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Cosmic Questions, Gravitational Waves & the Mysteries of Space-Time · Space Nuts: Astronomy Insights & Cosmic Discoveries

0:00
Speaker 1: You are listening to another wonderful episode of Space Nuts
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Speaker 1: and I am your host for today, Heidi Compo. Well,
0:08
Speaker 1: our beloved Andrew Dunkley is out on holiday. Don't worry,
0:11
Speaker 1: he will be back soon. But the brains and brawn
0:14
Speaker 1: of the show, you're beloved, Fred Watson, is here with
0:19
Speaker 1: us today. Fred. Hello, Hello, you ready? Hid you ready
0:24
Speaker 1: to answer some questions on our Q and A episode today?
0:27
Speaker 2: Yeah?
0:28
Speaker 3: Look, Q and A is the real meat of Space
0:32
Speaker 3: Nuts because we love people telling us what they want
0:36
Speaker 3: to hear about. It's far better than me spouting on
0:39
Speaker 3: things that they don't want to hear about. So yeah,
0:42
Speaker 3: sound ready to go?
0:43
Speaker 1: All right, and we get just such a wonderful, diverse
0:47
Speaker 1: range of questions from our listeners. Starting you know today
0:50
Speaker 1: we have Thomas dear Professor Fred Watson. My name is
0:56
Speaker 1: Thomas Wood. I mean, you're eleven student doing my research
0:59
Speaker 1: project on the question. And the question that I have
1:02
Speaker 1: is what is the chance of a habitable planet being found?
1:07
Speaker 1: Here's the key word within our lifetime? So what do
1:11
Speaker 1: you think, Fred, within our lifetime?
1:14
Speaker 3: Yeah? I think? I mean we're talking here about planets
1:19
Speaker 3: of other stars, exoplanets, It doesn't really matter whether they're
1:23
Speaker 3: habitable or not. Because they're so far away, we're never
1:25
Speaker 3: going to manage to get to them within what you
1:28
Speaker 3: might call a human timescale. But there are certainly candidates
1:33
Speaker 3: already for habitable planets among the five or six thousand
1:38
Speaker 3: exoplanets that we know of today, and there are more
1:41
Speaker 3: being discovered all the time. There are planets that sit
1:44
Speaker 3: within the habitable zone of their parents' star and may
1:50
Speaker 3: have atmospheres that could sustain life. Those have not yet
1:54
Speaker 3: been confirmed, they've not been definitively confirmed, but I do
1:58
Speaker 3: think they will be within our life time, and probably Thomas,
2:01
Speaker 3: as Year eleven students, your lifetime is rather longer than
2:05
Speaker 3: mine is, but that's all right. I can deal with that.
2:11
Speaker 3: I think we'll find them within my lifetime. There you go.
2:13
Speaker 3: That's putting the that's putting the odds on it.
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Speaker 1: Well, Fred, I think you have certainly done a lot
2:20
Speaker 1: with your lifetime so far, and you have really broken
2:24
Speaker 1: broken the ground for so many more to follow. Our
2:27
Speaker 1: next question is an audio question. This is Adriana from Florence, Italy.
2:34
Speaker 4: Hi, Federalreo. This is Adriano from Florence in Italy. I
2:38
Speaker 4: was listening to a conversation about LIGO so the LASI interferometer,
2:43
Speaker 4: where they explained that by measuring the gravitational waves from
2:46
Speaker 4: too colliding the Coursa, for example, they can also estimate
2:51
Speaker 4: the master of the two objects. Can you please explain
2:55
Speaker 4: how they can do that? And they also mentioned that
2:59
Speaker 4: with a much or czable instrumental we should be able
3:02
Speaker 4: to measure the gravitational waves from the big banger. Is
3:07
Speaker 4: this is a correct and if so, will we be
3:11
Speaker 4: able to estimate the master of the entire universe and
3:15
Speaker 4: therefore to confirm more than I the particis around the
3:19
Speaker 4: dark energy and dark matter. Thank you guys for your
3:23
Speaker 4: inspiring podcast Whitby.
3:26
Speaker 3: These are fantastic questions from Adriana really, you know, on
3:30
Speaker 3: the edge of our knowledge really, and it's a good question.
3:33
Speaker 3: How so Ligo, as you said, the Laser into from
3:38
Speaker 3: Gravitational Wave Observatory is one of several gravitational wave observatories. Now,
3:44
Speaker 3: LIGO was the first to actually detect gravitational waves back
3:48
Speaker 3: in twenty fifteen, and what we saw was so gravitational
3:56
Speaker 3: waves are formed by vibrations in space and waves move
4:00
Speaker 3: through space, which you know, they're basically propagated by the vibrations.
4:09
Speaker 3: The waves are propagated by the vibrations of space because
4:12
Speaker 3: space is flexible. It's one hundred billion billion times more
4:17
Speaker 3: rigid than steel, but it's still flexible. So what we
4:22
Speaker 3: have is this phenomenon where we can actually measure those
4:27
Speaker 3: vibrations directly. And it turns out that ligo is sensitive
4:33
Speaker 3: to gravitational waves with the same sort of frequency as
4:38
Speaker 3: the audio waves that we hear through our ears. So
4:42
Speaker 3: audio waves are frequencies of a few hundred killer hers,
4:47
Speaker 3: and the gravitational waves that ligo is sensitive to are
4:51
Speaker 3: the same. And when you look at the traces of
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Speaker 3: these waves, you can see them in great detail and
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Speaker 3: measure the way they change as two black holes or
5:02
Speaker 3: neutron stars combined together. Because there's a characteristic signal, it's
5:06
Speaker 3: called the chirp. I'll do one for you, Heidi, because
5:10
Speaker 3: I haven't chirped to you before. If you listen to
5:13
Speaker 3: the audio, it sounds like and the chirp at the
5:18
Speaker 3: end is when the gravitational waves, sorry, the black holes,
5:22
Speaker 3: actually emerge. They come together, and it's the way that
5:25
Speaker 3: signal changes over those few tens of seconds at the
5:30
Speaker 3: end of their lives that let you model exactly what
5:34
Speaker 3: it is that is coming together. You can model the
5:37
Speaker 3: objects that are colliding by analyzing that waveform in detail.
5:42
Speaker 3: So that's how it's done. You don't look as though
5:47
Speaker 3: you believe me.
5:50
Speaker 1: I just think Adriana's question was a little bit over
5:56
Speaker 1: my IQ or at least my knowledge. But this sounds
6:02
Speaker 1: very fantastic, and I'm very excited for all the people
6:05
Speaker 1: who understood explanation.
6:10
Speaker 3: Let's go to just finish off his other question though,
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Speaker 3: because that's really interesting. He says, with a bigger interferometer,
6:18
Speaker 3: could you detect the Big Bang? And the answer is
6:24
Speaker 3: basically no, you need something quite different. So, as I said,
6:28
Speaker 3: the ligo, and it's ilk sensitive to gravitational waves with
6:34
Speaker 3: killer hurts frequencies, so a few hundred cycles per second
6:39
Speaker 3: as we used to call it. Did I say killer hurts? Yes,
6:44
Speaker 3: I meant the wrong. Yeah, well I'm talking. Yeah, killer
6:48
Speaker 3: hurts are a bit high. It's hundreds of hurts rather
6:51
Speaker 3: than killer hurts. So you know, five hundred and six
6:53
Speaker 3: hundred hrs. Killer hurts is a thousand obviously, so just
6:57
Speaker 3: replay that bit. Anyway, The bottom line is to look
7:02
Speaker 3: for phenomena in the early universe, and it's not so
7:05
Speaker 3: much the Big Bang itself as the inflationary period that
7:08
Speaker 3: followed it, when the universe expanded by ten to the
7:11
Speaker 3: power fifty and ten to the minus thirty three of
7:13
Speaker 3: a second, which is just beggars the imagination. But to
7:18
Speaker 3: pick up phenomena like that, you need to be sensitive
7:23
Speaker 3: to gravitational waves with nanohertz frequencies. That means, how can
7:31
Speaker 3: I put it? A billionth of a billionth of a
7:35
Speaker 3: cycle per second? In other words, they make one cycle
7:39
Speaker 3: over a very long period of time years, decades, maybe
7:43
Speaker 3: even millions of years with some of them, so you
7:46
Speaker 3: never see the vibrations. You just see part of one
7:49
Speaker 3: cycle because it's so slow. The period of these vibrations
7:52
Speaker 3: is so slow, and so you need different technologies to
7:56
Speaker 3: do that, and people are working on those. And indeed
7:59
Speaker 3: we've spoken about on space Nuts in the past.
8:03
Speaker 1: People just like people just like you, I'd say, people
8:06
Speaker 1: like you and me, but probably a little bit more
8:09
Speaker 1: people like you.
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Speaker 5: space Nuts. All right, let's get back to the show.
9:44
Speaker 3: Space Nuts.
9:46
Speaker 1: Our next question is actually from your side of the world,
9:49
Speaker 1: and it's from Anthony. Anthony love the show, of course.
9:54
Speaker 1: My question is, even though the Moon's orbit is tilted
9:59
Speaker 1: relative to the Earth only by or sorry, by only
10:02
Speaker 1: seven degrees, why does it appear to shift so much
10:06
Speaker 1: in the sky tonight? For example, it is really low
10:09
Speaker 1: in the north from my location in Sydney, but at
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Speaker 1: other times, sometimes not too far apart, it is almost overhead.
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Speaker 1: It must be simple geometry, but the differences seem far
10:20
Speaker 1: too great to be seven or fourteen degrees. It seems
10:23
Speaker 1: like much more than forty five degrees, certainly more than
10:26
Speaker 1: the first three lengths. Think. Thanks. That's from Anthony from Sydney, Australia.
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Speaker 3: Yeah, it's probably not very far from where I'm sitting now,
10:36
Speaker 3: Hello Anthony.
10:37
Speaker 1: So seven to fourteen degrees away from you?
10:40
Speaker 3: Yes, so, actually it's five degrees, not seven degrees. The
10:45
Speaker 3: tilt of the Moon's orbit is five degrees. But the
10:50
Speaker 3: main point is that that five degrees is with respect
10:55
Speaker 3: to the ecliptic, which is the plane of the sorbit
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Speaker 3: in space. So and in the sky, the ecliptic is
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Speaker 3: the path of the Sun through the sky. So five
11:08
Speaker 3: degree tilt to the ecliptic means that effectively the moon
11:14
Speaker 3: follows the Sun's path through the sky with a bit
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Speaker 3: of five degrees either side of it, so that, as
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Speaker 3: Anthony says, that's not very much. But the bottom line is,
11:24
Speaker 3: of course the Sun's path through the sky is tilted
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Speaker 3: at twenty three and a half degrees with respect to
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Speaker 3: the equator, and that's why we see such large variations.
11:35
Speaker 3: So if you think about what the Sun does in
11:37
Speaker 3: a year, the moon does more or less the same
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Speaker 3: thing in a month, because it goes around the ecliptic
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Speaker 3: five degrees one side or the other of it, but
11:47
Speaker 3: more or less going around the ecliptic in one month,
11:49
Speaker 3: which is why, over very short periods of time you
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Speaker 3: see the moon in very very different places in the sky.
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Speaker 3: One little characteristic, and this might illuminate one of the
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Speaker 3: comments that Anthony made is that when you're near the solstices,
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Speaker 3: either the summer solstice, which for us in Australia is
12:13
Speaker 3: in December the sun is at its highest in the sky,
12:17
Speaker 3: or the winter solstice, which for us in Australia is June,
12:20
Speaker 3: then the moon in its path through the sky and Basically,
12:24
Speaker 3: when it's full, a full moon is exactly opposite where
12:28
Speaker 3: the sun is. So when the sun's very high in
12:30
Speaker 3: the sky, a full moon is very low in the sky,
12:33
Speaker 3: it's right opposite it, within five degrees either side. So
12:38
Speaker 3: I always think of that when I look at a
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Speaker 3: full moon, I imagine it's where the sun will be
12:44
Speaker 3: in six months time, at the different time of year,
12:47
Speaker 3: which is kind of quite cute, really in a peculiar
12:51
Speaker 3: sort of way. So yes, it's a good observation. But
12:55
Speaker 3: the reason for it is, as you said, it's geometry.
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Speaker 1: I never thought that that's a quite a cool little tinbit.
13:04
Speaker 1: I'm just I'm thinking back. This is a little bit
13:05
Speaker 1: of a side story. But I got married. I insisted.
13:08
Speaker 1: I told my husband I wanted to do an astronomy
13:10
Speaker 1: kind of themed wedding, and so we got married under
13:13
Speaker 1: We chose the October full moon, the Hunter's moon, and
13:17
Speaker 1: we got married, and then we immediately the next day
13:20
Speaker 1: we were driving across the country because I was from Utah.
13:23
Speaker 1: He was in Florida at the time, so we started
13:25
Speaker 1: our road trip to Florida the day after we got married.
13:27
Speaker 1: And I just remember, because we did our full moon wedding,
13:31
Speaker 1: and I got married right at the time that the
13:32
Speaker 1: moon was supposed to be at his fullest. I'm a
13:34
Speaker 1: little bit of a weirdo. But then the next day
13:37
Speaker 1: the moon was so low in the sky and bright red.
13:41
Speaker 1: I just remember it was the most brilliant looking thing
13:44
Speaker 1: I've ever seen, and so just really kind of thinking
13:46
Speaker 1: about Anthony's question with you know, when we got married,
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Speaker 1: it was up in the sky, and then the very
13:50
Speaker 1: next day it's right down low on the horizon like
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Speaker 1: a movie. It was like like like almost like a
13:55
Speaker 1: Lawrence of Arabia type kind of look. Was very cool.
14:00
Speaker 3: HARDI I'm going to pick up on that today because
14:03
Speaker 3: I can't resist this. Marny and I too had an
14:07
Speaker 3: astronomical wedding. We got married, and this is why I'm
14:12
Speaker 3: picking up on this six years ago today. It's actually
14:16
Speaker 3: today is our anniversary.
14:18
Speaker 1: Oh, happy anniversary, Thank.
14:20
Speaker 3: You very much. Yeah, we've been together for nearly twenty years,
14:23
Speaker 3: but it took us quite a while to get married.
14:25
Speaker 3: Six years ago today. We got married on the summit
14:29
Speaker 3: of Haliakala on Maui, which has a number of large
14:33
Speaker 3: significant telescopes on it, including pan stars to the asteroid
14:37
Speaker 3: Guardian Telescope and the Daniel K. Nui Solar Telescope is
14:43
Speaker 3: the biggest solar telescope in the world. They were right
14:45
Speaker 3: behind us when we got married at ten thousand feet
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Speaker 3: on the summit of and I got wonderfully sunburned on
14:51
Speaker 3: the top.
14:51
Speaker 1: Of Oh, that's such a beautiful story. Well, congrats to you,
14:57
Speaker 1: and congrats to congrats to you yours and that's a
15:00
Speaker 1: that's such a beautiful story. I guess we're dedicating this
15:03
Speaker 1: episode to our our significant others and the.
15:09
Speaker 3: On the moon. That's right. Yeah, sorry, sorry to hijack
15:13
Speaker 3: that comes.
15:13
Speaker 1: Oh no, that was a. That was well, that was fun.
15:16
Speaker 1: You know, maybe maybe people are curious about your you know,
15:19
Speaker 1: your personal personal experiences with space because I think, you know,
15:23
Speaker 1: sometimes it's nice to add and infuse a little bit
15:25
Speaker 1: of the personal love for space too.
15:31
Speaker 5: Okay, t.
15:34
Speaker 1: Space nuts. Our next question is an audio question, and
15:38
Speaker 1: this is Mikey from Illinoi's USA.
15:43
Speaker 2: Hey friend Andrew, this is Mikey once again from Illinois
15:46
Speaker 2: and the US of A. I'm just wondering if you
15:49
Speaker 2: guys have any room in your house for me and
15:51
Speaker 2: my family. I'm just kidding, let's just serious. I'm just joking,
15:56
Speaker 2: unless you want me to. I'm just kidding. Keep it
15:59
Speaker 2: in mind. So I know that space can bend, space
16:05
Speaker 2: can warp, space can ripple space, can it supposedly tear?
16:10
Speaker 2: I was curious as to what it means for space
16:14
Speaker 2: to actually tear, like have we seen examples in real
16:19
Speaker 2: life of space tearing and what would that look like?
16:21
Speaker 2: Or is it just we know it can but we
16:24
Speaker 2: haven't seen it. Yeah, I was just hoping you guys
16:26
Speaker 2: could explain that a little bit more. I appreciate you
16:28
Speaker 2: guys love the show.
16:30
Speaker 3: What an interesting question, and it is hypothetical, the idea
16:37
Speaker 3: of space tearing, because we've never ever seen anything symptomatic
16:43
Speaker 3: of tearing space, either here on our planet or in
16:47
Speaker 3: the wider universe, and it would have to be under
16:50
Speaker 3: very very extreme circumstances that it would happen. So by extreme,
16:57
Speaker 3: I mean space being stretched beyond its limits. And the
17:01
Speaker 3: reason why this is a popular notion is because of
17:06
Speaker 3: the discovery back in back in nineteen ninety eight that
17:13
Speaker 3: space is accelerating in its expansion. We've known since nineteen
17:19
Speaker 3: twenty nine that the universe is expanding that's taking space
17:22
Speaker 3: with it. But since nineteen ninety eight, we've known that
17:25
Speaker 3: that expansion has been ever faster, ever more rapid. It's accelerating,
17:30
Speaker 3: and so that's given rise to the idea of if
17:33
Speaker 3: this goes on into the far distant future, are we
17:37
Speaker 3: going to get to a situation where space is so
17:40
Speaker 3: stretched that it falls apart? And that gives rise to
17:44
Speaker 3: the notion of the big Rip. And actually, the best
17:50
Speaker 3: place I can direct mikey to on the web, because
17:53
Speaker 3: it's explained very I won't say concisely, it's exploring great detail,
17:59
Speaker 3: but it's easy to read is the Big Rip entry
18:04
Speaker 3: on Wikipedia. I'm a big fan of Wikipedia, and the
18:08
Speaker 3: Big Rip entry is really quite extraordinary because it talks
18:13
Speaker 3: about the hypothesis that space could tear. It talks a
18:18
Speaker 3: little bit about the work that's been done on this,
18:21
Speaker 3: the research that has been carried out in a serious,
18:25
Speaker 3: you know, academic manner as to what might constitute space
18:29
Speaker 3: being ripped apart, and you can sort of define that
18:34
Speaker 3: in terms of the various fundamental forces of nature. And
18:40
Speaker 3: there is a hypothesis that then suggests that what might
18:43
Speaker 3: be the trigger for a big rip in terms of,
18:46
Speaker 3: you know, the tension that is involved, and that One
18:50
Speaker 3: of the authors of that hypothesis is Robert Caldwell of
18:54
Speaker 3: Dartmouth College, who presents us with a formula which defines
18:58
Speaker 3: when the big rip will take. It's quite a neat formula.
19:02
Speaker 3: It includes things like the Hubble constant and the baryonic
19:05
Speaker 3: mass content of the universe. It's all there on the page.
19:09
Speaker 3: And I think the bottom line is is it twenty
19:12
Speaker 3: billion years if something like that? Oh no, wait a minute,
19:15
Speaker 3: The earliest is one hundred and fifty two billion years time.
19:18
Speaker 3: That's when space. Yeah, one hundred and fifty two billion years.
19:21
Speaker 3: Put it in your diary, miikey, because that's when you
19:24
Speaker 3: will find the first example of space being with.
19:28
Speaker 1: Oh my, well, our very last question is from my
19:33
Speaker 1: side of the world again. So we got Greg from Minnesota.
19:37
Speaker 1: So he says, hello from Minnesota, USA. I'm Greg, and
19:41
Speaker 1: I have a question about the cosmic jerk. And no,
19:45
Speaker 1: I don't mean Fred, oh Fred. And his question is
19:51
Speaker 1: the change of position over time is velocity, and the
19:54
Speaker 1: change of velocity over time is acceleration. But we don't
19:59
Speaker 1: need to stop there. The change of acceleration over time
20:03
Speaker 1: is called jerk. We know the universe is accelerating, but
20:08
Speaker 1: have we been able to measure whether or not it's
20:11
Speaker 1: accelerating at a constant rate? Love the podcast, Keep up
20:15
Speaker 1: the good work if you're curious. The next derivatives after
20:19
Speaker 1: jerk are snap, crackle.
20:21
Speaker 5: And pop.
20:23
Speaker 4: Yeah.
20:24
Speaker 3: So, I'll refrain from using the term jerk since it's
20:29
Speaker 3: been applied to me and to give it its proper name,
20:33
Speaker 3: which is the rate of change of acceleration. So acceleration
20:38
Speaker 3: is the rate of change of velocity. Velocity is the
20:40
Speaker 3: rate of change of position. As exactly as Greg says,
20:43
Speaker 3: I was.
20:44
Speaker 1: Thinking this question was going to be for me for
20:46
Speaker 1: a second. I was like, wait a second, that's what
20:47
Speaker 1: I do my research in.
20:50
Speaker 3: Yes, so yeah, so so. But Greg's question is is
20:58
Speaker 3: very very topical at the moment, because yes, we've known
21:02
Speaker 3: that the universe is accelerating, as I said a few
21:04
Speaker 3: minutes ago, since nineteen ninety eight discovery made by an
21:07
Speaker 3: Australian and a US scientist in working independently. That discovery
21:15
Speaker 3: immediately led to the question is the acceleration changing? In
21:19
Speaker 3: other words, is there a rate of change of acceleration?
21:22
Speaker 3: And that's a very hard observation to make. You need
21:27
Speaker 3: to look at the universe over the widest possible range
21:31
Speaker 3: of look back times. So you want to look back
21:33
Speaker 3: eleven billion years if you can, you know, sort of
21:36
Speaker 3: seven eighths of the age of the universe. And so
21:41
Speaker 3: what's happened recently is something called DESI, which is the
21:46
Speaker 3: Dark Energy Survey Instrument, and dark energy is, by the way,
21:50
Speaker 3: the mechanism which we think is causing the universe to expand,
21:53
Speaker 3: that space has an energy of its own. Until now,
21:56
Speaker 3: we've believed that was a constant, that their acceleration of
22:00
Speaker 3: the universe was a constant. But DESI, the Dark Energy
22:05
Speaker 3: Survey Instrument on a telescope in Arizona, based on the
22:09
Speaker 3: Male telescope before me to the telescope at kick Peak,
22:13
Speaker 3: that seems to be indicating and it's still not speculative.
22:18
Speaker 3: It's still one of these results that's still got a
22:23
Speaker 3: question mark over it, but it seems to indicate that
22:25
Speaker 3: the acceleration is slowing down, and slowing down the acceleration
22:29
Speaker 3: is a good thing because it might put off the
22:32
Speaker 3: big rip beyond one hundred and fifty two billion years,
22:36
Speaker 3: might push it back into the more distant horizon. So
22:40
Speaker 3: we will It remains to be seen, but I think
22:43
Speaker 3: the odds are that over the next few years will
22:45
Speaker 3: find compelling evidence that the acceleration of the universe's expansion
22:50
Speaker 3: is slowing down. And that's a mystery because that needs
22:54
Speaker 3: a mechanism, and it probably suggests there are new physics
22:58
Speaker 3: that we do not understand that have yet to be determined,
23:02
Speaker 3: and it opens up all kinds of areas of research,
23:05
Speaker 3: which seems like a really good way to wrap up
23:07
Speaker 3: this Q and a session of space nuts.
23:10
Speaker 1: Absolutely, and I'll tie that in with love, another one
23:17
Speaker 1: of life's greatest mysteries. Since we're talking about our loved ones.
23:21
Speaker 1: If there is somebody that you love and you would
23:25
Speaker 1: love to share this podcast with, we would be just
23:28
Speaker 1: tickled if you could tell everybody that you love, and
23:31
Speaker 1: maybe some people that you don't even really care for
23:33
Speaker 1: but you sit next to them at the office. Tell
23:36
Speaker 1: your friends, tell your family, tell the people you don't like,
23:39
Speaker 1: tell your dog, tell your cat about space nuts. We
23:42
Speaker 1: are here for you. We've got our question and answer
23:46
Speaker 1: episodes and our more I guess what do we call
23:49
Speaker 1: this more narrative story style episodes every week and so, Fred,
23:54
Speaker 1: do you have anything else you want to add before
23:56
Speaker 1: we sign off.
23:57
Speaker 4: For the day.
23:58
Speaker 3: I think we've covered some much of the big mysteries
24:01
Speaker 3: today that we should just go away with our heads
24:04
Speaker 3: spinning and try and think of some more questions for
24:06
Speaker 3: next time.
24:07
Speaker 1: Excellent. Well, hey Fred, thank you so much. This has
24:09
Speaker 1: been another episode of Space Nuts.
24:12
Speaker 2: Space Nuts.
24:13
Speaker 4: You'll be listening to the Space Nuts podcast.
24:18
Speaker 5: Available at Apple Podcasts, Spotify, iHeartRadio, or your favorite podcast player.
24:24
Speaker 1: You can also stream on demand at bytes dot com.
24:27
Speaker 5: This has been another quality podcast production from nights dot com.