarantine and isolation are beset with difficulties owing to the
1:08:40
Speaker 1: extraordinary contagious nature of the flu, due to the multiplicity
1:08:44
Speaker 1: of contacts, carriers, and mild undetected cases. It should be
1:08:50
Speaker 1: borne in mind that influenza is a most refractory disease,
1:08:55
Speaker 1: and not at any time or season is it under
1:08:58
Speaker 1: our control, and to bring about this condition is as
1:09:02
Speaker 1: yet an unsolved problem. It may attack us at any time,
1:09:07
Speaker 1: although its favorite period of appearance is the autumn and
1:09:11
Speaker 1: winter months. Influenza is mainly a respiratory disease. Hence, isolation
1:09:17
Speaker 1: and quarantine cannot be relied upon to prevent the spread
1:09:21
Speaker 1: of the flu, and both of these restraints of personal
1:09:24
Speaker 1: liberty and hindrances of commerce must fail. Besides being also
1:09:30
Speaker 1: unpractical and impossible. People must meet to transact business in
1:09:36
Speaker 1: public places, must eat and drink in public, use telephones
1:09:41
Speaker 1: in public places, use public lavatories, and many other acts
1:09:46
Speaker 1: of public nature. All of these acts cannot be quarantined,
1:09:51
Speaker 1: nor can talking amongst crowds. Even if rigid quarantine rules
1:09:57
Speaker 1: were enforced, the flu has hitherto eluded them and spread
1:10:02
Speaker 1: outside of the quarantine limits cause of the flu. In
1:10:10
Speaker 1: the absence of any alleged cause or theory which can
1:10:13
Speaker 1: account for the erratic prevalence of the flu, the author
1:10:17
Speaker 1: advances the following a. The bacillis of influenza normally cannot
1:10:24
Speaker 1: exist or thrive in our everyday ordinary atmosphere constituted of
1:10:29
Speaker 1: twenty percent of oxygen and eighty percent of nitrogen B.
1:10:35
Speaker 1: Under certain atmospheric conditions, such as any fractional excess above
1:10:41
Speaker 1: four or five nitrogen the normal amount present in the air,
1:10:46
Speaker 1: the bacillus of flu can become acclimated and acquires new
1:10:50
Speaker 1: sources of vitality viz. The means to exist in the
1:10:54
Speaker 1: presence of oxygen and to thrive and multiply in it
1:10:59
Speaker 1: and propagate. In this temporarily changed atmosphere, it speedily becomes
1:11:05
Speaker 1: imbued with virulent disease producing properties, multiplies on a vast scale,
1:11:11
Speaker 1: and proceeds to attack and scourge man. Hence, an epidemic
1:11:17
Speaker 1: of flu is brought into our lives see later. When
1:11:24
Speaker 1: the normal atmospheric balance is restored, the bacillius ceases to
1:11:29
Speaker 1: be pathogenic or disease producing, loses its power facultative or
1:11:36
Speaker 1: potential to multiply and live on a large scale, but
1:11:41
Speaker 1: certain of the most vigorous members of the colony survive
1:11:45
Speaker 1: and remain dormant and latent, and years or months later,
1:11:51
Speaker 1: under the same favorable atmospheric conditions, nitrogen excess in the
1:11:56
Speaker 1: atmosphere become active and deduce a new epidemic of flu.
1:12:03
Speaker 1: Each epidemic may be considered as a sprouting of the
1:12:06
Speaker 1: seed of the previous or past ones. Such seed or
1:12:11
Speaker 1: microbe is not permanently nursed by any host such as
1:12:15
Speaker 1: man or animal as a carrier, but the bacillus lies
1:12:20
Speaker 1: hidden in the dust of rooms, attics, books, packed away clothes, towels,
1:12:26
Speaker 1: non sterilized fomites in general as specially blankets and handkerchiefs, wallpaper,
1:12:32
Speaker 1: et cetera, on premises which had been occupied by flu
1:12:37
Speaker 1: victims or victim or convalescence from the disease weeks, months
1:12:42
Speaker 1: or years before. No disease producing microbe can develop itself anew.
1:12:51
Speaker 1: It must come from the seed of the old stock,
1:12:54
Speaker 1: whether it be flu, typhoid, plague TB, or smallpox. Like
1:13:00
Speaker 1: produces and only can produce like is an infallible law
1:13:06
Speaker 1: and applies to every living microbe malignant or harmless. Anything
1:13:14
Speaker 1: with life. When the entire species is eradicated or destroyed,
1:13:18
Speaker 1: with no live members or parents surviving, is absolutely gone forever,
1:13:25
Speaker 1: save and accept the supreme deity sees fit to regenerate it.
1:13:31
Speaker 1: In Honolulu, how uncomfortable we all feel when the south
1:13:36
Speaker 1: wind prevails with its excessive humid atmosphere. Headaches, sweats, sneezing,
1:13:43
Speaker 1: lassitude and loss of appetite, et cetera affects many of
1:13:47
Speaker 1: us and coughs and sore throats. This is the sick
1:13:52
Speaker 1: wind or atmosphere, so called by the Hawaiian a condition
1:13:57
Speaker 1: of mild flu producing weather akin to the nitrogen plus
1:14:02
Speaker 1: air an oxygen minus, which the author has suggested as
1:14:06
Speaker 1: an explanation of the cause of dormant influenza developing into
1:14:12
Speaker 1: an epidemic. Why were microbes created? We have an abundance
1:14:19
Speaker 1: of non disease producing microbes dwelling in our bodies, and
1:14:23
Speaker 1: also many other harmless microorganisms pervade the lower strata of
1:14:28
Speaker 1: our atmosphere. The upper strata of the air are devoid
1:14:33
Speaker 1: of microbes, say five miles from the surface of the Earth.
1:14:37
Speaker 1: But inasmuch as human beings cannot breathe in comfort. At
1:14:41
Speaker 1: such a high elevation, we cannot escape germs of disease
1:14:45
Speaker 1: by residing at great heights. The harmless microbes inhabiting our
1:14:50
Speaker 1: bodies are good friends and protectors. Disease producing microbes may
1:14:56
Speaker 1: have been created for the purpose of maintaining a bacterial balance,
1:15:00
Speaker 1: but not too much of one kind nor too little
1:15:04
Speaker 1: of the other. If providence intended to decimate mankind and
1:15:09
Speaker 1: destroy him by microbic diseases, one species of a deadly
1:15:13
Speaker 1: and virulent microbe would suffice. Microorganisms, in order to live
1:15:19
Speaker 1: and exist, must find suitable surroundings and pabulum. If these
1:15:25
Speaker 1: are lacking, they must perish man and animals in the
1:15:29
Speaker 1: main furnish the homes and food which enables a microbe
1:15:32
Speaker 1: to exist. And when death destroys the host, the parasitic
1:15:37
Speaker 1: microbe still lives in the body of its victim when
1:15:40
Speaker 1: buried in the ground, Hence the necessity for cremation, which
1:15:45
Speaker 1: is the ideal and most efficient method of disposing of
1:15:49
Speaker 1: the corpses of those who have died of infectious diseases.
1:15:55
Speaker 1: Spores have great vitality. The creator, by introducing microbic life
1:16:01
Speaker 1: to our globe, must have intended it to live and propagate.
1:16:06
Speaker 1: Bacteria are provided with a wonderful defense against eradication. This
1:16:11
Speaker 1: is evident in the protection designed for the spore or
1:16:15
Speaker 1: reproductive element of bacteria, whose coat or outer cell envelope
1:16:19
Speaker 1: is one of the most resisting substances to destruction. In
1:16:23
Speaker 1: the organic world, agents that cause other forms of life
1:16:27
Speaker 1: to succumb fail to destroy it. The average spore, when
1:16:33
Speaker 1: subjected to a dry heat temperature of three hundred degrees
1:16:37
Speaker 1: fahrenheit for one hour, is apparently still alive. It requires
1:16:43
Speaker 1: this same temperature to be maintained for several hours in
1:16:48
Speaker 1: order to destroy it. It is an unalterable law of
1:16:53
Speaker 1: life that every living species grows old and ultimately perishes.
1:17:00
Speaker 1: Even one day's existence to a microbe may combine birth, infancy, maturity,
1:17:06
Speaker 1: and old age. It is impossible to believe or to
1:17:11
Speaker 1: think that our creator is always creating new or fresh
1:17:16
Speaker 1: supplies of flu microbes, or any kind of the disease
1:17:20
Speaker 1: producing ones. Whether microbes survived the deluge or were post
1:17:26
Speaker 1: pluvial creations is a moot point. If Noah took microbes
1:17:32
Speaker 1: into the ark and preserved them by divine order for
1:17:36
Speaker 1: future liberation, amongst mankind. He certainly did his work efficiently.
1:17:42
Speaker 1: In so far as the species of the influenza Bacillus
1:17:45
Speaker 1: is concerned, it has lost none of its virulency or
1:17:50
Speaker 1: vigorousness in the year nineteen twenty, after living six thousand
1:17:56
Speaker 1: years preventives of influenza are there any influenza preventives serums
1:18:06
Speaker 1: of late years have been the chief agents used for
1:18:10
Speaker 1: preventing and treating the flu as a preventive remedy. The
1:18:15
Speaker 1: immunity or protection afforded is very brief, and it ceases
1:18:20
Speaker 1: to be of value in a few weeks. In Hawaii,
1:18:25
Speaker 1: the author has not been greatly impressed with the value
1:18:28
Speaker 1: of serums and the treatment of influenza. The alleged great
1:18:33
Speaker 1: benefits and cures set forth in medical papers and publications
1:18:37
Speaker 1: of laboratory statistics by manufacturers of the serums are not
1:18:42
Speaker 1: obtained here. Serums after injection are supposed to aggravate all
1:18:47
Speaker 1: the symptoms of flu, followed by a great improvement in
1:18:51
Speaker 1: the patient's condition, but this prophecy is not always born out.
1:18:56
Speaker 1: Hence the increase of the headache, fever, and pains in
1:19:00
Speaker 1: the limbs and aching bones, alarms and frightens the patient
1:19:04
Speaker 1: of the Asiatic, Hawaiian races and many of the Caucasians
1:19:10
Speaker 1: amongst cases of influenza. Lying side by side, those treated
1:19:15
Speaker 1: by simple remedies recovered just as speedily and safely as
1:19:20
Speaker 1: those who had undergone the serum treatment, and were attended
1:19:24
Speaker 1: with much less discomfort. Quinine, the bisulfate of quinine, is
1:19:32
Speaker 1: one of the best hemal or blood microbicides that we have,
1:19:37
Speaker 1: and its daily use in times of epidemics of influenza
1:19:40
Speaker 1: may prevent the user of it from being attacked. It
1:19:44
Speaker 1: is more preventive in some of the epidemics than in others.
1:19:48
Speaker 1: The ratio of prevention is forty sixty, sometimes more, sometimes less.
1:19:55
Speaker 1: The remedy is easily taken and in small doses, has
1:19:58
Speaker 1: no drawbacks. It is best so administered. It is cheap
1:20:04
Speaker 1: and in the coated tablet form palatable convenient. Any person
1:20:09
Speaker 1: can take it and pursue his usual avocation. After forty
1:20:13
Speaker 1: years of practice as a physician, the author feels convinced
1:20:17
Speaker 1: of the value of quinine. He learned its value in
1:20:21
Speaker 1: Western Europe. Even if the headache of flu is very severe,
1:20:26
Speaker 1: small trial doses may be given, as the author knows
1:20:30
Speaker 1: from personal experience. It is helpful in a later stage
1:20:36
Speaker 1: of the disease with excessive sweats, cold clammy skin, and
1:20:40
Speaker 1: aching bones, all due to cadaverc basillia circulating in the blood.
1:20:46
Speaker 1: Give quinine and your patient or patience will soon respond
1:20:50
Speaker 1: to its beneficial effects. Their condition will improve and they
1:20:56
Speaker 1: will thank you and ask for the medicine. Should small
1:21:00
Speaker 1: doses upset the stomach in very susceptible persons, then it
1:21:05
Speaker 1: may be given in hypodermic injection using the more soluble
1:21:09
Speaker 1: salts of quinine the lactate, a white powder soluble in
1:21:13
Speaker 1: one to five of water, or the acid hydrochloride of
1:21:17
Speaker 1: the British Pharmacopeia. In the USA Pharmacopeia, it is the dichloride,
1:21:23
Speaker 1: which is soluble in less than its own weight of water.
1:21:27
Speaker 1: If small doses of quinine cause headache and ringing in
1:21:31
Speaker 1: the ears in a well person, then the remedy is
1:21:35
Speaker 1: unsuitable and should not be taken, for it will not
1:21:38
Speaker 1: prevent an attack of the flu in that person. Professor
1:21:42
Speaker 1: Ditmar Finkler, MD of the University of Bond, Rhenish Prussia,
1:21:47
Speaker 1: in his work on influenza, cites the experiments carried out
1:21:52
Speaker 1: by doctor Grazer, Medical Army Corps on duty at the
1:21:56
Speaker 1: Cavalry Barracks at Bonn, where five squadrons of German cavalry
1:22:01
Speaker 1: re quartered during an epidemic of flu One of the
1:22:05
Speaker 1: squadrons complement of men, was given daily rations of quinine
1:22:09
Speaker 1: for several weeks during the prevalence of the epidemic. The
1:22:13
Speaker 1: other four squadrons received no quinine. The results are set forth.
1:22:21
Speaker 1: First squadron complement one hundred and thirty five flu cases
1:22:27
Speaker 1: twenty two quinine none. Second squadron complement one hundred and
1:22:34
Speaker 1: thirty five flu cases four quinine zero point five grams daily.
1:22:43
Speaker 1: Third squadron complement one hundred and thirty five flu cases
1:22:49
Speaker 1: nineteen quinine none. Fourth squadron complement one hundred and thirty
1:22:56
Speaker 1: five flu cases forty two quinine none. Fifth squadron compliment
1:23:06
Speaker 1: one hundred and thirty five flu cases thirty two quinine none.
1:23:14
Speaker 1: It is reasonable to assume that the food or pabulum
1:23:17
Speaker 1: of the basilis of influenza is poisoned by quinine entering
1:23:22
Speaker 1: the blood. Hence, the microbe will avoid by instinct any
1:23:27
Speaker 1: person whose blood contains quinine in solution. If the basillis
1:23:32
Speaker 1: has gained access to the system, it is speedily destroyed
1:23:36
Speaker 1: and becomes cadaveric as soon as it enters the zone
1:23:40
Speaker 1: of the quinine barrage. Are there hours of the day
1:23:46
Speaker 1: when the system is more susceptible to invasion by the
1:23:50
Speaker 1: basilis influenzae. To determine this question requires careful study time,
1:23:57
Speaker 1: a great deal of patient and tedious work, and perseverance.
1:24:01
Speaker 1: Yet it is possible to gain some information on this
1:24:05
Speaker 1: phase of the flu at intervals. During the past twenty
1:24:09
Speaker 1: one years, from more than one thousand cases of influenza
1:24:13
Speaker 1: in adults, the author has managed to collect one hundred
1:24:17
Speaker 1: and thirty two cases wherein it was possible to check
1:24:22
Speaker 1: and verify with some degree of accuracy the time of
1:24:25
Speaker 1: contact with a known source of flu, no subsequent contact
1:24:30
Speaker 1: being had with any other known source of that disease.
1:24:35
Speaker 1: Material evidence was collected from isolated plantation camps, sparsely inhabited villages,
1:24:43
Speaker 1: and the suburbs of Honolulu at such times as there
1:24:47
Speaker 1: was no epidemic of flu. A record of cases collected
1:24:52
Speaker 1: mostly in the autumn and winter months from October to
1:24:56
Speaker 1: March is here under set forth. Hours of contact five
1:25:02
Speaker 1: am to eight am, thirty cases incubation two to three days,
1:25:10
Speaker 1: pneumonia none, hours of contact eight am to six pm.
1:25:17
Speaker 1: Twenty two cases incubation two to three days, pneumonia none,
1:25:25
Speaker 1: hours of contact six pm to ten pm. Eighty cases
1:25:34
Speaker 1: incubation one to five days pneumonia nine. Crowds in attendance
1:25:45
Speaker 1: at social gatherings, public meetings, restaurants, places of amusement, together
1:25:50
Speaker 1: with lack of pure air in overheated and unventilated rooms
1:25:54
Speaker 1: and halls, plus lowered vitality after the day's work, easily
1:26:00
Speaker 1: and clearly account for the great excess of cases in
1:26:03
Speaker 1: the above table between the hours from six to ten pm.
1:26:08
Speaker 1: Influenza has neither cosmic nor heliacal connections. Salient points. Care
1:26:17
Speaker 1: of the flu patient ventilation of the sickroom should be
1:26:21
Speaker 1: carried out with due regard to the wishes of the patient.
1:26:25
Speaker 1: What is a cooling, agreeable breeze to the average Caucasian
1:26:30
Speaker 1: may be felt as an arctic blast by the Hawaiians
1:26:33
Speaker 1: and Asiatic races. This causes them to fret and worry.
1:26:39
Speaker 1: There is a happy medium in ventilation of sickrooms, as
1:26:43
Speaker 1: in all things. If the patient has pneumonia, encourage resting
1:26:48
Speaker 1: on the right or left side, changing from time to time.
1:26:52
Speaker 1: Discourage any patient from lying on the back the health
1:26:57
Speaker 1: of the nurse. The nurse must protect her own health
1:27:03
Speaker 1: by regular hours for work, rest, sleep, meals, and exercise.
1:27:08
Speaker 1: An overworked nurse is a non efficient nurse, and it
1:27:13
Speaker 1: sends her along the road to a breakdown and makes
1:27:17
Speaker 1: her or him more subject to acquiring flu from the patients.
1:27:24
Speaker 1: Practice nose breathing, use sign language in the sick room.
1:27:29
Speaker 1: Keep the mouth closed. Tightly closed lips are a better
1:27:34
Speaker 1: safeguard than a flu mask. Mouth breathing is an inviter
1:27:39
Speaker 1: of infection. Anoint the lips and nostrils frequently with camphor,
1:27:44
Speaker 1: vasiline or spirits of camphor. Use no sprays for the
1:27:49
Speaker 1: nose or throat containing alleged germ destroyers. Gargle the throat
1:27:56
Speaker 1: with a little listerine water. By doing so, you do
1:27:59
Speaker 1: not kill your protective friends, the non pathogenic bacteria. These
1:28:05
Speaker 1: will get the best of mister flu in due time.
1:28:10
Speaker 1: Leave the nose alone. Germ killing sprays so called, are
1:28:15
Speaker 1: useless and are a delusion. Remember the flu Bacillus is
1:28:20
Speaker 1: enclosed in a spray proof coat almost as tough as
1:28:25
Speaker 1: shark skin. End of the Flu. A brief history of
1:28:31
Speaker 1: influenza in US America, Europe, Hawaii by A. Moritz, recording
1:28:39
Speaker 1: by Grace Buchanan,