Latest / Around the Clock in Europe : A Travel Sequence / National Geographic Magazine Vol. 09 - 09. September 1898-National Geographic Society

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National Geographic Magazine Vol. 09 - 09. September 1898-National Geographic Society · Around the Clock in Europe : A Travel Sequence

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  Speaker 1: Section one of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine, September
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  Speaker 1: eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
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  Speaker 1: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
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  Speaker 1: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read by Wayne Cook.
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  Speaker 1: The Growth of the United States by W. J. McGee,
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  Speaker 1: vice President of the National Geographic Society. With the annexation
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  Speaker 1: of Hawaii, an end came to America's longest period of
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  Speaker 1: inactivity and territorial expansion. During this period of thirty one years,
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  Speaker 1: nearly an average generation. The great fact of almost unparalleled
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  Speaker 1: expansion in earlier decades has been half forgotten. Beginning with
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  Speaker 1: an area of eight hundred twenty seven thousand, eight hundred
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  Speaker 1: forty four square miles and a marine coast line of
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  Speaker 1: full fifteen hundred miles, the nation concentrated energy on internal
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  Speaker 1: affairs for twenty three years. Then in eighteen o three,
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  Speaker 1: the Louisiana purchase was consummated and Oregon Territory was acquired,
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  Speaker 1: adding one million, one hundred seventy one thousand, nine hundred
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  Speaker 1: thirty one square miles to the national domain and one
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  Speaker 1: thousand linear miles to the coastline. So that at a
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  Speaker 1: single bound, the territory was more than doubled and the
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  Speaker 1: coastline nearly doubled, while an outlet was gained on the Pacific.
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  Speaker 1: The material expansion was quickly reflected in a widening of
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  Speaker 1: intellectual horizon among the people, who were thereby confronted by
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  Speaker 1: new problems. For unrepublican organization, national problems are problems of
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  Speaker 1: the people rather than of leaders only. The immediate result
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  Speaker 1: was renewed intellectual and industrial activity and the implanting of
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  Speaker 1: a trait which has dents become national, that is, enterprise.
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  Speaker 1: The more remote effects included development of interior commerce, the
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  Speaker 1: application of steam to inland navigation, the founding of a
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  Speaker 1: foreign carrying trade, and the real opening of that career
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  Speaker 1: of invention and manufacture which is given character to the
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  Speaker 1: American people. After eighteen years of internal development with a
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  Speaker 1: single international episode, Florida was acquired in eighteen twenty one,
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  Speaker 1: adding fifty nine thousand, two hundred sixty eight square miles
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  Speaker 1: of territory and nearly one thousand, five hundred miles of coastline,
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  Speaker 1: And such further impetus was given to enterprise that the
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  Speaker 1: more southerly Americans soon found their territory too narrow and
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  Speaker 1: pushed beyond the border. A consequence of this overflow was
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  Speaker 1: the separation of Texas from Mexico, followed in eighteen forty
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  Speaker 1: five by the annexation of this empire of three hundred
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  Speaker 1: seventy six x thousand, one hundred sixty three square miles
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  Speaker 1: with five hundred miles of coastline. Another consequence was the
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  Speaker 1: Treaty of Guadalupe Dalgo in eighteen forty eight, bringing in
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  Speaker 1: California and adjacent territory amounting to five hundred forty five thousand,
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  Speaker 1: seven hundred fifty three square miles and adding another one
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  Speaker 1: thousand miles to the coast. And a less direct consequence
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  Speaker 1: was the Gadsden Purchase of eighteen fifty three of forty
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  Speaker 1: four thousand, six hundred forty one square miles, rounding out
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  Speaker 1: the home territory to its present area of three million,
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  Speaker 1: twenty five thousand, six hundred square miles with some five thousand,
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  Speaker 1: five hundred miles of open coast. This career of territorial
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  Speaker 1: expansion in the half century from the Louisiana Purchase to
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  Speaker 1: Gadsden Purchase forms the most striking chapter in national development
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  Speaker 1: afforded by the history of the world. In the first place,
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  Speaker 1: the actual expansion in territory and coastline was almost unparalleled.
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  Speaker 1: The area was nearly quadrupled and the coastline more than tripled.
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  Speaker 1: In the second place, the greater part of the acquisition
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  Speaker 1: was amicable, coming in part as a voluntary offering. While
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  Speaker 1: in no case did armed force play more than an
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  Speaker 1: incidental role, there was no conquest in the sense in
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  Speaker 1: which the term is used in other countries. In the
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  Speaker 1: third place, the expansion was beyond precedent in the completeness
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  Speaker 1: and promptness with which the new territory was utilized and
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  Speaker 1: the new conditions assimilated. With each irreal addition, national enterprise
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  Speaker 1: merely formed a curb, removed, and sprang up spontaneously to
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  Speaker 1: meet the new tasks and the new problems presented by
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  Speaker 1: the new territory, and the energies of the people, withheld
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  Speaker 1: from martial conquest by moral sense, turned with unprecedented vigor
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  Speaker 1: to the conquest of nature, to the conversion of natural
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  Speaker 1: forces for human weal. Finally, the effect of the expansion
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  Speaker 1: on national character, foreshadowed by the advance of eighteen o three,
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  Speaker 1: was beyond all parallel for enterprise, interacted with enterprise, and
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  Speaker 1: brought forth an individual and collective activity among the massive
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  Speaker 1: citizens such as the world had not seen before. After
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  Speaker 1: eighteen fifty three, the nation wrested from expansion for fourteen years,
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  Speaker 1: of which four were devoted to the solution of grave
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  Speaker 1: internal problems. Then, in eighteen sixty seven, a bargain counter acquisition,
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  Speaker 1: giving little promise of verly profit, was made, whereby a
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  Speaker 1: territory estimated at five hundred thirty one thousand square miles
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  Speaker 1: with a relatively extensive coastline was added to the national possessions.
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  Speaker 1: The influence of this purchase on national progress and on
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  Speaker 1: national character was limited, save as a hard worked occasion
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  Speaker 1: for criticism of the policy of territorial deay development. The
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  Speaker 1: reaction from the internal tension of the early sixties and
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  Speaker 1: from the nearly profitless expansion of sixty seven naturally made
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  Speaker 1: itself felt in public policy. It has expressed in the
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  Speaker 1: thirty one years of respite from external growth. Now, after
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  Speaker 1: long begging for admission, has Texas bagged fifty years before
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  Speaker 1: Hawaii is admitted, with six thousand, six hundred forty square
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  Speaker 1: miles of area and a wealth of coastline. The Garden
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  Speaker 1: Island of Puerto Rico, three thousand, six hundred seventy square
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  Speaker 1: miles in area, is gladly entering the domain of America
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  Speaker 1: as an incident of a war for humanity's sake, and
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  Speaker 1: the hundreds of Philippine islands, comprising one hundred fourteen thousand,
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  Speaker 1: three hundred twenty six square miles of aggregate territory, are
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  Speaker 1: looking to America for protection and ultimate absorption. Considered merely
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  Speaker 1: as a territory, these additions, aggregating one hundred twenty four thousand,
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  Speaker 1: six hundred thirty six square miles would form but a
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  Speaker 1: ripple on the stream of national progress, even if consummated
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  Speaker 1: at once. The area is little more than twice that
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  Speaker 1: of the Gadsden purchase, yet less than twice that of
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  Speaker 1: the Florida purchase, only a third of that of the
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  Speaker 1: Texan annexation, less than a quarter so large as either
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  Speaker 1: the Californian acquisition or the Alaskan purchase, less than an
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  Speaker 1: eighth of the nation shaping acquisitions of eighteen oh three,
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  Speaker 1: less than four percent of the previous area. Apart from
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  Speaker 1: the events of eighteen ninety eight, one of the striking
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  Speaker 1: features of American history has been almost unparalleled territorial expansion
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  Speaker 1: with quite unparalleled territorial assimilation, and viewed in the light
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  Speaker 1: of this history, a comparatively slight expansion of eighteen ninety
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  Speaker 1: eight but marks the resumption of a career temporarily checked
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  Speaker 1: by a combination of circumstances. The territorial growth of the
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  Speaker 1: United States has been shaped constantly by natural conditions rather
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  Speaker 1: than national policy. For since the days of the first President,
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  Speaker 1: it has been the idea of the American citizen to
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  Speaker 1: avoid entangling alliances and foreign complications. Partly for this reason,
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  Speaker 1: the rapid enlargement of the domain of the United States
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  Speaker 1: met opposition at every step from conservative statesmen. The Louisiana
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  Speaker 1: purchase was almost a surprise even to those by whom
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  Speaker 1: it was consummated, while a large part of Oregon territory
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  Speaker 1: was literally thrown away in eighteen forty six by dint
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  Speaker 1: of political maneuvering, despite political platforms and the wishes of
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  Speaker 1: the inhabitants, and the self proposed annexation of Texas was
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  Speaker 1: successfully resisted for years. The acquisition of California was regarded
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  Speaker 1: as a special menace for the reason that its fertile
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  Speaker 1: valleys and commodious harbors were distant three months journey by
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  Speaker 1: land and six months voyage by water, while the territory
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  Speaker 1: was inhabited partly by treacherous aliens but mainly by savage tribes.
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  Speaker 1: Yet cautious statesmen, emboldened by the success of the Louisiana purchase,
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  Speaker 1: ventured on the step, despite the fact that America was
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  Speaker 1: still an experiment in nation making, with no standing among
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  Speaker 1: the powers, with a population of but twenty million, and
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  Speaker 1: with narrow commercial and industrial resources, and the step proved
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  Speaker 1: the most important in the career of the nation. In
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  Speaker 1: this as in other cases, the territory was ripe for
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  Speaker 1: acquisition by an enlightened nation. The inhabitants were ill governed
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  Speaker 1: and desirous of change. There was a need more or
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  Speaker 1: less fully felt for the extension of enlightenment in the
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  Speaker 1: dark places. In no case, save possibly that of Alaska,
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  Speaker 1: has expansion grown out of mercenary motives. Yet, in no case,
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  Speaker 1: save possibly Alaska, again, as the acquisition of territory failed
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  Speaker 1: to benefit the in head evidence of the territory acquired,
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  Speaker 1: the nation which made the acquisition, and the world at large.
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  Speaker 1: America's progress in territorial development has never been the outcome
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  Speaker 1: of ulterior policy. It has always been an expression of
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  Speaker 1: manifest destiny. The various elements of national growth are intimately related.
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  Speaker 1: Some of them are shown geographically in the accompanying table
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  Speaker 1: and diagram. The fundamental element is area, which is indicated
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  Speaker 1: in the line platted by ordinance and absisses in such
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  Speaker 1: manners to sow quantitatively the territory accessions and the intervening
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  Speaker 1: periods of inactivity. The line being projected on the assumption
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  Speaker 1: that the entire area of the Philippines, as well as
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  Speaker 1: Waii and Puerto Rico will been absorbed during the year.
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  Speaker 1: The next element is population, which is shown graphically from
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  Speaker 1: the census figures of seventeen ninety and later decades. It
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  Speaker 1: too is projected on the assumption that the one hundred
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  Speaker 1: nine thousand people of Hawaii, and also the eight hundred
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  Speaker 1: seven thousand people of Puerto Rico and the seven million
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  Speaker 1: people of the Philippines will be added to our population
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  Speaker 1: during the year. A function of these elements combined is
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  Speaker 1: population density, that is, the average population per square mile,
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  Speaker 1: which is platted from the census figures with the same
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  Speaker 1: assumptions concerning the expansion during eighteen ninety eight. The three
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  Speaker 1: lines of the diagram expressed several salient facts in American history.
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  Speaker 1: The territorial acquisitions have been enormous, much more than quadrupling
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  Speaker 1: the original area. No accession up to eighteen ninety eight
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  Speaker 1: has materially affected the population curve, Yet the population is
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  Speaker 1: steadily increased by a normal growth of beautiful symmetry. The
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  Speaker 1: density of population has also increased in the symmetric normal,
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  Speaker 1: interrupted by each of the greater accessions in area. The
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  Speaker 1: only noteworthy break in the population curve is that representing
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  Speaker 1: the teeming Filipinos, though even this does not materially affect
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  Speaker 1: the density curve. The steady increase in density of population
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  Speaker 1: in the United States is a striking and promising feature
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  Speaker 1: of national development. It is an equally striking and still
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  Speaker 1: more hopeful fact that, so far as the census values
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  Speaker 1: permit determination, each accession has stimulated the increase of population
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  Speaker 1: and has soon been followed by an increased population density.
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  Speaker 1: While each accession of area has tended to hasten the
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  Speaker 1: increase in population, other effects of even greater significance have followed,
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  Speaker 1: though figures for the expression of these effects are lacking.
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  Speaker 1: For the earlier decades in the history of the United States.
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  Speaker 1: The immediate effect of the acquisition of Louisiana and Oregon,
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  Speaker 1: with increase in navigation, both oceanic and interior, was a
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  Speaker 1: decided advance in domestic commerce. Budding in enterprise was directed
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  Speaker 1: to invention and steamboats replaced on the rivers, while improvements
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  Speaker 1: in agriculture were diligently sought. These advances were stimulated anew
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  Speaker 1: when Florida was acquired, and American carrying trade came to
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  Speaker 1: be a factor in the progress of the world. During
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  Speaker 1: the period of concentration following these acquisitions, canals were projected
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  Speaker 1: as auxiliaries to the natural waterways, while railroading was gradually
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  Speaker 1: introduced as a sort of auxiliary to river and canal.
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  Speaker 1: Then came the epoch marking accessions of the mid century,
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  Speaker 1: with a necessity for more expeditious transportation facilities than navigable
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  Speaker 1: waterways and ocean going vessels could possibly afford, and native
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  Speaker 1: genius responded by improving locomotives and railway building beyond the
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  Speaker 1: most sanguined dreams a progressive statesman and made America a
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  Speaker 1: railway nation, and the curve representing railway development is one
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  Speaker 1: of the striking features in the graphic history of the
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  Speaker 1: United States. The carrying trade in American bottoms was also stimulated,
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  Speaker 1: and its increase for a time almost kept pace with
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  Speaker 1: the growth of railroading. But the natural conditions which rendered
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  Speaker 1: the railway a necessity did not force genius and capital
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  Speaker 1: towards shipbuilding and maritime commerce, and when internal conditions checked
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  Speaker 1: these activities in the early sixties, they were not resumed,
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  Speaker 1: but permitted to fall into foreign hands. Accordingly, there is
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  Speaker 1: a single element of American growth which is of negative character,
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  Speaker 1: a single direction in which the less brilliant genius of
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  Speaker 1: non American promoters has been allowed to sap American strength,
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  Speaker 1: as shown by the curves representing the American carrying trade
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  Speaker 1: in American and foreign bottoms from eighteen twenty to eighteen
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  Speaker 1: ninety seven. The growth of the nation is indicated in
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  Speaker 1: an external or superficial way by the increase in area, population,
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  Speaker 1: and commercial agencies. That growth has been unprecedented in uniformity
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  Speaker 1: and rapidity, as indicated by the lines in the diagram.
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  Speaker 1: Yet the essential elements of American growth cannot be expressed
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  Speaker 1: in square miles of area. In linear miles of railway
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  Speaker 1: and waterway and transportchase and tonnage, or in other definite units.
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  Speaker 1: The real growth lies in the development of enterprise, intellectual
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  Speaker 1: and moral and physical vigor, or in brief intelligent individuality.
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  Speaker 1: The strength of America is indeed faintly suggested by broad
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  Speaker 1: territorial expanse taming millions of people and half the railways
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  Speaker 1: in the world. The real strength lies in the immeasurable
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  Speaker 1: capabilities of individuals who have already made noble conquest of
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  Speaker 1: nature's forces. And there are no units for measuring the
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  Speaker 1: spontaneous powers of freeman united by common impulse in the
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  Speaker 1: common task of elevating mankind and bettering the world. While
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  Speaker 1: there is no direct way of measuring the individuality, much
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  Speaker 1: less the unity of the American people, there are certain
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  Speaker 1: values indicating this quality even more clearly than area or population.
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  Speaker 1: One of these is wealth, individual and collective. Unfortunately, early
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  Speaker 1: figures for the expression of wealth are lacking, But since
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  Speaker 1: eighteen fifty, wealth has increased more rapidly than any other
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  Speaker 1: masorable factor in national progress, as illustrated by the remaining
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  Speaker 1: curves on the diagram. In the last half century, the
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  Speaker 1: population of the United States is more than tripled. Yet
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  Speaker 1: the wealth has more than thrice tripled, and the per
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  Speaker 1: capita wealth of the American citizen has risen far above
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  Speaker 1: the corresponding value for the other countries. This element of growth, too,
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  Speaker 1: is correlated with the increase in area, especially the epical
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  Speaker 1: accession of half a century ago. For although the statistics
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  Speaker 1: are wanting for the first half of the century, mere
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  Speaker 1: inspection of the later curves show that the rate of
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  Speaker 1: increase must have been at least double or tripled almost
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  Speaker 1: immediately after the acquisition of Texas and California. On reviewing
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  Speaker 1: the factors of national development, it becomes clear that territorial expansion,
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  Speaker 1: great as it has been, is not the principal one.
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  Speaker 1: For population has increased much more rapidly than area, while wealth,
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  Speaker 1: a partial expression of individual enterprise, has increased three times
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  Speaker 1: more rapidly than population. It becomes clearer than American progress
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  Speaker 1: resides in the conquest of nature rather than in the
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  Speaker 1: conquest of nations. Yet it is equally clear that every
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  Speaker 1: territorial accession gave new opportunity for growing enterprise, and was
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  Speaker 1: soon followed by new industries, new associations, new lines of thought,
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  Speaker 1: all contributing to increased individual wealth and augmented national strength.
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  Speaker 1: It is no less clear that the character of the
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  Speaker 1: territorial accession has shaped the character of the consequent progress.
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  Speaker 1: The Louisiana purchase created a demand for navigation on the
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  Speaker 1: Mississippi and its tributaries. The demand was met by the
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  Speaker 1: native genius, which is always with us, and the finest
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  Speaker 1: steam packet system in the world was developed to meet it.
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  Speaker 1: The conquest of California created demand for transportation facilities. It
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  Speaker 1: was met by the development of the American railway system.
• 18:38
  Speaker 1: The pushing of population into the arid districts created a
• 18:42
  Speaker 1: demand for irrigation. It has been met by the development
• 18:46
  Speaker 1: of irrigation engineering, irrigation laws, and other features of an
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  Speaker 1: irrigation system, which marks an era in national history. On
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  Speaker 1: the whole, it seems clear that the several factors of
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  Speaker 1: development are interrelated in a manner so natural and necessary
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  Speaker 1: as to produce that normal growth so conspicuous in the
• 19:08
  Speaker 1: history of the United States, that rapid territorial expansion of
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  Speaker 1: early decades was not too rapid for assimilation in the
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  Speaker 1: national structure, yet was rapid enough to meet national needs.
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  Speaker 1: A glance from the history of the nation to the
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  Speaker 1: centuries history of the world indicates the force and beneficence
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  Speaker 1: of the American example. The relations are too many for
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  Speaker 1: even summary statement. It may only be noted that the
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  Speaker 1: absorption of American ideas and the imitation of American methods
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  Speaker 1: by other peoples and nations proves that the progress of
• 19:46
  Speaker 1: this nation is meeting a need of the world. Cautious
• 19:51
  Speaker 1: students presaged the future from the history of the past,
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  Speaker 1: and the American of today must look to the lessons
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  Speaker 1: of eighteen o three, eighteen twenty one, eighteen forty five,
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  Speaker 1: and eighteen forty eight for indications of results to follow
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  Speaker 1: from the expansion of eighteen ninety eight. The trend of
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  Speaker 1: these lessons is clear. After generation of concentration, American energy
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  Speaker 1: is more tense than ever before. American enterprise and capital
• 20:19
  Speaker 1: are overflowing in every direction, in Canadian mines, in Mexican railways,
• 20:25
  Speaker 1: in South American plantations, and in scores of other ways.
• 20:28
  Speaker 1: American progress is outstripped that of the rest of the
• 20:31
  Speaker 1: world in every line save that of oceanic shipping. American
• 20:36
  Speaker 1: genius will not be pent and is bound to diffuse
• 20:39
  Speaker 1: itself by individual effort, if not by national action. Such
• 20:44
  Speaker 1: is the present condition of the United States, as demonstrated
• 20:48
  Speaker 1: by any fair arrangement of figures or growth curves. The
• 20:52
  Speaker 1: young giant is rending his chains. The prospect is definite.
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  Speaker 1: Just as the Louisiana purchase an eighteen oh three made
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  Speaker 1: America a steamboat nation, and just as the acquisition of
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  Speaker 1: California in eighteen forty eight made America a railway and
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  Speaker 1: telegraph nation, so the acquisition of Hawaii and Puerto Rico,
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  Speaker 1: and above all of the Philippines in eighteen ninety eight
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  Speaker 1: must make America the naval nation of the Earth. For
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  Speaker 1: the problem born of the accession would be that problem
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  Speaker 1: of navigation, which needs American genius for its final solution,
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  Speaker 1: while America needs the incentive to strengthen that element in
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  Speaker 1: which alone she is weak. The Philippines are remote, only
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  Speaker 1: a fraction, so remote in time as was California half
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  Speaker 1: century ago, yet remote enough to compel the invention of
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  Speaker 1: devices for shortening time in annihilating space, and the problem
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  Speaker 1: of bringing Manila within a fortnight of San Francisco is
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  Speaker 1: one worthy of the genius of the inventors of the
• 21:57
  Speaker 1: innumerable devices involved in steamboatvating, railroading, and telegraphing giffen swift vessels.
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  Speaker 1: The other problems presented by the Garden of the East
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  Speaker 1: are of less consequence, save as forecasting direction for the
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  Speaker 1: profitable expenditure of long pent energy. The seven million pastoral
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  Speaker 1: natives and tax gathering Spaniards are far less menaced to
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  Speaker 1: our quadruple population and multiplied power than were the savage
• 22:26
  Speaker 1: tribes and resident Mexicans of California. While it is the
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  Speaker 1: special function of the Republican form of government to render
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  Speaker 1: the inhabitants of acquired territory not only self supporting, but
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  Speaker 1: self governing, the progress of mankind may be measured by
• 22:43
  Speaker 1: advance and speed of locomotion, beginning with fleetness of foot,
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  Speaker 1: coming up through fleetness of ridden and driven animals, and
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  Speaker 1: ending with swiftness of locomotive engines and sea going craft.
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  Speaker 1: And with vessels of sufficient swiftness and projectiles of sufficient velocity,
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  Speaker 1: there need be little fear of foreign complications, little occasion
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  Speaker 1: for maintaining great navies. For if commercial competition be but aroused,
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  Speaker 1: individual effort may be trusted to develop the devices required
• 23:15
  Speaker 1: for national protection. The fact that a quickly converted merchantman
• 23:21
  Speaker 1: commanded by a sigsby, or that a hastily armed yacht
• 23:24
  Speaker 1: commanded by a wainwright can wreck a torpedo boat. Destroyers
• 23:28
  Speaker 1: and naval theory together is full of promise, since it
• 23:32
  Speaker 1: is the normal function of a free nation to produce
• 23:35
  Speaker 1: sigsbs and wain rights, to develop swiftness and certainty of action,
• 23:40
  Speaker 1: and meet emergencies as they arise. Nor need there be
• 23:44
  Speaker 1: fear of occasion for large standing armies, since citizens require
• 23:49
  Speaker 1: no such restraint and constraint as unwilling subjects, and are
• 23:54
  Speaker 1: ever ready to rise in patriotic and thinking might to
• 23:57
  Speaker 1: support the nation of which they are voluntary parts. The
• 24:02
  Speaker 1: history of the growth of the United States is one
• 24:05
  Speaker 1: of unequaled progress in territorial acquisition, in normal development of population,
• 24:11
  Speaker 1: an augmentation of wealth, and above all, in development of
• 24:15
  Speaker 1: a national character in which individual enterprise and capacity are
• 24:19
  Speaker 1: the most conspicuous traits. There is but a single line
• 24:23
  Speaker 1: in which progress has been sluggish, and that is the
• 24:26
  Speaker 1: line which must inevitably be strengthened through the stirring episodes
• 24:30
  Speaker 1: of eighteen ninety eight, and in case the accession extends
• 24:35
  Speaker 1: to far Luzan and mindanao America must soon lead the
• 24:39
  Speaker 1: world in ocean navigation as in other directions, and begin
• 24:43
  Speaker 1: a conquest of the sea no less complete and noble
• 24:46
  Speaker 1: than the conquest of the land already wrought. More than
• 24:51
  Speaker 1: all else, the territorial acquisitions must contribute toward the extension
• 24:55
  Speaker 1: of enlightenment, toward the elevation of humanity, and toward the
• 24:59
  Speaker 1: all peace and welfare of the world. He errs who
• 25:03
  Speaker 1: forgets the history of his country. Every citizen of the
• 25:07
  Speaker 1: United States would do well to remember the decades past
• 25:11
  Speaker 1: and realize that the growth of eighteen ninety eight marks
• 25:14
  Speaker 1: no new policy, but is but the normal continuation of
• 25:18
  Speaker 1: a course of development successfully pursued for a century. And
• 25:25
  Speaker 1: of Section.
• 25:26
  Speaker 2: One, Section two of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine,
• 25:36
  Speaker 2: September eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 25:40
  Speaker 2: LibriVox recordings in the public domain. For more information or
• 25:43
  Speaker 2: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read by Marianne
• 25:49
  Speaker 2: The Bitter Root Forest Preserve by Richard U. Good US
• 25:54
  Speaker 2: Geological Survey. As a result of inadequately fraysed laws, of
• 26:01
  Speaker 2: the indifference of those charged with the execution of these laws,
• 26:04
  Speaker 2: and the reckless greed of private enterprise, the forests of
• 26:07
  Speaker 2: this country, which at one time were of vast and
• 26:11
  Speaker 2: apparently inexhaustible proportions, are gradually wasting away. In eighteen sixty
• 26:16
  Speaker 2: there were about twenty thousand sawmills, in eighteen seventy about
• 26:20
  Speaker 2: twenty six thousand, and in eighteen eighty about the same number.
• 26:25
  Speaker 2: In eighteen ninety one, however, the number was reduced to
• 26:27
  Speaker 2: about twenty one thousand, this reduction being largely due to
• 26:32
  Speaker 2: the fact that the supply of available material was becoming
• 26:34
  Speaker 2: scarcer and more inaccessible. Practically, it has been impossible to
• 26:39
  Speaker 2: place any restraint upon those desiring to use the timber
• 26:42
  Speaker 2: on the public lands for any purpose whatever. One law
• 26:45
  Speaker 2: provides that citizens may cut and remove, for building, agricultural, mining,
• 26:49
  Speaker 2: and other domestic purposes, any trees growing on mineral lands,
• 26:53
  Speaker 2: while another permits residents to take timber from non mineral lands,
• 26:57
  Speaker 2: and the land is usually held to be mineral or
• 26:59
  Speaker 2: non minuals as may suit the particular case. There are
• 27:03
  Speaker 2: numerous other laws on the statute books under which timber
• 27:06
  Speaker 2: may be taken under some show of legality, and in
• 27:08
  Speaker 2: taking out the matured trees, no attention has usually been
• 27:12
  Speaker 2: given to the preservation of the young growth, and much
• 27:14
  Speaker 2: that could not be used has been destroyed. Added to
• 27:17
  Speaker 2: the above causes have been the forest fires started, either
• 27:21
  Speaker 2: through accident or design, so that the question has begun
• 27:24
  Speaker 2: to assume such a serious aspect that prompt measures have
• 27:27
  Speaker 2: been deemed necessary by those interested in the preservation of
• 27:30
  Speaker 2: the forests. As a result of this agitation, a commission
• 27:35
  Speaker 2: of the Natural Academy of Sciences was appointed in eighteen
• 27:37
  Speaker 2: ninety six for the purpose of making an investigation of
• 27:40
  Speaker 2: the subject. This commission submitted a report recommending the establishment
• 27:45
  Speaker 2: of thirteen forest reservations containing an aggregate area of twenty
• 27:49
  Speaker 2: one million, three hundred seventy nine thousand, eight hundred and
• 27:52
  Speaker 2: forty acres or about thirty three thousand, four hundred square miles.
• 27:58
  Speaker 2: In conformity with this recommendation, Nation President Cleveland under date
• 28:02
  Speaker 2: of February twenty second, eighteen ninety seven, set apart from
• 28:05
  Speaker 2: entry or settlement, the various areas as recommended, one being
• 28:09
  Speaker 2: the bitter Root Forest Preserve. Previous to this, there had
• 28:13
  Speaker 2: already been established by executive proclamation in various localities in
• 28:17
  Speaker 2: the West reservations comprising a total area of seventeen million,
• 28:21
  Speaker 2: five hundred thousand acres or about twenty seven thousand, three
• 28:25
  Speaker 2: hundred square miles. Following immediately upon President Cleveland's proclamation, protests
• 28:30
  Speaker 2: and complaints began to pour into the executive Mansion, and
• 28:33
  Speaker 2: when President McKinley came into office, he found himself in
• 28:36
  Speaker 2: a somewhat embarrassing position. People having interests that were supposed
• 28:40
  Speaker 2: to be detrimentally affected, claiming that the reservations had been
• 28:43
  Speaker 2: made without thorough investigation and without consulting local requirements. In
• 28:48
  Speaker 2: order to relieve the situation and to obtain time for
• 28:50
  Speaker 2: further investigation, legislation was enacted providing for the survey by
• 28:55
  Speaker 2: the U S Geological Survey of all lands heretofore designated
• 28:59
  Speaker 2: as forest reserves, suspending President Cleveland's proclamation except as to
• 29:03
  Speaker 2: the reservations in California, and restoring all others to the
• 29:06
  Speaker 2: public domain, but providing that such lands not otherwise disposed
• 29:10
  Speaker 2: of before March first, eighteen ninety eight, should again become
• 29:14
  Speaker 2: subject to President Cleveland's proclamation. The function of the Geological
• 29:19
  Speaker 2: Survey in the matter has been to ascertain and report
• 29:21
  Speaker 2: on the facts relating to the forced reserves, so that
• 29:25
  Speaker 2: intelligent action may be taken at the proper time. As
• 29:27
  Speaker 2: to the disposition of the whole question, there is probably
• 29:31
  Speaker 2: no portion of the country exclusive of Alaska, about which
• 29:34
  Speaker 2: there was so little known as the territory included in
• 29:36
  Speaker 2: the Bitter Root Reserve. It therefore became necessary to commence
• 29:41
  Speaker 2: ab initio, as nothing whatever was available from a geographic
• 29:45
  Speaker 2: standpoint in considering questions of this kind. The value of
• 29:48
  Speaker 2: reliable maps cannot be overestimated. The engineer, the geologist, the botanist,
• 29:54
  Speaker 2: or any one practically interested in any of the sciences
• 29:57
  Speaker 2: pure or applied, must have an accurate as a basis
• 30:01
  Speaker 2: for any thoroughly satisfactory investigation. And it thus came about
• 30:05
  Speaker 2: that a large proportion of the amount appropriated for forestry
• 30:08
  Speaker 2: surveys was expended in the preparation of topographic maps. The
• 30:14
  Speaker 2: first step was to determine an astronomic position, measure a baseline,
• 30:18
  Speaker 2: and expand a system of triangulation which would serve to
• 30:21
  Speaker 2: furnish starting in control points. A location for the astronomic
• 30:25
  Speaker 2: station was selected in the town of Hamilton, Montana, and
• 30:29
  Speaker 2: the latitude and longitude of a masonry pier built at
• 30:31
  Speaker 2: this point was determined. This work was performed by mister S. S. Gannett,
• 30:37
  Speaker 2: who had the cooperation in the longitude work of Professor H. S. Pritchett,
• 30:42
  Speaker 2: then of the Washington University at Saint Louis and now
• 30:45
  Speaker 2: Superintendent of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. The
• 30:50
  Speaker 2: latitude was obtained by circumzenith observations on fifty six pairs
• 30:54
  Speaker 2: of stars, and the longitude by time observations and telegraphic
• 30:58
  Speaker 2: exchange of clock signals with Sainte Lewis on five nights.
• 31:02
  Speaker 2: The probable air of the results obtained for this position
• 31:05
  Speaker 2: was very small, so that it was certain within a
• 31:07
  Speaker 2: few feet the surface of the whole terrestrial globe being
• 31:10
  Speaker 2: taken into consideration. The next process was to measure a baseline,
• 31:15
  Speaker 2: one end of which would be connected with the astronomical pier.
• 31:19
  Speaker 2: This line was measured along a tangent of the Northern
• 31:22
  Speaker 2: Pacific Railroad. The total length of it was five point
• 31:25
  Speaker 2: three three miles, and the difference between the two measurements
• 31:29
  Speaker 2: after all corrections had been applied was about one inch.
• 31:32
  Speaker 2: That is, the probable air was about one two, three
• 31:36
  Speaker 2: hundred and thirty eight thousandth part of the length from
• 31:43
  Speaker 2: this baseline was expanded a system of triangulation, which was
• 31:46
  Speaker 2: executed with great care within certain limits, the triangles closing
• 31:50
  Speaker 2: with an average air of two seconds. Beyond these, it
• 31:54
  Speaker 2: was extended as a reconnaissance survey, but it is believed
• 31:58
  Speaker 2: that the results obtained will be entirely sufficient for map
• 32:01
  Speaker 2: making purposes, although it will eventually be completed in a
• 32:04
  Speaker 2: more refined way. The surveys were under the general direction
• 32:08
  Speaker 2: of mister E. C. Bernard, who was personally in charge
• 32:11
  Speaker 2: of a party engaged in the detailed mapping of the
• 32:14
  Speaker 2: Bitter Root Valley and the adjacent mountains. He had as
• 32:17
  Speaker 2: assistants in charge of sub parties Messrs J. B. Lippincott
• 32:22
  Speaker 2: and H. S. Hack Bush. The bounding lines of this
• 32:26
  Speaker 2: reserve are defined in part by the land lines of
• 32:29
  Speaker 2: the public land system, none of which has been surveyed.
• 32:32
  Speaker 2: For the purpose of locating these boundaries, and also for
• 32:35
  Speaker 2: establishing a basis from which other township and section lines
• 32:38
  Speaker 2: could be projected, a special party under mister Hackbush was organized,
• 32:43
  Speaker 2: and the results of this work were the determination and
• 32:45
  Speaker 2: marking of the greater portion of the eastern boundary. The
• 32:50
  Speaker 2: existing law relating to the subdivision of the public land
• 32:52
  Speaker 2: requires that all linear measurements shall be made with a chain,
• 32:56
  Speaker 2: a method which, in the heavily timbered and mountainous country
• 32:59
  Speaker 2: is very accurate and laborious. The men engaged in this
• 33:03
  Speaker 2: class of work encountered many hardships, exhausting their physical strength,
• 33:07
  Speaker 2: and were able to accomplish so little at a large
• 33:09
  Speaker 2: expense that the question of feasibility of doing it by
• 33:12
  Speaker 2: triangulation presented itself, and legislation has been proposed granting authority
• 33:16
  Speaker 2: to the Geological Survey to locate township corners in the
• 33:20
  Speaker 2: forest reserve by this method. The area of the bitter
• 33:24
  Speaker 2: Root Forest Reserve is about sixty five hundred square miles,
• 33:27
  Speaker 2: about one sixth being in Montana and the remaining portion
• 33:31
  Speaker 2: in Idaho, the crest of the bitter Root Mountains forming
• 33:34
  Speaker 2: the boundary line between the two states in this locality,
• 33:37
  Speaker 2: and the problem presented itself as to how a satisfactory
• 33:40
  Speaker 2: map for the purpose of illustrating the forestry features could
• 33:44
  Speaker 2: be prepared in the comparatively short field season that the
• 33:47
  Speaker 2: weather conditions made possible. A reconnaissance map was decided upon,
• 33:52
  Speaker 2: and the assistant mister J. B. Lippicott, who executed the
• 33:56
  Speaker 2: triangulation was instructed to take with him a light plain
• 34:00
  Speaker 2: table outfit for the purpose of making such a map.
• 34:03
  Speaker 2: The map prepared does not lay claim to absolute accuracy,
• 34:07
  Speaker 2: but it is considered sufficiently so to answer the purpose
• 34:10
  Speaker 2: for which it was made, that is, to show the
• 34:12
  Speaker 2: drainage system, the general character of the forests, et cetera.
• 34:16
  Speaker 2: Contours were sketched to show the relative differences of elevation
• 34:19
  Speaker 2: and slopes, and such elevations as were mathematically determined are
• 34:23
  Speaker 2: given in figures. Also on the maps are indicated all
• 34:27
  Speaker 2: trails and such wagon roads as exist. Mister Lippincott was
• 34:31
  Speaker 2: also instructed to secure numerous photographs and to obtain all
• 34:35
  Speaker 2: possible information relating to the forestry, the agricultural and mineral development,
• 34:40
  Speaker 2: and the hydrography of the reserve, and many of the
• 34:43
  Speaker 2: facts mentioned here are taken from his report. No exact
• 34:47
  Speaker 2: definition of what might be properly included in the Bitterroot
• 34:50
  Speaker 2: Mountain Range has ever been authoritatively determined, and it is
• 34:54
  Speaker 2: very doubtful if sufficient information as to the physiography of
• 34:57
  Speaker 2: the region exists to satisfactorily all the question present. But
• 35:01
  Speaker 2: there can be no doubt that all the reserve under
• 35:04
  Speaker 2: consideration is within the limits of the bitter Root Mountains.
• 35:08
  Speaker 2: The conclusions of the writer in the matter are therefore
• 35:10
  Speaker 2: to be taken as a broad generalization, to be modified
• 35:13
  Speaker 2: as new facts are brought to light. First, with reference
• 35:17
  Speaker 2: to the crest line, this may be considered as extending
• 35:21
  Speaker 2: on the north from the vicinity of Lake pend dooral
• 35:24
  Speaker 2: to the low divide at the south end of the
• 35:26
  Speaker 2: Bitterroot Valley, between the drainage of the bitter Root Creek
• 35:30
  Speaker 2: and that of the north fork of the Salmon River.
• 35:33
  Speaker 2: It is thought that these mountains should not include territory
• 35:36
  Speaker 2: further southward, as it is considered desirable to classify the
• 35:39
  Speaker 2: bitter Root Range as entirely tributary to Pacific drainage. The
• 35:44
  Speaker 2: continuation of the divide southward is drained to the eastward
• 35:47
  Speaker 2: by the tributaries of the Missouri, and should probably be
• 35:50
  Speaker 2: included in the Rocky Mountain system. The northern portion of
• 35:54
  Speaker 2: the bitter Roots as thus defined, will include the Cordelaine Mountains,
• 35:59
  Speaker 2: as it is believed that the latter should not have
• 36:01
  Speaker 2: a coordinate rank in the orography of this region, but
• 36:04
  Speaker 2: should be assigned as a subordinate range of the bitter
• 36:07
  Speaker 2: Root system. If an attempt is made to differentiate these
• 36:10
  Speaker 2: two ranges as independent systems, Saint Regis Pass would serve
• 36:14
  Speaker 2: to break the continuity. With the assumption of continuity, the
• 36:18
  Speaker 2: eastern and northeastern limits of the system become very easily defined,
• 36:22
  Speaker 2: that is, by the drainage of the Clark's Fork of
• 36:25
  Speaker 2: the Columbia. It also seems very clear that the Salmon
• 36:30
  Speaker 2: River should define the southern limits of these mountains. Just
• 36:33
  Speaker 2: how far to the westward they should be considered as
• 36:36
  Speaker 2: extending is not clear, but as a preliminary classification, they
• 36:39
  Speaker 2: may be determined as extending toward these Snake River plains
• 36:43
  Speaker 2: until they lose their identity as mountain masses. This classification
• 36:47
  Speaker 2: would assign the clear Water Mountains to a secondary position
• 36:51
  Speaker 2: in the same manner as the Cordelaine have been subordinated.
• 36:56
  Speaker 2: In detail, the principal draining systems in an adjacent to
• 36:59
  Speaker 2: these mountain mountains are the bitter Root, the clear Water,
• 37:02
  Speaker 2: and the Salmon rivers. On the eastern slope is the
• 37:05
  Speaker 2: bitter Root River, one fork of which heads in the
• 37:08
  Speaker 2: southeast corner of the reserve and flows northward through the
• 37:12
  Speaker 2: fertile valleys of the same name. This valley separates the
• 37:16
  Speaker 2: Rocky Mountains from the bitter Root Range for a distance
• 37:19
  Speaker 2: of about one hundred miles, and at present has a
• 37:21
  Speaker 2: good agricultural development. The main valley has a width of
• 37:25
  Speaker 2: about eight or ten miles, its floor being comparatively level,
• 37:29
  Speaker 2: composed of lecustrine deposits, and very fertile under irrigation. When
• 37:34
  Speaker 2: the drainage of the ancient lake occurred, there was left
• 37:37
  Speaker 2: a heavy deposit of gravel and other sediment through which
• 37:40
  Speaker 2: the bitter Root River is still cutting, and this process
• 37:43
  Speaker 2: has shifted the floodplain back and forth, the result being
• 37:46
  Speaker 2: that in some portions of the valley, well defined terraces
• 37:49
  Speaker 2: have been carved out, corresponding to the older floodplains. The
• 37:54
  Speaker 2: bitter Root River joins the Missoula near the town of
• 37:57
  Speaker 2: the same name and ultimately finds an outlet in the
• 38:00
  Speaker 2: Columbia River through Clark's Ford and Lake Pendaurel. The streams
• 38:06
  Speaker 2: constituting this drainage are remarkably straight and of a very
• 38:08
  Speaker 2: steep gradient. Their tangent like course is due primarily to
• 38:12
  Speaker 2: glacial agencies, and they have not become modified on account
• 38:16
  Speaker 2: of the extreme hardness of the rocks. They seek the
• 38:19
  Speaker 2: straight and direct course, and do not loiter amid the
• 38:22
  Speaker 2: inhospitable granite to carve out for themselves gentle curves. In
• 38:26
  Speaker 2: their haste to reach the valley, they leap and jump,
• 38:28
  Speaker 2: and are tossed from boulder to boulder, now lashing themselves
• 38:32
  Speaker 2: into fleecy whiteness, and now circling in emerald eddies as
• 38:35
  Speaker 2: they plunge into some quiet pool where they find a
• 38:38
  Speaker 2: moment's rest and gather strength for their ever downward course.
• 38:42
  Speaker 2: The beds are filled with boulders, and the sides of
• 38:45
  Speaker 2: the canyons are precipitous and almost entirely bare of vegetation.
• 38:49
  Speaker 2: These streams, in their incessant activity, are not only continually
• 38:52
  Speaker 2: deepening their own beds in the attempt to reach base level,
• 38:56
  Speaker 2: but are gradually working their way westward and capturing the
• 38:58
  Speaker 2: tributaries of the less active affluence of the clear water,
• 39:02
  Speaker 2: causing what is termed a migration of the divide. The
• 39:06
  Speaker 2: shifting or migration of a divide is due to the
• 39:09
  Speaker 2: weathering or wasting away of the crest line, and may
• 39:12
  Speaker 2: result from various causes. It seems probable that the main
• 39:16
  Speaker 2: crest of the bitter Roots has moved to the westward,
• 39:19
  Speaker 2: owing to the fact that the highest points at present
• 39:21
  Speaker 2: are all east of the crest line. Ward Peak is
• 39:25
  Speaker 2: eight miles to the east and about eight hundred feet
• 39:27
  Speaker 2: higher than the general elevation of the divide, and Saint
• 39:30
  Speaker 2: Mary's and al Capitan Peaks each attain an elevation considerably
• 39:33
  Speaker 2: higher than the divide. The portion of the reserve west
• 39:39
  Speaker 2: of the summit of the bitter Root Mountains. That portion
• 39:42
  Speaker 2: in Idaho is drained by the clear Water and Salmon Rivers,
• 39:45
  Speaker 2: about ninety percent of the territory being tributary to the former.
• 39:49
  Speaker 2: Both of these streams are affluents of the Stake River,
• 39:52
  Speaker 2: the clear Water forming its junction at Lewiston, and the
• 39:55
  Speaker 2: Salmon about fifty miles above to the southward. The Salmon
• 39:59
  Speaker 2: has known courtant tributaries within the limits of the reserve.
• 40:03
  Speaker 2: The Clearwater has four principal branches, The North Clearwater, the
• 40:07
  Speaker 2: drainage area of which is largely north of the reserve.
• 40:10
  Speaker 2: The Laksha or Middle Clearwater, which has its source about
• 40:14
  Speaker 2: the base of Saint Mary's and Saint Joseph's Peaks. The
• 40:17
  Speaker 2: Main Clearwater, which drains, the crest line from Lost Horse
• 40:20
  Speaker 2: Pass to the Nez Pierce Pass, and the South Clearwater
• 40:24
  Speaker 2: or American River, the smallest of the four, whose drainage
• 40:27
  Speaker 2: basin is in the southwestern portion of the reserve and
• 40:30
  Speaker 2: extends within a few miles of the canyon of the
• 40:32
  Speaker 2: Salmon River. It may be mentioned that the location of
• 40:36
  Speaker 2: the Salmon River in this locality, as shown on the
• 40:38
  Speaker 2: best existing maps, was found to be in air by
• 40:42
  Speaker 2: from ten to fifteen miles. The streams constituting the Clearwater
• 40:47
  Speaker 2: system flow generally in a western direction, and while the
• 40:50
  Speaker 2: various affluents come from almost every direction, the general result
• 40:54
  Speaker 2: is a series of secondary east and west ranges which
• 40:57
  Speaker 2: have no well defined connection with the main range. The
• 41:00
  Speaker 2: summits of the ridges are from three thousand to five
• 41:03
  Speaker 2: thousand feet above their enclosing canyons, and each ridge rises
• 41:06
  Speaker 2: to the same general elevation, so that were a surface
• 41:10
  Speaker 2: laid through all the crest lines, it would be of
• 41:12
  Speaker 2: an unduating and moderately irregular character. We may therefore assume
• 41:16
  Speaker 2: with some degree of certainty that the surface represents an
• 41:19
  Speaker 2: old topographic form, an old plain or peneplain of denudation,
• 41:25
  Speaker 2: to which the country was reduced after a long period
• 41:28
  Speaker 2: of erosion. The rocks of the Bitterroot Mountains are granite
• 41:32
  Speaker 2: and slates, the granite formation being the northward continuation of
• 41:37
  Speaker 2: the enormous granite mass of southern Idaho, one of the
• 41:40
  Speaker 2: largest in the United States. The slates, which are confined
• 41:44
  Speaker 2: to the northern portion of the reserve, constitute a part
• 41:46
  Speaker 2: of the belt formation, these rocks being the oldest stratified
• 41:50
  Speaker 2: beds of the Rocky Mountain region. At some point since
• 41:54
  Speaker 2: the Carboniferous, the great body of granite out of which
• 41:57
  Speaker 2: this immense tract was carved was in as a molden
• 42:01
  Speaker 2: fluid of mass from below upward into the slates. This
• 42:06
  Speaker 2: molten rock cooled slowly, as is shown by its coarseness
• 42:09
  Speaker 2: of grain, and it must have cooled beneath a cover
• 42:11
  Speaker 2: of slates. But this cover has been almost entirely removed,
• 42:15
  Speaker 2: and the granite itself is deeply cut and dissected. At
• 42:19
  Speaker 2: the time when volcanic activity was so predominant a feature
• 42:22
  Speaker 2: in the Yellowstone Park, and the great lava flows of
• 42:25
  Speaker 2: basalt dammed up the Snake in Columbia rivers. West of
• 42:27
  Speaker 2: these mountains, the bitter Root Valley was affected by tilting
• 42:31
  Speaker 2: of the earth, so that the drainage was in many
• 42:34
  Speaker 2: cases reversed, and the Bitterroot River was dammed back, forming
• 42:38
  Speaker 2: the Bitterroot Lake, which was over one thousand feet in depth.
• 42:42
  Speaker 2: The overflowing waters of the lake gradually deepened the outlet
• 42:46
  Speaker 2: and drained the lake, clearing out a large part of
• 42:49
  Speaker 2: the sediment, a work not yet entirely accomplished, as the
• 42:52
  Speaker 2: valley has not been cut down to its former level.
• 42:55
  Speaker 2: The many lakes which nestle in the mountain, amphitheaters and
• 42:59
  Speaker 2: dot the plateaus are the result of glacial occupancy. In
• 43:03
  Speaker 2: connection with the reconnaissance survey, a forest map was prepared
• 43:06
  Speaker 2: and it is published herewith This map indicates the features
• 43:10
  Speaker 2: of the forest in the broadest way, no attempt having
• 43:13
  Speaker 2: been made to differentiate the species. Two zones of forest
• 43:16
  Speaker 2: trees are native to the Montana slopes of the bitter
• 43:19
  Speaker 2: Root Reserve, the yellow Pine and the Subalpine fur about
• 43:23
  Speaker 2: one fourth of the growth belonging to the former, which
• 43:26
  Speaker 2: has a range from the lowest elevations to fifty eight
• 43:29
  Speaker 2: hundred feet, and three fourths to the latter, which has
• 43:32
  Speaker 2: arranged from forty two hundred feet to the highest altitudes.
• 43:35
  Speaker 2: In the yellow pine zone, the yellow pine constitutes about
• 43:38
  Speaker 2: twenty percent of the growth and the hemlock spruce about
• 43:41
  Speaker 2: sixty percent, the remaining twenty percent being distributed among other
• 43:45
  Speaker 2: trees included in the zone, the lodge pole pine, white fur,
• 43:49
  Speaker 2: and balsam fur. In the subalpine zone, the lodge pole
• 43:54
  Speaker 2: pine constitutes by far the greatest portion, about ninety percent
• 43:57
  Speaker 2: of the growth, the remaining ten percent being lyell, tamarak,
• 44:02
  Speaker 2: subalpine fur, white bark pine, white fur, angleman fur, and yew.
• 44:09
  Speaker 2: Strictly speaking, only the yellow pine should be classed as
• 44:11
  Speaker 2: commercial timber, as it alone is used for lumbering purposes,
• 44:15
  Speaker 2: but on the map are included under this head the tamarak,
• 44:18
  Speaker 2: the fur, and the white bark pine, as they may
• 44:21
  Speaker 2: be applied to local purposes and have, to that extent
• 44:24
  Speaker 2: some commercial value. The yellow pine may be considered as
• 44:28
  Speaker 2: constituting the entire growth as shown on the map between
• 44:31
  Speaker 2: the bitter Root Valley and the summit. The areas indicated
• 44:35
  Speaker 2: as bare on the map are not wholly so, there
• 44:37
  Speaker 2: being no portion of the bitter Root reserve entirely above
• 44:39
  Speaker 2: the timberline, as everywhere even on the loftiest summits and
• 44:44
  Speaker 2: most precipitous ridges, especially on the southern slopes, are found
• 44:47
  Speaker 2: straggling trees, but for the purpose of graphic illustration, it
• 44:51
  Speaker 2: has been represented as it has. Along the crest, the
• 44:56
  Speaker 2: growth is very sparse, but as the projecting spurs reach
• 45:00
  Speaker 2: out to the westward and attain lower altitudes, they are
• 45:03
  Speaker 2: usually covered with a forest growth, especially where their sides
• 45:06
  Speaker 2: are too precipitous to admit a vegetation. There are on
• 45:09
  Speaker 2: the western slopes of the Bitterroot Mountain's three primary forest zones,
• 45:14
  Speaker 2: namely the subalpine fur, the white pine, and the yellow pine.
• 45:18
  Speaker 2: The sabalpine fur zone extends from the crest altitudes to
• 45:22
  Speaker 2: about fifty eight hundred feet above sea level and includes
• 45:25
  Speaker 2: the white bark pine, the Lodgepole pine, the Engleman spruce,
• 45:29
  Speaker 2: the Lyell larch, and the subalpine fur. The white pine
• 45:34
  Speaker 2: zone has an approximate range from an altitude of fifty
• 45:36
  Speaker 2: eight hundred feet to about two thousand feet and includes
• 45:39
  Speaker 2: the white fur, the Lodgepole pine, the Engleman spruce, the cedar,
• 45:44
  Speaker 2: and the yew. The yellow pine zone extends from elevations
• 45:47
  Speaker 2: of twenty five hundred feet in the valleys to nearly
• 45:49
  Speaker 2: six thousand feet on the western and southern slopes, and
• 45:52
  Speaker 2: to forty five hundred on the northern and eastern slopes,
• 45:55
  Speaker 2: and includes the yellow pine, the white fir, the hemlock spruce,
• 45:59
  Speaker 2: the lodge pine, the western birch, the paper birch, the
• 46:03
  Speaker 2: balm of gilleab poplar, and the aspen, besides various willows
• 46:07
  Speaker 2: and alders. The distribution of the growth in the subalpine
• 46:11
  Speaker 2: zone is about the same as in the similar zone
• 46:14
  Speaker 2: east of the crest. The trees constituting the white pine
• 46:18
  Speaker 2: zone are divided approximately into three equal portions, the white
• 46:21
  Speaker 2: fur forming one portion, the ced are the second, and
• 46:24
  Speaker 2: the lodgepole pine in engleman spruce the third. The species
• 46:28
  Speaker 2: of trees occurring in the yellow pine zone may be
• 46:30
  Speaker 2: divided approximately in two portions, the hemlock spruce constituting one
• 46:35
  Speaker 2: and the yellow pine and white fur the other, the former, however,
• 46:38
  Speaker 2: being about three times more abundant than the latter. From
• 46:42
  Speaker 2: the foregoing, it will be observed that at least ninety
• 46:44
  Speaker 2: eight percent of the trees in the reserve are coniferous,
• 46:47
  Speaker 2: the exceptions being of few cottonwoods, maples and various bushes
• 46:51
  Speaker 2: bearing berries. The most striking feature presented by this map
• 46:55
  Speaker 2: is the large portion of it that has been burned,
• 46:57
  Speaker 2: over nearly all of it having been visited at various
• 47:00
  Speaker 2: times by fires, and at least one third of the
• 47:03
  Speaker 2: standing timber having been destroyed. The map indicates clearly the
• 47:07
  Speaker 2: burned zones, and an attempt has been made to show
• 47:09
  Speaker 2: by percentage figures the proportion of the timber that has
• 47:12
  Speaker 2: been completely destroyed. The foregoing illustration depicts a scene of
• 47:18
  Speaker 2: which all Americans should be ashamed. The Aborigines held this
• 47:22
  Speaker 2: region for many ages as a sacred trust transmitted from
• 47:25
  Speaker 2: generation to generation. They recognized his beauty and utility, and
• 47:30
  Speaker 2: did not to impair the grandeur of the one or
• 47:32
  Speaker 2: the permanence of the other. And what has the Anglo
• 47:35
  Speaker 2: Saxon done? As a community is visited by devastating scourge,
• 47:40
  Speaker 2: as a face is disfigured by some foul disease, So
• 47:43
  Speaker 2: had the forests been visited and disfigured by him reaping
• 47:47
  Speaker 2: where he has not sown, and failing to restore where
• 47:50
  Speaker 2: he has destroyed. A noble heritage is slipping away through
• 47:53
  Speaker 2: carelessness and cupidity. A hunter or traveler leaves his camp
• 47:57
  Speaker 2: fire unextinguished. A herder starts a fire in the fall
• 48:01
  Speaker 2: that the coarse grass may be burned and in the
• 48:03
  Speaker 2: spring be replaced by a tender growth which is more
• 48:05
  Speaker 2: nutritious to his flock. The prospector burns the undergrowth that
• 48:09
  Speaker 2: the mineral bearing rocks may be uncovered, the result being
• 48:12
  Speaker 2: that thousands of acres are devastated. Illustrations are presenting showing
• 48:18
  Speaker 2: groves of yellow pines, cedars and firs that have been
• 48:21
  Speaker 2: undisturbed by fire, an area that has been burned over,
• 48:24
  Speaker 2: and a view of the crest of the bitter Root Mountains.
• 48:27
  Speaker 2: The question may suggest itself as to why the area
• 48:30
  Speaker 2: included in the bitter Root Reserve should be set aside
• 48:32
  Speaker 2: from eNTRI or settlement. Three distinct reasons exist from a
• 48:36
  Speaker 2: forest standpoint, and there are other interests that would be
• 48:39
  Speaker 2: incidentally subserved. First, the numerous streams which have their sources
• 48:45
  Speaker 2: in the reserve furnished the water supply for the irrigation
• 48:47
  Speaker 2: of the bitter Root Valley on the east and could
• 48:50
  Speaker 2: be turned to a profitable account for a similar purpose
• 48:52
  Speaker 2: to the westward. Indeed, it has been forcibly suggested that
• 48:56
  Speaker 2: the possibility of irrigating the extensive plains of southwestern Washington
• 49:00
  Speaker 2: exists only in the utilization of the clear Water River
• 49:03
  Speaker 2: for this purpose. There is at present considerable hydraulic mining
• 49:07
  Speaker 2: in the Idaho portion of the reserve, and this industry
• 49:10
  Speaker 2: is limited only by the amount of available water supply, which,
• 49:14
  Speaker 2: according to the testimony of the miners, has been materially
• 49:17
  Speaker 2: decreased since the forest fires have become so extensive. It
• 49:21
  Speaker 2: is safe to say that fully ninety eight percent of
• 49:23
  Speaker 2: the reserve is unfit for agricultural purposes on account of
• 49:25
  Speaker 2: the altitude and irregularity of the surface. The only possibilities
• 49:29
  Speaker 2: in this respect, or even for grazing, are in the
• 49:32
  Speaker 2: numerous alpine meadows. But it would be a dangerous experiment
• 49:36
  Speaker 2: either to disturb the surface of these meadows with a
• 49:38
  Speaker 2: plow or to allow cattle to occupy them extensively, as
• 49:42
  Speaker 2: in either case they would lose their peculiar spongelike character,
• 49:45
  Speaker 2: which makes possible the retention of the water deposit. Thus,
• 49:49
  Speaker 2: it seems clear that the reservation, if it were administered
• 49:52
  Speaker 2: in such a manner as to prevent or at least
• 49:54
  Speaker 2: check forest fires and keep out herds of cattle and
• 49:57
  Speaker 2: sheep would have a beneficial effect on the regimen this streams. Second,
• 50:03
  Speaker 2: an important purpose to be subserved would be the prevention
• 50:05
  Speaker 2: of the injudicious cutting of trees over large areas. It
• 50:09
  Speaker 2: is not proposed to prohibit cutting to a sufficient extent
• 50:12
  Speaker 2: to meet necessary demands, but to have it done under
• 50:15
  Speaker 2: proper supervision, so that the young and immature growth may
• 50:18
  Speaker 2: be protected and the production utilized in an economical manner.
• 50:23
  Speaker 2: In other words, it is desired to provide for the
• 50:25
  Speaker 2: handling of the tree crop with the same prudence and
• 50:28
  Speaker 2: foresight as any other crop would be looked after. Third,
• 50:32
  Speaker 2: large areas have been burned over, and it is a
• 50:34
  Speaker 2: debt due to posterity, that the damage be repaired. This
• 50:38
  Speaker 2: end can be accomplished only by a systematic effort under
• 50:41
  Speaker 2: proper direction. The Yellowstone National Park and the Yosemite Park
• 50:46
  Speaker 2: have for several years past been patrolled by troops of
• 50:48
  Speaker 2: cavalry of the U. S Army, who have not only
• 50:51
  Speaker 2: been able to keep watch on the class of people
• 50:53
  Speaker 2: to whom these fires are usually traceable, but by going
• 50:56
  Speaker 2: promptly to localities where smoke is visible, have been able
• 50:59
  Speaker 2: to distinguished with little exertion fires, which if left alone,
• 51:03
  Speaker 2: would in short while have devastated large areas. In some
• 51:07
  Speaker 2: European countries, it has been found necessary, in order to
• 51:10
  Speaker 2: produce certain results in the reforestation, to transport soil in
• 51:14
  Speaker 2: baskets by the hands of men to form a new
• 51:17
  Speaker 2: covering from the naked rock, so that vegetation may be
• 51:19
  Speaker 2: re established. It is not probable that we shall ever
• 51:23
  Speaker 2: be reduced to such extremities in this country, but we
• 51:25
  Speaker 2: should resist all influences that have a tendency to produce
• 51:29
  Speaker 2: such a condition. Incidentally, the game will be protected and
• 51:33
  Speaker 2: the scenery preserved or restored to its original beauty. This
• 51:37
  Speaker 2: section is the natural home of the moose, elk, bear, deer,
• 51:41
  Speaker 2: mountain goat and mountain sheep, but during the past season
• 51:45
  Speaker 2: scarcely any of the above were encountered and very little
• 51:47
  Speaker 2: sign of their presence was observed. The deer are killed
• 51:50
  Speaker 2: in large numbers by commercial hunters to bait bear traps.
• 51:54
  Speaker 2: In one locality, one hundred and twenty bears were trapped
• 51:57
  Speaker 2: in two seasons, and it is considered a conservative estimate
• 52:00
  Speaker 2: that for each bear secured, one thousand pounds of game.
• 52:03
  Speaker 2: Meat is ordinarily used the elk and the moose are
• 52:07
  Speaker 2: near exterminated, and the region, which once attracted sportsmen from
• 52:10
  Speaker 2: all portions of the country and also from Europe, has
• 52:13
  Speaker 2: almost completely lost its attraction as a hunting ground. End
• 52:18
  Speaker 2: of Section two.
• 52:25
  Speaker 3: Section three of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine, September
• 52:30
  Speaker 3: eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 52:35
  Speaker 3: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 52:39
  Speaker 3: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Larry Wilson.
• 52:46
  Speaker 3: Atlantic s Gerine Tides by Mark S. W. Jefferson, Extract
• 52:52
  Speaker 3: from thesis in research course in Geography at Harvard University
• 52:56
  Speaker 3: under Professor W. M. Davis, read at the joint session
• 53:00
  Speaker 3: of the National Geographic Society and the AAAS, Boston, August
• 53:06
  Speaker 3: twenty fifth, eighteen ninety eight. The title phenomena of a
• 53:11
  Speaker 3: number of commercially important estuaries on the Atlantic Coast suggest
• 53:15
  Speaker 3: a simple geographic classification. There are two distinct title types
• 53:21
  Speaker 3: with corresponding types of geography.
• 53:24
  Speaker 4: Both are united.
• 53:25
  Speaker 3: In the Delaware Ascending the Bay from the Capes, a
• 53:29
  Speaker 3: four foot tide increases to six feet and falls off
• 53:32
  Speaker 3: in speed from twenty three miles to eleven miles per hour.
• 53:36
  Speaker 3: Ascending the river, the range gain diminishes from six feet
• 53:39
  Speaker 3: to four feet, with a speed varying irregularly between seven
• 53:44
  Speaker 3: and fifteen miles. The geographic types here are the bay
• 53:48
  Speaker 3: from the Capes to Delaware City and the river above.
• 53:52
  Speaker 3: The combined type corresponds to the rheas of northwestern Spain
• 53:56
  Speaker 3: tidal rivers emptying into tidal bays, both resulting from the
• 54:00
  Speaker 3: drowning of older river valleys in the sea. The simple
• 54:03
  Speaker 3: type is a valley cut in rocks of uniform texture
• 54:07
  Speaker 3: and flares uniformly.
• 54:08
  Speaker 4: Toward the sea.
• 54:10
  Speaker 3: While the Delaware furnishes a good illustration of the combined type,
• 54:14
  Speaker 3: the Chesapeake affords an exception of almost equal interest. The
• 54:19
  Speaker 3: following table summarizes the facts for the Delaware. Dotted lines
• 54:23
  Speaker 3: on the map represent the positions of the progressive wavefront
• 54:26
  Speaker 3: at successive even hours after it passes the Capes. They
• 54:30
  Speaker 3: are numbered with Roman numberles to the right, the feet
• 54:33
  Speaker 3: of range being also given in airbic numberles T equals Trenton,
• 54:38
  Speaker 3: p equals Philadelphia, and the dots in the lower bay
• 54:42
  Speaker 3: represent observation stations on shoals that enable us to ascertain
• 54:46
  Speaker 3: the convexity of the advancing wavefront. From the table, and
• 54:50
  Speaker 3: still more from the map, it appears that for the
• 54:53
  Speaker 3: first three hours, the tide advances with decreasing speed twenty
• 54:57
  Speaker 3: three miles the first hour, six eighteen miles the second,
• 55:01
  Speaker 3: and eleven miles the third. During the same period, the
• 55:05
  Speaker 3: mean title range is increasing from four point six feet
• 55:09
  Speaker 3: to six point three feet. These two characters are taken
• 55:13
  Speaker 3: to define the Bay type of tides. One progressive loss
• 55:17
  Speaker 3: of speed up the bay. Two increase of tidal range
• 55:20
  Speaker 3: up the bay. Above Delaware City, there is observed a
• 55:24
  Speaker 3: steady falling off in the range. The rate of progress
• 55:28
  Speaker 3: is here somewhat irregular. These two characters define the river
• 55:32
  Speaker 3: type of tides. One irregular advance, commonly ten to twelve
• 55:37
  Speaker 3: miles per hour. Two decrease of tidal range. The last
• 55:42
  Speaker 3: two lines in the table indicate a feature common to
• 55:45
  Speaker 3: both types, the steepening of the front of the advancing wave,
• 55:49
  Speaker 3: manifested in the times by quicker rise and slower fall.
• 55:53
  Speaker 3: Outside the estuaries along our Atlantic coast, the times of
• 55:57
  Speaker 3: rise and fall are equal. While bay and river together
• 56:00
  Speaker 3: go to make up the geographic estuary, it may happen
• 56:04
  Speaker 3: that one of the parts is missing, as with the Kennebec,
• 56:07
  Speaker 3: which enters the sea by a narrow fiord and has
• 56:09
  Speaker 3: no bay, or the po Knobscot, shown by.
• 56:13
  Speaker 4: Its ties to be wholly of the bay type.
• 56:15
  Speaker 3: The Connecticut River has a sort of bay, but so
• 56:19
  Speaker 3: choked with sediments as to be tidally inefficient. The Hudson
• 56:23
  Speaker 3: enters the sea of the Raretan Bay, both being good
• 56:26
  Speaker 3: types of their kind and not parts of one geographic hole.
• 56:31
  Speaker 3: Chesapeake waters are anomalous. The following are the ranges of
• 56:35
  Speaker 3: the best illustrations in the area. Saint Lawrence Bay eleven
• 56:39
  Speaker 3: feet to fourteen feet, Saint Lawrence River fourteen feet to
• 56:43
  Speaker 3: zero point nine feet, Saint John River twenty eight inches
• 56:48
  Speaker 3: to six inches, Penobscot Bay nine feet to thirteen feet,
• 56:54
  Speaker 3: Kinnebec River eight point three feet to four point three feet,
• 57:00
  Speaker 3: Connecticut River three point six feet to zero point eight feet,
• 57:05
  Speaker 3: Hudson Bay four point six feet to two point three feet,
• 57:11
  Speaker 3: rare Tan Bay four point six feet to five point
• 57:14
  Speaker 3: four feet, Delaware Bay four point six feet to six
• 57:19
  Speaker 3: point three feet, Delaware River six point three feet to
• 57:24
  Speaker 3: four point one feet. Chesapeake tides, the Chesapeake is a
• 57:29
  Speaker 3: drowned river valley into which drowned Branch Valley's poor abundant waters.
• 57:34
  Speaker 3: Deep water is found within, yet the communication with the
• 57:37
  Speaker 3: ocean is narrow and shallow. This construction towards its mouth
• 57:41
  Speaker 3: is shared by a number of the tributaries. The result
• 57:45
  Speaker 3: is in the main bay a tide rather of the
• 57:47
  Speaker 3: river or sound type. For two thirds of its length.
• 57:51
  Speaker 3: The range uniformly diminishes from two point six feet at
• 57:55
  Speaker 3: the capes to zero point eight feet near Annapolis, a
• 57:59
  Speaker 3: distance of one hundred twenty miles.
• 58:01
  Speaker 4: So the lower courses of the greater.
• 58:03
  Speaker 3: Tributaries, the James, the Rappahannock, and the Potomac ranges decreases
• 58:08
  Speaker 3: or waiver, as may be noted in the accompany diagram.
• 58:12
  Speaker 3: The rate of high water advance is also irregular, as
• 58:15
  Speaker 3: appears on the map. But the upper course of the
• 58:18
  Speaker 3: bay and larger rivers, and the whole course of the
• 58:20
  Speaker 3: smaller streams have bay tides as far as ranges are concerned,
• 58:24
  Speaker 3: i e. The tide range increases upstream, though this is
• 58:29
  Speaker 3: not accompanied by the progressive retardation of the true baytide.
• 58:33
  Speaker 3: It makes the Chesapeake waters present a curious inversion, ranges
• 58:37
  Speaker 3: of the river type are interposed between bay tides and ocean.
• 58:41
  Speaker 3: Two thirds of the Chesapeake is rather river than bay,
• 58:45
  Speaker 3: and two thirds of the Potomac is rather bay than river.
• 58:48
  Speaker 3: The narrowing and shoaling at the bay mouth imitated in
• 58:51
  Speaker 3: the tributaries explains the anomaly. Thus it happens that the
• 58:55
  Speaker 3: range of two point six feet of the capes diminishes
• 58:59
  Speaker 3: up the bay, but again increases to four feet at
• 59:02
  Speaker 3: Richmond and three feet at Washington. The rate of the
• 59:05
  Speaker 3: progress of the tide wave is here as commonly ten
• 59:08
  Speaker 3: to twelve miles per hour. When one tide is just
• 59:11
  Speaker 3: above Washington, another is entering the bay from the Atlantic,
• 59:15
  Speaker 3: and high water reaches Havardigrace on the Susquehanna. As the
• 59:19
  Speaker 3: following high water enters the mouth of the Rappahannock, the
• 59:23
  Speaker 3: wavefront shows the usual steepening with advance. At Richmond, the
• 59:27
  Speaker 3: duration of rise is four hours twenty five minutes, at
• 59:31
  Speaker 3: Fredericksburg four hours nineteen minutes, at Washington five hours forty
• 59:36
  Speaker 3: five minutes. Port deposit on the Susquehanna has the phenomenon
• 59:41
  Speaker 3: of steeper back than front. A similar aspect is given
• 59:44
  Speaker 3: at Galveston and perhaps at Falmouth. By interference and a
• 59:48
  Speaker 3: special development of the diurnal wave. In every river, an
• 59:52
  Speaker 3: ascending wave must finally disappear. Of the Chesapeake rivers only
• 59:56
  Speaker 3: the Elk shows this. The Pokemoke probably does, but we
• 1:00:00
  Speaker 3: have no observations above snow Hill, and so far the
• 1:00:03
  Speaker 3: ranges are still increasing. The larger rivers are interrupted by
• 1:00:07
  Speaker 3: rapids at the fall line before the ranges diminish, usually
• 1:00:11
  Speaker 3: close to the highest station observed Saint Lawrence tides. The
• 1:00:17
  Speaker 3: Saint Lawrence is an excellent example of a tidal estuary,
• 1:00:20
  Speaker 3: and it is to be desired that more and more
• 1:00:22
  Speaker 3: reliable data may some day be forthcoming for its study.
• 1:00:26
  Speaker 3: For the present purpose, we must exclude the portion of
• 1:00:29
  Speaker 3: the so called river between Point des Mont and Anticosti
• 1:00:32
  Speaker 3: where the tides are unexplained. The bay and the river
• 1:00:35
  Speaker 3: remaining are two hundred eighty three miles long and forty
• 1:00:39
  Speaker 3: miles wide. At the mouth, when high water has reached
• 1:00:42
  Speaker 3: three rivers, a second high water appears at the east
• 1:00:45
  Speaker 3: of the Anticosti. The bay includes the waters between Point
• 1:00:49
  Speaker 3: des Mont and Isle Royal, whence it is river to
• 1:00:52
  Speaker 3: three rivers. The u s tide tables give twenty two
• 1:00:55
  Speaker 3: stations here from which the table has been prepared. As before,
• 1:01:00
  Speaker 3: during the first four hours, the tide travels up the
• 1:01:02
  Speaker 3: bay with lessening speed, while the tide range steadily augments.
• 1:01:07
  Speaker 3: Then the advance is irregular and the range diminishes at
• 1:01:10
  Speaker 3: three rivers the head of observations.
• 1:01:13
  Speaker 4: The rise of tide.
• 1:01:14
  Speaker 3: Lasts five hours, the fall seven hours twenty five minutes.
• 1:01:18
  Speaker 3: Not a strong steepening of the way front after two
• 1:01:20
  Speaker 3: hundred eighty three miles of travel. This may be due
• 1:01:24
  Speaker 3: to the great depth of the Saint Lawrence. The Penobscot
• 1:01:27
  Speaker 3: is in these respects comparable. The Bay of Chaleurs, a
• 1:01:31
  Speaker 3: hundred miles long and twenty miles wide at the mouth,
• 1:01:34
  Speaker 3: affords a good bay, the ranges mounting up to four
• 1:01:37
  Speaker 3: feet to seven point six feet, and high water being delayed.
• 1:01:41
  Speaker 3: There are but nine stations in the tide tables, which
• 1:01:44
  Speaker 3: rather hint at the facts than elucidate them. It is
• 1:01:48
  Speaker 3: clear that the tide wave advances with its front looped
• 1:01:51
  Speaker 3: deeply into the bay, as is probable with the Saint
• 1:01:54
  Speaker 3: Lawrence and all deep bays. Saint John River tides our death.
• 1:02:00
  Speaker 4: Here are all.
• 1:02:01
  Speaker 3: Four mean springs of July and August being due to
• 1:02:04
  Speaker 3: a study by a Wilmer Dove and putting these data
• 1:02:07
  Speaker 3: into the usual form. The time intervals have been taken
• 1:02:10
  Speaker 3: from Indian Town.
• 1:02:12
  Speaker 4: Although the tides.
• 1:02:13
  Speaker 3: Are of a good river type, there is a unique
• 1:02:16
  Speaker 3: feature in the tidal falls at the river's mouth. The
• 1:02:19
  Speaker 3: entrance to the Bay of Fundy at the city of
• 1:02:22
  Speaker 3: Saint John is by an estuary five miles wide in
• 1:02:25
  Speaker 3: deep water. Spring tide ranges of the city are of
• 1:02:29
  Speaker 3: twenty seven feet. Time of rice five hours forty minutes
• 1:02:34
  Speaker 3: fall six hours forty five minutes back to the city.
• 1:02:38
  Speaker 3: The waters of the river, previously occupying a channel remarkable
• 1:02:42
  Speaker 3: for its extent and breadth, become abruptly confined in a
• 1:02:46
  Speaker 3: narrow gorge which has its immediate origin in a band
• 1:02:49
  Speaker 3: of Precambrian rock, crossing the stream obliquely and forming a
• 1:02:53
  Speaker 3: barrier over which the waters of the river and the
• 1:02:56
  Speaker 3: bay flow alternately. From the relative levels of the harbor
• 1:02:59
  Speaker 3: and river and the known rise of the tide, it
• 1:03:02
  Speaker 3: would appear that the inward fall over the barrier at
• 1:03:05
  Speaker 3: the suspension bridge is from nine to ten feet, but
• 1:03:08
  Speaker 3: as this inward fall is wholly confined to the last
• 1:03:11
  Speaker 3: third of the flood tide, attaining its maximum with the latter,
• 1:03:15
  Speaker 3: and again rapidly receding. The interval during which the river
• 1:03:19
  Speaker 3: is effectively resisted is greatly limited, not exceeding three or
• 1:03:23
  Speaker 3: four hours out of every twelve. Notwithstanding the limitation, however,
• 1:03:28
  Speaker 3: the effect is so far to set back the stream
• 1:03:30
  Speaker 3: as to produce except in time of freshet, an alternation
• 1:03:34
  Speaker 3: of upward and downward currents accompanied by a corresponding change
• 1:03:38
  Speaker 3: of level, which is appreciable even at Fredericton, a distance
• 1:03:41
  Speaker 3: of over eighty miles from the mouth, resulting at low
• 1:03:45
  Speaker 3: water in a rise and fall of not less than
• 1:03:47
  Speaker 3: ten inches. Four times in the twenty four hours, there
• 1:03:51
  Speaker 3: are ten minute periods of level water, and then steamboats
• 1:03:55
  Speaker 3: can safely pass at very high freshets. In April and May,
• 1:03:59
  Speaker 3: there is no inward fall as the tide does not
• 1:04:02
  Speaker 3: rise high enough. There has been some discussion as to
• 1:04:06
  Speaker 3: the propriety of calling the oscillations that result in the
• 1:04:09
  Speaker 3: Saint John River tides, but Duff's investigation, however, seems decisive.
• 1:04:15
  Speaker 3: The oscillations are tidal in shape, period and progression, and
• 1:04:19
  Speaker 3: are visibly borne of the fundy tides in the narrows.
• 1:04:23
  Speaker 3: They are therefore tides. The distances in the table accompanying
• 1:04:28
  Speaker 3: are from Indiantown just upstream. For the narrows, the ranges
• 1:04:32
  Speaker 3: in inches at Fredericton, over seventy nautical miles from Indiantown.
• 1:04:38
  Speaker 3: The mean levels are fourteen feet four inches above.
• 1:04:41
  Speaker 4: Mean sea level.
• 1:04:42
  Speaker 3: The railroad levelings are used in this determination and may
• 1:04:46
  Speaker 3: be open to some doubt, but Young asserts that the
• 1:04:49
  Speaker 3: tide runs one hundred feet above sea in the Amazon,
• 1:04:52
  Speaker 3: and Arie says the same thing happens in the Firth
• 1:04:55
  Speaker 3: of Clyde, and moreover, should happen from theory as the
• 1:04:59
  Speaker 3: wave progresses up upstream ten miles an hour. It is
• 1:05:02
  Speaker 3: not to be supposed that the water poured inward from
• 1:05:04
  Speaker 3: the Bay of Fundy travels upstream to cause the rise
• 1:05:07
  Speaker 3: of water. The water is merely set oscillating. The Indian
• 1:05:12
  Speaker 3: Town tides are themselves two hours later than the tides
• 1:05:15
  Speaker 3: at Saint John, and the five inch wave that reaches
• 1:05:18
  Speaker 3: spring Hill, seventy eight nautical miles upstream, spins over nine hours.
• 1:05:23
  Speaker 3: In the transit. Salt water is said to be detected
• 1:05:27
  Speaker 3: forty eight miles up the river, which is surprising Penobscot tides.
• 1:05:34
  Speaker 3: Penobscot Bay has its outer water so full of islands
• 1:05:37
  Speaker 3: that the tidal bay must be counted to have its
• 1:05:40
  Speaker 3: mouth from Camden to Castienne, thence to Banger. The ranges
• 1:05:44
  Speaker 3: mount up steadily nine point seven, nine point eight, ten
• 1:05:49
  Speaker 3: point two, ten point six, twelve point h thirteen point
• 1:05:54
  Speaker 3: one feet in twenty six miles. The times indicate a
• 1:05:58
  Speaker 3: clear retardation, though the series is short. The tide passes
• 1:06:03
  Speaker 3: from Antinicus, the outer island, to Bangor in two hours.
• 1:06:07
  Speaker 3: Above Bangor, the river part is cut off by falls,
• 1:06:11
  Speaker 3: and no river part is present. Only depth of water
• 1:06:14
  Speaker 3: and freedom from sediment can allow such tides in a
• 1:06:17
  Speaker 3: narrow channel. Kennebec tides, the tide progresses from the sea
• 1:06:22
  Speaker 3: to Augusta forty five miles in four hours, with somewhat
• 1:06:27
  Speaker 3: irregular speed and diminishing range. Thames River, Connecticut seems to
• 1:06:32
  Speaker 3: have a small but typical bay tide. There are but
• 1:06:35
  Speaker 3: two observation stations Connecticut tides. The Connecticut has its mouth
• 1:06:41
  Speaker 3: in the sandbar region of the Middle Bay, and itself
• 1:06:44
  Speaker 3: discharges no small quantity of sediments that make its exit
• 1:06:48
  Speaker 3: to the sound an embarrassed one tide progresses up to
• 1:06:53
  Speaker 3: Hartford forty three miles in four hours and forty eight
• 1:06:56
  Speaker 3: minutes with fairly constant speed. The ranges steadily demas the
• 1:07:01
  Speaker 3: stream is narrow for a quarter to three quarters of
• 1:07:04
  Speaker 3: a mile and shallow. The local geography affords a rational
• 1:07:08
  Speaker 3: explanation for the lack of the bay. The lower course
• 1:07:12
  Speaker 3: of the river is cut in rocks so much harder
• 1:07:15
  Speaker 3: than the upper course that the lower valley was gorge
• 1:07:18
  Speaker 3: like before drowning. The departure from the Riha type is
• 1:07:21
  Speaker 3: in the lack of uniformity of rock texture along the
• 1:07:24
  Speaker 3: river Hudson tides. The Hudson also flows in a narrow
• 1:07:29
  Speaker 3: gorge in its lower course and has no bay nor
• 1:07:32
  Speaker 3: bay tide. Nearly as narrow as the Connecticut, but deep
• 1:07:37
  Speaker 3: it allows a more rapid transmission of the tide wave.
• 1:07:41
  Speaker 3: The one hundred forty one miles to Albany are traveled
• 1:07:44
  Speaker 3: in ten hours and eight minutes. The two curves below,
• 1:07:48
  Speaker 3: which I owe to the courtesy of the Superintendent of
• 1:07:50
  Speaker 3: the Coast Survey, show forty eight hours of continuous observation
• 1:07:54
  Speaker 3: at Albany and Sandy Hook. Both are on the same scale,
• 1:07:58
  Speaker 3: and they well illustrate the extremes met in a river.
• 1:08:02
  Speaker 3: The Albany tide. Figure A shows the characteristic steep front
• 1:08:06
  Speaker 3: of waves that have traveled far in shallow water. The
• 1:08:10
  Speaker 3: Hudson gets aid in its struggle with the coastwise sands
• 1:08:13
  Speaker 3: at Sandy Hook from the constant westward flow of water
• 1:08:16
  Speaker 3: from Long Island Sound, through East River and out to sea.
• 1:08:20
  Speaker 3: Enclosing this examination of estuary tides, it appears that they
• 1:08:24
  Speaker 3: vary from the type in our area only as their
• 1:08:27
  Speaker 3: estuaries vary from the type of river valley narrow above
• 1:08:31
  Speaker 3: and wide below, partly drowned in the sea. The commonest
• 1:08:35
  Speaker 3: modification of this geographic type on the Atlantic Coast results
• 1:08:39
  Speaker 3: from the tendency of coastwise sands to close the bay mouths.
• 1:08:44
  Speaker 3: This agency is evident at the mouths of the Hudson
• 1:08:46
  Speaker 3: and Delaware. It gives the Chesapeake tides of a river
• 1:08:50
  Speaker 3: type and encloses the mouths of the drowned valleys further south,
• 1:08:54
  Speaker 3: forming the sounds in which lunar tides are less significant
• 1:08:57
  Speaker 3: than the effects of prevailing winds. In the section three,
• 1:09:07
  Speaker 3: Section four of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine, September
• 1:09:12
  Speaker 3: eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 1:09:18
  Speaker 3: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 1:09:21
  Speaker 3: to volunteer.
• 1:09:23
  Speaker 4: Please visit LibriVox dot org.
• 1:09:26
  Speaker 3: Recording by Lurie Wilson. The Force Conditions and Standing Timber
• 1:09:31
  Speaker 3: of the State of Washington by Henry Gannett U S
• 1:09:34
  Speaker 3: Geological Survey. During the past year, I have been actively
• 1:09:39
  Speaker 3: engaged in collecting information regarding the forced resources of this state,
• 1:09:44
  Speaker 3: one of the richest and timber and the state in
• 1:09:47
  Speaker 3: which the lumber industry is most active west of the
• 1:09:50
  Speaker 3: Mississippi River. The information which has been collected consists of
• 1:09:55
  Speaker 3: the reports of timber cruisers showing the total amount of
• 1:09:58
  Speaker 3: timber contained in the u areas examined and its distribution
• 1:10:02
  Speaker 3: among the five species recognized by the lumbermen of this
• 1:10:06
  Speaker 3: part of the country i e. Red fur Sudotsuga, Taxafolia,
• 1:10:12
  Speaker 3: Sitka spruce, Pica stichensis himlach Zuga Pretinsiana, cedar Thuga plkata,
• 1:10:20
  Speaker 3: and yellow pine Pinus fonderosa. The figures as they came
• 1:10:24
  Speaker 3: to me, are by townships, showing the area cruised within
• 1:10:28
  Speaker 3: each township and the amount of timber.
• 1:10:30
  Speaker 4: Of each species. The figures are.
• 1:10:33
  Speaker 3: Accompanied by maps showing in considerable detail the areas which
• 1:10:37
  Speaker 3: have been logged, burned, or naturally devoid of timber, and
• 1:10:41
  Speaker 3: those which are still timbered. Although I have in the
• 1:10:45
  Speaker 3: state of Washington actual cruisings of one million, six hundred
• 1:10:48
  Speaker 3: seventy nine four hundred two acres or twenty six hundred
• 1:10:52
  Speaker 3: square miles, which.
• 1:10:54
  Speaker 4: Are pretty thoroughly scattered over the state.
• 1:10:57
  Speaker 3: In addition to this are the examinations made of the
• 1:11:00
  Speaker 3: Washington Reserve, an area of about six thousand square miles,
• 1:11:05
  Speaker 3: made during the past season. The cuisings, although scattered widely,
• 1:11:09
  Speaker 3: are much more abundant and cover the area much more
• 1:11:13
  Speaker 3: closely west of the Cascade Range in the most important
• 1:11:16
  Speaker 3: timbered portions of the state than east of those mountains.
• 1:11:21
  Speaker 3: The forests of Washington cover the Cascade Range and the
• 1:11:25
  Speaker 3: entire country west of it to the Pacific Coast, with
• 1:11:28
  Speaker 3: the exception of a few high summits of the Olympics
• 1:11:31
  Speaker 3: and of the Cascades. They extend eastward along the northern
• 1:11:35
  Speaker 3: part of the state to its east boundary, covering all
• 1:11:38
  Speaker 3: the country southward as far as the Columbia River, and
• 1:11:41
  Speaker 3: extend southward along the east boundary and a narrow fringe
• 1:11:44
  Speaker 3: to its southeast corner, where the forests of the Blue
• 1:11:47
  Speaker 3: Mountains cover a considerable area. Although I estimate that out
• 1:11:51
  Speaker 3: of the total area of the state, forty seven thousand,
• 1:11:55
  Speaker 3: seven hundred square miles, or seventy one percent, are wooded.
• 1:11:58
  Speaker 3: All this is not, how we, however, covered with merchantable timber,
• 1:12:02
  Speaker 3: inasmuch as much of it is inferior in character, and
• 1:12:05
  Speaker 3: other large areas have been cut or burned and are
• 1:12:08
  Speaker 3: now growing up again. From the data collected, I estimate
• 1:12:12
  Speaker 3: the total amount of standing timber in the state to
• 1:12:15
  Speaker 3: be in the neighborhood of one hundred eighty seven billion feet,
• 1:12:19
  Speaker 3: of which amount more than two thirds, or one hundred
• 1:12:21
  Speaker 3: thirty seven billion feet, are found.
• 1:12:23
  Speaker 4: West of the crest of the Cascade Range.
• 1:12:26
  Speaker 3: The remainder sixty billion being upon its east slope and
• 1:12:30
  Speaker 3: in the northern and eastern portions of the state. This
• 1:12:33
  Speaker 3: is the amount as estimated upon the basis of the
• 1:12:36
  Speaker 3: practice of the lumberman of the West Coast, where the
• 1:12:40
  Speaker 3: standard for lumber is extremely high and the practice in
• 1:12:43
  Speaker 3: cutting very wasteful. For instance, in this region, no tree
• 1:12:47
  Speaker 3: is cut unless it will furnish at least two sticks
• 1:12:50
  Speaker 3: each twenty feet in length, and each of which will
• 1:12:53
  Speaker 3: square fifteen inches or have a diameter on the trunk
• 1:12:57
  Speaker 3: of at least two feet. Nor is anything used which
• 1:13:00
  Speaker 3: is at all knotty, only clear lumber being cut. The
• 1:13:04
  Speaker 3: remainder of the tree, after selecting the parts above.
• 1:13:06
  Speaker 4: Described, is left to rot or to add to.
• 1:13:09
  Speaker 3: The conflagrations which sweep through the region every summer. The
• 1:13:13
  Speaker 3: forests west of the higher parts of the Cascade Range
• 1:13:16
  Speaker 3: are composed of sixty two percent of red fir, sixteen
• 1:13:20
  Speaker 3: percent of cedar, fourteen percent of hemlock, and eight percent
• 1:13:25
  Speaker 3: of spruce. The fur is found most abundantly in the
• 1:13:28
  Speaker 3: depression between the Cascade and the Coast ranges, where the
• 1:13:32
  Speaker 3: forest is almost entirely composed of it. Its range extends
• 1:13:36
  Speaker 3: up the mountains to an altitude of about three thousand feet,
• 1:13:40
  Speaker 3: where its place is taken by hemlock and cedar. Toward
• 1:13:43
  Speaker 3: the Pacific coast, the proportion of fur diminishes and its
• 1:13:47
  Speaker 3: place is taken by spruce, which is most abundant immediately
• 1:13:51
  Speaker 3: on the coast, and by cedar. Hemlock is found mainly
• 1:13:55
  Speaker 3: upon the mountain slopes, which it climbs to a much
• 1:13:57
  Speaker 3: greater athelitude than fur Ro pine is found only east.
• 1:14:01
  Speaker 4: Of the crest of the Cascades, but.
• 1:14:03
  Speaker 3: Throughout this region it is the predominant growth at considerable altitudes.
• 1:14:08
  Speaker 3: Its place is taken to a large extent by the
• 1:14:11
  Speaker 3: lodge pole pine Pinus mariana, which throughout this region is
• 1:14:15
  Speaker 3: regarded as of no possible use, although farther west, where
• 1:14:20
  Speaker 3: timber is scarce, it is considered to be of value.
• 1:14:23
  Speaker 3: The portion of Washington west of the crest of the Cascades,
• 1:14:26
  Speaker 3: concerning which I have the fullest data, is one in
• 1:14:29
  Speaker 3: which lumbering has been carried on very extensively for nearly
• 1:14:33
  Speaker 3: a generation, and the results of these extensive operations, coupled
• 1:14:38
  Speaker 3: with the terrible fires which devastate the region, are of
• 1:14:41
  Speaker 3: much interest. From the maps which have been obtained, I
• 1:14:45
  Speaker 3: find that of the accessible parts of this region, i e.
• 1:14:48
  Speaker 3: Those parts which are regarded by the present lumber practices
• 1:14:52
  Speaker 3: as containing available timber, not less than forty five percent
• 1:14:56
  Speaker 3: have been cleared either by cutting or fire.
• 1:14:59
  Speaker 4: Within in recent.
• 1:15:00
  Speaker 3: Times, about twenty three percent of this entire area has
• 1:15:04
  Speaker 3: been logged, about twenty two percent has been burned. Presumably
• 1:15:09
  Speaker 3: the amount of timber cut and burned and its value
• 1:15:12
  Speaker 3: or at least proportional to the areas. And therefore it
• 1:15:15
  Speaker 3: would follow that not very much less than one half
• 1:15:18
  Speaker 3: of the available lumber in this part of Washington has
• 1:15:21
  Speaker 3: been destroyed since its occupation by Whites. We cannot complain
• 1:15:26
  Speaker 3: of the cutting, providing it is done with some sort
• 1:15:29
  Speaker 3: of economy. But no condemnation can be too severe for
• 1:15:33
  Speaker 3: the carelessness which allows such an enormous amount of wealth
• 1:15:37
  Speaker 3: to be destroyed by fires. Into Section four.
• 1:15:47
  Speaker 5: Section five of the National Geographic Magazine, volume nine, September
• 1:15:53
  Speaker 5: eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 1:15:57
  Speaker 5: recordings are in the public domain. From more information or
• 1:16:01
  Speaker 5: to volunteer, please visit librevox dot org. Read by Betty b.
• 1:16:08
  Speaker 5: American Association for the Advancement of Science. The fiftieth anniversary
• 1:16:14
  Speaker 5: meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
• 1:16:18
  Speaker 5: was held in Boston August twenty second to twenty seventh.
• 1:16:22
  Speaker 5: As was anticipated, the return of the Association to the
• 1:16:25
  Speaker 5: city of its birth for the celebration of its semi
• 1:16:29
  Speaker 5: centennial was the occasion of an unusually large attendance. It
• 1:16:33
  Speaker 5: excited more than ordinary local interest and resulted in a
• 1:16:37
  Speaker 5: very large accession to the membership. Of the three hundred
• 1:16:42
  Speaker 5: and thirty or more papers presented, many contained important contributions
• 1:16:47
  Speaker 5: to the different sciences. Those of special geographic interest were
• 1:16:52
  Speaker 5: for the most part read in Section E, which held
• 1:16:55
  Speaker 5: a joint session with the National Geographic Society on August
• 1:16:59
  Speaker 5: twenty fifth. On that occasion, doctor Marcus Baker, cartographer to
• 1:17:04
  Speaker 5: the Venezuela Boundary Commission, discussed the Venezuela British Guiana boundary dispute.
• 1:17:11
  Speaker 5: Professor W. J. McGee, vice President of the National Geographic Society,
• 1:17:17
  Speaker 5: traced the geographic development of the United States, Mister Mark S. W.
• 1:17:22
  Speaker 5: Jefferson explaining the peculiar characteristics of Atlantic Schuurhine tides, and
• 1:17:29
  Speaker 5: the statistician of the Department of Agriculture set forth the
• 1:17:33
  Speaker 5: considerations that have governed recent movements of population. The following
• 1:17:38
  Speaker 5: papers were also presented. Some new lines of work in
• 1:17:42
  Speaker 5: government forestry by mister Gifford Pinchot, The forestry conditions of
• 1:17:47
  Speaker 5: the State of Washington by mister Henry Gannett, the Bitter
• 1:17:51
  Speaker 5: Root Forest Reserve by mister Richard U. Good, The Five
• 1:17:56
  Speaker 5: Civilized Tribes and the Topographic Survey of Indian Territory by
• 1:18:01
  Speaker 5: mister Charles H.
• 1:18:02
  Speaker 1: Fitch.
• 1:18:04
  Speaker 5: Of these various addresses and papers, four are published in
• 1:18:07
  Speaker 5: the present number of this journal. Among the papers read
• 1:18:11
  Speaker 5: at other times or before other sections and of interest
• 1:18:15
  Speaker 5: to geographers, may be mentioned the following. Before the section
• 1:18:20
  Speaker 5: of Geology and Geography, Geography and Resources of the Siberian
• 1:18:24
  Speaker 5: Island of Socoleen by Professor Benjamin Howard of London, The
• 1:18:30
  Speaker 5: development of the Ohio River by Professor W. G. Light
• 1:18:34
  Speaker 5: and the Continental Divide in Nicaragua by mister C. Willard Hayes.
• 1:18:40
  Speaker 5: Before the section of Anthropology, the Maori of New Zealand,
• 1:18:44
  Speaker 5: his history and country by Honorable Hugh H. Lusk of London.
• 1:18:50
  Speaker 5: Origin of the Confederacy of the Five Nations by mister
• 1:18:53
  Speaker 5: Charles H. Henning, The Disappearance of the Cliff Dwellers by
• 1:18:59
  Speaker 5: Monsieur de Vizier Charney of Paris, The Smith sound Eskimo
• 1:19:04
  Speaker 5: by mister A. L. Crober, The Philippine Islands and their
• 1:19:08
  Speaker 5: people and Moros or Malay Pirates of the Southern Philippines
• 1:19:13
  Speaker 5: by Professor Dean C. Worcester. And before the section of
• 1:19:17
  Speaker 5: Economic Science and Statistics Cuba past, Present and Future, and
• 1:19:22
  Speaker 5: Nicaragua and the Canal by doctor Wolfrid Nelson, The development
• 1:19:27
  Speaker 5: of colonial policy by Professor John Davidson, The progress of
• 1:19:32
  Speaker 5: the maritime commerce of the world during the past fifty
• 1:19:36
  Speaker 5: years by doctor E. L. Corthel Ce, And Cuba by
• 1:19:41
  Speaker 5: Professor Robert T. Hill. It is much to be regretted
• 1:19:45
  Speaker 5: that at several sessions the large numbers of papers to
• 1:19:49
  Speaker 5: be presented precluded all possibility of discussion, and it may
• 1:19:53
  Speaker 5: be doubted whether it would not contribute to the usefulness
• 1:19:57
  Speaker 5: of future meetings if some limitation were imposed by the
• 1:20:01
  Speaker 5: Committee upon the number and length of the papers to
• 1:20:04
  Speaker 5: be submitted. Not even this brief narrative of the proceedings
• 1:20:08
  Speaker 5: of the Association in one single direction should be permitted
• 1:20:12
  Speaker 5: to go without reference to the admirable arrangements made by
• 1:20:16
  Speaker 5: the local Committee, to the generous hospitality of the citizens
• 1:20:20
  Speaker 5: of Boston, Cambridge, Salem, Lexington and other places, and to
• 1:20:25
  Speaker 5: the extreme gratification it afforded the Association to have occupying
• 1:20:30
  Speaker 5: the presidential chair is indefatigable Secretary for twenty five years,
• 1:20:36
  Speaker 5: Doctor Frederick Ward Putnam, the Distinguished Peabody Professor of American
• 1:20:41
  Speaker 5: archaeology and ethnology in Harvard University. J. H. End Of,
• 1:20:50
  Speaker 5: Section five. End of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine,
• 1:20:56
  Speaker 5: September eighteen ninety eight.