Latest / The Quark Side - Quantum Physics Podcast / Scientists Finally Solve a Major Quantum Entanglement Problem

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Scientists Finally Solve a Major Quantum Entanglement Problem · The Quark Side - Quantum Physics Podcast

• 0:01
  Speaker 1: Welcome to the quark Side Quantum Physics Podcast, an exploration
• 0:05
  Speaker 1: of the fundamental structure of reality where quantum laws govern matter, energy,
• 0:11
  Speaker 1: and information. Here, uncertainty is a feature, not a flaw,
• 0:16
  Speaker 1: and understanding begins at the smallest scales.
• 0:27
  Speaker 2: I want you to imagine, just for a second, a
• 0:29
  Speaker 2: world where teleportation isn't you know, some parlor trick or
• 0:33
  Speaker 2: a sci fi movie.
• 0:34
  Speaker 3: Trope, right, like something out of Star Trek.
• 0:36
  Speaker 2: Exactly. Imagine a reality where ultrafast quantum computing and like
• 0:42
  Speaker 2: instant fundamentally unhackable information transfer are just the everyday backbone
• 0:49
  Speaker 2: of our technology.
• 0:50
  Speaker 3: It's wild to think about it, really is.
• 0:52
  Speaker 2: You wake up, you log on, and you use a
• 0:54
  Speaker 2: global network that shares data with zero lag and perfect security,
• 0:59
  Speaker 2: and all of it relies on the strangest, most mind
• 1:02
  Speaker 2: bending rules of the universe.
• 1:04
  Speaker 3: Yeah, the rules that defy all classical logic.
• 1:07
  Speaker 2: Welcome back to the Deep Dive. If you're new here.
• 1:10
  Speaker 2: This is the show where we take a massive stack
• 1:12
  Speaker 2: of recent research articles, technical papers and we extract the
• 1:16
  Speaker 2: absolute most important insights you need to know.
• 1:18
  Speaker 3: And today is a big one.
• 1:20
  Speaker 2: It is huge. Today our mission is to break down
• 1:22
  Speaker 2: a freshly unveiled twenty twenty six scientific breakthrough from researchers
• 1:26
  Speaker 2: at Kyoto University and Hiroshima University in Japan.
• 1:29
  Speaker 3: Yeah, they've done something incredible.
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  Speaker 2: They have finally cracked a twenty five year old quantum puzzle,
• 1:36
  Speaker 2: and in doing so, they've basically brought next generation quantum
• 1:39
  Speaker 2: networks right to our doorstep.
• 1:41
  Speaker 3: Okay, let's unpack this because to really grasp how we
• 1:45
  Speaker 3: are making this leap from a theoretical dream into hard,
• 1:50
  Speaker 3: functual infrastructure, we need to talk about the raw material
• 1:54
  Speaker 3: making it all possible.
• 1:55
  Speaker 2: Yeah, it really is a profound paradigm shift, because before
• 1:58
  Speaker 2: we can dive into how the these Japanese researchers crack
• 2:01
  Speaker 2: the code to actually read these complex quantum systems, we
• 2:04
  Speaker 2: have to look at how our relationship with quantum entanglement
• 2:07
  Speaker 2: has completely evolved. Right now, we know you listeners follow
• 2:10
  Speaker 2: this space, so we aren't gonna bore you with the
• 2:11
  Speaker 2: whole Shrewdinger's cat thing or basic particle physics one oh one.
• 2:15
  Speaker 2: You already know what entanglement is, right, the.
• 2:17
  Speaker 3: Idea that subatomic particles like photons can become so deeply
• 2:22
  Speaker 3: linked that their properties just can't be understood individually anymore, exactly.
• 2:26
  Speaker 3: Try have to treat the whole system as a unified
• 2:28
  Speaker 3: reality exactly. But what's vital to understand here is the
• 2:33
  Speaker 3: philosophical shift. In the scientific community. For decades, entanglement was
• 2:38
  Speaker 3: viewed mostly as a headache.
• 2:40
  Speaker 2: We're really complicated headache.
• 2:42
  Speaker 3: Yeah. It famously troubled Albert Einstein. He called it spooky
• 2:45
  Speaker 3: action at a distance because it seemed to completely violate
• 2:48
  Speaker 3: the classical rules of reality.
• 2:50
  Speaker 2: Right, it broke all's rules.
• 2:51
  Speaker 3: It was a curiosity, a puzzle to be observed. But
• 2:54
  Speaker 3: today it is the actual tangible raw material for a
• 3:01
  Speaker 3: new industrial revolution. It is like the clay we're trying
• 3:06
  Speaker 3: to mold.
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  Speaker 2: Which is still incredibly spooky when you think about it.
• 3:09
  Speaker 2: I mean, even if we accept it as raw material,
• 3:11
  Speaker 2: it defies everyday logic.
• 3:13
  Speaker 3: Oh absolutely.
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  Speaker 2: Imagine you have a pair of magic dice. If you
• 3:16
  Speaker 2: roll one of those dice in New York and it
• 3:17
  Speaker 2: lands on a six, the entangled die sitting in a
• 3:20
  Speaker 2: server room in Tokyo instantly rolls a six, no matter
• 3:23
  Speaker 2: the distance between them, instantaneously, right, no wires, no physical signals,
• 3:28
  Speaker 2: just an instant link. But wait, if it's just spooky action,
• 3:31
  Speaker 2: How do we actually use it to build a computer?
• 3:33
  Speaker 2: How do you take that magic trick and turn it
• 3:35
  Speaker 2: into a reliable machine.
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  Speaker 3: This raises an important question because it gets to the
• 3:39
  Speaker 3: very heart of the engineering bottleneck. Okay, in a classical computer,
• 3:43
  Speaker 3: your infrastructure is built on transistors reading physical states as
• 3:47
  Speaker 3: simple ones or.
• 3:48
  Speaker 2: Zeros, right, standard binary exactly.
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  Speaker 3: But in a quantum computer, you are using the entangled
• 3:54
  Speaker 3: state itself to perform calculations and route information.
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  Speaker 2: Wow.
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  Speaker 3: Okay, yeah. By treating a system of entangled particles as
• 4:02
  Speaker 3: a unified whole, any manipulation of the system inherently processes
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  Speaker 3: vast amounts of data simultaneously.
• 4:09
  Speaker 2: So it's exponentially faster.
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  Speaker 3: Right. So creating the entanglement is step one. But the
• 4:14
  Speaker 3: real challenge, the thing that has held up the quantum
• 4:17
  Speaker 3: Internet for decades, is step two, which is what figuring
• 4:20
  Speaker 3: out how to measure or read that entanglement without destroying
• 4:24
  Speaker 3: its usefulness.
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  Speaker 2: Ah. I see. So if entanglement is our magic clay,
• 4:29
  Speaker 2: it's not enough to just mash the clay together. If
• 4:32
  Speaker 2: you actually want to process information, you have to be
• 4:34
  Speaker 2: able to look at the clay and know exactly what
• 4:36
  Speaker 2: shape it to.
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  Speaker 3: Me precisely creating entangled states in a laboratory is something
• 4:40
  Speaker 3: physicists have actually gotten quite good at. Oh really, Yeah,
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  Speaker 3: but just throwing photons together isn't enough. You have to
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  Speaker 3: reliably verify what kind of entangled state you have created,
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  Speaker 3: purely and accurately, right.
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  Speaker 2: You need to know what you made exactly.
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  Speaker 3: And for years, the standard method for doing this was
• 4:57
  Speaker 3: something called quantum tomography.
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  Speaker 2: Tomography like a CT scam in a hospital.
• 5:03
  Speaker 3: Similar concept, yeah, but infinitely more frustrating. At the quantum level.
• 5:07
  Speaker 3: Quantum tomography tries to estimate a quantum state by taking
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  Speaker 3: thousands upon thousands of measurements of identical copies of that state.
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  Speaker 2: That sounds exhausting, it is.
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  Speaker 3: It's basically a statistical guessing game, and it has a
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  Speaker 3: fatal mathematical flaw. As you add more photons to the system,
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  Speaker 3: the number of measurements you need to take grows explosively.
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  Speaker 3: It scales exponentially.
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  Speaker 2: Wow. So, if I'm trying to build a fast network,
• 5:31
  Speaker 2: quantum demography is basically like trying to figure out a
• 5:33
  Speaker 2: wedding kick's exact recipe by tasting it one microscopic crumb
• 5:37
  Speaker 2: at a time. Yeah, Like, Okay, this crumbhusbandilla, let me
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  Speaker 2: test the next crumb. It takes forever, and by the
• 5:42
  Speaker 2: time you've mapped the whole cake, the data is useless.
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  Speaker 2: You've completely bogged down the network.
• 5:46
  Speaker 3: That is a perfect way to visualize it. You are
• 5:49
  Speaker 3: destroying the system crumb by crumb to guess the recipe.
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  Speaker 2: So what's the alternative.
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  Speaker 3: The solution to this massive bottleneck is something called an
• 5:57
  Speaker 3: entangled measurement.
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  Speaker 2: Okay.
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  Speaker 3: Instead of looking at into visual crumbs, an entangled measurement
• 6:02
  Speaker 3: allows scientists to identify a specific complex entangled state in
• 6:07
  Speaker 3: a single shot. You measure the whole cake at once.
• 6:11
  Speaker 2: Which sounds way more efficient.
• 6:12
  Speaker 3: It is, and scientists had already proven this single shot
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  Speaker 3: method was possible for one specific type of entanglement known
• 6:20
  Speaker 3: as the GHz state GC. Yeah, named after the physicists Greenberger,
• 6:25
  Speaker 3: Horn and Xylander.
• 6:26
  Speaker 2: Okay, got it.
• 6:27
  Speaker 3: But there is another vastly more important type of multiphoton
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  Speaker 3: entanglement called the W state, And for twenty five years,
• 6:35
  Speaker 3: a single shot measurement for the W state remained entirely
• 6:38
  Speaker 3: out of reach, completely impossible.
• 6:40
  Speaker 2: Okay, I have to ask why was this WO state
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  Speaker 2: so uniquely difficult? What makes it different from the GHz state.
• 6:47
  Speaker 3: What's fascinating here is the mechanics of how the entanglement
• 6:50
  Speaker 3: is distributed. Think of the GHD state like a very
• 6:52
  Speaker 3: rigid house of cars. If you measure one photon, it
• 6:56
  Speaker 3: immediately determines the state of the others in a very strict,
• 7:00
  Speaker 3: predictable way. But because it's so rigid, it's also incredibly fragile.
• 7:05
  Speaker 2: Like blowing on a house of cards.
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  Speaker 3: Exactly, if you lose a single photon to environmental noise,
• 7:11
  Speaker 3: the entire entangled system collapses. The W state, though, is
• 7:15
  Speaker 3: entirely different. It is characterized by a shared distributed.
• 7:19
  Speaker 2: Entanglement distributed how the.
• 7:21
  Speaker 3: Quantum information is smeared delicately across all the photons.
• 7:25
  Speaker 2: Oh wow, so it's less like a house of cards
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  Speaker 2: and more like, uh, a safety net.
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  Speaker 3: Exactly, if you lose a photon in a W state,
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  Speaker 3: the remaining photons actually stay entangled.
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  Speaker 2: That's amazing.
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  Speaker 3: It is incredibly robust against noise and particle loss, which
• 7:39
  Speaker 3: is exactly why it is the holy grail for real
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  Speaker 3: world quantum networks.
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  Speaker 2: Right because the real world is messy, Right, You.
• 7:45
  Speaker 3: Want that durability. If you're sending data under city streets.
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  Speaker 3: But that very same distributed smeared nature made it agonizingly
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  Speaker 3: difficult to mathematically design a measurement that could identify it
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  Speaker 3: in a single shot.
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  Speaker 2: Here's where it gets really interesting, because Shigeki ta Kuchi
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  Speaker 2: and the university teams in Japan didn't just try to
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  Speaker 2: smash these W states with brute force.
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  Speaker 3: No they didn't.
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  Speaker 2: According to the research, they found a structural workaround. They
• 8:12
  Speaker 2: successfully performed a single shot entangled measurement identifying the W
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  Speaker 2: state using three photons.
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  Speaker 3: Yeah, a massively.
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  Speaker 2: And they did it by looking for something called cyclic
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  Speaker 2: shift symmetry. Let me try to wrap my head around
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  Speaker 2: that is cyclic shifts symmetry kind of like a musical chord.
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  Speaker 3: A musical chord.
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  Speaker 2: Yeah, Like think of a C major chord on a
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  Speaker 2: piano c eng If you move the seed to the
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  Speaker 2: top so it's EGC, it's still fundamentally a C major chord.
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  Speaker 2: It's an inversion.
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  Speaker 3: Oh, I see where you're going, right.
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  Speaker 2: No matter how you cycle or shift those specific notes around,
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  Speaker 2: the underlying harmony stays perfectly recognizable.
• 8:48
  Speaker 3: That is a brilliant analogy. Yes, even as the specific
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  Speaker 3: configurations of the photons shift within the system. There is
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  Speaker 3: a fundamental symmetrical property, a underlying harmon that defines the
• 9:01
  Speaker 3: entire system as a W state.
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  Speaker 2: Okay, so how do they actually measure that?
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  Speaker 3: To actually detect this cord, the Japanese researchers designed a
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  Speaker 3: highly specialized photonic quantum circuit.
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  Speaker 2: Built out of light.
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  Speaker 3: Built out of light, This circuit performs something called a
• 9:14
  Speaker 3: quantum fourya transformation, specifically tailored for W states.
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  Speaker 2: A four EA transform. I know that's used in audio
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  Speaker 2: engineering to break down complex sound waves into individual frequencies.
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  Speaker 2: How does a quantum circuit do that to light?
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  Speaker 3: Well, In a traditional computer, a Fouria transform is a
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  Speaker 3: really heavy mathematical calculation. But in this photonic circuit, the
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  Speaker 3: math is done physically by the light itself.
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  Speaker 2: Wait, physically yeah.
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  Speaker 3: The circuit uses an intricate web of beam splitters and
• 9:43
  Speaker 3: phase shifters. As the entangled photons travel through these paths,
• 9:47
  Speaker 3: their light waves naturally interfere with each other.
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  Speaker 2: Oh wow.
• 9:51
  Speaker 3: This physical interference acts as the calculation, taking that hidden
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  Speaker 3: shifting symmetry of the W state and naturally amplifying it
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  Speaker 3: into a clear, measurable signal at the output.
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  Speaker 2: That is wild.
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  Speaker 3: They literally built an optical machine that naturally filters for
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  Speaker 3: that specific quantum harmony.
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  Speaker 2: That is incredible. But you know, the paper also notes
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  Speaker 2: that they fed three single photons into this device, and
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  Speaker 2: they were looking at the fidelity of the results, right,
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  Speaker 2: fidelity fidelity being the probability that the device gives the
• 10:20
  Speaker 2: right result when it's fed a pure W state. Does
• 10:23
  Speaker 2: this mean the machine still makes mistakes? I mean, if
• 10:26
  Speaker 2: we are building an ultra secure Internet of the future,
• 10:29
  Speaker 2: we can't have a router that just drops packets or
• 10:32
  Speaker 2: misreads data because of probability error.
• 10:35
  Speaker 3: Right, it's very valid concern, But in quantum mechanics, fidelity
• 10:39
  Speaker 3: doesn't mean the machine is glitching or making a software error.
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  Speaker 2: Okay, so what does it mean.
• 10:44
  Speaker 3: It's a measure of absolute precision against microscopic environmental noise.
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  Speaker 3: No physical system is ever one hundred percent perfect, but
• 10:52
  Speaker 3: achieving a highly elevated fidelity means the fundamental mechanism is
• 10:56
  Speaker 3: definitively proven.
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  Speaker 2: So it works.
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  Speaker 3: It works, But honestly, the fidelity isn't even the most
• 11:01
  Speaker 3: groundbreaking part of the device. The real game changer is
• 11:04
  Speaker 3: its stability. This entire optical circuit is passive.
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  Speaker 2: Wait passive that defies everything I know about quantum labs.
• 11:11
  Speaker 2: Usually you see these giant gold, steampunk chandeliers hanging inside
• 11:16
  Speaker 2: deep freeze vacuum chambers.
• 11:18
  Speaker 3: Oh yeah, the dilution refrigerators, right, and.
• 11:20
  Speaker 2: They require a whole team of postdocs constantly tweaking lasers
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  Speaker 2: just to keep the experiment alive for like a millisecond exactly.
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  Speaker 3: Traditional quantum setups are agonizingly fragile, but this team built
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  Speaker 3: a device out of light that ran for an extended
• 11:36
  Speaker 3: period without any active real time control or continuous calibration.
• 11:40
  Speaker 2: It just ran on its own.
• 11:42
  Speaker 3: They remain highly stable on its own. Yeah, And proving
• 11:44
  Speaker 3: that we can achieve high fidelity readings on a stable
• 11:47
  Speaker 3: passive device is the turning point. It proves we don't
• 11:51
  Speaker 3: need a perfectly pristine, constantly adjusted, million dollar laboratory to read.
• 11:56
  Speaker 2: These networks, which means we can actually take the technology outside.
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  Speaker 2: We can out of the lab and start bolting it
• 12:01
  Speaker 2: into actual city infrastructure.
• 12:03
  Speaker 3: Exactly, we can put it in the real world.
• 12:05
  Speaker 2: And that transition into the real world brings us to
• 12:08
  Speaker 2: the actual teleportation networks. Just to be absolutely clear for
• 12:12
  Speaker 2: everyone listening, we are talking about beaming data instantaneously, not
• 12:17
  Speaker 2: beaming humans like on Star Trek, right, right.
• 12:19
  Speaker 3: It is vital to be precise with the terminology. Quantum
• 12:23
  Speaker 3: teleportation is the transfer of quantum information from one location
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  Speaker 3: to another without physically moving any matter through the space
• 12:30
  Speaker 3: between them.
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  Speaker 2: So we aren't mailing a photon.
• 12:33
  Speaker 3: No, you aren't sending a photon in a microscopic FedEx
• 12:36
  Speaker 3: box from point A to point B. You are utilizing
• 12:39
  Speaker 3: that entangled link we talked about at the beginning to
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  Speaker 3: instantly transfer the exact quantum state of a particle in
• 12:45
  Speaker 3: location A onto a completely different waiting particle in location B.
• 12:49
  Speaker 2: And what blows my mind is the timeline of how
• 12:51
  Speaker 2: fast this is moving. The source of show that in
• 12:53
  Speaker 2: late twenty twenty five researchers achieved all photonic quantum teleportation
• 12:58
  Speaker 2: in a hybrid urban network. Yes, a major milestone, and
• 13:01
  Speaker 2: they did it using something called quantum dots. What exactly
• 13:03
  Speaker 2: is a quantum dot doing in a city network?
• 13:05
  Speaker 3: A quantum dot is essentially a tiny nanoscale semiconductor crystal.
• 13:10
  Speaker 3: You can think of them as artificial atoms. Artificial atoms, yeah,
• 13:13
  Speaker 3: because of their size, they trap electrons in a way
• 13:15
  Speaker 3: that allows them to emit single photons on demand. Very predictably.
• 13:20
  Speaker 2: Oh, I see, in a.
• 13:21
  Speaker 3: Hybrid urban network, you need a reliable, high quality source
• 13:25
  Speaker 3: of single photons to carry the quantum information, and quantum
• 13:28
  Speaker 3: dots act as those perfect little photon factories interfacing between
• 13:32
  Speaker 3: different types of quantum hardware across the city.
• 13:35
  Speaker 2: So they are generating the data carriers. And the pace
• 13:38
  Speaker 2: of this is just staggering, because right after that urban
• 13:41
  Speaker 2: network test in twenty twenty five, twenty twenty six saw
• 13:44
  Speaker 2: another massive leap.
• 13:46
  Speaker 3: It really did.
• 13:47
  Speaker 2: The reports show a completely different team built an integrated
• 13:50
  Speaker 2: photonic chip capable of manipulating and measuring complex multipart entanglement
• 13:55
  Speaker 2: all on a single tiny device.
• 13:57
  Speaker 3: Incredible miniaturization right.
• 13:59
  Speaker 2: And perhaps most impressively, also in twenty twenty six, researchers
• 14:03
  Speaker 2: tested a three node quantum network right across existing standard
• 14:07
  Speaker 2: fiber optic cables in New York.
• 14:09
  Speaker 3: City using standard cables.
• 14:10
  Speaker 2: Yeah, they did this using a process called entanglement swapping.
• 14:13
  Speaker 2: How exactly do you swap entanglement under the streets of Manhattan.
• 14:17
  Speaker 3: Entanglement swapping is essentially a quantum relay race. Imagine you
• 14:22
  Speaker 3: have three nodes in the network, Alice, Bob and Charlie Okay,
• 14:25
  Speaker 3: Alice and Bob are far apart and have never interacted,
• 14:29
  Speaker 3: but they both share an entangled link with Charlie, who
• 14:31
  Speaker 3: is sitting in the middle.
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  Speaker 2: So Charlie is the hub.
• 14:33
  Speaker 3: Right, Charlie performs a specific entangled measurement on his particles.
• 14:38
  Speaker 3: Because of the rules of quantum mechanics, the very act
• 14:41
  Speaker 3: of Charlie taking that measurement instantly causes Alice and Bob's
• 14:45
  Speaker 3: particles to become entangled with each other, even though they've
• 14:47
  Speaker 3: never met.
• 14:48
  Speaker 2: Wait, really that fast.
• 14:50
  Speaker 3: Instantly, Charlie just swapped the entanglement to them. This is
• 14:53
  Speaker 3: how you route a quantum connection over long distances, bouncing
• 14:56
  Speaker 3: it from node to node through the messy temper fluctuating
• 15:00
  Speaker 3: fiber cables under New York.
• 15:02
  Speaker 2: And if we connect the dots here, the Japanese team's
• 15:05
  Speaker 2: W state breakthrough is the ultimate missing piece for that
• 15:09
  Speaker 2: relay race. You can have the fiber cables, you can
• 15:12
  Speaker 2: use entanglement swapping to rout the signal, and you can
• 15:15
  Speaker 2: use quantum dots to generate the photons. But to make
• 15:18
  Speaker 2: it work at scale without lagging, you need to be
• 15:21
  Speaker 2: able to verify that the robust W state information actually
• 15:26
  Speaker 2: arrived correctly yes, you need an ultrafast single shot scanner.
• 15:31
  Speaker 2: Without this new Kyoto and Hiroshima circuit, the New York
• 15:34
  Speaker 2: network would just get bogged down trying to read the
• 15:36
  Speaker 2: cake crumb by chrome.
• 15:38
  Speaker 3: If we connect this to the bigger picture, yes, they
• 15:41
  Speaker 3: have provided the high speed optical scanner for the future Internet,
• 15:44
  Speaker 3: and they were already planning their next moves.
• 15:46
  Speaker 2: Oh, what's next.
• 15:47
  Speaker 3: The researchers intend to extend this passive method to larger
• 15:51
  Speaker 3: multiphoton states, well beyond just three photons, and they're actively
• 15:56
  Speaker 3: working to develop on ship photonic circuits to make it
• 15:59
  Speaker 3: even small. They want to make the process of reading
• 16:01
  Speaker 3: these states faster, smaller, and vastly more practical for mass production.
• 16:06
  Speaker 3: They are literally laying the bricks for a fundamentally unhackable Internet.
• 16:10
  Speaker 2: Completely unhackable because.
• 16:12
  Speaker 3: In a quantum network, information cannot be intercepted or copied
• 16:16
  Speaker 3: by a hacker without instantly destroying the state and alerting
• 16:19
  Speaker 3: the sender. It represents the absolute pinnacle of data security.
• 16:24
  Speaker 2: So what does this all mean. Let's pull all these
• 16:26
  Speaker 2: threads together. We started with the basic reality of quantum entanglement,
• 16:30
  Speaker 2: a concept so bizarre that it made Einstein's headspin.
• 16:34
  Speaker 3: It definitely did.
• 16:35
  Speaker 2: For decades. Even as we learned to create that spooky
• 16:38
  Speaker 2: action in pristine labs, we were stuck at a massive
• 16:41
  Speaker 2: engineering bottleneck. We could make the magic clay, but we
• 16:44
  Speaker 2: couldn't read it efficiently because quantum tomography was just too
• 16:47
  Speaker 2: slow and destructive, way too slow. Then this massive twenty
• 16:50
  Speaker 2: twenty six breakthrough happens. Researchers in Japan finally figure out
• 16:54
  Speaker 2: how to instantly read the highly complex durable W state.
• 16:57
  Speaker 3: In a single shot, such a huge deal.
• 17:00
  Speaker 2: They use cyclic shift symmetry to physically listen for the
• 17:03
  Speaker 2: underlying musical cord of the photons using a completely passive
• 17:08
  Speaker 2: light based circuit. And this is all happening concurrently with
• 17:11
  Speaker 2: massive real world strides miniaturized quantum chips, single photon quantum dots,
• 17:16
  Speaker 2: and actual teleportation networks swapping entanglement through the dirty fiber
• 17:21
  Speaker 2: optic cables under New York City.
• 17:23
  Speaker 3: It's all coming together at once, it really is.
• 17:25
  Speaker 2: I really want you the listener, to think about how
• 17:28
  Speaker 2: this transforms the reality you interact with every day. We
• 17:32
  Speaker 2: are moving away from fragile science experiments and toward actual
• 17:35
  Speaker 2: durable chips that will power the communication networks you will
• 17:39
  Speaker 2: use in the near future. The quantum Internet isn't one
• 17:42
  Speaker 2: hundred years away, It's actively being built right beneath our feet.
• 17:45
  Speaker 3: It truly is the dawn of a new era of infrastructure,
• 17:49
  Speaker 3: and as we transition from struggling to read just three
• 17:51
  Speaker 3: entangled photons to eventually networking billions of them across global
• 17:55
  Speaker 3: fiber optics, it forces us to ask a profound question,
• 18:00
  Speaker 3: what happens to our traditional concepts of distance, time, and security.
• 18:04
  Speaker 3: If massive amounts of information can be shared instantly and
• 18:07
  Speaker 3: intrinsically across the globe without ever physically traveling the space
• 18:11
  Speaker 3: between two points, are we on the verge of building
• 18:13
  Speaker 3: a world where distance simply ceases to exist. Wow, just
• 18:17
  Speaker 3: like the teleportation we imagined at the very beginning. We
• 18:20
  Speaker 3: might not be beaming humanity through space, but we are
• 18:23
  Speaker 3: absolutely beaming reality.