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43 - Margaret Sanger; an autobiography by Margaret Sanger · Margaret Sanger; an autobiography

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  Speaker 1: Chapter thirty five, Part one of Margaret's Sanger by Margaret Sanger.
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  Speaker 1: This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Chapter thirty five,
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  Speaker 1: Part one, A past which is gone forever. Parenthood remains
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  Speaker 1: unquestionably the most serious of all human relationships, the most
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  Speaker 1: far reaching in its power for good or for evil,
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  Speaker 1: and withal the most delicately complex. I always tried to
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  Speaker 1: secure my son's confidence by being honest with them, treating
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  Speaker 1: them as though they had intelligence and expecting them to
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  Speaker 1: use it. For the sake of companionship. It was essential
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  Speaker 1: to be honest, no matter what the cost. Fortunately, the
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  Speaker 1: younger generation is not crumpled up when sharply confronted with
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  Speaker 1: the truth. They have cut through the regard to their
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  Speaker 1: feelings until they can say extraordinarily blunt things to each
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  Speaker 1: other and yet not be heard. And with this they
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  Speaker 1: have invented a new language. They can take it. Many
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  Speaker 1: times I could have forced my opinion on the boys
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  Speaker 1: and saved Fern perhaps some bitter disappointments. Let me do it,
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  Speaker 1: I'll manage all this, let me know when you need anything.
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  Speaker 1: But instead I merely stated my attitude and said, here
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  Speaker 1: are the two alternatives you want this, I think the
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  Speaker 1: other is better. Neither of us can tell which is right.
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  Speaker 1: If you choose your own way, I'll help you as
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  Speaker 1: long as you do it well, providing you stop as
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  Speaker 1: soon as you know it is wrong and go back
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  Speaker 1: and pick up the other. If experienced teaches you a
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  Speaker 1: greater wisdom, you can call it square. At Petty Institute,
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  Speaker 1: Stuart was paying more attention to sports than studies. It
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  Speaker 1: was easy for him to be an athlete, but he
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  Speaker 1: also had a logical mind and a quick ability for
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  Speaker 1: coordinating hand and brain. When he was ready for college,
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  Speaker 1: he entered Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. His imagination
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  Speaker 1: was soon captured by archaeology and medicine, but his course
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  Speaker 1: was already set. Meanwhile, Grant, who had been inclined to
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  Speaker 1: hero worship his older brother, had also gone to Petty.
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  Speaker 1: His athletics left little opportunity for bringing out his artistic talents,
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  Speaker 1: and he agreed to take his last two years at
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  Speaker 1: Westminster School in Simsbury, Connecticut, where he was encouraged to
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  Speaker 1: develop along his own lines. In his sophomore year at Princeton,
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  Speaker 1: he still had no idea of what he wanted to
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  Speaker 1: do with his life. Although he had a leaning towards diplomacy,
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  Speaker 1: which would include training in law. I explained to him
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  Speaker 1: that since the family had no political influence, it might
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  Speaker 1: lead to being a small politician, And so I made
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  Speaker 1: out a list of as many occupations known to man
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  Speaker 1: as I could think of, and sent them to him,
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  Speaker 1: telling him to mark off with a blue pencil those
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  Speaker 1: which he was perfectly sure did not appeal to him,
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  Speaker 1: and check with read those for which he felt some predilection.
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  Speaker 1: Out immediately went piano, mover, waiter, floor walker, bank manager,
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  Speaker 1: book keeper, and some fifty others. Six months later I
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  Speaker 1: returned him the red checked list for further perusal. Now
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  Speaker 1: his preferences were much more definite. Research, journalism, editorial work,
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  Speaker 1: diplomacy were again read, but almost everything else marked headed
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  Speaker 1: him for a scientific career. The decision made Grant began
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  Speaker 1: his pre medical course. After Stuart graduated from Yale. He
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  Speaker 1: moved downtown to Wall Street and continued in a broker's
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  Speaker 1: office all during the depression. But in this money making
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  Speaker 1: atmosphere his attitude was changing. He had concluded that serving
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  Speaker 1: humanity was a higher fulfillment than profiting at humanity's expense,
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  Speaker 1: and medicines seemed the career which he also liked best.
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  Speaker 1: Having found out he had the courage to start back
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  Speaker 1: at the beginning. To accomplish it, we made a compact
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  Speaker 1: for him to go as far as he could and
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  Speaker 1: test whether his interest kept up. First, he had to
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  Speaker 1: acquire sufficient chemistry and biology, going to Columbia University in
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  Speaker 1: the daytime for the former, to New York University in
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  Speaker 1: the evening for the latter, preparing his lessons until three
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  Speaker 1: in the morning. The next year, he passed his entrance examinations.
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  Speaker 1: Following the legislative near victory in the winter of nineteen
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  Speaker 1: thirty four, I resolved to go to Russia to see
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  Speaker 1: for myself what was happening in the greatest social experiment
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  Speaker 1: of our age. With keen anticipation, I looked forward to
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  Speaker 1: discovering whether the Marxian philosophy, dramatized and realized and based
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  Speaker 1: on an economic ideology, did not have to accept some
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  Speaker 1: of the philosophy of Malthus. Grant, then about to enter
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  Speaker 1: his final year at Cornell Medical School, was eager to
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  Speaker 1: investigate the progress of medicine in the Soviet Union and
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  Speaker 1: made up his mind to come along. I was taking
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  Speaker 1: also my Secretary Florence Rose, efficient competent in any capacity,
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  Speaker 1: whether field organizing or in the office, though but recently
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  Speaker 1: enlisted in the movement, she had come more with the
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  Speaker 1: attitude of the early days, not for what she could
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  Speaker 1: get out of it, but for what she could give
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  Speaker 1: to its furtherance. Her talents and enthusiasm, when added to
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  Speaker 1: her cheerfulness, made her a rare combination, always gleeful and
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  Speaker 1: bubbling with fun. Read out nearly everything in that spirit.
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  Speaker 1: Missus Ethel Clyde, an officer of the Federal Legislative Organization,
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  Speaker 1: was to be the fourth of our little group within
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  Speaker 1: a large group. When zeal for the new civilization in
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  Speaker 1: Russia had been at its height, she had relinquished her
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  Speaker 1: expensive Park Avenue apartment for a smaller one on a
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  Speaker 1: side street, and contributed the difference in rent to sundry
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  Speaker 1: leftist causes and birth control. At the last moment it
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  Speaker 1: seemed we might not be able to go for some years.
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  Speaker 1: Stuart had had a bad sinus condition and hardly had
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  Speaker 1: he matriculated at Cornell in the fall of nineteen thirty three,
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  Speaker 1: when he had been struck by a squash racket, fracturing
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  Speaker 1: the bone over his eye. That winter he had been
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  Speaker 1: operated on nine times. A week before I was due
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  Speaker 1: to sail, this doctor advised that he have an exploratory operation.
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  Speaker 1: I rushed up from Washington, where the legislative work for
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  Speaker 1: that session was just being wound up, and would have
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  Speaker 1: abandoned the Russian expedition had not the operation apparently been
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  Speaker 1: entirely successful. Stewart insisted that I go, since he was
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  Speaker 1: in no danger. I continued with my plans. It was
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  Speaker 1: not feasible to travel in Russia except in a party
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  Speaker 1: under official guidance. Three people I knew who had gone
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  Speaker 1: by themselves, described how train after train had passed them,
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  Speaker 1: boat after boat had steamed down the Volga, with no
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  Speaker 1: accommodations available. Therefore, we chose the non partisan Second Russian Seminar.
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  Speaker 1: Shortly prior to leaving, I spent an evening with Maurice Hindus,
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  Speaker 1: Will Durrant, John Kingsbury, and doctors Hannah and Abraham Stone,
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  Speaker 1: all of whom had been to Russia the previous year.
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  Speaker 1: Maurice Hindus had returned impersonal and still unprejudiced Will Durant,
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  Speaker 1: utterly antagonistic, John Kingsbury, full of fervor and both Stones
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  Speaker 1: warmly disposed. They had all been in Moscow practically at
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  Speaker 1: the same time, for approximately the same number of days,
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  Speaker 1: and all had received utterly dissimilar impressions. Even pictures that
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  Speaker 1: Will Durant had taken were not the same as those
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  Speaker 1: of John Kingsbury or Doctor Stone, snapped from almost identical places,
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  Speaker 1: thus showing me how wide might be the variety of
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  Speaker 1: responses depending on the individual bias. I expected to keep
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  Speaker 1: my eyes open, to think independently, to ask questions and compare.
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  Speaker 1: I was going to use as much sanity and fairness
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  Speaker 1: as I possessed, and not be swept emotionally into any
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  Speaker 1: current of opinion. Billy Barber was the manager of the seminar,
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  Speaker 1: and I did not envy him his job. There were
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  Speaker 1: many complaints and stupid remarks and much fault finding. Most
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  Speaker 1: of the party were going merely to be able to
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  Speaker 1: say those things were true which they had previously said
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  Speaker 1: were true. I asked one woman who went on every
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  Speaker 1: sight seeing expedition but never got out of the bus,
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  Speaker 1: why did you come, oh, oh, just to wipe Russia
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  Speaker 1: off my list. Edward Alsworth Ross was among the leaders.
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  Speaker 1: He was the only person who had been there under
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  Speaker 1: the former regime some twenty years earlier, and had an
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  Speaker 1: authoritative basis of contrast between the old and the new.
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  Speaker 1: We all rather sat at his feet. He was a
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  Speaker 1: typical professor, wore enormously high stiff collars, played checkers with
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  Speaker 1: anybody who would indulge him, and was upset when he
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  Speaker 1: failed to win. His personality was impressive, literally so, because
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  Speaker 1: wherever you looked, you spied him. One of the funniest
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  Speaker 1: sights was to see this Nordic giant six feet four
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  Speaker 1: walking with short dark Florence Rose five feet two, each
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  Speaker 1: jollying the other. We scooted through England across to Copenhagen,
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  Speaker 1: about which I recall very little. I was always trying
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  Speaker 1: to learn what advance the women's movement had made, but
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  Speaker 1: somebody was always trying to tell me how marvelous the
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  Speaker 1: city was, remembering ellen Key. I reached Scandinavia with great
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  Speaker 1: hopes for feminism, but the women who were considered the
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  Speaker 1: most intelligent were complacently resting on their laurels. The older
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  Speaker 1: ones still reigned supreme and believed that because they had
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  Speaker 1: won their battles of twenty five years ago, there was
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  Speaker 1: nothing left to fight for The younger group found it
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  Speaker 1: hard to arise above the inertia of this overwhelming prestige.
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  Speaker 1: Since population was not a problem in Scandinavia, they were
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  Speaker 1: interested chiefly in eugenics and had almost forgotten the aspect
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  Speaker 1: of individual suffering. At Oslow, a number of us went
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  Speaker 1: on pilgrimage to the grave of Ibsen. As I stood
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  Speaker 1: there in silent tribute, I had the feeling he had
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  Speaker 1: understood women and the ties they had been loosening to
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  Speaker 1: my mind. Nora never went back to the doll's house,
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  Speaker 1: her evolution was too complete, or if she did return,
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  Speaker 1: she entered by another door. Mister Barber had arranged to
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  Speaker 1: feed his hundred and six charges at the last finish
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  Speaker 1: railroad station. There was a particular exhilaration about the prospect
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  Speaker 1: of that meal, because it was to be our final
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  Speaker 1: one before crossing into famine stricken Russia. We arrived at
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  Speaker 1: ten in the morning, all of us hungry. As we
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  Speaker 1: filed into the station, our eyes met the most georgeous
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  Speaker 1: panorama long tables beautifully laid out with delicious meats, fish breads, compots.
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  Speaker 1: While we paused debating which of these delicacies to taste. First,
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  Speaker 1: there came a stampede of fifty other Americans, a tourist
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  Speaker 1: group led by Sherwood Eddie. Never had I seen such
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  Speaker 1: an exhibition. The men, unshaven, hatless, coatless, pushed and shoved
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  Speaker 1: around in front of and almost on top of the tables.
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  Speaker 1: The best we could do was find comfortable seats from
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  Speaker 1: which we could have a good view of the riot.
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  Speaker 1: The meal prepared by the railroad with such courtesy for
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  Speaker 1: our party was demolished by another barber, and Eddie eventually
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  Speaker 1: discovered it was all a mistake. The train carrying the
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  Speaker 1: Edyites had failed to stop at the town where their
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  Speaker 1: repast had been awaiting them, and naturally they supposed this
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  Speaker 1: breakfast was theirs. At Leningrad, we were met by buses
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  Speaker 1: and driven through streets that swarmed with imperturbable peasant like people.
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  Speaker 1: The upper parts of their Mongolian shaped heads all looked
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  Speaker 1: exactly the same. I noticed how immaculate they were, faces, necks,
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  Speaker 1: hands were white as white, and displayed a cleanliness simply
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  Speaker 1: marvelous when you took into consideration the difficulty of securing
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  Speaker 1: soap and water. Very few were old, many were children,
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  Speaker 1: apparently between the ages of two to twelve. But in
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  Speaker 1: the expressions of all I glimpsed a sadness. The former
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  Speaker 1: capital was depressing and down at heels, shabby and in
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  Speaker 1: need of painting. Yet it was beyond comparison in its
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  Speaker 1: spacious dignity. The architectural design of the houses could not
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  Speaker 1: be hidden. My high ceilinged room at the Astoria was luxurious,
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  Speaker 1: with alcove bed bathroom and large marble tub, which, although
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  Speaker 1: cracked and spotted with rust, nevertheless evidenced the days of
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  Speaker 1: splendor when the hotel had been frequented by the aristocracy
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  Speaker 1: of the old regime. From my window I could see
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  Speaker 1: the cobbled square. It was eight o'clock and the city
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  Speaker 1: was awakening. I watched the passing show. Heavy wagons were
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  Speaker 1: drawn by a single and often most decrepit horse with
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  Speaker 1: what seemed a dark brown rainbow, arched and graceful over
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  Speaker 1: his queues formed in front of little stands that served
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  Speaker 1: rations of beer or bottled soda water. Some women, the
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  Speaker 1: varying colors in their shawls making bright splotches, swept the
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  Speaker 1: car tracks with birch switches, or pushed empty carts on
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  Speaker 1: their way to market. Others carried hods of cement up
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  Speaker 1: the ladders to the masons on the new buildings being
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  Speaker 1: erected everywhere. Usually the men were doing the skilled work,
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  Speaker 1: and women, hardy and robust with strong legs, bare feet,
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  Speaker 1: sunburned faces, were kept at the laborious, monotonous physical labor
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  Speaker 1: until such time as they could qualify as expert artisans.
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  Speaker 1: The communists apartments were much better, lighter, airrier, cleaner, more
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  Speaker 1: modern than those for non party members. When we asked
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  Speaker 1: why in an equalitarian state one section should be thus privileged,
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  Speaker 1: we were answered it was they who made all this possible.
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  Speaker 1: Why should they not have the best? What you bourgeois
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  Speaker 1: give to your capitalists, we give to our communists. We
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  Speaker 1: asked Tanya, our guide, if she were a Communist, and
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  Speaker 1: she replied, oh no, that's too hard. Ordinary citizens might
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  Speaker 1: be excused for a mistake or even a crime, but
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  Speaker 1: party members could have no human frailties. They were exiled
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  Speaker 1: or perhaps shot for cheating, stealing, deceiving, exploiting, taking money
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  Speaker 1: under false pretenses, or many things which average people could
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  Speaker 1: do and be punished with fines alone. Although the cost
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  Speaker 1: of the trip itself was relatively low, whatever we bought
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  Speaker 1: in Russia was excessively high owing to the peculiar situation
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  Speaker 1: of the ruble. In the first place, there was no ruble.
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  Speaker 1: It existed only in theory. Second, every foreigner was supposed
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  Speaker 1: to deal exclusively with the Torgsen stores, through which the
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  Speaker 1: government had cleverly contrived to come by a horde of
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  Speaker 1: foreign currency by charging seventy eight cents in our money
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  Speaker 1: for each rouble instead of its actual value of five cents.
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  Speaker 1: For example, the price of a stamp on a letter
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  Speaker 1: to the United States, which was two and a half rubles,
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  Speaker 1: amounted to two dollars. Missus Clyde, who leaned sympathetically towards communism,
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  Speaker 1: said to one of our young men, let me get
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  Speaker 1: you a little present. Not here, he said, it will
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  Speaker 1: be too expensive. Oh yes, she insisted, what would you like, well,
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  Speaker 1: a bar of almond chocolate. Then she had to pay
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  Speaker 1: ten American dollars for that ten cent bar of chocolate.
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  Speaker 1: Her communism melted slightly. Ultimately we solved the ruble problem.
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  Speaker 1: One morning, a boy who had been loitering around the
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  Speaker 1: astoria asked Grant, would you like me to take you
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  Speaker 1: through the city. Grant prudently inquired how much it appeared
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  Speaker 1: that the boy merely desired an opportunity to perfect his English.
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  Speaker 1: He had plenty of rubles, which he was glad to
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  Speaker 1: dispose of. At the rate of fifty for a dollar,
• 20:51
  Speaker 1: Russians could obtain none but the cheapest commodities on their tickets.
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  Speaker 1: If they wanted luxuries such as good shirts, leather or
• 21:01
  Speaker 1: rubber boots, and other articles sold only at Torgsen, they
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  Speaker 1: were obliged to surrender some treasured gold piece or use
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  Speaker 1: foreign money. With an ample supply of rubles, I sent long,
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  Speaker 1: elaborate cables to Stuart to cheer him up. He must
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  Speaker 1: have thought an excessive maternal solicitude was getting the better
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  Speaker 1: of my economic judgment. But as a matter of fact,
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  Speaker 1: one of twenty words was costing me less than twenty
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  Speaker 1: five cents. Doctor Nadina Kavaniki, who had been interested in
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  Speaker 1: birth control in the United States, had given me a
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  Speaker 1: letter to her father, Doctor Reinstein, once a dentist in Rochester,
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  Speaker 1: New York, now in Stalin's close confidence. He came to
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  Speaker 1: see me about eleven thirty one night the Russian coll
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  Speaker 1: and we talked until three in the morning, when he
• 22:04
  Speaker 1: wanted to know my impressions of Russia, I said promptly,
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  Speaker 1: it seems to me your policy of overcharging us is
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  Speaker 1: a mistake. For the sake of a few dollars, you
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  Speaker 1: are creating ill will, just as the French have done.
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  Speaker 1: In our own seminar. We have twenty librarians and perhaps
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  Speaker 1: double that number of school teachers and students, many of
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  Speaker 1: whom have gone without other vacations to come here. They
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  Speaker 1: have a unique opportunity to influence people. Everybody will ask
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  Speaker 1: them when they get back, did you like Russia. You
• 22:44
  Speaker 1: are trying to build up a favorable public opinion abroad,
• 22:48
  Speaker 1: and these people are the best mediums for that purpose.
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  Speaker 1: If they are pleased, they will fight for you and
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  Speaker 1: break down prejudice. But he was not convinced, and evoking
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  Speaker 1: the specter of the tsarrest debt to America, he replied,
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  Speaker 1: We'll bleed you, we'll milk you. We'll get every dollar
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  Speaker 1: out of you we can. America demands her pound of flesh,
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  Speaker 1: and this is how we'll pay you. The occasions for
• 23:20
  Speaker 1: receiving pleasant impressions were offered by vigorous tours to points
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  Speaker 1: of interest. We were given a choice of hard buses
• 23:30
  Speaker 1: or harder ones, all in my experience, springless and clattering
• 23:36
  Speaker 1: noisily over the cobble paved streets. After a few bumps,
• 23:41
  Speaker 1: we usually hit the roof and came down with headaches.
• 23:45
  Speaker 1: Our poor little guides had to screech with full lung
• 23:49
  Speaker 1: power to be heard over the incessant rattling. One morning,
• 23:55
  Speaker 1: when driving back from sightseeing, the motor gasped and collapsed
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  Speaker 1: on a slight hill. Passengers volunteered helpful suggestions. Put it
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  Speaker 1: in low, put it in neutral, push this pull that
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  Speaker 1: The driver moved gears forward and backward, and then looked
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  Speaker 1: around at us in perplexity. I did, but it won't work.
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  Speaker 1: We waited and waited, and waited and waited. Somebody ran
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  Speaker 1: a mile to telephone that we were stranded and needed
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  Speaker 1: another bus. Meanwhile, everything we wanted to see was closing,
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  Speaker 1: and we had already learned that whatever you missed in
• 24:39
  Speaker 1: Russia was always the most worth while. In fact, it
• 24:43
  Speaker 1: seemed they had visiting hours timed to end five minutes
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  Speaker 1: before you got there. Several other buses came along and
• 24:52
  Speaker 1: stopped there. Drivers got out, poked their heads under the hood,
• 24:57
  Speaker 1: began taking things apart, strew bolts, this way and nuts that.
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  Speaker 1: Then they too became discouraged, and, leaving increased confusion, climbed
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  Speaker 1: on their chariots again and went on. Finally, some bright
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  Speaker 1: young man discovered we were out of gas. As we
• 25:20
  Speaker 1: crossed the huge square in front of the hotel, I
• 25:24
  Speaker 1: saw directly ahead of us an enormous pile of bricks
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  Speaker 1: with wide spaces on both sides. Closer and closer we came.
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  Speaker 1: When will the driver turn, I asked myself, But he
• 25:38
  Speaker 1: never did. We went right over the top, and the
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  Speaker 1: bricks slipped out from under. That was the Russian system.
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  Speaker 1: You could not go round an obstacle, You must go
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  Speaker 1: over it. End of Chapter thirty five, Part one,