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King Edward I of England Three Essays - Thomas Frederick Tout · King Edward I of England: Three Essays

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  Speaker 1: Part one of King Edward the First of England Three Essays.
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  Speaker 1: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
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  Speaker 1: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
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  Speaker 1: visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by David Wales. King Edward
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  Speaker 1: the First of England Three Essays by Thomas Frederick Taut.
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  Speaker 1: A medieval burglary Part one, Section one. The burglary about
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  Speaker 1: which I have to speak to Night I did not
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  Speaker 1: discover by ransacking the picturesque and humorous annals of medieval crime.
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  Speaker 1: I came across the details of this incident when seeking
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  Speaker 1: for something quite different. For it happened when I was
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  Speaker 1: attempting to investigate the technicalities of the history of the
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  Speaker 1: administrative department known as the King's Wardrobe. But so human
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  Speaker 1: a story did something to cheer up the weary paths
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  Speaker 1: of dry as dust. And he hands it on to
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  Speaker 1: you in the hope that you will not find it
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  Speaker 1: absolutely wanting in instruction and amusement. Now, my burglary was
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  Speaker 1: the burglary of the King's Treasury, or more precisely, of
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  Speaker 1: the treasury of the King's Wardrobe, within the precincts of
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  Speaker 1: the Abbey at Westminster. The date of the event was
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  Speaker 1: twenty four April thirteen three. More precisely, according to the
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  Speaker 1: chief Burglar's own account, it was on the evening of
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  Speaker 1: that day that the burglar effected an entrance into the
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  Speaker 1: King's treasury, from which he tells us he escaped with
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  Speaker 1: as much booty as he could carry on the morning
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  Speaker 1: of twenty six April. Who had committed the burglary is
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  Speaker 1: a problem which was not quite settled even by the
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  Speaker 1: trials which followed the offense, though these trials resulted in
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  Speaker 1: the hanging of some half a dozen people at least.
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  Speaker 1: But after the hanging of the half dozen, it was
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  Speaker 1: still maintained in some quarters that the burglary was committed
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  Speaker 1: by one robber only, though charges of complicity in his
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  Speaker 1: guilt were in common fame extended to something like one
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  Speaker 1: hundred individuals, And in this case common fame was not,
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  Speaker 1: I think at fault. I wish, first of all to
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  Speaker 1: explain the meaning of the sentence rather cryptic to the
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  Speaker 1: generality in which I spoke of my burglary, as that
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  Speaker 1: of the robbery of the treasury of the King's Wardrobe
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  Speaker 1: within Westminster Abbey.
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  Speaker 2: For this purpose.
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  Speaker 1: I must ask you to carry your minds back to
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  Speaker 1: the Westminster of the early years of the fourteenth century.
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  Speaker 1: Westminster was then what Kensington was in the eighteenth or
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  Speaker 1: early nineteenth century, a court suburb aloof from the traffic
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  Speaker 1: and business of the great city of London. Now the
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  Speaker 1: twin centers of Westminster were the King's Palace and the
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  Speaker 1: adjacent Benedictine Abbey. The rough plan, which I am permitted
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  Speaker 1: to print on the opposite page, will show the close
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  Speaker 1: relation of the two great groups of buildings. It was
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  Speaker 1: much closer in many ways than the relations between the
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  Speaker 1: Houses of Parliament, the modern representative of the old Palace,
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  Speaker 1: and the present abbey buildings. If these latter largely remain
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  Speaker 1: despite many destructive alterations and details in their ancient site,
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  Speaker 1: we must remember that there was nothing like the broad
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  Speaker 1: modern road that separates the east end of the abbey
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  Speaker 1: from Westminster Hall and the House of Lords. A wall
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  Speaker 1: enclosed the royal precincts and went westward to within a
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  Speaker 1: few feet of the Monk's Infirmary and the end of
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  Speaker 1: Saint Margaret's Church. The still existing access to the abbey
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  Speaker 1: on the east side of the south transept through the
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  Speaker 1: door by which you can still go into Poet's Corner,
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  Speaker 1: having the Chapter House on your left and Henry the
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  Speaker 1: Seventh Chapel on your right was the poor by which
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  Speaker 1: immediate access to the palace could be gained through a
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  Speaker 1: gate in this wall. The space between the abbey and
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  Speaker 1: the palace wall was occupied by the churchyard of Saint Margaret's,
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  Speaker 1: the parish church, or rather its successor, still crouches beneath
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  Speaker 1: the shade of the neighboring Minster. This churchyard covered the
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  Speaker 1: ground now taken up by Henry the Seventh Chapel, which
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  Speaker 1: of course was not as yet in existence. In the
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  Speaker 1: midst of this grassy plot stood the Chapter House of
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  Speaker 1: the Monks of Westminster, with its flying buttresses and its
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  Speaker 1: single pillar supporting its huge vault, then newly erected by
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  Speaker 1: the pious zeal of Henry the Third. Westminster Abbey was
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  Speaker 1: founded by Edward the Confessor and substantially refounded by Henry
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  Speaker 1: the Third, who had shown immense care and lavish large
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  Speaker 1: sums on a grandiose scheme for the rebuilding of the
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  Speaker 1: Great House of Religion, which contained the shrine of his
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  Speaker 1: favorite saints, in whose honor he had given his son
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  Speaker 1: the name of Edward. The rebuilding went on into the
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  Speaker 1: reign of Edward the First, who was not much inferior
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  Speaker 1: to his father in his zeal for the church, and
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  Speaker 1: was a doubly bound to honor his father's wishes and
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  Speaker 1: the memory of his own patron saint. In the closing
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  Speaker 1: years of the thirteenth century, circumstances compelled Edward the First
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  Speaker 1: to desist from this work. The king now found himself
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  Speaker 1: dragged into enormous expenses by the French, Scottish and Flemish wars.
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  Speaker 1: He was perforce turned from church building to get men
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  Speaker 1: and money for his wars. The finances of England under
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  Speaker 1: Edward the First were less elastic than under mister Lloyd George,
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  Speaker 1: and modern credit and banking were then in their very infancy.
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  Speaker 1: Edward the First, though he imposed taxes which would make
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  Speaker 1: the most stalwart militarist of to day quiver, soon found
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  Speaker 1: himself hopelessly in debt. To meet his burdens, the king
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  Speaker 1: constantly employed differentiated taxation, but the differentiation was calculated by
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  Speaker 1: rather a different method from that in fashion nowadays. It
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  Speaker 1: was differentiation according to status, not according to wealth.
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  Speaker 2: The clergy who were not.
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  Speaker 1: Expected to fight, were expected to pay more heavily than
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  Speaker 1: the laymen. Let us take as an instance of how
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  Speaker 1: things were then done the taxes levied in twelve ninety four,
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  Speaker 1: when the fighting country districts were called upon to pay
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  Speaker 1: a tenth of their movables and taxation, and the wealthier
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  Speaker 1: and more peaceful towns were asked for a sixth from
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  Speaker 1: the clergy. A tax equal I think to a modern
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  Speaker 1: income tax of ten shillings in the pound was demanded,
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  Speaker 1: and it is said that when the Dean of Saint
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  Speaker 1: Paul's heard of this unprecedented impost he fell dead on
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  Speaker 1: the spot. If such heroic efforts I mean the King's,
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  Speaker 1: not the deans, were necessary in twelve ninety four at
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  Speaker 1: the beginning of England's troubles, how much worse things must
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  Speaker 1: have become by thirteen oh three, after ten years of
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  Speaker 1: storm and stress. By this date, Edward the First's finances
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  Speaker 1: were indeed in a bad state. Historians are only now
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  Speaker 1: gradually beginning to realize how embarrassed the great King was
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  Speaker 1: in the last years of his reign, and how desperate
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  Speaker 1: were some of his attempts to fill his eckchecker. The
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  Speaker 1: whole of Edward's declining years were not equally strenuous, though
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  Speaker 1: his finances steadily grew worse. Before the end of the
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  Speaker 1: Old Century, Edward had got over the worst of his
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  Speaker 1: troubles abroad. He therefore determined to devote himself with characteristic
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  Speaker 1: energy to the conquests of the rebel Scots. Since therefore
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  Speaker 1: Scotland now became the King's chief anxiety made his headquarters
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  Speaker 1: in the north of England. In those days where the
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  Speaker 1: king lived there the machinery of government was to be found.
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  Speaker 1: For though England in the thirteenth century had centralized institutions,
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  Speaker 1: those institutions were not centralized in a local capital. It
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  Speaker 1: is true that one English city was immensely more important
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  Speaker 1: than all the rest. London in the thirteenth as in
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  Speaker 1: the eighteenth century, was relatively to other towns, even greater
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  Speaker 1: and more important than is the case nowadays. Of course,
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  Speaker 1: Edward the fir London to our eyes would be quite
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  Speaker 1: a little place. But at a time when there was
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  Speaker 1: outside London perhaps no town of more than ten thousand inhabitants,
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  Speaker 1: and very few of that population, a city four or
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  Speaker 1: five times that size was something portentous. Yet this greatness
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  Speaker 1: of London was due to its commercial activity much more
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  Speaker 1: than to the fact that it was the capital of
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  Speaker 1: the country or its seat of government. In reality, there
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  Speaker 1: was no capital in the modern sense. For the English
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  Speaker 1: tradition was that the government should follow the king. It
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  Speaker 1: was only very gradually that the governing machinery of the
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  Speaker 1: land was permanently settled in Westminster or London. There was, however,
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  Speaker 1: already a tendency towards making the great city, or rather
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  Speaker 1: its neighboring court suburb, a center of permanent administrative offices,
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  Speaker 1: a capital in the modern sense. Thus, the Court of
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  Speaker 1: Common Pleas had been settled in London since Magna Carta,
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  Speaker 1: and the Exchequer, that is, the Department of Finance, had
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  Speaker 1: also been fixed there since the reign of Henry the Second.
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  Speaker 1: These were, however, still the exceptions which proved the rule.
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  Speaker 1: The Office of the Chancery, which was not then a
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  Speaker 1: law court, but the secretarial office of State, followed the king.
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  Speaker 1: So also who did certain branches of the administration, which
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  Speaker 1: depended on the court, and were intended first of all
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  Speaker 1: to be the machinery for the government of the king's household.
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  Speaker 1: In the Middle Ages, no distinction was made between the
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  Speaker 1: king and the kingdom. If the king had devised a
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  Speaker 1: useful machine for governing his household and estates, he naturally
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  Speaker 1: used it for any other purpose for which he thought
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  Speaker 1: it would be useful. We find therefore the court offices
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  Speaker 1: of administration and finance.
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  Speaker 2: Working side by side with the.
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  Speaker 1: National offices, not only in dealing with household affairs, but
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  Speaker 1: in the actual work of governing the country. The most
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  Speaker 1: important of these household offices was that called the king's wardrobe. Originally,
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  Speaker 1: the wardrobe was, of course the closet in which the
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  Speaker 1: King hung up his clothes, and the staff belonging to
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  Speaker 1: it were the ballots and servants, whose business it was
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  Speaker 1: to look after them. From this modest beginning, the king's
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  Speaker 1: wardrobe had become an organized office of government. Its clerks
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  Speaker 1: rivled the officers of the Exchequer in their dealings with
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  Speaker 1: financial matters, and the officers of the Chancery in the
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  Speaker 1: number of letters, mandates, orders, and a general administrative business
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  Speaker 1: which passed through their hands. The wardrobe always followed the
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  Speaker 1: king in war time than it was far away from
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  Speaker 1: London at or near the scene of fighting. In such
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  Speaker 1: periods it became the great spending Department, while the Exchequer
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  Speaker 1: normally remained at Westminster, collecting the revenue of the country
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  Speaker 1: and forwarding the money to the Wardrobe, which spent it.
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  Speaker 1: For five years. Before thirteen o three, the King had
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  Speaker 1: thrown his chief energies into the conquest of Scotland. Under
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  Speaker 1: these circumstances, London and Westminster saw little of him. Moreover,
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  Speaker 1: he found a convenient to have near him in the North,
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  Speaker 1: even the sedentary offices of government. Accordingly, in twelve ninety eight,
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  Speaker 1: Edward transferred the Exchequer, the law courts, and the Chancery
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  Speaker 1: to York. From twelve ninety eight then to thirteen oh three, York,
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  Speaker 1: rather than Westminster, might have been called the capital of England,
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  Speaker 1: and the king's appearances to the South were few and
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  Speaker 1: far between. The occasion of such visits was generally his
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  Speaker 1: desire to get money and to make arrangements with his creditors.
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  Speaker 1: From such a short sojourn, the King went north in
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  Speaker 1: the early months of thirteen o three. Despite all his efforts,
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  Speaker 1: it was only in that year that he was really
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  Speaker 1: able to put his main weight into the Scottish War.
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  Speaker 1: When our Burglary took place, King Court and government offices
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  Speaker 1: had been removed to York for over five years. Under
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  Speaker 1: medieval conditions, the eye of a vigilant taskmaster was an
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  Speaker 1: essential condition of efficiency. It followed that during Edward's long absence,
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  Speaker 1: things at Westminster were allowed to drift into an extraordinary
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  Speaker 1: state of confusion and disorder. Affairs were made worse by
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  Speaker 1: the fact that even kings were not always free to
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  Speaker 1: choose their own servants. Thus the King's palace at Westminster
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  Speaker 1: was in the hands of an hereditary keeper. There was
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  Speaker 1: nothing strange about this. In the Middle Ages, such offices
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  Speaker 1: were frequently held by hereditary right, just as in the East,
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  Speaker 1: everybody takes up his father's business as a matter of
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  Speaker 1: religious duty. Earl Curzon once pointed out to the Electors
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  Speaker 1: of Oldham that in India there are still hereditary tailors
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  Speaker 1: who did their work very well. However, this may be
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  Speaker 1: with tailors in the East and legislators in the West.
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  Speaker 1: The hereditary keeper of Edward's Palace of Westminster did not
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  Speaker 1: prove to be a very effective custodian of his master's property.
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  Speaker 1: His name was John Shench or Cenche, and he held
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  Speaker 1: two hereditary offices, that of keeper of the King's Palace
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  Speaker 1: at Westminster, and also the keepership of the Fleet Prison
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  Speaker 1: in right of his wife Joan, who had inherited both
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  Speaker 1: from her father. Thus, in addition to the keepership of
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  Speaker 1: the palace, John Shensche kept the King's Prison of the
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  Speaker 1: Fleet in the City of London. As a rule, John
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  Speaker 1: and his wife Joan had their habitation in the prison
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  Speaker 1: in the city. John therefore employed as his deputy at
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  Speaker 1: Westminster and underling a certain William of the Palace, who kept,
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  Speaker 1: or rather did not keep, for him, the King's Palace
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  Speaker 1: at Westminster. However, early in the year thirteen o three,
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  Speaker 1: John left his abode in the city where his wife remained,
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  Speaker 1: and took up his quarters in the palace. Apparently the
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  Speaker 1: prison was not so comfortable place for an easy going
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  Speaker 1: officer to live in as the palace. Perhaps too, the
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  Speaker 1: domestic restraints imposed of Anshinci in the city were burdensome
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  Speaker 1: to him. Certainly, gay times now ensued in the deserted palace.
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  Speaker 1: Soon John and William, in the absence of the higher authorities,
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  Speaker 1: seemed to have gathered together a band of disreputable boon
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  Speaker 1: companions of both sexes, whose drunken rebels and scandalous misconduct
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  Speaker 1: were soon notorious throughout the neighborhood. One element in this
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  Speaker 1: band of revelers was, I regret to say, a certain
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  Speaker 1: section of the monks of the neighboring monastery. For as
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  Speaker 1: the absence of the King and the court had left
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  Speaker 1: the palace asleep as it were, so also had the
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  Speaker 1: monastery at Westminster sunk into a deeper and more scandalous slumber.
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  Speaker 1: The enthusiasm, effort, and excitement which had marked the period
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  Speaker 1: of Henry the Third's reconstruction of Westminster Abbey had now
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  Speaker 1: died down. Medieval man, though zealous and full of ideas,
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  Speaker 1: was seldom persistent. It is a commonplace of history that
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  Speaker 1: when the first impulse of fervor that attended a new
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  Speaker 1: order a new foundation, had passed away, religious activity was
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  Speaker 1: followed by a strong reaction. The gray period of the
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  Speaker 1: monastery at Westminster had been during its reconstitution under Henry
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  Speaker 1: the Third, but that time of energy had now worked
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  Speaker 1: itself out, and the abbey had gone to sleep. The
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  Speaker 1: work of reconstruction had stopped from lack of funds. The
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  Speaker 1: royal favor, as well as the royal presence, was withdrawn
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  Speaker 1: gradually from the abbey. Moreover, a few years earlier, a
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  Speaker 1: disastrous fire devastated the monastic buildings and only just spared
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  Speaker 1: the chapter house and the abbey church. It looks as
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  Speaker 1: if the monks had to camp out in half ruined
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  Speaker 1: buildings till their home could be restored. All this naturally
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  Speaker 1: relaxed the reigns of discipline. The more so since the abbot,
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  Speaker 1: Walter of Winlock, was an old man whose hold on
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  Speaker 1: the monks was slight, and some of the chief officers
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  Speaker 1: of the abbey, the obentitaries, as they were called, were
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  Speaker 1: singularly incompetent or unscrupulous persons. It followed naturally that many
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  Speaker 1: of the fifty monks became slack, beyond ordinary standards of
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  Speaker 1: medieval slackness. It was both from obedientiiries and common monks
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  Speaker 1: that John SHINCHI and William of the Palace secured the
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  Speaker 1: companions for their unseemly revels. There now comes upon the
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  Speaker 1: scene a new figure, in fact, the hero of the Burglary,
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  Speaker 1: Richard of Ponticut. Richard of Pulicut began life as a clerk,
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  Speaker 1: but abandoned his clergy for the more profitable calling of
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  Speaker 1: a wandering trader in wool, cheese and butter. England's economic
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  Speaker 1: position in those days reminds us of the state of
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  Speaker 1: things now prevailing in Argentina or Australia, rather that in
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  Speaker 1: modern industrial England. She had little to sell abroad save
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  Speaker 1: raw materials, especially wool, which was largely exported to the
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  Speaker 1: great clothing towns of Flanders. This traffic took Pudlicut to
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  Speaker 1: Ghent and Bruges in the twelve ninety eight, when Edward
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  Speaker 1: the First had allied with the Flemings against the King
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  Speaker 1: of France, but his trading adventures were as unsuccessful as
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  Speaker 1: the king's military efforts in Flanders. Moreover, after the King's
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  Speaker 1: return to England, Pudlicut had the ill luck to be
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  Speaker 1: among those merchants arrested as a surety for the debts
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  Speaker 1: which Edward had left behind him in the Low countries.
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  Speaker 1: This unceremonious treatment of an alien in ally is a
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  Speaker 1: method of medieval frightfulness, which may be recommended to our
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  Speaker 1: alien enemies. But Edward's credit was so bad that we
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  Speaker 1: can hardly blame the Flemings for leaving no stone unturned
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  Speaker 1: to obtain payment of their debts. Whether they succeeded. I
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  Speaker 1: do not know. Before long Richard escaped from his Flemish jail,
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  Speaker 1: leaving his property in Flanders in the hands of his captors,
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  Speaker 1: nursing a grievance against the King, and with dire poverty
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  Speaker 1: facing him, he took lodgings in London, where, like many bankrupts,
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  Speaker 1: he seems to have generally had enough money to indulge
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  Speaker 1: in all the personal gratifications that he had a special
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  Speaker 1: mind to practice. It seems that in the pursuit of
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  Speaker 1: his disreputable pleasures, Publicat was brought into contact with John Shenshey,
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  Speaker 1: William of the Palace, and the other merrymakers, lay and
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  Speaker 1: ecclesiastical in the lodge of the King's Palace of Westminster.
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  Speaker 1: He had a specious excuse for haunting Westminster. All he was,
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  Speaker 1: he says himself, seeking a remedy in the King's courts
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  Speaker 1: for the property he had lost in Flanders. How he
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  Speaker 1: could find one when these courts were in York I
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  Speaker 1: cannot say, But as we shall see, many of Publicot's
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  Speaker 1: personal statements are difficult to reconcile with facts. However, Edward
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  Speaker 1: himself soon came to Westminster, but withdrew after a short stay,
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  Speaker 1: leaving Pudlicot unpaid. We have seen how near was the
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  Speaker 1: palace to the abbey, and how the palace keeper's monastic
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  Speaker 1: friends formed a living bridge between the two. One result
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  Speaker 1: of these pleasant social relations was that the Abbey of
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  Speaker 1: Westminster soon became familiar ground to Pudlicut. One day, when
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  Speaker 1: disturbed at the hopelessness of getting his grievances redressed by
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  Speaker 1: the King, he wont undered through the cloisters of the
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  Speaker 1: abbey and noticed with greedy eyes the rich stores of
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  Speaker 1: silver plate carried in and out of the refectory of
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  Speaker 1: the monks by the servants who were waiting on the
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  Speaker 1: brethren at meals. The happy idea struck him to seek
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  Speaker 1: a means to enable him to come at the goods
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  Speaker 1: which he saw. Thus the King's foundation might somewhat irregularly
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  Speaker 1: be made to pay the King's debts. Pudlicad soon laid
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  Speaker 1: his plans accordingly. The very day after the King left Westminster,
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  Speaker 1: Pudlicad found a ladder reared up against a house near
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  Speaker 1: the palace gate. He put this ladder against one of
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  Speaker 1: the windows of the chapter house. He climbed up the ladder,
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  Speaker 1: found a window that opened by means of a cord,
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  Speaker 1: opened the window, and swung himself by the same chord
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  Speaker 1: into the chapterhouse. Nance he made his way to the
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  Speaker 1: refractory and secured a rich booty of plate, which he
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  Speaker 1: managed to carry off and sell Publicot's success with the
• 22:03
  Speaker 1: monk's plate did not profit him for long. Within nine months,
• 22:07
  Speaker 1: and we may believe, surely this part of his not
• 22:10
  Speaker 1: too vacious tale, the proceeds of the sale of the
• 22:14
  Speaker 1: silver cups and dishes of the abbey had been eaten up.
• 22:18
  Speaker 1: No doubt, the loose life he was living and the
• 22:21
  Speaker 1: rebels with the keepers of the palace, involved a constant
• 22:26
  Speaker 1: need for plentiful supplies of ready cash. Anyhow, by the
• 22:30
  Speaker 1: end of thirteen o two, Richard was again destitute and
• 22:34
  Speaker 1: looking out for something more to steal. It was doubtless
• 22:38
  Speaker 1: dangerous to rob the monks anymore, and perhaps the intimacy
• 22:43
  Speaker 1: which was now established between him and his monastic boon
• 22:47
  Speaker 1: companions suggested to Richard a more excellent way of restoring
• 22:52
  Speaker 1: his fortunes. His plan was now to rob the king's treasury,
• 22:57
  Speaker 1: and his success seemed assured, since, as he tells us,
• 23:01
  Speaker 1: he knew the premises of the abbey where the treasury was,
• 23:05
  Speaker 1: and how he might come to it. How he profited
• 23:08
  Speaker 1: by his knowledge, we shall soon see. But first we
• 23:12
  Speaker 1: must for a moment part company with public UT's confession,
• 23:16
  Speaker 1: which up to now I have followed with hesitation. But
• 23:20
  Speaker 1: for the next stage of our story it is plainly
• 23:23
  Speaker 1: almost the contrary of the truth. Before we can, with
• 23:27
  Speaker 1: advantage explain why we can no longer trust his tale,
• 23:31
  Speaker 1: it would be well for us to state what this
• 23:33
  Speaker 1: treasury was and how it could be got at Let
• 23:37
  Speaker 1: us begin with the word a treasury. In the fourteenth century,
• 23:41
  Speaker 1: treasury meant simply a storehouse, or at its narrowest a
• 23:45
  Speaker 1: storehouse of valuables. To us, the treasury is the government
• 23:50
  Speaker 1: Department of Finance. But under Edward the first the State
• 23:53
  Speaker 1: Office of Finance was the Exchequer, which, as we saw,
• 23:58
  Speaker 1: was located normally at Westminister, but since twelve ninety eight
• 24:02
  Speaker 1: at York. When at Westminster the Exchequer had a treasury
• 24:06
  Speaker 1: or storehouse there also, yet in its absence it is
• 24:10
  Speaker 1: not likely that it kept either valuables or money at Westminster.
• 24:15
  Speaker 1: But side by side with the State Office was the
• 24:19
  Speaker 1: household Office of Finance, the wardrobe, And though the wardrobe
• 24:23
  Speaker 1: office was itinerating with the King, it still kept a
• 24:27
  Speaker 1: treasury or storehouse at Westminster, and this, for the sake
• 24:32
  Speaker 1: of greater safety, had been placed for some years at
• 24:36
  Speaker 1: least within the precincts of the abbey. From the monastic
• 24:40
  Speaker 1: point of view, it was doubtless and inconvenience that nearness
• 24:44
  Speaker 1: to the royal dwelling compelled them to offer their premisses
• 24:48
  Speaker 1: for the royal service. Accordingly, kings not infrequently made demands
• 24:53
  Speaker 1: upon the abbey to use its buildings. Thus the Chapter
• 24:56
  Speaker 1: House became a frequent place for meetings of Parliament, and
• 25:00
  Speaker 1: at a later time it was used, and continued to
• 25:03
  Speaker 1: be used till the nineteenth century, for the storage of
• 25:07
  Speaker 1: official records. In the same way, Edward secured the crypt
• 25:11
  Speaker 1: underneath the chapter House as one of the storehouses of
• 25:14
  Speaker 1: his wardrobe. When the crypt was first used for this
• 25:18
  Speaker 1: purpose I do not know, but records show us that
• 25:21
  Speaker 1: it was already in use in twelve ninety one, at
• 25:24
  Speaker 1: which date it was newly paved. It was not the
• 25:27
  Speaker 1: only storehouse of the wardrobe. There was another treasury of
• 25:31
  Speaker 1: the Wardrobe in the Tower of London, but this was
• 25:34
  Speaker 1: mainly used for bulky articles, arms and armor, cloth, furs,
• 25:40
  Speaker 1: furniture and the like. Most of what we should call
• 25:43
  Speaker 1: treasure was deposited in the Westminster Crypt, and we are
• 25:47
  Speaker 1: fortunate in having still extant a list of the jewels
• 25:51
  Speaker 1: preserved there. In twelve ninety eight, the time when the
• 25:54
  Speaker 1: Court began to establish itself for its five years of
• 25:58
  Speaker 1: sojourn in the North, and thirteen o three, jewels and
• 26:02
  Speaker 1: plate were still the chief treasures preserved there. Some money
• 26:06
  Speaker 1: was there also, notably a store of gold florins of Florence,
• 26:11
  Speaker 1: the only gold coins currently used in England at a
• 26:15
  Speaker 1: time when the National Mints limited themselves to the coinage
• 26:18
  Speaker 1: of silver. But I do not think there could have
• 26:21
  Speaker 1: been much money, for Edward's needs were to pressing his
• 26:26
  Speaker 1: financial policy too much from hand to mouth for the
• 26:29
  Speaker 1: crypt at Westminster to be a hoard of coined money,
• 26:33
  Speaker 1: like the famous Prussian Kriegsgeschets at Spandau, which we now
• 26:39
  Speaker 1: rejoice to learn is becoming rapidly depleted. Whatever its contents,
• 26:44
  Speaker 1: Edward estimated that their value was one hundred thousand pounds,
• 26:49
  Speaker 1: a sum equivalent to a year's revenue of the English
• 26:53
  Speaker 1: state in ordinary times Unluckily, medieval statistics are largely mere guesswork,
• 27:00
  Speaker 1: but the amount of the guess at least suggests the
• 27:03
  Speaker 1: feeling that the value of the treasures stored in the
• 27:06
  Speaker 1: crypt was very considerable. The crypt under the chapter House
• 27:10
  Speaker 1: is one of the most interesting portions of the abbey
• 27:13
  Speaker 1: buildings at Westminster. It is little known because it is not,
• 27:17
  Speaker 1: I think, generally shown to visitors. I am indebted to
• 27:21
  Speaker 1: the kindness of my friend Bishop Ryle, the present Dean,
• 27:25
  Speaker 1: for an opportunity of making a special inspection of it.
• 27:29
  Speaker 1: It is delightfully complete and delightfully unrestored. The chief new
• 27:35
  Speaker 1: thing about it seems the pavement, But the Dean's well
• 27:39
  Speaker 1: informed verdure told me that it was within living memory
• 27:42
  Speaker 1: that this pavement had replaced the flooring of twelve ninety one.
• 27:46
  Speaker 1: Numerous windows give a fair amount of light to the apartment,
• 27:50
  Speaker 1: though the enormous thickness of the walls some thirteen feet,
• 27:55
  Speaker 1: it was said, prevent the light being very abundant even
• 27:59
  Speaker 1: on a bright day. The central column, the lower part
• 28:03
  Speaker 1: of the great pillar, from which radiates the high, soaring
• 28:06
  Speaker 1: vaults of the chapter house above, alone breaks the present
• 28:10
  Speaker 1: emptiness of the crypt. Considerable portions of the column are
• 28:15
  Speaker 1: cut away to form a series of neatly made recesses.
• 28:19
  Speaker 1: And there are recesses within these recesses which suggest in
• 28:24
  Speaker 1: themselves careful devices for secreting valuables, for it would be
• 28:29
  Speaker 1: easy to conceal them by the simple expedient of inserting
• 28:33
  Speaker 1: a stone here and there where the masonry had been
• 28:36
  Speaker 1: cut away, and so suggesting to the unwary and unbroken column.
• 28:42
  Speaker 1: I should not like to say that these curious store
• 28:45
  Speaker 1: places already existed in thirteen o three, but there is
• 28:50
  Speaker 1: no reason why they should not. Certainly they fit in
• 28:53
  Speaker 1: admirably with the use of the crypt as a treasury.
• 28:57
  Speaker 1: One other point we must also remember about the dispositions
• 29:01
  Speaker 1: of this crypt. There is only one access to it,
• 29:05
  Speaker 1: and that is neither from the chapter house above, nor
• 29:08
  Speaker 1: from the adjacent cloister, but from the church itself. A
• 29:12
  Speaker 1: low vaulted passage is entered by a door at the
• 29:16
  Speaker 1: southeast corner of the south transept of the abbey, now
• 29:20
  Speaker 1: for many centuries the special burial place for poets imminent
• 29:24
  Speaker 1: and otherwise. This passage descends by a flight of steep
• 29:29
  Speaker 1: steps to the crypt itself, and the flight originally seems,
• 29:33
  Speaker 1: I am told doubtless has another precaution against robbery to
• 29:38
  Speaker 1: have been a broken one, suggesting that a steep drop,
• 29:42
  Speaker 1: presumably spanned by a short ladder, further barred access to
• 29:46
  Speaker 1: the crypt. We must remember, too, that this sole access
• 29:50
  Speaker 1: to the treasury was within a few feet of the
• 29:53
  Speaker 1: sacristy of the abbey. The sacristy was the chapel to
• 29:57
  Speaker 1: the south of the south transept, and communicating with it,
• 30:01
  Speaker 1: where the sacrist kept the precious vessels appropriated to the
• 30:06
  Speaker 1: service of the altar. Altogether, it looks as if the
• 30:09
  Speaker 1: crypt were originally intended as a storehouse for such church treasure.
• 30:14
  Speaker 1: As the sacrist did not need for his immediate purposes
• 30:18
  Speaker 1: from this use, it was diverted, as we have seen,
• 30:22
  Speaker 1: to the keeping of the royal treasures. Nowadays, the sacristy
• 30:26
  Speaker 1: is called the Chapel of Saint Faith and is used
• 30:29
  Speaker 1: for purposes of private devotion. We must not forget the
• 30:33
  Speaker 1: close connection in our period of the sacristy and the crypt.
• 30:38
  Speaker 1: The connection becomes significant when we remember that among publicat's
• 30:43
  Speaker 1: monastic boon companions at the palace keeper's lodge was the
• 30:48
  Speaker 1: sacrist of the abbey Adam of Warfield, and of Part one,
• 30:54
  Speaker 1: Section one, Part one of King Edward the First of England,
• 31:05
  Speaker 1: three essays by Thomas Frederick doubt this LibriVox recording is
• 31:09
  Speaker 1: in the public domain. Part one, Section two of a
• 31:14
  Speaker 1: medieval burglary. Publicut had made up his mind to steal
• 31:19
  Speaker 1: the king's treasure. The practical problem was how to get
• 31:22
  Speaker 1: access to it. If we examine the evidence collected at
• 31:26
  Speaker 1: the inquiry, we find that there are two discrepant accounts
• 31:30
  Speaker 1: as to how the robber effected his purpose. The one
• 31:33
  Speaker 1: is warranted by the testimony of a large number of
• 31:36
  Speaker 1: sworn juries of reputable citizens of every ward in the
• 31:40
  Speaker 1: City of London, of burgesses of Westminster, and of the
• 31:45
  Speaker 1: good men of every hundred in the adjacent shires of
• 31:48
  Speaker 1: Middlesex and Surrey. It is, like much truthful evidence, rather vague,
• 31:54
  Speaker 1: but its general tendency is while recognizing that Publicut is
• 31:58
  Speaker 1: the prime offender to make various monks and palace officers
• 32:03
  Speaker 1: his accomplices. Of the latter category, William of the Palace
• 32:07
  Speaker 1: seems to have been the most active, while of the
• 32:10
  Speaker 1: many monks, Adam Worfield the Sacrist was the most generally
• 32:14
  Speaker 1: denounced but the proved share of both Adam and William
• 32:19
  Speaker 1: was based largely on the discovery of stolen property in
• 32:23
  Speaker 1: their possession. The evidence of the juries suggests theories as
• 32:27
  Speaker 1: to how the crime may have been perpetrated. It does
• 32:31
  Speaker 1: not make the methods of the culprits clear and palpable,
• 32:35
  Speaker 1: but it suggests that masons and carpenters were called in
• 32:38
  Speaker 1: so that some breaking in of the structure was attempted,
• 32:42
  Speaker 1: And in particular it suggests that the churchyard was the
• 32:46
  Speaker 1: thoroughfare through which the robbers removed their booty. Let us
• 32:51
  Speaker 1: turn next to Poddakat's own confession, that remarkable document from
• 32:55
  Speaker 1: which I have already borrowed many details, though seldom without
• 32:59
  Speaker 1: a way warning. According to his confession, a public god,
• 33:03
  Speaker 1: having resolved to rob the treasury, came to the conclusion
• 33:07
  Speaker 1: that the best way to tackle the business was to
• 33:10
  Speaker 1: pierce a hole through the wall of thirteen feet of
• 33:12
  Speaker 1: stone that supported the lower story of the chapter house.
• 33:17
  Speaker 1: For so colossal a task, time was clearly needed. Richard
• 33:22
  Speaker 1: accordingly devoted himself during the dark nights of winter and
• 33:25
  Speaker 1: early spring to drilling through the solid masonry. He attacked
• 33:30
  Speaker 1: the building from the churchyard or eastern side, having access
• 33:34
  Speaker 1: there too from the palace. But the churchyard was open
• 33:37
  Speaker 1: to the parish, and the thrifty churchwardens of Saint Margaret's
• 33:41
  Speaker 1: had led to a neighboring butcher the right of grazing
• 33:45
  Speaker 1: his sheep in it. Now the butcher was told that
• 33:49
  Speaker 1: his privilege was withdrawn, and passers by were sent round
• 33:53
  Speaker 1: by another path. This was a precaution against the casual
• 33:57
  Speaker 1: wayfarer seeing the hole, which was daily growing larger. To
• 34:01
  Speaker 1: hide from the casual observer, the great gash in the stonework,
• 34:05
  Speaker 1: Richard tells us that he sowed hemp seed in the
• 34:08
  Speaker 1: churchyard near the hole, and that this grew so rapidly
• 34:12
  Speaker 1: that the tender hemp plants not only hid the gap
• 34:15
  Speaker 1: in the wall, but provided cover for him to hide
• 34:18
  Speaker 1: the spoils he hoped to steal from the treasury. When
• 34:22
  Speaker 1: the hole was complete, on twenty four April, Pudlakad went
• 34:26
  Speaker 1: through and found to his delight that the chamber was
• 34:29
  Speaker 1: full of baskets, chests and other vessels for holding valuables,
• 34:33
  Speaker 1: plate relics, jewels, and gold florins of Florence. Richard remained
• 34:40
  Speaker 1: in the crypt gloating over the treasure surrounding him from
• 34:43
  Speaker 1: the evening of twenty four April to the morning of
• 34:46
  Speaker 1: twenty six April. Perhaps he found it impossible to tear
• 34:50
  Speaker 1: himself away from so much wealth, or perhaps the intervening
• 34:54
  Speaker 1: day being the feast of Saint Mark, there were too
• 34:58
  Speaker 1: many people about and to too many services in the
• 35:01
  Speaker 1: abbey to make his retreat secure. However, he managed on
• 35:05
  Speaker 1: the morning of twenty six April to get away, taking
• 35:09
  Speaker 1: with him as much as he could carry. He seems
• 35:12
  Speaker 1: to have dropped or to have left, lying about a
• 35:15
  Speaker 1: good deal that he was unable to carry, possibly for
• 35:19
  Speaker 1: his friends to pick up. Such is public Hut's story.
• 35:24
  Speaker 1: It is the tale of a bold Ruffian who glories
• 35:27
  Speaker 1: in his crime and is proud to declare I alone
• 35:30
  Speaker 1: did it. But there was a touch of heroism and
• 35:34
  Speaker 1: of devotion in our hero. Thus taking on himself the
• 35:38
  Speaker 1: whole blame, he voluntarily made himself the scapegoat of an
• 35:42
  Speaker 1: offense for which scores were charged, and in particular he
• 35:46
  Speaker 1: took on his own shoulders the heavy share of responsibility
• 35:50
  Speaker 1: which belonged to the negligent monks of Westminster. Now, as
• 35:54
  Speaker 1: to the credibility of Public huts story. We must admit
• 35:58
  Speaker 1: that some of the juries access to evidence that cooperated
• 36:02
  Speaker 1: some parts of it. Sworn men declared their belief that
• 36:05
  Speaker 1: the crypt was approached from the outside, that masons and
• 36:09
  Speaker 1: carpenters were employed on the business, that the churchyard was
• 36:13
  Speaker 1: closely guarded, and access refuse even to the butcher who
• 36:17
  Speaker 1: rented the grazing. It is clear too that the booty
• 36:21
  Speaker 1: was got rid of through the churchyard.
• 36:23
  Speaker 2: And that P.
• 36:24
  Speaker 1: Smeal there is evidence even that hemp was sown, though
• 36:29
  Speaker 1: the verdict of a jury cannot alter the conditions of
• 36:32
  Speaker 1: vegetable growth in an English winter. We must allow too
• 36:37
  Speaker 1: that it is pretty certain that Warfield had not the
• 36:40
  Speaker 1: custody of the keys of the crypt, though he was
• 36:43
  Speaker 1: doubtless able to give facilities for tampering with the door
• 36:47
  Speaker 1: or forcing the lock. Yet Public Hut's general story remains
• 36:51
  Speaker 1: absolutely incredible. It was surely impossible to break through the
• 36:56
  Speaker 1: solid wall, and no incuriousness corruption would account for wall
• 37:02
  Speaker 1: piercing operations being unnoticed when carried on in the midst
• 37:07
  Speaker 1: of a considerable population for three months on end. Some
• 37:11
  Speaker 1: of Public Hod's lies were inconceivable in their crudity. Is
• 37:15
  Speaker 1: it likely that hemp sown at Christmas time would before
• 37:19
  Speaker 1: the end of April afford sufficient green cover to hide
• 37:22
  Speaker 1: the hole in the wall and to secret gleaming articles
• 37:26
  Speaker 1: of silver within its thick recesses. And how are we
• 37:31
  Speaker 1: to believe that there was a great gaping hole in
• 37:33
  Speaker 1: the wall of a crypt when nothing was heard of
• 37:36
  Speaker 1: the crime for several weeks after its perpetration, and no
• 37:40
  Speaker 1: details of the king's losses were known until two months
• 37:44
  Speaker 1: after the burglary, when the keeper of the wardrobe unlocked
• 37:48
  Speaker 1: the door of the treasury and examined its contents. A
• 37:52
  Speaker 1: more artistic liar would have made his confession more convincing.
• 37:57
  Speaker 1: What really happened seems to me to have been something
• 37:59
  Speaker 1: like this. I have no doubt the public Hut got
• 38:03
  Speaker 1: into the treasury by the simple process of his friend
• 38:06
  Speaker 1: Adam of Warfield, giving him facilities for forcing the door
• 38:11
  Speaker 1: or perhaps breaking a window. He remained in the crypt
• 38:14
  Speaker 1: a long time so that he might hand out its
• 38:16
  Speaker 1: contents to confederates, who, as we learned from the depositions, ate,
• 38:22
  Speaker 1: drank and reveled till midnight for two nights, running in
• 38:25
  Speaker 1: a house within the precincts of the fleet prison, and
• 38:29
  Speaker 1: then went armed and horsed to Westminster, returning towards daybreak
• 38:34
  Speaker 1: loaded with booty. But not only the revelers and Chinchi's headquarters,
• 38:39
  Speaker 1: but many monks, many abbey servants, the custodians of the palace,
• 38:43
  Speaker 1: the leading goldsmith's of the city, and half the neighbors
• 38:47
  Speaker 1: must have been cognizant of, if not participating, in the crime.
• 38:52
  Speaker 1: It speaks well for honor among thieves that it was
• 38:55
  Speaker 1: not until deplorable indiscretions were made in the dispose of
• 39:00
  Speaker 1: the booty that any news of the misdeed reached the
• 39:04
  Speaker 1: ears of any of the official custodians of the treasure.
• 39:08
  Speaker 1: Suspicion of the crime was first excited by the discovery
• 39:11
  Speaker 1: of fragments of the spoil in all sorts of unexpected places.
• 39:16
  Speaker 1: A fisherman applying his craft in the then Silver Thames
• 39:20
  Speaker 1: netted a silver goblet which had evidently been the property
• 39:24
  Speaker 1: of the king. Passers by found cups, dishes, and similar
• 39:28
  Speaker 1: precious things hidden behind tombstones and other rough hiding places
• 39:33
  Speaker 1: in Saint Margaret's churchyard. Boys playing in the neighboring fields
• 39:38
  Speaker 1: found pieces of plate concealed under hedgerows. Such discoveries were
• 39:43
  Speaker 1: made as far from Westminster as Kentish Town. Moreover, many
• 39:47
  Speaker 1: other people lighted upon similar pieces of treasure trove. Foreign
• 39:52
  Speaker 1: money found its way into the hands of the money
• 39:54
  Speaker 1: changers at London, York and Lyme and other remote parts
• 39:59
  Speaker 1: the The city goldsmiths were the happy receivers of large
• 40:03
  Speaker 1: amounts of silver plate, among them, I regret to say
• 40:07
  Speaker 1: being William Terrell, the artist goldsmith, whose skill in metal
• 40:12
  Speaker 1: work has left such an abiding mark in the decorations
• 40:16
  Speaker 1: of the abbey church. There were two scandalous stories whispered abroad.
• 40:22
  Speaker 1: One of them was that a woman of loose life
• 40:25
  Speaker 1: explained her possession of a precious ring by relating that
• 40:29
  Speaker 1: it was given her by dom Adam the sacris so
• 40:32
  Speaker 1: that she should become his friend. Such tales soon made
• 40:36
  Speaker 1: the story of the robbery common property. At last it
• 40:40
  Speaker 1: came to the ears of the King and his ministers,
• 40:43
  Speaker 1: then encamped at Linlithgow for the Scottish War. Thereupon, on
• 40:48
  Speaker 1: sixth June, the King appointed a special commission of judges
• 40:52
  Speaker 1: to investigate the matter. On twenty June, John Droxford, the
• 40:57
  Speaker 1: keeper of the wardrobe, came to Westminster with the keys
• 41:00
  Speaker 1: of the crypt, and then and only then did any
• 41:03
  Speaker 1: official examination of the treasury take place. An entry was
• 41:08
  Speaker 1: made into the crypt, and the damage which had been
• 41:11
  Speaker 1: done was inspected. The result is still to be read
• 41:14
  Speaker 1: in an Inventory of the Treasures Lost and the Treasures Found,
• 41:18
  Speaker 1: which Droxford drew up, and which may now be studied
• 41:22
  Speaker 1: in print. It is pleasant to say that by the
• 41:25
  Speaker 1: time Droxford went to work, much of the treasure which
• 41:28
  Speaker 1: had been scattered broadcast was being brought back, and that
• 41:32
  Speaker 1: more was soon to follow. The first investigations as to
• 41:36
  Speaker 1: where the treasure had been carried led to fruitful results.
• 41:40
  Speaker 1: A good deal of it was found hidden beneath the
• 41:43
  Speaker 1: beds of the keeper of the palace and of his assistant.
• 41:47
  Speaker 1: Still more was found in the lodgings of Richard Publicot
• 41:50
  Speaker 1: and his mistress. Adam the Sacrist, and some of his
• 41:54
  Speaker 1: brother monks and their servants were discovered to be in
• 41:57
  Speaker 1: possession of other missing articles. Altogether, when Droxford had finished
• 42:03
  Speaker 1: his inventory, a large proportion of the articles which had
• 42:06
  Speaker 1: been lost were reclaimed. Ultimately, it seems that the losses
• 42:11
  Speaker 1: were not very severe. Wholesale arrests were now made Richard
• 42:15
  Speaker 1: Pavlicat was apprehended on twenty five June, and William of
• 42:20
  Speaker 1: the Palace soon experianced the same fate. Before long, the
• 42:24
  Speaker 1: connection which the monks had had with the business seems
• 42:28
  Speaker 1: so well established that the whole convent, including the abbot
• 42:31
  Speaker 1: and forty eight monks, were indicted and sent to the tower,
• 42:35
  Speaker 1: where they were soon joined by thirty two other persons.
• 42:39
  Speaker 1: This time the King's net had spread rather too widely,
• 42:43
  Speaker 1: and the indiscriminate arrest of guilty and innocent excited some
• 42:48
  Speaker 1: measure of sympathy even for the guilty.
• 42:52
  Speaker 2: The majority of.
• 42:52
  Speaker 1: The clerical prisoners were released on bail, but some half
• 42:56
  Speaker 1: dozen laymen and ten monks were still kept in custom.
• 43:00
  Speaker 1: Both the released and the imprisoned culprits raised a great outcry,
• 43:06
  Speaker 1: sending petitions to the King demanding a further inquiry into
• 43:09
  Speaker 1: the whole matter. The first Commission, meanwhile had been impaneling
• 43:14
  Speaker 1: juries and collecting evidence, but the matter was so serious
• 43:18
  Speaker 1: that in November a second royal commission was appointed to
• 43:22
  Speaker 1: hear and determine the matter. The members of this second
• 43:25
  Speaker 1: commission were chosen from among the most eminent of the
• 43:28
  Speaker 1: King's judges, including the Chief Justice of the King's Bench,
• 43:33
  Speaker 1: Sir Roger Brabazon, and the shrewdest judge of the time,
• 43:37
  Speaker 1: William Bereford afterwards chief Justice of Common Pleas. I have
• 43:42
  Speaker 1: already indicated in outline the result of the investigations of
• 43:47
  Speaker 1: the two judicial commissions. I have told you how juries
• 43:51
  Speaker 1: were impaneled from every hundred in the counties of Middlesex
• 43:55
  Speaker 1: and Surrey, and from the wars of the City of
• 43:58
  Speaker 1: London and from Westminster. The details of the evidence are
• 44:02
  Speaker 1: worthy of more special treatment than I can give them here,
• 44:06
  Speaker 1: because they afford a wonderful picture of the loose living,
• 44:09
  Speaker 1: easy going, slack, negligent, casual and criminal doings of medieval
• 44:15
  Speaker 1: men and women. I must, however, be content to restate
• 44:19
  Speaker 1: the general result of the trials. Richard Apublicat was found guilty.
• 44:24
  Speaker 1: Various other people, including William of the Palace and certain monks,
• 44:28
  Speaker 1: were declared accomplices, while Adam Warfield was shrewdly suspected to
• 44:33
  Speaker 1: be at the bottom of the whole business. More than
• 44:36
  Speaker 1: a year was spent in investigations, and it was not
• 44:39
  Speaker 1: until March thirteen o four, eleven months after the burglary,
• 44:44
  Speaker 1: that William of the palace, and five other lay culprits
• 44:47
  Speaker 1: were comfortably hanged. The great problem was how to deal
• 44:51
  Speaker 1: with the clerical offenders without adding to the King's difficulties
• 44:55
  Speaker 1: by rousing the sleeping dogs of the church. Always ready
• 44:59
  Speaker 1: to bark, the state meditated any infringement of the claim
• 45:03
  Speaker 1: of all clerks to be subject solely to the ecclesiastical tribunals. Accordingly,
• 45:09
  Speaker 1: Richard A Publicot and ten monks were reserved for further treatment. Publicot,
• 45:15
  Speaker 1: as we have seen, had been a tonsured person in
• 45:18
  Speaker 1: his youth, and he probably claimed, as did the monks,
• 45:21
  Speaker 1: benefit of clergy. It was probably now that Publicot nobly
• 45:26
  Speaker 1: tried to shield his monastic allies by his extraordinary confession.
• 45:31
  Speaker 1: His heroism, however, availed him nothing but whatever his zeal
• 45:35
  Speaker 1: for the church. Edward the First was, upon adequate occasion,
• 45:39
  Speaker 1: ready to ride roughshod over clerical privileges, and he always
• 45:44
  Speaker 1: bitterly resented any attempt of a culprit who had lived
• 45:47
  Speaker 1: as a layman, trying to shield himself on the PreTect
• 45:51
  Speaker 1: that he had been a clerk in his youth. His
• 45:54
  Speaker 1: corrupt chief Justice Thomas Wayland, had sought to evade condemnation
• 45:59
  Speaker 1: by resuming the tonsure and clerical garb which he had
• 46:02
  Speaker 1: worn before he abandoned his orders to become a knight,
• 46:06
  Speaker 1: a country squire, and the founder of a family of
• 46:09
  Speaker 1: landed gentry. But Whelan's subdiaconate did not save him from
• 46:14
  Speaker 1: exile and loss of land and goods Publicat sometime, clerical
• 46:19
  Speaker 1: character had even less power to preserve him. He also
• 46:23
  Speaker 1: paid tardily the capital penalty for his misdeed, but it
• 46:28
  Speaker 1: was surely his clergy that kept him alive in prison
• 46:32
  Speaker 1: for more than two years after the date of the
• 46:35
  Speaker 1: commission of his crime. The fate of the incriminated clerks
• 46:40
  Speaker 1: still hung in the balance when in the spring of
• 46:42
  Speaker 1: thirteen o five Edward came back in triumph to London,
• 46:46
  Speaker 1: rejoicing that at last he had effected the thorough conquest
• 46:50
  Speaker 1: of Scotland. His cheerful frame of mind made him listen
• 46:53
  Speaker 1: readily to the demands of the monks of Westminster to
• 46:57
  Speaker 1: have pity on their unfortunate brethren, and to comply with
• 47:01
  Speaker 1: the more general clerical desire that ecclesiastical privilege should be respected.
• 47:06
  Speaker 1: Only a few months after the burglary, the news of
• 47:09
  Speaker 1: the outrage on Pope Boniface the Eighth, that Annanni had
• 47:13
  Speaker 1: filled all Christendom with horror. At the instance of Philip,
• 47:17
  Speaker 1: the fair King of France and his agents in Italy.
• 47:21
  Speaker 1: The Pope was seized, maltreated and insulted. In the indignant
• 47:26
  Speaker 1: words of Dante, Christ was again crucified in the person
• 47:30
  Speaker 1: of his vicar. The universal feeling of resentment against so
• 47:34
  Speaker 1: wanton a violation of ecclesiastical privilege, was ingeniously used in
• 47:39
  Speaker 1: favor of the monks of Westminster. Among the monks arrested
• 47:43
  Speaker 1: at first, but soon released with the majority of their brethren,
• 47:47
  Speaker 1: were two men who had some reputation as historians. One
• 47:51
  Speaker 1: of these was magnanimous enough to write two or three
• 47:55
  Speaker 1: years afterwards a sort of funeral eulogy of Edward. But
• 47:59
  Speaker 1: the Robert of Bredding, who in my opinion kept the
• 48:03
  Speaker 1: official chronicle of the abbey from thirteen oh two to
• 48:06
  Speaker 1: thirteen twenty six, set forth the Westminster point of view
• 48:10
  Speaker 1: very effectively in the well known version of the chronicle
• 48:14
  Speaker 1: called Ferrares Historiarium, the original manuscript of which is now
• 48:19
  Speaker 1: in the Chetham Library. In this is given what may
• 48:23
  Speaker 1: be regarded as the official account of Richard's burglary, the
• 48:27
  Speaker 1: robbery of the King of England was a crime only
• 48:30
  Speaker 1: comparable to the robbery of the treasure of Boniface the
• 48:33
  Speaker 1: eight six months later at Annani. The chronicler is most
• 48:38
  Speaker 1: indignant at the suggestion that the monks had anything to
• 48:41
  Speaker 1: do with the matter, and laments passionately their long imprisonment
• 48:46
  Speaker 1: and their unmerited sufferings. He relies in substance on the
• 48:50
  Speaker 1: story as told in Publikad's confession. The burglary was effected
• 48:55
  Speaker 1: by a single robber. So lacking in humor was the
• 48:59
  Speaker 1: westmins sins analysts that he did not scruple to borrow
• 49:03
  Speaker 1: the phraseology and the copious scriptural citations of a certain
• 49:08
  Speaker 1: passion of the monks of Westminster, according to John, the
• 49:11
  Speaker 1: whole text of which is unfortunately not extant. I may say, however,
• 49:17
  Speaker 1: that the species of composition called a passion was particularly
• 49:21
  Speaker 1: in vogue at the turn of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries,
• 49:25
  Speaker 1: and is mainly characterized by its extraordinary skill in periodying
• 49:30
  Speaker 1: the words of the scripture in order to describe in
• 49:33
  Speaker 1: mock heroic vein some incident of more or less undeserved
• 49:38
  Speaker 1: suffering for profanity, Grim humor and misapplied knowledge of the volgate.
• 49:44
  Speaker 1: The passions of this period have no equal. They are
• 49:47
  Speaker 1: a curious illustration of the profane humor of the medieval
• 49:51
  Speaker 1: ecclesiastic in his lighter moments. The Westminster analyst did not
• 49:57
  Speaker 1: stand alone of the monastic chronicle, took up and accepted
• 50:01
  Speaker 1: his story. It became the accepted monastic doctrine that one
• 50:06
  Speaker 1: robber only had stolen the king's treasure, and that therefore
• 50:10
  Speaker 1: the monks of Westminster were unwarrantedly accused. One writer added
• 50:16
  Speaker 1: to his text a crude illustration of how it was
• 50:19
  Speaker 1: imagined Publicat affected his purpose. You may see opposite this
• 50:25
  Speaker 1: page is rude pictorial representation of the one robber kneeling
• 50:30
  Speaker 1: on the grass in the churchyard and picking up by
• 50:33
  Speaker 1: a hand an arm extended through the broken window the
• 50:37
  Speaker 1: precious stores within. But Publica's arm must have been longer
• 50:41
  Speaker 1: than the arm of justice to effect this operation, and
• 50:45
  Speaker 1: must have been twice or thrice the length of a
• 50:47
  Speaker 1: tall man. This same chronicler was not contented with repeating
• 50:53
  Speaker 1: the parallel now recognized between the sufferings of the monks
• 50:56
  Speaker 1: of Westminster under their unjust accusation and the passion of
• 51:01
  Speaker 1: Pope Boniface five months later at the hands of the
• 51:05
  Speaker 1: robbers hired by the ruthless King of France. He must
• 51:09
  Speaker 1: give a picture of the Ananyi outrage as well as
• 51:13
  Speaker 1: of the orthodox version of the Westminster Burglary. How far
• 51:17
  Speaker 1: he has succeeded, you may gather from the rude sketch
• 51:20
  Speaker 1: figured on the opposite page. Not only does he give
• 51:24
  Speaker 1: us so vivid a picture of Pope Boniface's sufferings from
• 51:27
  Speaker 1: the rude soldiery, that the drawing might well be used
• 51:31
  Speaker 1: as a representation of a martyrdom like that of Saint
• 51:34
  Speaker 1: Thomas of Canterbury. His sketch of three other sacrilegious warriors
• 51:39
  Speaker 1: rifling the huge chest that contained the papal treasures skillfully
• 51:44
  Speaker 1: suggest that robbery was the common motive that united the
• 51:48
  Speaker 1: outrage at Ananyi to the outrage at Westminster. He leaves
• 51:54
  Speaker 1: us to draw the deeper moral that the sinful desire
• 51:57
  Speaker 1: of unhallowed layman to bring home Hooly Church and her
• 52:01
  Speaker 1: ministers into discredit was the ultimate root of both these scandals.
• 52:06
  Speaker 1: Edward was satisfied with his Scottish campaign. He was becoming
• 52:10
  Speaker 1: old and tired. He was pleased to know that a
• 52:13
  Speaker 1: great deal of the lost treasure had been recovered, and
• 52:16
  Speaker 1: he was always anxious to avoid scandal and to minimize
• 52:20
  Speaker 1: any disagreement with the monks of his father's foundation. He
• 52:25
  Speaker 1: therefore condoned what he could not remedy. He soon released
• 52:29
  Speaker 1: all the monks from prison. He even restored Shinchy to
• 52:32
  Speaker 1: his hereditary office of the keepership of the palace. Richard
• 52:36
  Speaker 1: of Publicat alone was offered up to vengeance. In October
• 52:40
  Speaker 1: thirteen o five, Richard was hanged. Regardless of his clergy,
• 52:45
  Speaker 1: affairs at the Monastery of Westminster were not improved after
• 52:49
  Speaker 1: these events. There was much quarreling among the monks. Walter
• 52:53
  Speaker 1: of Winlock died, there were disputes as to his succession,
• 52:58
  Speaker 1: and unsatisfactory appointment was made, and there was a considerable
• 53:02
  Speaker 1: amount of strife for a generation. The feeling against the
• 53:06
  Speaker 1: king was shown equally against his son, and is reflected
• 53:09
  Speaker 1: in the Bitter Westminster Chronicle of the reign of Edward.
• 53:12
  Speaker 1: The second one result of the demonstration of the futility
• 53:17
  Speaker 1: of storing valuables within the precincts of the abbey was
• 53:21
  Speaker 1: that the chief treasury of the wardrobe was bodily transferred
• 53:26
  Speaker 1: to the Tower of London. Some obvious morals might be
• 53:30
  Speaker 1: drawn from this slight, but not unpicturesque story, but I
• 53:34
  Speaker 1: will forbear from printing them. One generalization I will, however,
• 53:39
  Speaker 1: venture to make by way of conclusion. The strongest impression
• 53:43
  Speaker 1: left by the records of the trial is one of
• 53:46
  Speaker 1: the slackness and the easy going ways of the medieval man.
• 53:50
  Speaker 1: The Middle Ages do not often receive fair treatment. Some
• 53:55
  Speaker 1: are perhaps too apt to idealize them as an age
• 53:58
  Speaker 1: of heroic piety, with its statesmen, saints, heroes, artists and thinkers.
• 54:04
  Speaker 1: But such people are in all ages. The brilliant exceptions
• 54:08
  Speaker 1: the age of Saint Francis of ASSISI, of a Dante,
• 54:12
  Speaker 1: of Edward, of Saint Louis of France, of Saint Thomas Aquinas.
• 54:16
  Speaker 1: The age in which the greatest buildings of the world
• 54:19
  Speaker 1: were made. Was a great time and had its great men.
• 54:23
  Speaker 1: But the Middle Ages were a period of strange contrasts.
• 54:27
  Speaker 1: Shining virtues and gross vices stood side by side. The
• 54:32
  Speaker 1: contrasts between the clearly cut black and white of the
• 54:35
  Speaker 1: thirteenth century are attractive to us immersed in the continuous
• 54:40
  Speaker 1: gray of our own times. But we find our best
• 54:44
  Speaker 1: analogies to medieval conditions in those which are nowadays stigmatized
• 54:49
  Speaker 1: as oriental. Conspicuous among them was a deep, pervading shiftlessness
• 54:54
  Speaker 1: and casualness. Medieval man was never up to time. He
• 54:59
  Speaker 1: seldom kept his pa promise, not through malice, but because
• 55:02
  Speaker 1: he never did today what could be put off till
• 55:05
  Speaker 1: tomorrow or the next day. Publica then is a typical
• 55:09
  Speaker 1: medieval criminal. He was doubtless a scamp, but most of
• 55:13
  Speaker 1: the people with whom he had dealings were loose thinking,
• 55:16
  Speaker 1: easygoing folk like himself. Of course, there are always the exceptions,
• 55:22
  Speaker 1: but ever the First, with his gift of persistence, was
• 55:25
  Speaker 1: a peculiarly exceptional type. In the Middle Ages, and even
• 55:29
  Speaker 1: Edward the First found it convenient to let things slide
• 55:32
  Speaker 1: in small matters. Thus, on this occasion Edward began his
• 55:36
  Speaker 1: investigation with great show of care and determination to sift
• 55:41
  Speaker 1: the whole matter. But when he found that thorny problems
• 55:45
  Speaker 1: were being stirred up, he determined, not for the first time,
• 55:49
  Speaker 1: to let sleeping dogs lie and avoid further scandal. We must, not, however,
• 55:55
  Speaker 1: build up too large a superstructure of theory on this
• 55:59
  Speaker 1: petty story of the police courts, plus a mild ecclesiastical scandal.
• 56:04
  Speaker 1: Nor must we emphasize too much or generalize too largely
• 56:08
  Speaker 1: from the signs of slackness and negligence shown in medieval trials.
• 56:13
  Speaker 1: I become more and more averse to facile generalization about
• 56:18
  Speaker 1: the Middle Ages or medieval man. They may moreover be
• 56:22
  Speaker 1: made in both directions. On the one side, we have
• 56:25
  Speaker 1: the doctrine of our greatest of recent scholars, Bishop Stubbs,
• 56:30
  Speaker 1: that the thirteenth century was the greatest century of the
• 56:33
  Speaker 1: Middle Ages, the flowering type of medieval Christianity, and so on.
• 56:39
  Speaker 1: But on the other hand there is the contradictory generalization
• 56:42
  Speaker 1: of students like my friend mister Colton, who surveys the
• 56:46
  Speaker 1: time from Saint Francis to Dante with the conviction that
• 56:49
  Speaker 1: the so called great days of faith were the days
• 56:52
  Speaker 1: of unrestrained criminality and violence. Both these views can be argued,
• 56:58
  Speaker 1: but neither are really convicted. They seem to me to
• 57:01
  Speaker 1: be obtained by looking at one side of the question.
• 57:04
  Speaker 1: Only A more fruitful doctrine is surely the view that
• 57:08
  Speaker 1: ordinary medieval men were not so very unlike ourselves, and
• 57:12
  Speaker 1: that their virtues and vices were not those of saints
• 57:15
  Speaker 1: or Ruffians, but were not wholly out of relation to
• 57:19
  Speaker 1: the ordinary humdrum virtues and vices that are found today.
• 57:25
  Speaker 1: And of Part one, Section two of a Medieval Burglary
• 57:30
  Speaker 1: by Thomas Frederick Taut. Part two of King Edward the
• 57:39
  Speaker 1: First of England three essays by Thomas Frederick Taut. This
• 57:44
  Speaker 1: LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Part two The
• 57:48
  Speaker 1: Conquest and Settlement of the Principality of Wales twelve seventy
• 57:53
  Speaker 1: four to thirteen oh one. The first serious difficulty that
• 57:58
  Speaker 1: met King Edward in Britain was presented by the attitude
• 58:02
  Speaker 1: of the Prince of Wales coelen Apgriffid had never cordially
• 58:06
  Speaker 1: accepted the settlement of twelve sixty seven. Flushed with the
• 58:10
  Speaker 1: greatness of his triumph, he regarded the Treaty of Shrewsbury
• 58:15
  Speaker 1: as but the starting point for a fresh career of aggression.
• 58:19
  Speaker 1: He never understood that the dexterous game which he had
• 58:23
  Speaker 1: played so well when England was divided, was the merest
• 58:27
  Speaker 1: foolishness when the discord of king and barons was over,
• 58:31
  Speaker 1: and when a strong king ruling with the nation's goodwill
• 58:36
  Speaker 1: stood in the place of the weak and irresolute. Henry
• 58:40
  Speaker 1: Kuellen was a man of vigorous character, high courage, and
• 58:44
  Speaker 1: great dexterity and adroitness. But there was something of the
• 58:48
  Speaker 1: barbarian about him, and he was slow to recognize new
• 58:52
  Speaker 1: forces and tune his policy to altered conditions. He never
• 58:58
  Speaker 1: realized that the Baron's war were over, and ever sought
• 59:02
  Speaker 1: to pose with the English as the true successor of
• 59:06
  Speaker 1: Earl Simon, hoping to thus win the hand of Eleanor
• 59:10
  Speaker 1: Montford's only daughter, and to renew with the Sons the
• 59:15
  Speaker 1: close connection that had existed between him and the Great Earl.
• 59:19
  Speaker 1: But ever, the First was not Henry the third, and
• 59:23
  Speaker 1: the murderers of Viterbo were but poor substitutes for Earl
• 59:27
  Speaker 1: Simon the Righteous. Moreover, Kuellen was not content with the
• 59:31
  Speaker 1: part which he had hitherto occupied as leader of the
• 59:35
  Speaker 1: Welsh race. Inspired by the vain prophecies that credulity attributed
• 59:41
  Speaker 1: to the wizard Merlin, and puffed up by the panegyrics
• 59:46
  Speaker 1: of the bards and minstrels who reveled in his bounty,
• 59:50
  Speaker 1: Kuellen dreamed of a time when the Saxon should be
• 59:53
  Speaker 1: expelled from the island of Britain and the ancient British
• 59:57
  Speaker 1: race again rule over its old in nas arritants. He
• 1:00:01
  Speaker 1: chafed therefore against the ties of vassilage that bound him
• 1:00:05
  Speaker 1: to the English crown, and, profiting by the absence of
• 1:00:09
  Speaker 1: Edward in the first two years of his reign, he
• 1:00:12
  Speaker 1: resisted all the efforts of the regents to extract from
• 1:00:15
  Speaker 1: him the customary homage to the new king. Nor did
• 1:00:19
  Speaker 1: the return of Edward in twelve seventy four mend matters
• 1:00:24
  Speaker 1: to Ellen still excuse himself, shuffled, and at last openly
• 1:00:29
  Speaker 1: defied the royal mandates. The rough rule of Edward's ministers,
• 1:00:34
  Speaker 1: the chronic disputes of the Welsh with a swarm of
• 1:00:37
  Speaker 1: hostile marchers, gave Luellen a bloody of pretext, and in
• 1:00:42
  Speaker 1: the eyes of his subjects at least some sort of
• 1:00:45
  Speaker 1: justification for his contemptuous disregard of feudal law. Edward was
• 1:00:51
  Speaker 1: at last moved to profound anger. We have seen how
• 1:00:55
  Speaker 1: he rigorously fulfilled the most irksome of his obligations As
• 1:00:59
  Speaker 1: to Duke of Gascony. He had no patience with the
• 1:01:03
  Speaker 1: shifty Welshmen, and sternly resolved to enforce his obligations by
• 1:01:09
  Speaker 1: the sword. The Montforts established some connection with their old
• 1:01:13
  Speaker 1: partisans in England, but Edward wisely checkmated their action by
• 1:01:19
  Speaker 1: issuing a full pardon to the disinherited. The best of
• 1:01:24
  Speaker 1: the baronial party were now on his side. Thomas of cantelout,
• 1:01:29
  Speaker 1: Earl Simon's chancellor, was Bishop of Hereford and actively cooperating
• 1:01:34
  Speaker 1: with Edward against Llewellen. Nevertheless, Amory de Montfort, the most
• 1:01:39
  Speaker 1: respectable of the sons of Simon, took ship with his
• 1:01:43
  Speaker 1: sister Eleanor to Wales that she might become the bride
• 1:01:47
  Speaker 1: of Lluellen, but some Bristol mariners captured the little squadron
• 1:01:51
  Speaker 1: at sea. Edward put Amory into prison and retained Eleanor
• 1:01:56
  Speaker 1: in the Queen's household. He paid no heed to Uellen's
• 1:02:00
  Speaker 1: urgent appeals for their release. He was resolved that the
• 1:02:04
  Speaker 1: Montfort should have no chance of reviving a party of
• 1:02:08
  Speaker 1: popular opposition. In twelve seventy six. There was war all
• 1:02:13
  Speaker 1: along the Welsh border. In the early summer of twelve
• 1:02:16
  Speaker 1: seventy seven, the feudal levies mustered at Chester under the
• 1:02:21
  Speaker 1: faithful Earl of Lincoln. Edward himself led the great expedition
• 1:02:26
  Speaker 1: against Cuellen. His early experience taught him the right method
• 1:02:30
  Speaker 1: of warfare and how best to win for himself. Allies
• 1:02:34
  Speaker 1: among the Welsh David, the brother of Cluellen, fought under
• 1:02:39
  Speaker 1: Edwards Banner, along with the many Welsh chieftains who were
• 1:02:43
  Speaker 1: jealous of Kuellen's greatness. Broad roads were cut through the
• 1:02:47
  Speaker 1: dense forests that then made dangerous the passage of the
• 1:02:51
  Speaker 1: army from Chester to the Conway. A considerable fleet, mostly
• 1:02:56
  Speaker 1: gathered from the sank ports, sailed along the coast and
• 1:02:59
  Speaker 1: kept the land forces well supplied with provisions and information.
• 1:03:04
  Speaker 1: Kluellen made scarcely a show of resistance, but retreated with
• 1:03:08
  Speaker 1: all his men into the recesses of the great group
• 1:03:12
  Speaker 1: of mountains, which were in those days roughly known by
• 1:03:16
  Speaker 1: the name of Snowdon. Edward's plan was now to blockade
• 1:03:21
  Speaker 1: his enemies in Snowdon. Every exit from the mountains was closed,
• 1:03:26
  Speaker 1: while the fleet cut off all communications with Anglesey. Whence
• 1:03:30
  Speaker 1: alone Kuellen could draw the supplies of corn necessary to
• 1:03:34
  Speaker 1: keep his troops alive in the desolate regions of his retreat.
• 1:03:38
  Speaker 1: Kuellen held out a long time, but on the approach
• 1:03:41
  Speaker 1: of winter he was starved into submission. Early in November,
• 1:03:46
  Speaker 1: he came down from the hills and accepted with what
• 1:03:49
  Speaker 1: grace he could the hard terms imposed by Edward in
• 1:03:53
  Speaker 1: the Treaty of Conway. By this convention, the Welsh Prince
• 1:03:57
  Speaker 1: resigned all claims over the four cantrades of Perveda Wild
• 1:04:02
  Speaker 1: and consented to hold Anglesey for his life only. He
• 1:04:07
  Speaker 1: retained his other lands, along with the title of Prince,
• 1:04:10
  Speaker 1: but they were burdened with fines and a yearly rent
• 1:04:13
  Speaker 1: for Anglesey, and he was forced to deliver up hostages
• 1:04:18
  Speaker 1: for his good behavior. Edward was, however, in no mood
• 1:04:22
  Speaker 1: to exact these humiliating terms to the letter. He remitted
• 1:04:27
  Speaker 1: at once the rent and the fine, and sent back
• 1:04:31
  Speaker 1: the hostages to Ellen. Now made his personal submission to
• 1:04:35
  Speaker 1: Edward at Rudland, and afterwards attended the Christmas court of
• 1:04:40
  Speaker 1: his lord at Westminster, where he solemnly performed his long
• 1:04:44
  Speaker 1: delayed homage before the assembled magnates. The Welsh Prince was
• 1:04:49
  Speaker 1: now in high favour. Next year, he held another interview
• 1:04:53
  Speaker 1: with Edward at Worcester, where, in return for further submission,
• 1:04:58
  Speaker 1: he was allowed to marry Ellen Montfort. Edward himself attended
• 1:05:02
  Speaker 1: the wedding ceremony to Allen's brother David, had received his
• 1:05:08
  Speaker 1: reward in a rich estate in the Vale of Clwyd.
• 1:05:12
  Speaker 1: The Treaty of Conway gave Edward an opportunity of renewing
• 1:05:16
  Speaker 1: the plans of his early youth and introducing the English
• 1:05:19
  Speaker 1: shire system and laws into the seated districts. The County
• 1:05:24
  Speaker 1: Court of Carmarthen and Cardigan, which had continued a sickly
• 1:05:29
  Speaker 1: and precarious existence since its first establishment, was now revived,
• 1:05:34
  Speaker 1: while the Justice of Chester sought to subject the four
• 1:05:38
  Speaker 1: Cantreads to the jurisdiction of the Cheshire shiremut Meanwhile, English
• 1:05:44
  Speaker 1: traders and settlers came in the train of the English Armies,
• 1:05:48
  Speaker 1: and the castles that had first been established in the
• 1:05:51
  Speaker 1: old days of Norman aggressions were now rebuilt and strengthened
• 1:05:56
  Speaker 1: to keep down the subject lands. This policy excited the
• 1:06:00
  Speaker 1: Welsh inhabitants of the ceded districts to the utmost fury.
• 1:06:04
  Speaker 1: They complained that Edward had shamefully broken the promise that
• 1:06:08
  Speaker 1: he had made of ruling his new possessions according to
• 1:06:12
  Speaker 1: their ancient customs and liberties. Edward answered that he would
• 1:06:16
  Speaker 1: maintain the old Welsh laws so far as they were
• 1:06:19
  Speaker 1: good ones, but that many of them were barbarous and
• 1:06:23
  Speaker 1: directly at variance with the Ten Commandments. Such evil customs
• 1:06:28
  Speaker 1: he could never observe, as he was bound by his
• 1:06:31
  Speaker 1: coronation oath to uphold justice. This attitude was eminently characteristic.
• 1:06:37
  Speaker 1: Edward's orderly and well trained mind was disgusted at the
• 1:06:41
  Speaker 1: barbarism of the old Welsh laws, and he honestly believed
• 1:06:46
  Speaker 1: that he was doing his Welsh subjects the best service
• 1:06:49
  Speaker 1: in his power in uprooting that venerable but primitive jurisprudence
• 1:06:55
  Speaker 1: that allowed the murderer to atone for his crime by
• 1:06:59
  Speaker 1: a money payment, and regarded wrecking as an unalienable right
• 1:07:04
  Speaker 1: of the dwellers by the seashore. But Edward never understood
• 1:07:08
  Speaker 1: the feelings of the Welsh at thus seeing their most
• 1:07:11
  Speaker 1: cherished institutions trampled scornfully under the foot of an alien conqueror.
• 1:07:17
  Speaker 1: His strong, but somewhat narrow nature had few points of
• 1:07:21
  Speaker 1: contact with the fiery, hot headed enthusiasts, with whom he
• 1:07:26
  Speaker 1: had now to deal. He wished honestly enough that those
• 1:07:30
  Speaker 1: Welsh customs should remain, which were not against his conception
• 1:07:35
  Speaker 1: of natural justice, but neither he nor his lawyers would
• 1:07:39
  Speaker 1: put themselves in a sufficiently receptive attitude to understand them.
• 1:07:45
  Speaker 1: At bottom, Edward's real policy was to make Welshmen Englishmen
• 1:07:49
  Speaker 1: as soon as possible, and he was surprised that they
• 1:07:52
  Speaker 1: resented his transparent sophisms and murmured at reforms that he
• 1:07:58
  Speaker 1: had only meant for their goods. But now, as ever,
• 1:08:02
  Speaker 1: Edward was badly served by his subordinates. The violence and
• 1:08:06
  Speaker 1: brutality of his bailiffs and constables stood in damning contrast
• 1:08:11
  Speaker 1: to his abstract talk about justice. His best friends among
• 1:08:16
  Speaker 1: the Welsh fully shared in the national resentment to his policy.
• 1:08:21
  Speaker 1: David himself was deeply hurt, and had quietly reconciled himself
• 1:08:25
  Speaker 1: with his brother. In the spring of twelve eighty two,
• 1:08:29
  Speaker 1: the long smoldering hostility of the four Cantredes to the
• 1:08:33
  Speaker 1: English system burst out into open revolt. On the eve
• 1:08:37
  Speaker 1: of Palm Sunday, David fell upon Rudland Castle and took
• 1:08:42
  Speaker 1: prisoner Roger Clifford. Edward's justice year, Kluellen hurried over the
• 1:08:47
  Speaker 1: Conway to his assistance and devastated the country to the
• 1:08:52
  Speaker 1: very gates of Chester. A simultaneous rising broke out in
• 1:08:56
  Speaker 1: the south, where the Welsh insurgents took possession of the
• 1:08:59
  Speaker 1: newcastle of Abertswyth, the key of Cardigan and Carmarthen. Edward
• 1:09:05
  Speaker 1: was deeply enraged at the news of the new rebellion.
• 1:09:09
  Speaker 1: He now resolved to make a great effort to finally
• 1:09:12
  Speaker 1: crush the power of the Welsh prince. Archbishop Peckham of
• 1:09:16
  Speaker 1: Canterbury put Kluellen under the ban of the church. Great
• 1:09:20
  Speaker 1: armies were poured into both the northern and southern districts
• 1:09:24
  Speaker 1: of the principality. The strategy of twelve seventy seven was renewed.
• 1:09:29
  Speaker 1: Kluellen was again shut up in Snowden, whither the Archbishop
• 1:09:33
  Speaker 1: journeyed on a vain effort to induce him to submit,
• 1:09:37
  Speaker 1: but Edward would accept no terms but unconditional surrender, though
• 1:09:42
  Speaker 1: he gave a private assurance that Chellen should receive an
• 1:09:45
  Speaker 1: estate of one thousand pounds a year in England, with
• 1:09:49
  Speaker 1: due provision for his brother, but Llewellen scorned such a
• 1:09:53
  Speaker 1: degrading submission, and mindful of his fate, in twelve seventy seven,
• 1:09:58
  Speaker 1: escaped almost unattended from Snowden, before the winter snows again
• 1:10:03
  Speaker 1: compelled him to surrender. He soon appeared in the marches
• 1:10:07
  Speaker 1: of the Upper Y, hoping to raise a fresh revolt
• 1:10:10
  Speaker 1: among the Welsh tenants of the Mortimers. On eleventh December,
• 1:10:15
  Speaker 1: Klleuellen was slain in an obscure skirmish near Beuith. David,
• 1:10:20
  Speaker 1: who now called himself Prince of Wales, managed to hold
• 1:10:23
  Speaker 1: out until the next summer, when his hiding place amongst
• 1:10:27
  Speaker 1: the bogs of Snowdon was discovered by the treachery of
• 1:10:30
  Speaker 1: some of his own countrymen. With his capture, the triumph
• 1:10:34
  Speaker 1: of Edward was completed. A special Parliament was summoned to
• 1:10:38
  Speaker 1: Shrewsbury to deal with the double dyed traitor. On third
• 1:10:43
  Speaker 1: October twelve eighty three, David was hung, drawn and quartered.
• 1:10:47
  Speaker 1: With the approval of the assembled estates, the principality was
• 1:10:51
  Speaker 1: now conquered. Edward resolved that its future government should be
• 1:10:56
  Speaker 1: put upon a solid basis. He remained in Wales on
• 1:10:59
  Speaker 1: home most continually until the work was done, living for
• 1:11:03
  Speaker 1: the most part at Rutland, and not finally quitting the
• 1:11:07
  Speaker 1: country until the end of twelve eighty four. In the
• 1:11:10
  Speaker 1: spring of twelve eighty four he published at Rutland the
• 1:11:14
  Speaker 1: Statute of Wales, which contained the chief points of the
• 1:11:17
  Speaker 1: new scheme. By it, the principality was declared annexed to
• 1:11:22
  Speaker 1: the Crown and was constituted shier ground. The already existing
• 1:11:28
  Speaker 1: shires of Cardigan and Carmarthen were set up in a
• 1:11:31
  Speaker 1: more legal and complete manner. Though much smaller in size
• 1:11:36
  Speaker 1: than the modern counties, they included the whole of the
• 1:11:39
  Speaker 1: southern possessions of Lluellen. They were put under a Justice
• 1:11:43
  Speaker 1: of West Wales, who held his court at Carmarthen. In
• 1:11:47
  Speaker 1: the same way, the northern dominions of Lluellen were divided
• 1:11:51
  Speaker 1: into the three counties of Anglesey, Carnarvon and Marinuth the
• 1:11:56
  Speaker 1: three old shires of Gwynnet. They were ruled over by
• 1:12:00
  Speaker 1: the Justice of Snowden, who kept his state at Carnarvon. Sheriffs,
• 1:12:05
  Speaker 1: county courts, coroners and bailiffs were set up as in England,
• 1:12:10
  Speaker 1: and a rough copy of English local government was thus
• 1:12:14
  Speaker 1: introduced throughout the whole principality. Edwards Welsh counties, as a
• 1:12:19
  Speaker 1: modern writer has well said, bear to the English counties
• 1:12:23
  Speaker 1: of this time, some such relation, as the territory of
• 1:12:26
  Speaker 1: the United States bears to the fully organized state.
• 1:12:30
  Speaker 2: But it is to Edward's credit that he set up.
• 1:12:33
  Speaker 1: What form of local government he thought best in his
• 1:12:37
  Speaker 1: new possession. And if at first the King's bailiffs and
• 1:12:41
  Speaker 1: ministers had more power than in England, the administration of
• 1:12:45
  Speaker 1: the Welsh shires fell almost from the first into native
• 1:12:50
  Speaker 1: Welsh hands, and Edward made the new divisions more acceptable
• 1:12:55
  Speaker 1: by building them up out of the cantreads and commotes
• 1:12:59
  Speaker 1: which consectstituted the immemorial territorial divisions of the Gimri. A
• 1:13:04
  Speaker 1: sixth Welsh county was also established by Edward and Flintshire,
• 1:13:08
  Speaker 1: but this small region was for most purposes annexed to
• 1:13:13
  Speaker 1: Edward's palatinate of Cheshire, and flintsher was for all practical
• 1:13:18
  Speaker 1: purposes a mere dependency of the neighboring earldom, rather than
• 1:13:22
  Speaker 1: an independent and autonomous shire. With the Shire system came
• 1:13:28
  Speaker 1: in a good many English laws, though Edward, made wise
• 1:13:32
  Speaker 1: by experience, now took good care to uphold such Welsh
• 1:13:37
  Speaker 1: customs as did not conflict with his sense of justice.
• 1:13:41
  Speaker 1: But beyond these limits, Edward's reforms did not go His
• 1:13:45
  Speaker 1: Welsh legislation left the lord's marcher in the enjoyment of
• 1:13:49
  Speaker 1: their disorderly feudal freedom, though the annexation of the principality
• 1:13:54
  Speaker 1: to the crown largely diminished their political importance. The marchyrs
• 1:13:59
  Speaker 1: had helped at against Llewellen, and he saw no good
• 1:14:02
  Speaker 1: reason to disturb their vested rites, and probably feared to
• 1:14:06
  Speaker 1: provoke the hostility of the many great English barons, who
• 1:14:10
  Speaker 1: would have certainly resented any infringement of their jurisdiction in
• 1:14:15
  Speaker 1: their Welsh lordships. On the contrary, Edward erected new lordship's
• 1:14:21
  Speaker 1: marcher in those parts of the four Cantreads which were
• 1:14:25
  Speaker 1: not included in the new Shire of Flint. The most
• 1:14:28
  Speaker 1: important of these was the lordship of Denby, which Edward
• 1:14:32
  Speaker 1: bestowed on his faithful follower, the Earl of Lincoln. The
• 1:14:36
  Speaker 1: result of all this was that the separation of Wales
• 1:14:40
  Speaker 1: into principality and marches continued just as before, until the
• 1:14:45
  Speaker 1: reign of Henry the Eighth. It speaks well for the
• 1:14:48
  Speaker 1: wisdom of Edward's legislation that it was as much from
• 1:14:52
  Speaker 1: the marches as from the Principality that Edward's subsequent Welsh
• 1:14:56
  Speaker 1: troubles arose. The subjection of the prince scipality was completed
• 1:15:01
  Speaker 1: by the establishment of a strong line of castles and
• 1:15:05
  Speaker 1: fortified towns. Edward now repeated in the Principality the policy
• 1:15:10
  Speaker 1: already tried so successfully in Gascony. A row of bastides
• 1:15:16
  Speaker 1: or v a anglais were set up on the men
• 1:15:19
  Speaker 1: High and the Conway, as on the Garonne and the Dardne,
• 1:15:25
  Speaker 1: to serve the same purposes of protection and defense, and
• 1:15:29
  Speaker 1: to further in the same way the spread of commerce
• 1:15:33
  Speaker 1: and civilization. Archbishop Beckham advised Edward to make the Welsh
• 1:15:38
  Speaker 1: live in towns and to send their children to school
• 1:15:41
  Speaker 1: in England. For thus only, he declared, with the Welsh
• 1:15:45
  Speaker 1: learn civility. But Edward's object was not so much to
• 1:15:49
  Speaker 1: attract the Welsh to live in his towns as to
• 1:15:52
  Speaker 1: settle in them little bands of English soldiers, officials and traders,
• 1:15:57
  Speaker 1: who would prove, as in Ireland, the allying points of
• 1:16:01
  Speaker 1: an English interest. Though luckily for both England and Wales,
• 1:16:05
  Speaker 1: the townsfolk soon intermingled with the dwellers in the country.
• 1:16:09
  Speaker 1: Yet the history of Welsh towns is practically the history
• 1:16:13
  Speaker 1: of English influence in Wales, and down to the days
• 1:16:16
  Speaker 1: of Queen Elizabeth, the separation so far remained that English
• 1:16:20
  Speaker 1: and not Welsh, was the ordinary spoken tongue of every
• 1:16:24
  Speaker 1: market town in Wales. But even more than the Welsh towns,
• 1:16:29
  Speaker 1: the Welsh castles remain to this day a monument of
• 1:16:33
  Speaker 1: Edward's power. The castle and walls of Conway, where fortress
• 1:16:38
  Speaker 1: and town alike owed their existence to the conquest, The
• 1:16:43
  Speaker 1: Carnivan Castle dominating the straits of Menai, and the rocky
• 1:16:48
  Speaker 1: stronghold of Harlock, raised far above the waters of Cardigan Bay,
• 1:16:53
  Speaker 1: are the best memorials of Edward's work in Wales. It
• 1:16:57
  Speaker 1: has even been suggested that the well known type of
• 1:17:00
  Speaker 1: concentric castle to which these buildings belong was first brought
• 1:17:05
  Speaker 1: into the West by Edward, and based upon his observations
• 1:17:09
  Speaker 1: in Syria of the mighty strongholds of the Latin Christians
• 1:17:13
  Speaker 1: of Palestine. But Edward cannot claim this credit, and his
• 1:17:17
  Speaker 1: boldest castles in Wales were but copies of the already
• 1:17:21
  Speaker 1: existing castle of carefully built a few years earlier by
• 1:17:25
  Speaker 1: Earl Gilbert of Gloucester. Yet if Edward imitated the marchers
• 1:17:30
  Speaker 1: and building castles, the marchers imitated Edward and setting up
• 1:17:35
  Speaker 1: or granting charters to towns, so that the castle building
• 1:17:39
  Speaker 1: and town foundations extended over principality and marches alike. The
• 1:17:45
  Speaker 1: result was a great spread of civilization, and Wales after
• 1:17:49
  Speaker 1: twelve eighty four, though far from settled even according to
• 1:17:53
  Speaker 1: the low standards of the Middle Ages, attained a far
• 1:17:57
  Speaker 1: greater measure of peace and prosperity. After that, the just,
• 1:18:02
  Speaker 1: though unsympathetic rule of Edward had succeeded the unending factions
• 1:18:08
  Speaker 1: and the bloody wars of the native princes of gwyned
• 1:18:12
  Speaker 1: Archbishop Peckham busied himself with the ecclesiastical reformation of Wales.
• 1:18:18
  Speaker 1: Like Edward, he showed scanty respect for Welsh susceptibilities, but
• 1:18:23
  Speaker 1: he did good work in rebuilding churches, raising the standard
• 1:18:27
  Speaker 1: of church discipline, removing the married priests, and improving the
• 1:18:32
  Speaker 1: education of the clergy. Moreover, he exhorted Edward to maintain
• 1:18:36
  Speaker 1: fully the ancient liberties of the Welsh Church, and bitterly
• 1:18:40
  Speaker 1: complained of the rash violence of Edward's officials, who destroy
• 1:18:45
  Speaker 1: and overturn every ecclesiastical usage that differs from the Anglican
• 1:18:50
  Speaker 1: use to the no small peril of their souls.
• 1:18:54
  Speaker 2: His highest desire was to see.
• 1:18:56
  Speaker 1: The Welsh better educated and accustomed to work for their living.
• 1:19:01
  Speaker 1: In August twelve eighty four, Edward celebrated his conquest by
• 1:19:05
  Speaker 1: holding a round table tournament at Nevin in Carnarvonshire, where
• 1:19:11
  Speaker 1: the most famous knights of England and the continent fought.
• 1:19:15
  Speaker 1: Amidst the wiles of Snowden. Wonderful relics were opportunely discovered,
• 1:19:20
  Speaker 1: including the body of Constantine the Great and the crown
• 1:19:24
  Speaker 1: of King Arthur. The latter was presented to Edward. Thus
• 1:19:29
  Speaker 1: the glory of Wales, says the chronicler, was transferred to
• 1:19:33
  Speaker 1: the English. Edward had no great difficulty with his new subjects.
• 1:19:38
  Speaker 1: During the rest of his reign. There were several revolts
• 1:19:42
  Speaker 1: which threatened to become formidable, but the only one which
• 1:19:45
  Speaker 1: really taxed his resources was that which madog op Coellen
• 1:19:50
  Speaker 1: and his associates raised in twelve ninety four, and this
• 1:19:54
  Speaker 1: owes its importance to Edward's other embarrassments at the time.
• 1:19:59
  Speaker 1: During EDWARDI long sojourn in Wales, two of his children
• 1:20:03
  Speaker 1: were born. One of these, Edward, soon became, by his
• 1:20:07
  Speaker 1: brother Alfonso's death, his father's heir. His Welsh birth had
• 1:20:12
  Speaker 1: already endeared him to Edward's new subjects, and he had
• 1:20:16
  Speaker 1: a Welsh nurse and Welsh attendants to keep up his
• 1:20:20
  Speaker 1: interests in the land of his birth. The stories that
• 1:20:23
  Speaker 1: Edward presented him on his birth to the Welsh as
• 1:20:26
  Speaker 1: their future prince have no more authority than the local
• 1:20:30
  Speaker 1: tradition which points out as his birthplace a room in
• 1:20:34
  Speaker 1: Carnarvon Castle, which is manifestly of later date. At last,
• 1:20:40
  Speaker 1: in thirteen o one, Edward created Edward Prince of Wales,
• 1:20:45
  Speaker 1: thus keeping the principality separate from the crown, though retaining
• 1:20:49
  Speaker 1: it in the hands of the royal family, and using it,
• 1:20:53
  Speaker 1: as in his own father's time, as a means of
• 1:20:56
  Speaker 1: training the heir in the work of government. It was
• 1:20:59
  Speaker 1: a wise manie. Edward of Carnivan was always a great
• 1:21:03
  Speaker 1: favourite with the Welsh, who succored him in his severest
• 1:21:07
  Speaker 1: troubles and celebrated his mournful fate and dirges written in
• 1:21:12
  Speaker 1: their native tongue Edward the First's whole Welsh policy brings
• 1:21:17
  Speaker 1: out clearly his characteristic strength and weakness. But despite his
• 1:21:22
  Speaker 1: narrowness and want of sympathy, his stern love of justice
• 1:21:25
  Speaker 1: and equal laws made his policy in the long run
• 1:21:29
  Speaker 1: a success, especially against a power whose open resistance he
• 1:21:34
  Speaker 1: could crush with an overwhelming strength. He is generally described
• 1:21:40
  Speaker 1: as the conqueror of Wales. More accurately, he was the
• 1:21:44
  Speaker 1: conqueror of the Principality. Yet he never sought to annex
• 1:21:48
  Speaker 1: the Principality to England. Although he incorporated it with the
• 1:21:53
  Speaker 1: English crown, the Principality, like the Palatine County of Chester
• 1:21:58
  Speaker 1: or the still abiding liberty of the Lord's Marcher, was
• 1:22:02
  Speaker 1: still a land standing by itself. Save on two occasions,
• 1:22:06
  Speaker 1: under Edward the Second, no members of Parliament were summoned
• 1:22:10
  Speaker 1: to represent the Principality at the King's court. The King's
• 1:22:14
  Speaker 1: writ and the King's English judges had no jurisdiction, and
• 1:22:19
  Speaker 1: the whole machinery of administration remained separate and distinct. It
• 1:22:24
  Speaker 1: was reserved for Henry the Eighth to make England and
• 1:22:27
  Speaker 1: Wales a single political unity. End of Art Two, Art
• 1:22:39
  Speaker 1: Three of King Edward the first of england Three Essays
• 1:22:43
  Speaker 1: by Frederick Taut. This LibriVox recording is in the public
• 1:22:47
  Speaker 1: domain Art.
• 1:22:48
  Speaker 2: Three.
• 1:22:49
  Speaker 1: The end of the reign thirteen oh five to thirteen
• 1:22:53
  Speaker 1: oh seven. With Scotland subdued and apparently appeased, Edward was
• 1:22:59
  Speaker 1: again able to turn his mind to English affairs. He
• 1:23:03
  Speaker 1: was a man slow to forgive and tenacious in his policy.
• 1:23:08
  Speaker 1: He had neither forgotten nor forgiven the humiliations inflicted upon
• 1:23:13
  Speaker 1: him by the union of the baronial and clerical opposition
• 1:23:17
  Speaker 1: in the years between twelve ninety seven and thirteen oh one.
• 1:23:21
  Speaker 1: He still chafed at the restraints then imposed upon his prerogative,
• 1:23:26
  Speaker 1: and his pious fear of breaking the oath he had
• 1:23:30
  Speaker 1: so unwillingly sworn only added to his restlessness and uneasiness.
• 1:23:36
  Speaker 1: The baronial opposition was already broken up Hereford died in
• 1:23:41
  Speaker 1: twelve ninety eight, and Norfolk had completely abased himself by
• 1:23:46
  Speaker 1: a temporary surrender of his estates to the Crown, and
• 1:23:50
  Speaker 1: by receiving them back fettered with the obligations of a
• 1:23:54
  Speaker 1: conditional estate that came under the provisions of the Statute
• 1:23:58
  Speaker 1: Quia Empto. Edward was thus in a position to carry
• 1:24:03
  Speaker 1: out a policy which he had devised to prevent a
• 1:24:06
  Speaker 1: renewal of the baronial opposition. His greatest danger was from
• 1:24:11
  Speaker 1: the higher aristocracy represented by the great earls. The earldom
• 1:24:16
  Speaker 1: of the days of Edward stood in a very different
• 1:24:19
  Speaker 1: position to the somewhat commonplace dignity which goes by the
• 1:24:23
  Speaker 1: same name. In the nineteenth century. The earldom was still
• 1:24:27
  Speaker 1: the highest rank of the peerage. It still retained some
• 1:24:31
  Speaker 1: traces of its earlier position as the official head of
• 1:24:34
  Speaker 1: a county. It involved a great position both in the
• 1:24:38
  Speaker 1: court and in the nation. The number of earls was
• 1:24:41
  Speaker 1: so scanty that each individual earl was personally and territorially important.
• 1:24:47
  Speaker 1: In the earls, the people saw their natural leaders. Edward's
• 1:24:52
  Speaker 1: plan seems to have been to prevent a renewal of
• 1:24:56
  Speaker 1: the baronial opposition and to add to the strength of
• 1:24:59
  Speaker 1: the crown by getting as many of the great feasts
• 1:25:02
  Speaker 1: as he could under his direct control. Circumstances favored his design,
• 1:25:08
  Speaker 1: and a series of luckiest cheats and well designed marriages
• 1:25:13
  Speaker 1: much facilitated the process. In thirteen hundred, the death of
• 1:25:17
  Speaker 1: Edward's cousin Edmund of Almine, threw the rich Earldom of
• 1:25:21
  Speaker 1: Cornwall into the King's hands on the death of the
• 1:25:25
  Speaker 1: Earl of Norfolk in thirteen o six. His earldom also
• 1:25:29
  Speaker 1: is sheeted to the Crown for lack of heirs to
• 1:25:32
  Speaker 1: his body. Contemporary writers but Edward's lucky acquisition of these
• 1:25:37
  Speaker 1: two great earldoms side by side with his conquests of Wales.
• 1:25:42
  Speaker 1: In Scotland, the young Earl Humphrey of Hereford married in
• 1:25:46
  Speaker 1: thirteen o two the King's daughter Elizabeth, the Welsh woman,
• 1:25:51
  Speaker 1: the widowed Countess of Holland. Meanwhile, former efforts in the
• 1:25:55
  Speaker 1: same direction were bearing fruit. Joan of Acre and ministered
• 1:26:00
  Speaker 1: the Gloucester inheritance of Edward's youthful grandson, the young Thomas
• 1:26:05
  Speaker 1: of Lancaster, Darby and Leicester, was expecting the succession of
• 1:26:10
  Speaker 1: Lincoln and Salisbury. Edward of Carnarvan now ruled over Wales
• 1:26:16
  Speaker 1: and the Earldom of Chester. Edward and his near kin
• 1:26:20
  Speaker 1: thus enjoyed a remarkable concentration of the great earldoms in
• 1:26:24
  Speaker 1: their hands. The policy had a temporary success and perhaps
• 1:26:29
  Speaker 1: accounts in part for the cessation of the baronial opposition
• 1:26:34
  Speaker 1: in the last years of Edward's reign, but the policy
• 1:26:37
  Speaker 1: had its dangerous side, and its permanent results were by
• 1:26:41
  Speaker 1: no means favorable either to the dignity of the crown
• 1:26:45
  Speaker 1: or to the prosperity of the nation. The chroniclers attributed
• 1:26:49
  Speaker 1: the decadence that set in after Edward's death to the
• 1:26:53
  Speaker 1: dying out of so many of the old earldoms. Still,
• 1:26:57
  Speaker 1: Edward's policy was at least a thoroughly in English policy,
• 1:27:01
  Speaker 1: and if it failed, it failed largely because by identifying
• 1:27:05
  Speaker 1: the younger branches of the royal house with the ancient
• 1:27:09
  Speaker 1: feudal dynasties, it also identified them with the hereditary jealousies
• 1:27:14
  Speaker 1: and factions of the old lines of earls. It had
• 1:27:19
  Speaker 1: the merit of making impossible a royal caste cut off
• 1:27:23
  Speaker 1: by rigid laws of etiquette and pride of birth, from
• 1:27:26
  Speaker 1: the general mass of the nobility. It was both the
• 1:27:30
  Speaker 1: strength and the weakness of Edward that, while he was
• 1:27:34
  Speaker 1: politically but the greatest official in the kingdom, he was
• 1:27:38
  Speaker 1: socially but the head of the English aristocracy. Though he
• 1:27:42
  Speaker 1: firmly believed that his power was of God, he never
• 1:27:45
  Speaker 1: aspired to be the semi divine ruler, Set by his
• 1:27:49
  Speaker 1: birth and position upon a pedestal that kept him solitary
• 1:27:53
  Speaker 1: and apart from the life of the country over which
• 1:27:56
  Speaker 1: he ruled. The baronial opposition, being thus got rid of.
• 1:28:01
  Speaker 1: The clerical opposition alone remained to be dealt with. Winchelsea
• 1:28:05
  Speaker 1: was still unreconciled. But Winchelsea held a great position and
• 1:28:11
  Speaker 1: could not easily be attacked since the Falkirk Campaign. Bishop
• 1:28:16
  Speaker 1: Back of Durham had, to Edward's intense disgust, thrown up
• 1:28:20
  Speaker 1: his diplomatic and military positions, and, after a vain attempt
• 1:28:25
  Speaker 1: at mediation, allied himself to Winchelsea. But Beck got mixed
• 1:28:31
  Speaker 1: up in obscure struggles with his chapter, and on his
• 1:28:35
  Speaker 1: setting out for Rome in thirteen oh two, without the
• 1:28:38
  Speaker 1: King's permission, Edward took into his own hands the rich
• 1:28:42
  Speaker 1: temporalities of his see. On his return, Beck submitted himself
• 1:28:47
  Speaker 1: to Edward, who restored him his lands, but fresh difficulty
• 1:28:52
  Speaker 1: soon drove back to the papal court, where he obtained
• 1:28:55
  Speaker 1: in thirteen oh five the resounding title of a patriarch
• 1:28:59
  Speaker 1: of Jerususlam. Edward complained that he had obtained from the
• 1:29:03
  Speaker 1: Pope Grant's injurious to the rights of the Crown, took
• 1:29:07
  Speaker 1: away from him some of his best manners, and never
• 1:29:10
  Speaker 1: left him in peace for the rest of his life.
• 1:29:13
  Speaker 1: When Edward pursued back with whom he had no personal quarrel,
• 1:29:18
  Speaker 1: with such unremitting rancor, it was plain that he was
• 1:29:21
  Speaker 1: only waiting his opportunity to inflict an even more signal
• 1:29:26
  Speaker 1: vengeance on the hated archbishop. In thirteen o five, the
• 1:29:30
  Speaker 1: favor of Philip the Fair secured the papacy for Edward's
• 1:29:35
  Speaker 1: gascon subject, Bertrand de Gaute, Archbishop of Bordeaux, who assumed
• 1:29:40
  Speaker 1: the name of Clement fifth as evidence of his subservience
• 1:29:44
  Speaker 1: to the French king. Clement now transferred the seat of
• 1:29:48
  Speaker 1: the papacy from Italy to France and began that fatal
• 1:29:52
  Speaker 1: seventy years of Babylonish captivity, which did so much to
• 1:29:57
  Speaker 1: lower the Holy See both in actual power and popular esteem.
• 1:30:02
  Speaker 1: Clement showed almost as much deference to Edward as to Philip.
• 1:30:07
  Speaker 1: His submissive attitude gave opportunity for Edward to work out
• 1:30:11
  Speaker 1: a great plan of revenge, while it encouraged king and
• 1:30:15
  Speaker 1: nation alike to enter into a course of anti Roman legislation.
• 1:30:20
  Speaker 1: That was England's revenge for Pope Bonifacees slights up honor independence.
• 1:30:26
  Speaker 1: Edward still fretted under his obligations to observe the Charters.
• 1:30:31
  Speaker 1: As soon as Clement had become pope, he applied for
• 1:30:34
  Speaker 1: and obtained a dispensation from his oath to observe the
• 1:30:38
  Speaker 1: Charters in their new and enlarged form. The complacent Pope
• 1:30:43
  Speaker 1: at once gave the required absolution, and Edward issued a
• 1:30:47
  Speaker 1: new Ordinance of the Forest, in which he repudiated those
• 1:30:51
  Speaker 1: portions of the revised Forest Charter which had so long
• 1:30:55
  Speaker 1: offended his sense of dignity. Further action he did not take,
• 1:31:00
  Speaker 1: and this must be considered a sign of moderation, for
• 1:31:03
  Speaker 1: Clement's bow was so wide in its wording that it
• 1:31:07
  Speaker 1: would have empowered Edward, if he had a mind to it,
• 1:31:10
  Speaker 1: to repudiate the whole of the additions to the Great
• 1:31:14
  Speaker 1: Charter run from him in twelve ninety seven. This shows
• 1:31:18
  Speaker 1: that Edward had no design of violating the essential elements
• 1:31:22
  Speaker 1: of the English Constitution.
• 1:31:24
  Speaker 2: But it was at best.
• 1:31:25
  Speaker 1: A great falling away for the old king to revert
• 1:31:28
  Speaker 1: to the worst precedence of his stormy youth. This declension
• 1:31:33
  Speaker 1: from the doctrine of keep troth may tend to take
• 1:31:37
  Speaker 1: the king off the lofty pedestal on which his admirers
• 1:31:42
  Speaker 1: have sometimes placed him But nothing was more natural for
• 1:31:46
  Speaker 1: a medieval king than to submit his conscience to his interests.
• 1:31:50
  Speaker 1: And in no way did the papacy exercise a more
• 1:31:54
  Speaker 1: demoralizing influence upon Europe than through the facility with which
• 1:31:58
  Speaker 1: it gave men of ea easy or formal honesty, a
• 1:32:02
  Speaker 1: means of sheltering their weakness under the protecting aegis of
• 1:32:07
  Speaker 1: the Church. The king's vengeance was now turned on the
• 1:32:11
  Speaker 1: able and accomplished Primate, whose rigid regard for the interests
• 1:32:16
  Speaker 1: of his cloth and persistent hostility to the crown were
• 1:32:21
  Speaker 1: now to be atoned for by a signal fall. Winchelsea's
• 1:32:25
  Speaker 1: relations with Edward had been further complicated by a fierce
• 1:32:29
  Speaker 1: and unworthy quarrel with Edward's favorite minister, Bishop Walter Langton.
• 1:32:35
  Speaker 1: The archbishop had accused Langton of simony, adultery, murder, and
• 1:32:39
  Speaker 1: intercourse with the devil. But the minister had been triumphantly
• 1:32:43
  Speaker 1: acquitted of these foul and monstrous charges, and now pursued
• 1:32:48
  Speaker 1: the Primate with a deadly hatred. A long accusation was
• 1:32:52
  Speaker 1: sent up to Avignon against Winchelsea, of which the most
• 1:32:56
  Speaker 1: serious part was a charge of treason based upon his
• 1:32:59
  Speaker 1: head conduct in the Parliament of Lincoln. In thirteen oh one,
• 1:33:03
  Speaker 1: Clement again showed the utmost willingness to oblige the King.
• 1:33:07
  Speaker 1: Winchelsea was suspended and summoned to appear before the papal court.
• 1:33:13
  Speaker 1: In a last stormy interview, the archbishop besought the King
• 1:33:17
  Speaker 1: for leave to quit his kingdom. Permission to go, said
• 1:33:21
  Speaker 1: Edward right willingly we give, but permission to return. Thou
• 1:33:25
  Speaker 1: shalt never have we know thy craft, thy subtlety, thy treachery,
• 1:33:30
  Speaker 1: and thy treason. The Pope will deal with thee as
• 1:33:34
  Speaker 1: thou deservest favor at our hands. Thou must never expect
• 1:33:39
  Speaker 1: merciless hast thou been to others mercy to thyself? Will
• 1:33:44
  Speaker 1: we never show Edward was as good as his word,
• 1:33:48
  Speaker 1: and for the rest of his reign Winchelsea remained in
• 1:33:51
  Speaker 1: poverty and exile. But Edward quickly quarreled with the complacent
• 1:33:55
  Speaker 1: Pope on the question of the administration of the lapsed
• 1:33:59
  Speaker 1: revenues of the Sea of Canterbury, and Edward was fully
• 1:34:02
  Speaker 1: backed up by the rising anti people feeling in the nation.
• 1:34:07
  Speaker 1: The spirit which had animated the barons at Lincoln culminated
• 1:34:12
  Speaker 1: in thirteen oh seven in the famous Statute of Carlisle,
• 1:34:16
  Speaker 1: the first act of anti Roman legislation in England. Nothing
• 1:34:20
  Speaker 1: but Edward's death prevented a regular breach with the Pope.
• 1:34:24
  Speaker 1: Never did Edward's affairs seem more flourishing than in the
• 1:34:28
  Speaker 1: early part of thirteen oh six. Scotland remain subdued. The
• 1:34:33
  Speaker 1: French were friendly, The Pope was the King's creature. The
• 1:34:37
  Speaker 1: barons and commons were alike well disposed. The arch enemy, Winchelsea,
• 1:34:42
  Speaker 1: was in exile. Though old and stiff, Edward remained in
• 1:34:46
  Speaker 1: good health. He had recently taken vigorous steps to grapple
• 1:34:50
  Speaker 1: with the administrative disorder which was almost chronic in the
• 1:34:53
  Speaker 1: Middle Ages. And nothing had made the old king better
• 1:34:57
  Speaker 1: liked among peace loving men than his po down by
• 1:35:01
  Speaker 1: his writs of a tree Bastone, the groups of armed
• 1:35:04
  Speaker 1: Ruffians who worked all sorts of misdeeds. The only drop
• 1:35:08
  Speaker 1: of bitterness in the cup of his happiness was the
• 1:35:11
  Speaker 1: unworthy conduct of his son and heir. Immense pains had
• 1:35:16
  Speaker 1: been taken to instruct the young Edward in martial accomplishments
• 1:35:21
  Speaker 1: and drill him in the principles and routine of business
• 1:35:24
  Speaker 1: and statecraft. But within the tall, strong, handsome frame of
• 1:35:28
  Speaker 1: the young Prince was the heart of a coward and trifler.
• 1:35:33
  Speaker 1: He had no serious interests, wasted his time in gambling
• 1:35:37
  Speaker 1: and rioting in low society, and cared for nothing but
• 1:35:41
  Speaker 1: his horses, hounds, players and boon companions. In thirteen o five,
• 1:35:47
  Speaker 1: the young Edward had incurred his father's ire by a
• 1:35:51
  Speaker 1: wanton attack upon Bishop Langton, and was with difficulty restored
• 1:35:55
  Speaker 1: to favor by the good offices of his stepmother. Certain
• 1:36:00
  Speaker 1: that there was no guarantee that his policy should be
• 1:36:04
  Speaker 1: continued after his death must have weighed heavily upon the
• 1:36:07
  Speaker 1: aged king. Terrible news now came from Scotland. Robert Bruce,
• 1:36:13
  Speaker 1: the grandson of the claimant Earl of Carrick since thirteen
• 1:36:16
  Speaker 1: o four by his father's death, had for several years
• 1:36:20
  Speaker 1: been among Edward's Scottish partisans. But he now withdrew himself
• 1:36:25
  Speaker 1: from the court and took horse for Scotland, where on
• 1:36:29
  Speaker 1: tenth February thirteen o six he met John Coleman, the
• 1:36:33
  Speaker 1: former regent in the Franciscan convent at Dumfries. The two
• 1:36:38
  Speaker 1: men were old rivals, the representatives of houses long hostile
• 1:36:43
  Speaker 1: to each other. A dispute broke out, hot words passed,
• 1:36:48
  Speaker 1: swords were drawn, and Comann was slain. Bruce was now
• 1:36:51
  Speaker 1: forced to become a fugitive, and in self defense, was
• 1:36:55
  Speaker 1: compelled to identify himself with the Party of Scottish Independence,
• 1:37:00
  Speaker 1: with which in recent years he had been secretly intriguing.
• 1:37:04
  Speaker 1: He found that the spirit of Scottish nationality still burnt
• 1:37:08
  Speaker 1: as fiercely as ever. He soon manifested a skill and
• 1:37:12
  Speaker 1: daring that shows him to have been a born leader
• 1:37:15
  Speaker 1: of men. Before lent was out, half Scotland was again
• 1:37:19
  Speaker 1: in revolt. On twenty fifth March, Bruce was crowned King
• 1:37:23
  Speaker 1: of Scots at Sconne. A few strong castles with their
• 1:37:27
  Speaker 1: English garrisons, and a few nobles, jealous of Bruce's progress
• 1:37:32
  Speaker 1: alone actively upheld the English cause. The ill tidings of
• 1:37:37
  Speaker 1: the Scottish revolt were brought to Edward at Winchester, whither
• 1:37:41
  Speaker 1: he had gone to keep his lent in court. He
• 1:37:44
  Speaker 1: burst into a terrible explosion of wrath and resolved to
• 1:37:48
  Speaker 1: stamp out all resistance in the stubborn and intractable nation
• 1:37:52
  Speaker 1: on which all clemency was thrown away. Troops were at
• 1:37:56
  Speaker 1: once dispatched to the north, and a great gathering of
• 1:37:59
  Speaker 1: the the younger nobles was summoned to Westminster to prepare
• 1:38:03
  Speaker 1: for an expedition of crushing numbers and force. The king
• 1:38:08
  Speaker 1: was now so infirm that he could not ride, and
• 1:38:11
  Speaker 1: was taken from Winchester to London in a horse litter
• 1:38:15
  Speaker 1: on with Sunday he held a gorgeous pageant at Westminster.
• 1:38:19
  Speaker 1: He solemnly dubbed his son Edward a Knight. Three hundred
• 1:38:23
  Speaker 1: young men of noble houses gathered together in the abbey
• 1:38:27
  Speaker 1: church to receive the same honor from their future king.
• 1:38:31
  Speaker 1: There was such a pressure round the high altar of
• 1:38:34
  Speaker 1: the abbey that two of the new knights were crushed
• 1:38:37
  Speaker 1: to death by the throng. Then two swans, their necks
• 1:38:42
  Speaker 1: encircled with chains of gold, were brought in. Edward now
• 1:38:46
  Speaker 1: vowed by God and the Swans that he would at
• 1:38:49
  Speaker 1: once set out to Scotland and avenge the wrongs done
• 1:38:53
  Speaker 1: to Holy Church and the Realm by the rebellious murderers
• 1:38:57
  Speaker 1: of John Coman. When Bruce was subdued, the King pledged
• 1:39:01
  Speaker 1: himself that he would no more bear arms against Christian men,
• 1:39:06
  Speaker 1: but would go to the Holy Land and die fighting
• 1:39:08
  Speaker 1: against the Infidel. The Prince and the other new knights
• 1:39:12
  Speaker 1: took the same vow, and the musters were ordered to
• 1:39:16
  Speaker 1: assemble early in July at Carlisle. Thither the Prince of
• 1:39:20
  Speaker 1: Wales was at once sent. Edward followed his son as
• 1:39:24
  Speaker 1: quickly as his infirmities would allow. On Michaelmas day, Edward
• 1:39:29
  Speaker 1: reached the Austin priory of Llanocoste, near Carlisle. Here he
• 1:39:34
  Speaker 1: took up his quarters for more than half a year,
• 1:39:37
  Speaker 1: as the state of his health and his business with
• 1:39:39
  Speaker 1: the Pope combined to make it impossible for him to
• 1:39:42
  Speaker 1: take the field in person. But the heavy hand of
• 1:39:46
  Speaker 1: his generals was laid upon Scotland, and the new King,
• 1:39:49
  Speaker 1: Robert was soon reduced to such straits that he fled
• 1:39:53
  Speaker 1: to the Western Isles for refuge, while the stern resolve
• 1:39:57
  Speaker 1: of the old king to have done with Clemens involved
• 1:40:01
  Speaker 1: the unhappy Scots in worse desolation and destruction than ever.
• 1:40:06
  Speaker 1: Many Scottish nobles were taken prisoners and at once put
• 1:40:10
  Speaker 1: to death as traitors. Their lands were confiscated and handed
• 1:40:14
  Speaker 1: over to English earls in Edward's confidence. Bruce's own domains
• 1:40:20
  Speaker 1: were overrun. Carrick was bestowed on Henry Percy, Annandale went
• 1:40:25
  Speaker 1: to the young Earl of Hereford, another son in law
• 1:40:29
  Speaker 1: of the king, had the Great Earldom of Atholl. This
• 1:40:33
  Speaker 1: time Scotland was to be held by chains of iron
• 1:40:37
  Speaker 1: in the merest and barest slavery. Yet even in his
• 1:40:41
  Speaker 1: worst moods, Edward bad his soldiers spare the common folk,
• 1:40:45
  Speaker 1: whose only crime was obedience to the orders of their
• 1:40:49
  Speaker 1: natural lords. He sternly rebuked the Prince of Wales for
• 1:40:53
  Speaker 1: his indulgence in an indiscriminate slaughter that distinguished neither leader
• 1:40:59
  Speaker 1: from follower, nor grown man from woman and child. Edward
• 1:41:03
  Speaker 1: suffered much from sickness during his stay at Lanerkosk, but
• 1:41:08
  Speaker 1: he still found energy enough to move in March thirteen
• 1:41:11
  Speaker 1: o seven to Carlisle to meet the parliament, which he
• 1:41:15
  Speaker 1: had summoned to assemble in the border city. With the
• 1:41:18
  Speaker 1: return of summer, bad news again came from the seat
• 1:41:22
  Speaker 1: of war. Bruce returned from his hiding place, and the
• 1:41:25
  Speaker 1: good will of the mass of the population again allowed
• 1:41:29
  Speaker 1: him to make headway against the strong armies of Edward.
• 1:41:33
  Speaker 1: As soon as parliament was over, the old king resolved
• 1:41:36
  Speaker 1: to take the field in person. He offered up in
• 1:41:39
  Speaker 1: the cathedral church the horse Litter which had conveyed him
• 1:41:43
  Speaker 1: from the south, and again mounted his charger and put
• 1:41:47
  Speaker 1: himself at the head of the army that was pouring
• 1:41:50
  Speaker 1: into Scotland. But his great spirit was no longer able
• 1:41:54
  Speaker 1: to control his failing body. For two successive days he
• 1:41:58
  Speaker 1: struggled on, but each day he could only manage to
• 1:42:02
  Speaker 1: ride two miles, and on the third day he was
• 1:42:05
  Speaker 1: forced to rest altogether. On the fourth day, Edward managed
• 1:42:09
  Speaker 1: to reach Bourgon Sands, a village less than six miles
• 1:42:13
  Speaker 1: from Carlisle. He was now attacked by dysentery and sank rapidly.
• 1:42:18
  Speaker 1: As he lay dying, he sent his last words of
• 1:42:21
  Speaker 1: counsel to his absent son. He urged him to persevere
• 1:42:25
  Speaker 1: in the subjection of Scotland and to avoid unworthy favorites.
• 1:42:30
  Speaker 1: His last thoughts turned to the two great enterprises on
• 1:42:33
  Speaker 1: which he had bent his mind, the subjection of Scotland
• 1:42:37
  Speaker 1: and the recovery of the Holy Land. Even after his
• 1:42:41
  Speaker 1: death he longed to share in those great works. He
• 1:42:45
  Speaker 1: begged his son to carry his bones about with him
• 1:42:48
  Speaker 1: in his Scottish campaigns, so that even the dead Edward
• 1:42:52
  Speaker 1: might still lead his warriors to victory against the hated enemy.
• 1:42:57
  Speaker 1: He also requested that his heart should be sent to
• 1:43:00
  Speaker 1: the Holy Land with a train of one hundred knights
• 1:43:03
  Speaker 1: to fight for the recovery of the sepulcher of the Lord.
• 1:43:06
  Speaker 1: He then prepared himself for death, and, with a prayer
• 1:43:09
  Speaker 1: for the divine mercy on his lips, quietly passed away
• 1:43:13
  Speaker 1: on seventh July thirteen o seven, at the age of
• 1:43:17
  Speaker 1: sixty eight. With the great King died. His great work
• 1:43:21
  Speaker 1: and the tragedy of his end was made more pitiful
• 1:43:24
  Speaker 1: by the wretched farce of the reign of Edward. The
• 1:43:27
  Speaker 1: second his dying wishes were set at naught, the Scots
• 1:43:31
  Speaker 1: campaign was given up. His body was sent with scanty
• 1:43:35
  Speaker 1: reverence to an immediate burial place at Westminster, where it
• 1:43:41
  Speaker 1: now reposes under a plain monument of gray marble, but
• 1:43:45
  Speaker 1: little corresponding to his greatness as a king, and upon
• 1:43:49
  Speaker 1: which has been inscribed Edwards primo scotorum malius hic est
• 1:43:55
  Speaker 1: patem serva. But it was not only by reason of
• 1:44:00
  Speaker 1: his son's unworthiness that Edward's most cherished plans were doomed
• 1:44:04
  Speaker 1: to failure. He had attempted more than even his strong
• 1:44:08
  Speaker 1: purpose could have successfully accomplished. But if an independent Scotland
• 1:44:13
  Speaker 1: a bore witness that Edward's great ambition was a failure,
• 1:44:17
  Speaker 1: his work lived on in his own realm of England,
• 1:44:21
  Speaker 1: where after Ages agreed to recognize in him one of
• 1:44:25
  Speaker 1: the greatest and wisest of her rulers, and where the
• 1:44:29
  Speaker 1: whole subsequent history of the land he loved so well
• 1:44:32
  Speaker 1: bore daily witness to the strength and endurance of the
• 1:44:36
  Speaker 1: great King's work. End of Part three, end of King Edward,
• 1:44:43
  Speaker 1: the First of England. Three essays by Thomas Frederick Tout