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009 - Chapter IV The Critics Part 1 · Victorian Literature

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Speaker 1: Chapter four of Victorian Literature. This is a LibriVox recording.
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Speaker 1: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
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Speaker 1: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording
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Speaker 1: by ruhe Huck Victorian Literature by Clement Shorter, Chapter four,
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Speaker 1: The Critics. The plan of describing all the writers of
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Speaker 1: a period who are not poets, novelists, and historians as
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Speaker 1: critics is open to many objections, although I intend to
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Speaker 1: adopt it. If Matthew Arnold's plea for poetry as a
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Speaker 1: criticism of life holds good, it is precisely the poets, novelists,
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Speaker 1: and historians who are the true critics. An alternative plan
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Speaker 1: would have been to give a chapter to prose writers
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Speaker 1: and another to the poets. And still another arrangement would
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Speaker 1: have been to divide the subject, as DeQuincy suggested, into
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Speaker 1: the literature of power and the literature of imagination, the
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Speaker 1: former including the philosophers and historians, the latter the poets,
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Speaker 1: the novelists, and the more picturesque of the prose writers.
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Speaker 1: Carline and Ruskin, for example, eighteen nineteen one unhesitatingly assigns
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Speaker 1: to mister Ruskin the distinction of the critic whose work
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Speaker 1: is most eloquent and impressive. John Ruskin was born in
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Speaker 1: Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, London. He has told us in
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Speaker 1: his autobiography Petereta, of his early life under a tender
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Speaker 1: mother's care, of his boyish affection for Byron and Scott,
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Speaker 1: and of the youthful impulse to art study excited by
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Speaker 1: the present of Rogers Italy with Turner's illustrations. In eighteen
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Speaker 1: thirty seven he was entered as a gentleman commoner at
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Speaker 1: christ Church, Oxford, gaining two years later the Newdigate Prize
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Speaker 1: for English Poetry, his subject being Salset and Elephanta. In
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Speaker 1: eighteen forty three he produced the first volume of Modern
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Speaker 1: Printers Their Superiority in the Art of Landscape Painting to
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Speaker 1: All the Ancient Masters, by a graduate of Oxford. The
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Speaker 1: work originated, he says, in indignation at the shallow and
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Speaker 1: false criticism of the periodicals of the day on the
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Speaker 1: work of the great living artist to whom it principally refers.
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Speaker 1: The artist in question was Joseph Millard William Turner, upon
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Speaker 1: whom Ruskin has pronounced somewhat contradictory judgments at different periods
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Speaker 1: in his career. Modern painters soon extended beyond the mere
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Speaker 1: essay had first intended, and in its final form of
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Speaker 1: five handsome volumes, it was not only a philosophical triatis
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Speaker 1: on landscape painting, but an exhaustive dissertation on many phases
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Speaker 1: of life, from one whom Mazzini declared to possess the
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Speaker 1: most analytical brain in Europe. Another important work, The Seven
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Speaker 1: Lamps of Architecture eighteen forty nine, is a brilliant attempt
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Speaker 1: at reform in domestic and church architecture. The lamps represent
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Speaker 1: the characteristics which good architecture should possess. The first is
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Speaker 1: the lamp of sacrifice. What of beauty and what of
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Speaker 1: riches we may possess, let a portion be dedicated to God.
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Speaker 1: It was in this spirit that our cathedrals were built.
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Speaker 1: The second, the lamp of truth, is a plea for honesty,
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Speaker 1: and in architecture, no imitation wood or marble, but solid wood
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Speaker 1: and solid stone. Exactly as a woman of feeling, he says,
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Speaker 1: would not wear false jewels, so would a builder of
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Speaker 1: honor disdain false ornaments. The using of them is just
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Speaker 1: as downright and inexcusable a lie. The third is the
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Speaker 1: lamp of power. Until that street architecture of ours is bettered,
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Speaker 1: until we give it some size and boldness, until we
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Speaker 1: give our windows recess in our wall's thickness. I know
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Speaker 1: not how we can blame our architects for their feebleness
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Speaker 1: in more important work. The fourth is the lamp of beauty,
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Speaker 1: and in this chapter he maintains that all the most
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Speaker 1: lovely forms and thoughts are directly taken from natural objects.
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Speaker 1: The fifth is the lamp of life. To those who
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Speaker 1: love architecture, he says, the life and accent of the
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Speaker 1: hand are everything. The sixth is the lamp of memory.
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Speaker 1: All public edifices should be records of national life, all
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Speaker 1: ordinary dwelling houses, and dear to their owners by sacred
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Speaker 1: and sweet associations. There is infinite sanctity in a good
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Speaker 1: man's house. The seventh is the lamp of obedience, and
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Speaker 1: here he pleads eloquently for the enforcement of an established
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Speaker 1: type of architecture, the Gothic, in his judgment, lending its
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Speaker 1: self more readily to all services, vulgar or noble. The
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Speaker 1: Stones of Venice eighteen fifty one to eighteen fifty three,
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Speaker 1: in three volumes, gives in further detail. Ruskin's views of
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Speaker 1: the laws of architecture. The pre Raphaelite movement of Malaius
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Speaker 1: Rossetti and Holman Hunt early enlisted his sympathy, and in
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Speaker 1: pre Raphaelitism eighteen fifty one he declared that they had
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Speaker 1: worthily followed the advice given in modern painters to go
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Speaker 1: to nature in all singleness of heart and walk with
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Speaker 1: her laboriously and trustingly, having no other thought but how
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Speaker 1: best to penetrate her, meaning rejecting nothing, selecting nothing, and
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Speaker 1: scorning nothing. From that time until his slave lectures at
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Speaker 1: Oxford in eighteen eighty three to eighteen eighty four, Ruskin
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Speaker 1: wrote several books on painting and architecture, all of them
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Speaker 1: in a style which attracts even those who are leased
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Speaker 1: in sympathy with his opinions. But as Gooee declared of
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Speaker 1: himself that posterity would honor him not for his poetry
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Speaker 1: but for his discoveries in science, so Ruskin perhaps more
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Speaker 1: justly insists that it is as an economist that he
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Speaker 1: is most deserving of remembrance. The four Essays on the
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Speaker 1: First Principles of Political Economy entitled unto this last eighteen
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Speaker 1: sixty two he declares to be the truest, rightest worded,
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Speaker 1: and most serviceable things he has ever written. These essays
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Speaker 1: were originally published by Thackeray in the Cornhill Magazine, but
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Speaker 1: the remonstrances of its readers brought the series to a
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Speaker 1: speedy end. The principles of state socialism there initiated have
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Speaker 1: since entered the field in direct contest with the established
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Speaker 1: order of things. Mister Ruskin would have every child in
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Speaker 1: the country taught a trade at the cost of government.
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Speaker 1: He would have manufactories and workshops entirely under government regulation,
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Speaker 1: for the production and sale of every necessary of life,
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Speaker 1: and for the exercise of every useful art. He would
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Speaker 1: permit competition with government manufactories and shops, but all those
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Speaker 1: who desired work would be sure of it at the
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Speaker 1: state establishments. Finally, he would provide comfortable homes for the
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Speaker 1: old and destitute, as it ought to be quite as
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Speaker 1: natural and straightforward a matter for a laborer to take
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Speaker 1: his pension from his parish because he has deserved well
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Speaker 1: of his parish, as for a man in higher rank
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Speaker 1: to take his pension from his country because he has
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Speaker 1: deserved well of his country. Ruskin has amplified his economic
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Speaker 1: doctrines in Monera, pulveris time and tide, by wear and
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Speaker 1: time and force. Clavigera Time and Tide is a collection
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Speaker 1: of letters on the laws of work to the late
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Speaker 1: Thomas Dickson, a working cork cutter of some Inland. They
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Speaker 1: were originally published in the Manchester Examiner. Force Cleavergera is
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Speaker 1: a series of ninety six letters to working men, which
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Speaker 1: were issued in monthly parts and rendered additionally interesting by
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Speaker 1: the quantity of autobiographical anecdotes so freely interspersed in their pages.
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Speaker 1: The tale is derived, as Ruskin has explained, from the
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Speaker 1: Latin force, the best part of three good English words force,
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Speaker 1: fortitude and fortune, and the root of the adjective clavigera
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Speaker 1: being either claver a club, clavis a key, or clavas
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Speaker 1: a nail and gero to carry force. The club bearer
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Speaker 1: therefore represents the strength of Hercules or of deed, the
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Speaker 1: key bearer the strength of Ulysses or of patience, and
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Speaker 1: the nail bearer the strength of Lycurgus or of law.
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Speaker 1: To carry out his principles practically, Ruskin established for a
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Speaker 1: short time a tea shop Marylebone Road, where nothing but
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Speaker 1: the best tea was sold at a fair price, and
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Speaker 1: he founded the Saint George's Guild with a view of
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Speaker 1: showing the rational organization of country life independent of that
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Speaker 1: of cities, in other words, the restoration of the peasantry
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Speaker 1: to the soil of England. One of the conditions of
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Speaker 1: membership was that every member should give one tenth of
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Speaker 1: his property to the Guild for carrying out his work.
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Speaker 1: Ruskin led the way, his property being then estimated at
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Speaker 1: seventy thousand pounds. He has told us in fours that
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Speaker 1: out of the one hundred and fifty seven thousand pounds
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Speaker 1: left him by his parents, he has spent one hundred
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Speaker 1: and fifty three thousand pounds. Much of this must have
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Speaker 1: gone to the Ruskin Museum at Sheffield. It is, however,
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Speaker 1: in following Carlyle as embracing invigorating influence, that Ruskin has
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Speaker 1: more claim on the gratitude of the present generation. If
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Speaker 1: Carlisle taught us to be content with this miserable actual,
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Speaker 1: with such environment as may have fallen to our lot,
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Speaker 1: his disciple has given the impulse which has led to
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Speaker 1: the beautifying of the environment. The more refined taste in dress,
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Speaker 1: furniture and indwelling houses, which has characterized the later Victorian era,
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Speaker 1: and side by side therewith a greater simplicity of life
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Speaker 1: on the part of the more cultured. Rich are in
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Speaker 1: an special degree due to the influence of Ruskin. What
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Speaker 1: is chiefly needed in England at the present day, he says,
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Speaker 1: is to show the quantity of pleasure that may be
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Speaker 1: obtained by a consistent, well administered, competenced, modest, confessed and laborious.
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Speaker 1: We need examples of people who leaving Heaven to decide
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Speaker 1: whether they are to rise in the world, decide for
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Speaker 1: themselves that they will be happy in it, and have
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Speaker 1: resolved to seek not greater wealth, health, but simpler pleasures,
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Speaker 1: not higher fortune, but deeper felicity, making the first of
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Speaker 1: possessions self possession, and honoring themselves in the harmless pride
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Speaker 1: and calm pursuits of peace. In the Crown of Wild Olive,
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Speaker 1: Time and Tide, and Sesame and Lilies, he emphasizes this
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Speaker 1: teaching with his customary eloquence. Of these books, by far
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Speaker 1: the most important is Sesame and Lilies, which was written
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Speaker 1: he says, while my energies were still unbroken and my
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Speaker 1: temper unfretted and if read in connection with unto. This
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Speaker 1: last contains the chief truths I have endeavored through all
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Speaker 1: my life to display, and which, under the warnings I
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Speaker 1: have received, to prepare for its close, I am chiefly
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Speaker 1: thankful to have learned and thought. It treats off the
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Speaker 1: majesty of the influence of good books and of good women,
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Speaker 1: if we know how to read them, and how to
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Speaker 1: honor How to read books he shows by analyzing the
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Speaker 1: well known passage of Milton's Lycidas on the Pilot of
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Speaker 1: the Galilean Lake, and explains the deep meaning of its
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Speaker 1: every word. How to honor women, how women may become
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Speaker 1: worthy of honor, he shows by taking us to Shakespeare
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Speaker 1: and to Scott, whose Poshia's and Rosalind's, Katherine Satan's and
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Speaker 1: Diana Vernon's are ever ready at critical moments to be
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Speaker 1: a help and a guidance to men. And finally appeals
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Speaker 1: to the great Florentine and shows us Beatrice leading Dante
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Speaker 1: through the starry spheres of heaven up to the very
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Speaker 1: throne of light and of truth. But the book is
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Speaker 1: full of healthy and helpful passages, and is like so
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Speaker 1: much that its author has written a moral inspiration for
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Speaker 1: all who read it. I am a great man, Ruskin
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Speaker 1: once said, with a consciousness of genius, which reminds us
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Speaker 1: that Horace and Milton, Shakespeare and Goethe were equally outspoken.
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Speaker 1: We may well believe will endorse the self criticism, and
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Speaker 1: will not willingly let his works over his memory die
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Speaker 1: of late years. Mister Ruskin has lived not in the
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Speaker 1: most robust health, in a house at Coniston in the
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Speaker 1: English Lake District. The next most prominent critic of the
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Speaker 1: period is one upon whom Ruskin has always bored his
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Speaker 1: bitterest scorn, and who yet will be ever remembered with
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Speaker 1: wormest reverence by those who are old enough to have
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Speaker 1: been his contemporaries. I mean John Stuart Mill Jeremy Bentham,
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Speaker 1: who gave such an impulse to all political reform and
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Speaker 1: made a complete revolution in English jurisprudence, died in eighteen
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Speaker 1: thirty two. His friend James Mill, who wrote the History
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Speaker 1: of India and An Analysis of the Human Mind, died
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Speaker 1: four years later. It was, says Professor Bain, James Mills's
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Speaker 1: greatest contribution to human progress to have given us his son.
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Speaker 1: It may be so Charms Stuart Melbourne in Rodney Street, Pentonville.
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Speaker 1: His education, which was conducted by his father, would have
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Speaker 1: been the mental ruin of a mind of smaller powers.
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Speaker 1: I never was a boy, he said, never played it
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Speaker 1: at cricket. It is better to let nature have her
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Speaker 1: own way. He began Greek at three and Latin at
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Speaker 1: eight years of age. The list of classical authors with
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Speaker 1: whose works he was familiar at thirteen is truly appalling.
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Speaker 1: This in itself would have been a small matter had
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Speaker 1: not his cold stern father discouraged all imaginative reading. Poetry
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Speaker 1: in particular, he was taught to look upon as mere vanity.
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Speaker 1: And there are few passages in Mills' autobiography more interesting
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Speaker 1: than the story how in early manhood Wordsworth's poetry came
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Speaker 1: to him veritable balm in Gilead for spiritual refreshment and healing.
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Speaker 1: In eighteen twenty two twenty three, he obtained a clerkship
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Speaker 1: in the India House, from which he withdrew with ample
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Speaker 1: compensation when the Indian government was transferred to the Crown
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Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty eight. Meanwhile, he had been an industrious
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Speaker 1: contributor to the Westminster Review and other periodicals, had regularly
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Speaker 1: attended the debates of the Speculative Society, which met at
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Speaker 1: Grote's house. Scarcely any scene in literature is better known
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Speaker 1: than the destruction of the manuscript of Carlyle's French Revolution,
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Speaker 1: which he had lent to Mill. Mill lent it to
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Speaker 1: Missus Taylor, the lady who afterwards became his wife, and
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Speaker 1: was inadvertently destroyed. The speechless agony of Mill when he
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Speaker 1: went to inform his friend the self command with which
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Speaker 1: Carlyle and his wife couldceal their own way in endeavoring
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Speaker 1: to moderate his self reproaches. These and many other details
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Speaker 1: have been made familiar to us by many pens. Mel
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Speaker 1: gave Carlyle what monetary compensation he could, and acted as
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Speaker 1: he always acted in life, with all possible nobleness. Missus Taylor,
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Speaker 1: who was the real culprit on this occasion, was the
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Speaker 1: wife of a wholesale druggist in Mark Clane. When Mil
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Speaker 1: made her acquaintance, his father remonstrated, but he replied that
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Speaker 1: he had no other feelings towards her than he would
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Speaker 1: have towards an equally able man. The equally vocal friendship
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Speaker 1: which was the talk of all Mill's circle of acquaintances
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Speaker 1: lasted for twenty years, when mister Taylor died and mil
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Speaker 1: married his widow. It is impossible to regard the enthusiasm
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Speaker 1: of Mill for this lady without feeling how much there
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Speaker 1: was in it of the humorist, how much also of
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Speaker 1: the pathetic. That Mill had a most exaggerated opinion of
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Speaker 1: her intellectual attainments. There can be no doubt he declared
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Speaker 1: her to be the author of all that was best
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Speaker 1: in his writings. Much of his political economy, he said,
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Speaker 1: was her work, and also the liberty and the subjection
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Speaker 1: of women. His language with regard to her was always extravagant,
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Speaker 1: and Grote said that only John Mills's reputation could survive
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Speaker 1: such displays. Mills's brother, George declared that she was nothing
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Speaker 1: like what John taught her, and there is much evidence
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Speaker 1: to show that she was but a weak reflection of
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Speaker 1: her husband. Still, it is impossible not to sympathize with
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Speaker 1: such an illusion. Missus Mill died in eighteen fifty eight
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Speaker 1: and was buried at Avignon in France, where Mills spent
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Speaker 1: many of the later years of his life, and where
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Speaker 1: he died in eighteen seventy three. It was at Avignon,
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Speaker 1: that the Crown Princess of Prussia and the Princess Alice
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Speaker 1: of Hesse proposed to visit him, when he, with due courtesy,
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Speaker 1: declined to see them. Male's works, which are very extensive,
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Speaker 1: deal with philosophical, psychological, economical and political problems. His Logic
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Speaker 1: was published in eighteen forty three, his Essays on Unsettled
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Speaker 1: Questions and Political Economy in eighteen forty four, His Principles
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Speaker 1: of Political Economy in eighteen forty eight, and His Liberty
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Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty eight. In eighteen sixty five he published
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Speaker 1: his examination of Sir William Hamilton's philosophy. Four volumes of
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Speaker 1: dissertations and Discussions appeared between eighteen fifty nine in eighteen
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Speaker 1: sixty seven, and Considerations on Representative Government in eighteen sixty one.
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Speaker 1: In eighteen sixty five he entered Parliament as Member for Westminster,
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Speaker 1: losing his seat. However, in as eighteen sixty eight, it
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Speaker 1: would be hard to speak to highly of Mill as
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Speaker 1: a man. He was all kindness and considerate thoughtfulness for others,
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Speaker 1: and his ideal of life was a very high one.
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Speaker 1: Carlyle's Letters, Caroline Fox's memoirs and so many other sources
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Speaker 1: of information make this clear. On the literary side, he
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Speaker 1: will be variously estimated as we survey him from one
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Speaker 1: or other aspect of his many sided career. As a
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Speaker 1: stimulator of public opinion, the work he did was agnormous.
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Speaker 1: This is not the place to discuss the value of
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Speaker 1: this or that movement associated with his name. But there
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Speaker 1: can be no doubt that many questions, like the reform
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Speaker 1: of the land laws, were initiated by him. In the seventies,
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Speaker 1: his philosophy dominated Oxford. It is of no account today.
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Speaker 1: On the philosophical side, Mill's position is weakened by his
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Speaker 1: ignorance of the more simple side, ans, which we now
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Speaker 1: know to be the greatest moment in the study of
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Speaker 1: intellectual problems. Mills knew little of physics and of biology.
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Speaker 1: Still less, his education in this respect belonged to the
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Speaker 1: old fashioned type. His work in logic is all but unshaken,
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Speaker 1: although his book has been superseded for school and college use.
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Speaker 1: His psychology, however, his ethics, much of his economics, and
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Speaker 1: above all his metaphysics, must be corrected by later ideas. Doubtless,
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Speaker 1: mills readjustments and mental science are most valuable especially his
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Speaker 1: red handling of the old doctrines. But fundamentally these are
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Speaker 1: Humes mills chief philosophical work was destructive. He utterly routed
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Speaker 1: the remnants of a still earlier philosophy, furbished up with
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Speaker 1: all the knowledge and all the acuteness of Sir William Hamilton.
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Speaker 1: But the great generalizations which have changed the whole drift
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Speaker 1: of our philosophy are the conservation of energy and evolution,
21:01
Speaker 1: including as the latter does, the laws and conditions of life,
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Speaker 1: and in particular the doctrine of heredity. For adequate philosophical
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Speaker 1: guidance on these subjects we must turn to Hubert Spencer
21:16
Speaker 1: eighteen thirty three to eighteen eighty four. But first let
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Speaker 1: me pointed a number of political economists who have followed
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Speaker 1: Mill in the discussion of relations of society to the
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Speaker 1: wealth it producers. Male's Political Economy was more of a
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Speaker 1: systematic summary of the prevailing doctrines than an original work.
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Speaker 1: It long formed, however, the basis of ordinary English knowledge
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Speaker 1: on the subject, and by its adhesion to the Wag's
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Speaker 1: fund and other erroneous theories, it did not a little
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Speaker 1: harm as well as good to economic science. Male's most
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Speaker 1: enthusiastic disciple in economics, Henry Fawcett went far beyond his
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Speaker 1: master in his acceptance of the main days doctrines of
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Speaker 1: the Ricardo School. Many of the positions maintained in his
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Speaker 1: political economy were abandoned by Mill before his death, particularly
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Speaker 1: the wager's fund theory, and in his autobiography he traced
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Speaker 1: his own progress to views which, as he said, would
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Speaker 1: class him under the general designation of socialists. He declared
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Speaker 1: himself in favor of the common ownership in the raw
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Speaker 1: material of the globe, and an equal participation of all
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Speaker 1: in the benefits of combined labor eighteen twenty four to
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Speaker 1: eighteen seventy five, eighteen thirty five to eighteen eighty two,
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Speaker 1: eighteen thirty eight. Professor foresaid, who published his Manual of
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Speaker 1: Political Economy in eighteen sixty three, continued to the last
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Speaker 1: to hold to the old views, and especially to favor
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Speaker 1: as little as possible the intervention of the state. As
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Speaker 1: member of Parliament, first for Brighton and afterwards for Hackney,
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Speaker 1: he did great is by his criticisms of Indian finance.
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Speaker 1: For more than four years eighteen eighty to eighteen eighty
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Speaker 1: four he held the position of Postmaster General and introduced
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Speaker 1: many valuable reforms into the department under his administration. Other
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Speaker 1: economists of importance, John Elliot Clares and William Stanley Javans,
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Speaker 1: have differed from Mail in many theoretical principles. But the
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Speaker 1: fairest survey of the later developments of Male's economics is
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Speaker 1: given by Henry Sidgwick, Knightsbridge, Professor of Model Philosophy at Cambridge,
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Speaker 1: and by Alfred Marshall born eighteen forty two. In his
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Speaker 1: Principles of Political Economy eighteen eighty three, Sidgwick attempts with
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Speaker 1: great clearness to criticize the conflicting views of the older
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Speaker 1: economists in the light of the modern and more socialist views.
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Speaker 1: He also attempts, in his Methods of Ethics eighteen seventy
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Speaker 1: four a compromise between the utility and the intuitionist schools,
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Speaker 1: and he does this also in his Elements of Politics
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Speaker 1: eighteen ninety one, a comprehensive survey of political science. Mister Marshall,
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Speaker 1: who holds the Chair of Political Economy at Cambridge, has
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Speaker 1: written Economics of Industry eighteen seventy nine and the Principles
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Speaker 1: of Economics eighteen ninety. A writer who did much to
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Speaker 1: make foreign economist known in England, and who seemed at
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Speaker 1: one time Guest to be the able leader of a
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Speaker 1: new school, was Thomas Edward Cliff Leslie, whose essays are
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Speaker 1: full of terse and suggestive criticism. Les died, however, without
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Speaker 1: writing any work of first rate importance. He did something, however,
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Speaker 1: following the line of writers like Richard Jones seventeen ninety
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Speaker 1: to eighteen fifty five, to bring academic theory to the
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Speaker 1: test of actual facts eighteen twenty seven to eighteen eighty four,
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Speaker 1: and off the critics