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46 - Story Of The World- A Simple History For Boys And Girls by Elizabeth O'Neill · Story Of The World- A Simple History For Boys And Girls

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  Speaker 1: Chapter forty six. The Story of the World A Simple
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  Speaker 1: History for Boys and Girls. This is a LibriVox recording.
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  Speaker 1: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
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  Speaker 1: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read
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  Speaker 1: by D. L. Martin. The Story of the World, A
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  Speaker 1: Simple History for Boys and Girls by Elizabeth O'Neill, chapter
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  Speaker 1: forty six. Africa, the Land of Mystery. Meanwhile, another vast
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  Speaker 1: land was becoming of greater importance in the world's history.
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  Speaker 1: Africa as we know it today can only look back
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  Speaker 1: on a history of about forty years. Within that time,
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  Speaker 1: the nations of Europe have agreed to cut it up
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  Speaker 1: into pieces, in each of which some European nations rules.
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  Speaker 1: Of all that vast continent, only two states are ruled
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  Speaker 1: by natives, the Republic of Liberia and Abyssinia. Liberia is
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  Speaker 1: the place where slaves who had been set free were
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  Speaker 1: allowed to settle down and begin their lives over again
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  Speaker 1: in freedom. From eighteen twenty one up to about fifty
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  Speaker 1: years ago, ships sailed across the Ocean from America, bringing
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  Speaker 1: hundreds of old Negro men and women and children to
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  Speaker 1: their new home in that Africa, from which their forefathers
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  Speaker 1: had been stolen so many years before. The other native state, Abyssinia,
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  Speaker 1: is much older, and one of their old stories says
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  Speaker 1: that the Queen of Sheba who visited King Solomon, was
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  Speaker 1: a queen of Abyssinia. Since the struggle with Italy, which
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  Speaker 1: ended in the terrible defeat of the Italians in eighteen
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  Speaker 1: ninety six, no one has tried to rob the Abyssinians
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  Speaker 1: of their independence. In the rest of Africa, Germany and
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  Speaker 1: Portugal each have two pieces south of the equator, one
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  Speaker 1: on the east and one on the west side. Between
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  Speaker 1: them are the South African Union and other states under
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  Speaker 1: Great Britain. At Lake Tenganka, where this country ends is
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  Speaker 1: the Congo Free State, which belongs to Belgium. North of
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  Speaker 1: the equator, Great Britain has British East Africa and Uganda
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  Speaker 1: stretching up to Egypt, to the west of which is
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  Speaker 1: the huge desert land reaching to the west coast and
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  Speaker 1: belonging to France. Morocco, Algeria and Tunis are also under France,
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  Speaker 1: Tripoli and the westerly part of Africa under Italy, while
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  Speaker 1: there are other strips of land on the west coast
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  Speaker 1: belonging to France, Great Britain and Germany. We must now
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  Speaker 1: see how all these lands came to be ruled by
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  Speaker 1: the nations of Europe. Although the continent of Africa is
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  Speaker 1: about three times as large as Europe and nearly two
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  Speaker 1: hundred times the size of England and Wales, and has
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  Speaker 1: a huge number of people living in it, it is
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  Speaker 1: a land of mystery. Part of it indeed is called
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  Speaker 1: the Dark Continent, but in many ways the whole is dark.
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  Speaker 1: There is so little known of it, so much that
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  Speaker 1: can never be known. The people who first lived in
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  Speaker 1: Africa were probably a small black race, and many of
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  Speaker 1: this sort of people still live in the part of
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  Speaker 1: Africa farthest from the sea. The parts we know best
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  Speaker 1: are the parts near the sea. Besides Egypt, the northern
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  Speaker 1: Sea states Morocco, Tunus and Tripoli, which were called Barbary
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  Speaker 1: from the barber people who lived there, were the only
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  Speaker 1: places which people knew much about before the sixteenth century.
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  Speaker 1: We have seen how the Arabs conquered Egypt in the
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  Speaker 1: seventh century and then pushed their way along the North
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  Speaker 1: African coastlands and on into Spain. But after the Moorish
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  Speaker 1: power was ended in Spain, Barbary except Morocco was taken
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  Speaker 1: by the Spaniards at the beginning of the sixteenth century,
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  Speaker 1: but it never really became Spanish, and almost immediately afterwards, Algeria,
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  Speaker 1: Tunis and Tripoli were taken by the Turks, who had
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  Speaker 1: also now conquered Egypt. Morocco alone remained independent, and some
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  Speaker 1: of the Moors from that state journeyed south as far
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  Speaker 1: as Timbuctu the Barbary pirates, but the Turks have always
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  Speaker 1: seemed to stop the growth of the lands they have conquered,
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  Speaker 1: and the only thing that shows that these states were
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  Speaker 1: alive until the nineteenth century was the bands of pirates
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  Speaker 1: who sailed out in their swift, low boats and attacked
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  Speaker 1: any ship which was not well protected with guns. The
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  Speaker 1: pirates were quite fearless, and even when the French and
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  Speaker 1: English joined against them, they could not conquer them. At first.
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  Speaker 1: They were not always only people from Barbary. Men from
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  Speaker 1: European countries joined them too. Now and then they not
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  Speaker 1: only attacked ships, sometimes they would swoop down on a town,
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  Speaker 1: kill whoever tried to resist them, and carry other people
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  Speaker 1: off and sell them as slaves or make their friends
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  Speaker 1: buy them back for immense ransoms. They often attacked Spain
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  Speaker 1: and Sicily and parts of Italy, but even got as
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  Speaker 1: far as Ireland sometimes. Of course, if the nations of
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  Speaker 1: Europe had really joined to conquer them, they could have
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  Speaker 1: done so, but they did not. Tennis was really a
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  Speaker 1: pirate state, and pirates ruled the chief coast towns of
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  Speaker 1: all these states. Twice in the nineteenth century a British
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  Speaker 1: fleet attacked Algae, which was one of their chief strongholds,
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  Speaker 1: but they were not really put down until France conquered
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  Speaker 1: first Algeria and then Tunas. France now really rules both
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  Speaker 1: of these states, though there is a native ruler in
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  Speaker 1: Tunisia who governs under the French. The French power has
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  Speaker 1: in the last few years been recognized as the chief
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  Speaker 1: in Morocco, though Spain is allowed to govern certain parts.
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  Speaker 1: For many years in the last century, several European nations
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  Speaker 1: wanted to be the chief power in Morocco, and Germany
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  Speaker 1: was the last to agree to the French ruling there.
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  Speaker 1: In nineteen twelve, the Italians invaded Tripoli and took it
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  Speaker 1: from the Turkish rulers after some fierce fighting. Egypt. Egypt
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  Speaker 1: has had quite a different past from the Barbary states.
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  Speaker 1: When the Arabs took Egypt, it was at first ruled
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  Speaker 1: by governors sent by the king Caliphs, but in time
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  Speaker 1: the governors passed on their power to their sons and
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  Speaker 1: became the real rulers of the country, independent of the Caliphs. Saladin,
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  Speaker 1: against whom Richard the first fought in the Crusades, was
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  Speaker 1: one of these rulers of Egypt. Many other rulers came
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  Speaker 1: after Saladin, but they were often weak men, and in
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  Speaker 1: fifteen seventeen the Turks conquered Egypt, and they kept it
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  Speaker 1: till Napoleon's famous attack on Egypt in seventeen ninety eight.
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  Speaker 1: Some years before this, however, a Scotsman named James Spruce,
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  Speaker 1: who had had a life filled with strange adventures, had
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  Speaker 1: traveled through Egypt. He had spent two years at the
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  Speaker 1: court of the pirate rulers of Algiers, and he then
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  Speaker 1: traveled through Tunis to Tripoli. He took ships to the
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  Speaker 1: island of Crete, but was wrecked and had to swim
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  Speaker 1: back to the African shore. He had made up his
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  Speaker 1: mind to see the Nile, the great River of Egypt began.
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  Speaker 1: It was not an easy thing. He had set himself
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  Speaker 1: to do, but he had many things in his favor.
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  Speaker 1: He was used to danger. He was taller and bigger
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  Speaker 1: than most men, very strong, and very good at sports.
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  Speaker 1: He knew several languages well, and also had a little
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  Speaker 1: knowledge of how to cure diseases. He arrived in Alexandria
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  Speaker 1: in seventeen sixty eight and was able to make friends
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  Speaker 1: with the ruler of Egypt. The country was filled with
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  Speaker 1: wild men, but Bruce went among them without fear. He
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  Speaker 1: saw the old Egyptian city of Thebes, and went across
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  Speaker 1: the desert to Arabia, dressed as a Turkish soldier. Then
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  Speaker 1: he returned and went to Abyssinia, where every one was
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  Speaker 1: kind to him. He stayed there two years. The King
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  Speaker 1: of Abyssinia did not want him to go away, but
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  Speaker 1: at last allowed him to, and then Bruce to the
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  Speaker 1: place where not the Nile, but the Blue Nile begins.
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  Speaker 1: He had done a great deal, but he had not
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  Speaker 1: done what he thought. The White Nile is really the
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  Speaker 1: Nile of the ancient peoples, and although he did not
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  Speaker 1: find its source, he traveled still further across the desert
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  Speaker 1: and found the place where the Blue Nile joins the
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  Speaker 1: White Nile, a place which British people will always remember,
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  Speaker 1: for there stands Khartoum, where General Gordon died. Poor Bruce,
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  Speaker 1: after all his hardships, found that people would not believe
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  Speaker 1: his story when he got back to London. Even when
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  Speaker 1: he wrote all his adventures down in a book, many
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  Speaker 1: people still refused to believe him. He went back very
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  Speaker 1: sad to his home in Scotland. But now we know
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  Speaker 1: that all he said was true. The end of Egypt's independence,
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  Speaker 1: Napoleon's soldiers did not see day long in Egypt. They
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  Speaker 1: were driven out by the English and the Turks, and
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  Speaker 1: then mehemet Ali made himself ruler. He was terribly cruel
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  Speaker 1: and when a British army fought against him, he cut
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  Speaker 1: off the heads of the soldiers and stuck them on
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  Speaker 1: pieces of wood in Alexandria. The strange thing is that,
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  Speaker 1: after beginning his rule was so much cruelty, he really
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  Speaker 1: became a good ruler. And when he died in eighteen
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  Speaker 1: forty eight, all the land along the Nile and the
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  Speaker 1: roads by which people traveled were quite safe, even for Christians.
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  Speaker 1: It was through the grandson of Mayame at Ali Ismaeil
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  Speaker 1: that Egypt lost its independence. He had been to school
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  Speaker 1: in France and had there learned many new ways of
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  Speaker 1: obtaining and spending money. Eastern people are generally extravagant, but
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  Speaker 1: Ismael had become worse through his life in Paris. He
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  Speaker 1: found that it was easy for a country to borrow money,
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  Speaker 1: and so he got as much as he could. He
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  Speaker 1: borrowed so much and so often that at last the
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  Speaker 1: great countries of Europe saw that they must interfere if
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  Speaker 1: Egypt was ever to pay its debts. But before this
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  Speaker 1: Ismail had done many good things for Egypt. He got
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  Speaker 1: Englishmen to teach the Egyptians new ways, and letters were
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  Speaker 1: sent by post for the first time in the history
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  Speaker 1: of Egypt. He built railways, lighthouses and telegraphs, and the
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  Speaker 1: Great Canal at Suez, through which ships sail on their
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  Speaker 1: way to India and Australia, was opened in eighteen sixty nine,
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  Speaker 1: six years after he began to rule. In eighteen seventy five,
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  Speaker 1: Egypt was in a very bad state. Ismaeil had no
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  Speaker 1: money and no one would lend him anymore, so he
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  Speaker 1: sold his part of the profits in the Suez Canal
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  Speaker 1: to Great Britain. This made England taken interest in Egyptian
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  Speaker 1: money matters, and when the men who were sent to
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  Speaker 1: find out how Ismael was spending his money told how
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  Speaker 1: great his debts were, an Englishman was put to sea
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  Speaker 1: to the collection of all the taxes, and a Frenchman
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  Speaker 1: to see that the money was spent wisely. After three years,
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  Speaker 1: Ismael tried secretly to stir up rebellions in Cairo, and
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  Speaker 1: then the English and French asked the Sultan of Turkey,
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  Speaker 1: who was supposed to be Ismael's king, to appoint another
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  Speaker 1: ruler for Egypt. This the Sultan did at once, and
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  Speaker 1: England and France helped the new ruler to govern Egypt
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  Speaker 1: until the Arab soldiers rose in rebellion. The British fleet
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  Speaker 1: then attacked Alexandria in eighteen eighty two, and the English,
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  Speaker 1: seeing that they could not conquer the rebellious Arabs in
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  Speaker 1: this way alone, made up their minds to send soldiers
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  Speaker 1: to Egypt. France refused to send any and so did Italy,
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  Speaker 1: and British soldiers had to do the work alone. England,
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  Speaker 1: in this way came to be the only nation to
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  Speaker 1: help the kidive. As the ruler of Egypt is called
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  Speaker 1: to govern in peace. Sir Evelyn Baring, who is now
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  Speaker 1: Lord Cromer, was the Englishman sent out to represent Great
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  Speaker 1: Britain in eighteen eighty four, and until a few years
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  Speaker 1: ago he remained in Egypt. He was so wise that
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  Speaker 1: law and order are everywhere now in Egypt, and the
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  Speaker 1: country is rich and prosperous, General Gordon. But many Englishmen
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  Speaker 1: have lost their lives in making Egypt a greater and
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  Speaker 1: better state. The most famous of these was General Gordon.
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  Speaker 1: He had fought in the Crimean War and in China
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  Speaker 1: before he was sent to Egypt in eighteen seventy four
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  Speaker 1: to act as governor for the Kadiv in the land
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  Speaker 1: to the south. He went at once to the country
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  Speaker 1: he was to rule, and worked hard for six years,
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  Speaker 1: putting down the slave trade, drawing maps of the unknown country,
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  Speaker 1: and learning to know the strange peoples of the desert.
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  Speaker 1: He succeeded in this so well that he could make
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  Speaker 1: these people do things which no one else could persuade
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  Speaker 1: them to do. He was always in great danger. Once
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  Speaker 1: a rebellion broke out at a place called d'arfeur, and
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  Speaker 1: Gordon went as fast as he could to put it down.
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  Speaker 1: He had only a few soldiers, and when he came
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  Speaker 1: near to the rebels, he left his soldiers behind and
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  Speaker 1: went with only one man to speak to the rebels.
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  Speaker 1: This man he took because he did not know the
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  Speaker 1: language of these people. After he had spoken to them
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  Speaker 1: for a little time, the rebels went quietly away. He
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  Speaker 1: tried to make peace in a war between Egypt and Absinia,
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  Speaker 1: but was taken prisoner. During each of the last three
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  Speaker 1: years of his rule, he had to ride about three
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  Speaker 1: thousand miles on camels or mules, and he was quite
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  Speaker 1: tired out when he gave up his command in eighteen
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  Speaker 1: eighty He spent a short time in South Africa, paid
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  Speaker 1: a visit to Palestine, and then at the beginning of
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  Speaker 1: eighteen eighty four was asked by the British government to
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  Speaker 1: go out to Egypt once more. When Gordon left Egypt,
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  Speaker 1: a man whom he had once had to send away
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  Speaker 1: for ruling badly under him, had been made governor of
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  Speaker 1: the Sudan, as the country south of Egypt is called. Soon,
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  Speaker 1: his unjust rule made people very angry, and an Egyptian
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  Speaker 1: who had been ill treated now rose and got the
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  Speaker 1: people to rebel. He said that he himself was the Mahdi,
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  Speaker 1: the successor of Mohammad. A large army was sent to
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  Speaker 1: fight against him, but it was defeated and hundreds and
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  Speaker 1: hundreds of soldiers were killed. Soon the Mahdi became master
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  Speaker 1: of nearly the whole of the Sudan except Khartum, and
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  Speaker 1: Great Britain advised the Khadiv to give up the Sudan altogether.
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  Speaker 1: Gordon was sent to see how the soldiers in the
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  Speaker 1: forts scattered over the Sudan could be got away to
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  Speaker 1: Egypt without being killed by the Mahdi. He arrived at
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  Speaker 1: Khartum on the eighteenth of February, and all the natives
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  Speaker 1: welcomed him, thinking that he had come to deliver them
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  Speaker 1: from the Mahdi. Soon the soldiers of the Mahdi surrounded Khartum,
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  Speaker 1: but not before Gordon had got the women and children
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  Speaker 1: safely away. There had been an army not far off
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  Speaker 1: at Swakin, but it was taken away, and the forts
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  Speaker 1: north of Khartum were taken, so Gordon was cut off
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  Speaker 1: from all help. He had only one other white man
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  Speaker 1: with him, the rest were natives. There was not much
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  Speaker 1: food in Khartum, and the fort was not built to
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  Speaker 1: stand against a strong attack. Yet the months dragged on,
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  Speaker 1: and still he would not surrender. There alone in the
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  Speaker 1: midst of the desert, among men of a different race
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  Speaker 1: and religion, he held out, doing as he said the
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  Speaker 1: best for the honor of his country, waiting and hoping
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  Speaker 1: that help would come. On the fifth January eighteen eighty five,
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  Speaker 1: the last morsel of food was eaten, and the starving
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  Speaker 1: men grew weaker day by day, but would not give in.
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  Speaker 1: But the waters of the Nile had risen and broken
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  Speaker 1: one of the walls, and when the Mahdi and his
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  Speaker 1: followers brushed in on twenty sixth January, the men were
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  Speaker 1: too weak to resist. Gordon and many others were killed.
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  Speaker 1: I am quite happy, thank God, he had written in
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  Speaker 1: a letter which he left behind for his sister, I
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  Speaker 1: have tried to do my duty. Two days after his death,
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  Speaker 1: the help he had hoped for arrived, but it was
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  Speaker 1: too late, and many long years were to pass before
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  Speaker 1: the Egyptian army, trained and drilled by British officers and
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  Speaker 1: helped by British soldiers, was to avenge the death of Gordon.
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  Speaker 1: Little by little, this army was built up. Step by step,
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  Speaker 1: it marched forward into the Sudan until Sir Herbert now
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  Speaker 1: Lord Kitchner, felt that it was strong enough to attack
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  Speaker 1: the Mahdi's stronghold at Omdurman, two miles north of Khartum.
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  Speaker 1: The followers of the Mahdi fought so bravely that ten
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  Speaker 1: thousand were killed before they gave in. But at last
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  Speaker 1: the black flag which used to fly at Omdurman, was
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  Speaker 1: captured and sent home to Queen Victoria. The Mahdi's power
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  Speaker 1: was destroyed forever. This was in eighteen ninety eight. On Sunday,
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  Speaker 1: fourth September, two days after the victory, General Kitchener, with
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  Speaker 1: a man from each regiment, crossed the Nile to Khartum,
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  Speaker 1: hoisted the flags of Great Britain and Egypt, and held
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  Speaker 1: his service and memory of General Gordon on the spot
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  Speaker 1: where he died. Since then, Egypt has grown still more
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  Speaker 1: prosperous under the direction of Great Britain. A university was
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  Speaker 1: founded at Khartoum a few years ago, and the place
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  Speaker 1: which was the scene of so terrible a tragedy is
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  Speaker 1: now a peaceful and prosperous town. Lord Cromer resigned his
• 19:24
  Speaker 1: position as representative of Great Britain in nineteen O seven,
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  Speaker 1: and now Lord Kitchener, who did so much to give
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  Speaker 1: Egypt peace and safety, has taken his place the explorers.
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  Speaker 1: So far, only a fringe of Africa has been mentioned.
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  Speaker 1: The story of the rest of this huge continent is
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  Speaker 1: chiefly the story of the brave men who spent their
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  Speaker 1: lives in trying to learn something of its mystery. It
• 19:52
  Speaker 1: is strange to think that the explorers who have discovered
• 19:56
  Speaker 1: what is known about Africa, nearly all, and certainly all
• 20:00
  Speaker 1: the greatest, lived within the last hundred years. It is
• 20:05
  Speaker 1: true that in the fifteenth century the brave Portuguese sailor
• 20:08
  Speaker 1: Bartholomew Diaz sailed round the Cape of Good Hope and
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  Speaker 1: stopped at many places on the coast, and Portuguese missionaries
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  Speaker 1: made their way into Abyssinia. And it is also true
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  Speaker 1: that the Dutch two centuries later settled in Cape Town.
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  Speaker 1: But behind these coast lands lay the dark continent about
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  Speaker 1: which the people of Europe knew nothing until the nineteenth century.
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  Speaker 1: Mungo Park, one of the first explorers to go to Africa,
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  Speaker 1: was a young Scottish doctor named Mungo Park. It was
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  Speaker 1: only a year after the death of Bruce who discovered
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  Speaker 1: the source of the blue Nile that Mungo Park started
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  Speaker 1: out to follow the course of the Niger, a river
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  Speaker 1: of West Africa. He reached the Gambia River, and having
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  Speaker 1: anchored his ship as far up as he could sail,
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  Speaker 1: he set out on horseback with a negro servant and
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  Speaker 1: a slave boy. The natives warned him not to travel
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  Speaker 1: into the desert, but he went on. He had to
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  Speaker 1: make friends with the native chiefs, whom he met once.
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  Speaker 1: He had to give up his best coat because a
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  Speaker 1: chief like the yellow buttons so much. He traveled through
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  Speaker 1: part of the country where war was going on, and
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  Speaker 1: the negro servant ran away. Mungo Park was taken prisoner
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  Speaker 1: and badly treated, but at last got away. But he
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  Speaker 1: had no food or drink. When he thought he must
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  Speaker 1: surely die, he came at last to the long sought
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  Speaker 1: majestic Niger, glittering in the morning sun. He traveled still further,
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  Speaker 1: but he was nearly dead from hunger and from the
• 21:49
  Speaker 1: suffering caused by the bites of mosquitoes, and so he
• 21:53
  Speaker 1: sadly turned back. He had followed the great River three
• 21:57
  Speaker 1: hundred miles, and after a few years in England, he
• 22:00
  Speaker 1: went out again once more he had to go through
• 22:03
  Speaker 1: terrible sufferings. He started with a good many men this time,
• 22:07
  Speaker 1: but Mini died and with only seven left, he went on,
• 22:11
  Speaker 1: determined to discover the termination of the Niger or perish
• 22:16
  Speaker 1: in the attempt. His end was very sad. The little
• 22:20
  Speaker 1: party was sailing down a river when they saw the
• 22:23
  Speaker 1: whole bank covered with natives who shot arrows and threw
• 22:27
  Speaker 1: spears at them, and all but one man, seeing no
• 22:30
  Speaker 1: way of escape, jumped overboard and were drowned. David Livingston.
• 22:36
  Speaker 1: It was thirty six years before the next great explorer
• 22:39
  Speaker 1: went to Africa. This was David Livingston, who was also
• 22:44
  Speaker 1: a Scotsman. Like Mungo Park, he had had a hard
• 22:48
  Speaker 1: time as a boy. He left school when he was
• 22:50
  Speaker 1: only ten years old and worked for many years in
• 22:53
  Speaker 1: a cotton meal before he was able to go to
• 22:56
  Speaker 1: college to study to become a missionary. He wished to
• 23:00
  Speaker 1: go to China, but when he had studied for a
• 23:03
  Speaker 1: long time and had become a doctor, he was sent
• 23:06
  Speaker 1: out to Africa. This was in eighteen forty one. He
• 23:10
  Speaker 1: was twenty eight years old then and a strange man
• 23:13
  Speaker 1: to look at. He looked rough, but he was really
• 23:17
  Speaker 1: very gentle, and he was always bubbling over with fun.
• 23:21
  Speaker 1: He traveled great distances on his first journey, his winning
• 23:26
  Speaker 1: manner helping him to make friends with the natives, and
• 23:29
  Speaker 1: he soon made up his mind that he could do
• 23:32
  Speaker 1: most good by traveling as far as possible and handing
• 23:37
  Speaker 1: over the knowledge he had won for others to follow.
• 23:40
  Speaker 1: He had not been in Africa very long before he
• 23:43
  Speaker 1: was attacked by a lion, which crushed his arms so
• 23:46
  Speaker 1: that it never really got well. He got married in
• 23:50
  Speaker 1: Africa and still continued his journeys. Sometimes he stayed a
• 23:54
  Speaker 1: little time in one place, and once after he had
• 23:57
  Speaker 1: done this, the whole tribe of people followed him when
• 24:00
  Speaker 1: he went away, because they loved him so much. In
• 24:04
  Speaker 1: eighteen forty nine, he crossed the great Kalahari Desert and
• 24:08
  Speaker 1: reached Lake in Gami, which he was the first white
• 24:12
  Speaker 1: man to see. This was only one of the many
• 24:15
  Speaker 1: discoveries he made. He reached the Zambizi River in eighteen
• 24:19
  Speaker 1: fifty one, and later on he made up his mind
• 24:23
  Speaker 1: to follow it see where it began and where it
• 24:27
  Speaker 1: entered the sea. It is impossible to tell of all
• 24:30
  Speaker 1: his journeyings how he crossed Africa, to the Portuguese town
• 24:35
  Speaker 1: Lwanda on the west, and then followed the Zambizi right
• 24:39
  Speaker 1: to the east coast. When he reached Lawanda, he was
• 24:42
  Speaker 1: nearly dead. He had suffered terribly from fever and for
• 24:47
  Speaker 1: many days had had hardly anything to eat. After a
• 24:51
  Speaker 1: short rest, he set off again, always riding down carefully
• 24:55
  Speaker 1: what he had found out. And again he was nearly
• 24:58
  Speaker 1: dead when he reached a another Portuguese town on the west,
• 25:03
  Speaker 1: but he left his men there and two months later
• 25:05
  Speaker 1: had the joy of reaching the place where the Zambizi
• 25:08
  Speaker 1: runs into the sea. After a year in England, he
• 25:13
  Speaker 1: went to Africa again in eighteen fifty eight, and he
• 25:16
  Speaker 1: was very angry when he saw the terrible cruelties of
• 25:20
  Speaker 1: the slave trade. The Arabs, who bought and sold the
• 25:23
  Speaker 1: Negroes as slaves, treated them worse than beasts. Livingstone made
• 25:28
  Speaker 1: up his mind to do all he could to put
• 25:30
  Speaker 1: an end to the slave trade in Africa. Wherever he
• 25:34
  Speaker 1: went he set the slaves free, but once he had
• 25:37
  Speaker 1: to stand by while Arab traders killed hundreds of women.
• 25:42
  Speaker 1: He had lost the four goats he had taken with him,
• 25:45
  Speaker 1: his medicine chest was stolen and he could do nothing
• 25:49
  Speaker 1: to help himself. He was not heard of for a
• 25:52
  Speaker 1: long time, and people thought that he must be dead.
• 25:56
  Speaker 1: So a brave man called Henry Morton Stanley was sent
• 26:00
  Speaker 1: out by the owner of a great newspaper to try
• 26:03
  Speaker 1: and find him. When Livingstone, worn out then from fever
• 26:08
  Speaker 1: and half starved, reached Ujiji on Lake Tanganika. What was
• 26:13
  Speaker 1: his joy to find Stanley waiting for him with food
• 26:16
  Speaker 1: and medicine. He seemed to get new life from the
• 26:20
  Speaker 1: meeting and started afresh to find new places. Stanley had
• 26:24
  Speaker 1: to leave him in eighteen seventy two, and Livingstone was
• 26:28
  Speaker 1: never seen again by white men. He traveled from Tanganika
• 26:33
  Speaker 1: to Benguiolo, but their fever and the terrible disease of
• 26:37
  Speaker 1: dysentery came on again. He grew worse and worse, so
• 26:41
  Speaker 1: that the natives had to carry him. On twenty seventh April,
• 26:45
  Speaker 1: he wrote for the last time in his diary. On
• 26:48
  Speaker 1: thirtieth April, he could just wind his watch, and the
• 26:52
  Speaker 1: next day the natives found him kneeling by the side
• 26:55
  Speaker 1: of his bed dead. They carried the body and all
• 26:59
  Speaker 1: the dead men's books to the coast, where they could
• 27:02
  Speaker 1: give them into the keeping of white men, for they
• 27:05
  Speaker 1: were anxious to do all they could to show their
• 27:08
  Speaker 1: love and respect for their dead teacher. The body was
• 27:12
  Speaker 1: brought to England and buried in Westminster Abbey. Stanley went
• 27:17
  Speaker 1: out to Africa the next year and discovered the Edward Nianza.
• 27:21
  Speaker 1: Nianza is the African name for lake. He went right
• 27:25
  Speaker 1: across the center of the continent. It was the travels
• 27:29
  Speaker 1: of these brave men that made the people of Europe
• 27:32
  Speaker 1: begin to wish to take the land of Africa for themselves.
• 27:36
  Speaker 1: At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Great Britain got
• 27:39
  Speaker 1: Cape Colony by the Peace of Paris. It was a
• 27:42
  Speaker 1: strange people the British had to rule there. The Dutch
• 27:46
  Speaker 1: settlers of this seventeenth century had married with French Huguenots
• 27:51
  Speaker 1: who came later, and these independent and rather hard men
• 27:55
  Speaker 1: were jealous of the English settlers who now flocked to
• 27:59
  Speaker 1: South Africa. They hated the English for putting an end
• 28:02
  Speaker 1: to slavery and the slave trade, and in eighteen thirty
• 28:06
  Speaker 1: five a great number of them moved together or trecked,
• 28:10
  Speaker 1: as they say in Africa, northwards to Natal where they
• 28:14
  Speaker 1: founded a republic. But not many years later Dental was
• 28:18
  Speaker 1: made a British colony, and many pieces of land where
• 28:22
  Speaker 1: the natives were rebellious were added to Cape Colony. Others
• 28:26
  Speaker 1: of the Dutch or Boeres as they were called when
• 28:30
  Speaker 1: they settled in Africa founded the Orange Free State east
• 28:34
  Speaker 1: of Natal. Great Britain took that in eighteen forty eight,
• 28:39
  Speaker 1: but gave it back to the Boers to rules. Six
• 28:41
  Speaker 1: years later. Other Boers settled north of the Orange Freeze
• 28:45
  Speaker 1: State and founded the Transvaal Republic, but they fought so
• 28:50
  Speaker 1: much with the natives that Great Britain took it from
• 28:53
  Speaker 1: them in eighteen seventy seven. This did not help the
• 28:56
  Speaker 1: English very much, for they had now to struggle with
• 28:59
  Speaker 1: the natives. The warlike Zulus, a very savage tribe, rose
• 29:04
  Speaker 1: under their king, Quechueyo, and after defeating the English in
• 29:09
  Speaker 1: one terrible battle, they were beaten in eighteen eighty and
• 29:13
  Speaker 1: Zululand was added to Natal. This was a chance for
• 29:18
  Speaker 1: the Transvall. They had been afraid of the Zulus before,
• 29:22
  Speaker 1: but now that they were beaten, the Boers rebelled against
• 29:25
  Speaker 1: the English. They soon beat the few British soldiers in
• 29:29
  Speaker 1: South Africa. They had been fighting for years against the
• 29:33
  Speaker 1: natives and knew better than the English how to fight
• 29:36
  Speaker 1: in that country. The British government, while new soldiers were
• 29:41
  Speaker 1: still on the way to South Africa, gave back to
• 29:44
  Speaker 1: the Transfall the right to govern itself. This looked to
• 29:48
  Speaker 1: the Boers as if Great Britain had been really beaten,
• 29:52
  Speaker 1: and they did not take much notice of the conditions
• 29:55
  Speaker 1: on which Great Britain had given them back their independence.
• 30:00
  Speaker 1: It was only a few years later, in eighteen eighty four,
• 30:03
  Speaker 1: that Germany seized a big piece of Africa, both on
• 30:07
  Speaker 1: the west and east coasts. Gold mines were now discovered
• 30:11
  Speaker 1: in the Transvall and gold seekers soon poured in from England. Johannesburg,
• 30:17
  Speaker 1: the town in the center of the district, grew by
• 30:20
  Speaker 1: leaps and bounds. The Boers had always been clever to
• 30:24
  Speaker 1: take advantage of any chance, so they put large taxes
• 30:28
  Speaker 1: on the newcomers, but would not allow them any share
• 30:31
  Speaker 1: in governing the country. But the outlanders, as the Dutch
• 30:36
  Speaker 1: called the newcomers, came by and by to feel very
• 30:39
  Speaker 1: angry against this unjust treatment. The ideal of Cecil Roads
• 30:45
  Speaker 1: there was at this time in South Africa a young
• 30:48
  Speaker 1: man named Cecil Roads who saw all the difficulties He
• 30:53
  Speaker 1: had gone out to South Africa when he was only
• 30:55
  Speaker 1: seventeen because of his delicate health. He soon got sufficient
• 30:59
  Speaker 1: mind from gold digging to be able to do what
• 31:02
  Speaker 1: he liked, and his one thought was that all the
• 31:05
  Speaker 1: strange and splendid country he had seen should be for
• 31:08
  Speaker 1: Great Britain. His health grew better and he went to
• 31:12
  Speaker 1: Oxford to complete his education, but it broke down again
• 31:16
  Speaker 1: and he was told he had only six months to live.
• 31:20
  Speaker 1: He went back to South Africa and entered the Cape
• 31:23
  Speaker 1: Colony Parliament, and when he was after a time strong
• 31:27
  Speaker 1: enough to go back to Oxford to take his degree,
• 31:30
  Speaker 1: he was already a statesman. He was becoming richer all
• 31:34
  Speaker 1: this time from the Kimberly diamond fields. He saw the
• 31:38
  Speaker 1: danger of the transfall blocking the way to the north,
• 31:41
  Speaker 1: and the equal danger that the German colonies on the
• 31:45
  Speaker 1: East and West coasts should meet, and he persuaded the
• 31:49
  Speaker 1: British government to take the huge tract of land called
• 31:53
  Speaker 1: Beechuanaland under its protection. In eighteen eighty nine, he founded
• 31:58
  Speaker 1: a South African company which had great powers over the
• 32:02
  Speaker 1: land now called Rhodesia after Rhodes himself. Rhodisia stretched up
• 32:07
  Speaker 1: to the German colony on the east coast and the
• 32:10
  Speaker 1: Congo free state Pechuanaland, and Rhodesia kept the way to
• 32:15
  Speaker 1: the north quite open for Great Britain, and Englishmen began
• 32:19
  Speaker 1: to dream of a great belt of land which should
• 32:22
  Speaker 1: unite Egypt with Cape Colony and be all for Great Britain.
• 32:27
  Speaker 1: Rhodes became Prime Minister or chief Men in the government
• 32:31
  Speaker 1: of Cape Colony in eighteen ninety. The Outlanders were now
• 32:35
  Speaker 1: thoroughly angry about their grievances, and one of them, doctor Jamison,
• 32:40
  Speaker 1: collected a band of men and tried to get their
• 32:43
  Speaker 1: rights by fighting for them. The Boers easily beat them,
• 32:47
  Speaker 1: and then, after such a short battle, began to think
• 32:51
  Speaker 1: even more badly about the British. The Boers all over
• 32:55
  Speaker 1: South Africa were roused, and at last Sir Alfred Milner
• 33:00
  Speaker 1: sent to try and make peace between them and the
• 33:02
  Speaker 1: English settlers. President Krueger was then head of the trans Fall,
• 33:07
  Speaker 1: and he flatly refused to make the condition of the
• 33:10
  Speaker 1: Outlanders any better. The war, no one in Great Britain
• 33:16
  Speaker 1: was expecting trouble when suddenly the Boers demanded things which
• 33:20
  Speaker 1: could not be granted, and in eighteen ninety nine war
• 33:24
  Speaker 1: broke out between Great Britain and the trans Fall. The
• 33:28
  Speaker 1: Boers were good fighters. They could shoot straight and ride
• 33:31
  Speaker 1: for days without being tired out. There were very few
• 33:35
  Speaker 1: British soldiers in South Africa, and soon they had to
• 33:39
  Speaker 1: retreat to Ladysmith in natal Fresh soldiers were at once
• 33:44
  Speaker 1: and out from England under Sir Redvers Buller. Some of
• 33:48
  Speaker 1: them were sent to Kimberly and the Diamond Fields, and
• 33:51
  Speaker 1: some to help the soldiers in Ladysmith. Others tried to
• 33:54
  Speaker 1: stop the Boers who were invading Cape Colony, but disasters
• 33:59
  Speaker 1: came everywhere. The British soldiers, brave as they were, did
• 34:03
  Speaker 1: not know the country and were easily beaten by the Boers.
• 34:08
  Speaker 1: More soldiers were sent out in nineteen hundred, and the
• 34:11
  Speaker 1: Great General Lord Roberts was sent to lead them, with
• 34:15
  Speaker 1: Lord Kitchener, who had avenged Gordon in Egypt as his
• 34:19
  Speaker 1: chief assistant. Soldiers came also from Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
• 34:26
  Speaker 1: Things began to look brighter for the British when in
• 34:29
  Speaker 1: February Lord Roberts surrounded the Boer General Kroner at Koudusburg
• 34:35
  Speaker 1: and made him give in. There were four thousand Boers
• 34:39
  Speaker 1: taken prisoners in this battle. On twenty ninth February, and
• 34:43
  Speaker 1: the day before Ladysmith had been relieved by Sir Redvers Buller.
• 34:49
  Speaker 1: The British army now in the Orange Free State for
• 34:52
  Speaker 1: all the Boer states were helping. The Transvall found no resistance,
• 34:57
  Speaker 1: but fever had broken out and Minis died. A free
• 35:01
  Speaker 1: state was now taken, and Lord Roberts marched into the Transvall.
• 35:07
  Speaker 1: The march was made quickly, and sometimes the Boers won
• 35:10
  Speaker 1: in small battles, but in June the last real Boer
• 35:14
  Speaker 1: army was beaten and President Krueger had fled. The Transvall
• 35:20
  Speaker 1: was taken. Krueger sailed to Europe and it was thought
• 35:23
  Speaker 1: the war was over. But for two years the struggles
• 35:27
  Speaker 1: still went on. The Boers split up their army into
• 35:30
  Speaker 1: small bands and attacked whenever and wherever they could. Lord
• 35:35
  Speaker 1: Roberts had gone back to England, and Lord Kitchener built
• 35:39
  Speaker 1: small forts all over the country. There were many small battles,
• 35:44
  Speaker 1: and sometimes still the Boers won. Then at length in
• 35:48
  Speaker 1: March nineteen o two, the Boers saw they could hold
• 35:51
  Speaker 1: out no longer and went to Pretoria to ask for peace.
• 35:55
  Speaker 1: The agreement was signed on the twenty first of May,
• 35:58
  Speaker 1: and the war was at last at an end. Since
• 36:02
  Speaker 1: nineteen o two, the peoples of South Africa have been
• 36:05
  Speaker 1: allowed to govern themselves, and Cape Colony, Natal, the Transfaal,
• 36:10
  Speaker 1: and the Orange Free State have joined together, just as
• 36:14
  Speaker 1: the first colonies in Canada did. There are still some
• 36:18
  Speaker 1: things on which the Boers and the English do not agree,
• 36:21
  Speaker 1: but they are learning to live together in peace, and
• 36:24
  Speaker 1: the Union of South Africa, which is the name of
• 36:27
  Speaker 1: the four colonies, is growing more and more prosperous. A
• 36:32
  Speaker 1: railway from Cairo in Egypt is getting longer every day
• 36:37
  Speaker 1: and will soon meet one from Cape Colony. When the
• 36:41
  Speaker 1: two join, the heart of the dark continent will be
• 36:44
  Speaker 1: robbed of some of its mystery. The settlements of other
• 36:49
  Speaker 1: European nations are also growing, as well as the British
• 36:53
  Speaker 1: colonies north of South Africa, and the natives are learning
• 36:57
  Speaker 1: to trust their white rulers and imitate their ways. End
• 37:02
  Speaker 1: of Chapter forty six.