Latest / Saberian History Lectures / English Nation Briton to Elizabeth

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English Nation Briton to Elizabeth · Saberian History Lectures

0:00
All right, wires on. Okay, so the concept of
0:02
the super date is I may not know the exact date
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of a thing, but I know it's before or after this
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thing that I really know where it is. So think
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of it as a landmark in time. So if you're giving
0:14
someone directions and you want to give someone
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directions to, say, the Resolute Hospital, where
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do they turn off on the highway to go to Resolute?
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If I'm driving on I -35 and I need to go to the
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Resolute Hospital, I turn over by where? By Buc
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-ee's. Everybody can see the Buc -ee's, right?
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You know the Buc -ee's, right? 1492 is the Buc
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-ee's of our history class. Does that make sense?
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Okay, so you need to know what happened in 1492
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because it's a super day, right? Okay, what happened?
0:50
Columbus lands at Hispaniola and in the Bahamas.
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In the Bahamas. All right, so that's Columbus.
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By the way, when does he do it? What month? Do
1:02
you remember? We have a day for it. When's our
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day off? We literally went through the calendar.
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What's that funky day off we have before the
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PSAT? When's the PSAT? October. So he lands in
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October, right? By the way, if you can relate
1:21
it to something in your life, okay, Columbus
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lands October of 1492. By the way, is October
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early in the year or late? Late. By the way,
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there's a whole lot of stuff that happens in
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1492, not just Columbus landing. We're going
1:33
to get to that in a moment. And then the next
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big super date that we're going to talk about
1:36
is 1607. That's okay. You're going to have it
1:47
now, and it's really important. Jamestown. All
1:51
right. Why is Jamestown important? Jamestown
1:54
is the first English settlement in the New World.
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They find Virginia, but they settle in Jamestown.
2:04
Okay, do some math. How long of a time span is
2:08
this? Okay. Round up. 1492 to 1500 is eight years.
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I'm not caring about the digits. We're talking
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a little more than 100 years, right? Okay. 100
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years, it's a bit. Not much in terms of geologic
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time, but it's a bit, right? So there's some
2:29
stuff that occurs before 1492 we need to talk
2:32
about, and there's some stuff that occurs after
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1492 that we're going to talk about, and we're
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not going to talk about anything after 1607 for
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this one. Everybody good? Yes. Okay. If we get
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to 1607, I'll count it a miracle. All right.
2:46
so I have a construction and This is one of the
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joys of taking a college course you get to deal
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with some really abstract weird thoughtful stuff
2:55
And so the first thing I want you to consider
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because we're going to look at the rise of different
3:01
Colonial powers, but before they can become colonial
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powers they have to become nation -states Now,
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this is really awkward because a lot of people
3:11
don't think of nationalism until later. So there's
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this period where they go from being feudal warlords
3:18
killing each other to being cogent and coherent
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countries that are capable of colonizing. So
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when you're in a country, you have identities.
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An identity is how we define ourself. Okay? So,
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these different countries define themselves based
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on their religious identity. In other words,
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I understand myself based on my religious practice.
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They might do it based on a national identity.
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Now, this is really weird for us because Americans...
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Okay, I know we say Pledge of Allegiance, One
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Nation Under God. I have horrible news for you.
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We're not a nation. Not in the traditional sense.
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Because a nation... is a birth group. Let me
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say that again. A nation is a birth group. The
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word national, natal, nativity, has to do with
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birth. The word nation actually is closer to
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the word we use for ethnicity. Is anyone ethnically
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American? No, you're not genetically American.
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You can't 23andMe yourself and get 100 % American.
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You get what I'm saying? Whereas if you do 23andMe,
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they're going to say you're Irish, you're Dutch,
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you're Arab. You get what I'm saying? But you
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can't 23andMe yourself into being American. Okay?
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And that's why nationality really messes us up.
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But the nation is the birth group. It's the people
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that you share language. and that you historically
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identify with, in that regard, we're a constructed
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nation, because we identify with people that
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most of us are not genetically related to. Most
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of us are not genetically related to the people
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at Plymouth Rock. Most of us are not genetically
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related to the people who signed the Declaration
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of Independence. And actually, most of us aren't
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even related to the people who fought in the
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Civil War, because most of the people who fought
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in the Civil War killed each other, and then
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a new bunch of immigrants showed up. And yet
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we identify with this nation as a matter of construction.
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Okay, the third is a political identity, and
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this is similar to it. This is the people we
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will follow, that we will obey, and that we will
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die for. Okay? So, let's start with the first
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one. Before we talk about England, we have to
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talk about Spain. Now, What did we call when
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the Spanish houses of Aragon, Castile, León,
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and Portugal drove out the Muslims? What did
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they call it? Starts with an R. The Reconquista.
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Now, this is where we get to the idea of a constructed
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identity. Reconquista. What's weird about Reconquista?
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Re means what? If I reread, what am I reading?
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I'm reading not the first time, I'm reading what?
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Again. So if I return, I'm coming back a second
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time. So a Reconquista is conquering not for
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the first time, conquering again. But that's
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weird because... Spain is a new country. How
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can you conquer again if you're a new country?
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Because the Spanish don't see themselves as a
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new country. So you need to consider what does
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it mean to be Spanish? Because at this point
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in 1492, being Spanish is new. Nowadays, how
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old is being Spanish? Quite a few centuries,
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yes? We've had Spanish spoken on this continent
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for like 500 years. Okay, so what does it mean
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to be Spanish? Here's what it means to be Spanish.
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You are not Muslim. You can't be Spanish and
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be Muslim. You have to be Catholic. Now, Spanish
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is a hybridized language. of latin and arabic
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and so the spanish have decided we are going
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to be latin we are going to be christian we are
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not going to be those people we are going and
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why are we doing it because deus volt god wills
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it you also have to recognize that the reconquista
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is going on shortly after the crusades so while
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the catholic warlords are shouting deus volt
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What are the Muslims shouting back? Allah Akbar.
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God is great. So you have, by the way, is religious
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fanaticism useful when you have to go kill people?
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Very, because if you're going to kill people,
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you need an absolute certainty that it's justified.
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And what is more certain than killing for God?
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Yes? Now, we're not a violent people, so it's
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very hard for us to wrap our minds around such
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conviction. So, the Catholics drive the Muslims
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out. The last Muslim caliphate they drive out
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is the Caliphate of Granada. Shortly after that,
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Ferdinand and Isabella get married and they unify
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the two kingdoms of Aragon and Castile and they
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give it a name. Now, remember, you're identifying
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as Roman. You're identifying as... So when they
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make the new country of their combined lands,
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they hearken back to the province's old Roman
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name. The old Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula
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was Hispania. Let me say that again. The old
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Roman province was called Hispania. Now do you
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understand how it's a reconquest? We're taking
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it back from the Muslims and we're making Spain
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Roman again. By the way, do we still use the
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word Hispania? Well, where do we get the word
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Hispanic from? Okay, but Spain as a country is
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a constructed identity, but it's a constructed
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identity that goes back to a Roman root. Does
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that make sense? So same year, Isabella goes,
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sends Columbus to the new world. Now, the other
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thing, remember, the entire Spanish national
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identity is we're fighting for God. God wills
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it. And by the way, we're not Muslims. So we
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have to drive out the infidels. We have to subdue
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the infidels. By the way, just because you took
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over the island, if you're a war machine, you're
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going to stop. So what do you do? You go conquer
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somewhere else. Well, guess what Columbus found
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for them? Somewhere else. And so now you have
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these conquistadors with the arquebuses, with
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their weapons of steel. Now they're going to
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Hispaniola. They're going to Cuba. They're going
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to Veracruz. They're going to Tenochtitlan. That
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same warrior ethos. Because if you're the second
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son, you don't get a farm. You have to go conquer
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one. Does that make sense? It's not just crass,
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oh, we're doing it for gold. It's not just a
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religious conceit. No, these people, they have
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been hardwired. If you are a Spanish conquistador,
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you have been raised from the time you were 12
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to fight, to ride, and to kill. That is your
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profession. That is your vocation. That is your
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calling. And that is what everybody encouraged
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you to be. It's kind of like how many of you
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have watched these people? It's what I call dance
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moms and football dads. Like, they've been doing
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the thing their whole childhood. Like, you ever
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seen, like, peewee football where, you know,
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the parents are really getting into it. They've
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been raising the kids to tackle each other, and
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then they're at the big people football games,
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and they're just... Because that's the only thing
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the kid knows, right? By the way, when they stop,
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it's really weird for them, right? How many of
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you know people who've walked away from a sport
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that they've been training with as a child? Yeah,
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it's similar but not identical. All right, moving
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on. All right. So what's the problem with Portugal?
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Well, Portugal is all by itself. They didn't
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join the club. Well, Portugal starts exploring.
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Spain starts exploring. What could possibly go
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wrong? They could fight each other. Why would
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fighting each other be bad? Because unlike, say,
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countries that are separated by a natural border
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like a mountain, why would Portugal fighting
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Spain be really bad on the Iberian Peninsula?
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Because they're right next to each other. So
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these two Catholic Latin speaking peoples who
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decide not to merge together, they need to make
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a deal. So if you're a deeply religious person
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who needs to make the deal for you, who speaks
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for God, the Pope, the great bridge. And so the
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Pope says, this is the line because God wills
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it. And because it's the Pope's line, it's a
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holy demarcation line. And so Portugal goes East
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colonizing. Well, part of the line includes Brazil.
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So this is why Brazil speaks Portuguese. But
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most of the line is Africa and Asia for the Portuguese.
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And then, of course, the Spanish go west, colonizing
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the Americas. They actually keep going all the
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way to the Philippines. Everybody good so far?
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Okay. Pope separates the world. Now, were there
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other Catholic countries that had to be part
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of the deal at this point? France is not on the
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ocean. England's not on the ocean. Everybody
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good so far? Okay. Am I good to turn the page?
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Okay. Oh. DTD. All right. Now, let's talk about
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England. Now, there are some key things I want
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you to keep and some other things you don't need
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to keep. The first two, Rome and Britain, not
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going to be on the test. Norman invasion is.
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1066, when William the Conqueror lands in England,
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that's in the middle of the Crusades. That's
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like just before the Crusades. And it's 400 years
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before all this. Okay, so here's what you got
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going on. First, you had Roman Britain. That
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was when Britain was populated by Celtic speakers.
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Then the fall of Rome, you have a German invasion
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where a whole bunch of displaced Viking -Germanic
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peoples, the Engels, the Saxons, and the Jutes
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land on the island and basically displace the
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Celts. So what you actually have is you have
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German -speaking, Germanic -speaking English
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people. And so since the Engels were the bulk
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of the population, what do they now call the
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place? England. which we now turn into England.
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Okay? So, you have the Germanic, English. Alright?
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1066, the Normans show up. The Normans are French
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-speaking Vikings. What this creates in England
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is a French -speaking nobility. That French -speaking
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nobility rules over England for over 400 years.
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So in 1455, the last of the Plantagenet kings
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dies with no legitimate heir. Why is it bad that
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the last king dies with no heir in the wonderful
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world of feudalism and monarchy? What does that
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create? It creates a power vacuum, which means
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the major warlords... fight each other for control
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of the kingdom, and they do so for how long?
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1455 to 1487. That's 32 years. That is literally,
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y 'all are mostly 16, yes? That is literally
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twice as long as you people have been on God's
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earth. Try and imagine growing up in a country
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that is tearing itself apart for two times your
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lifetime. If you even make it that long. Because
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what happens in civil wars? People die. You know
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who else dies in civil wars? Civilians by starvation.
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Right? Civil wars are bad. Nobody wins a civil
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war. By the way, the kill counts are for you.
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And they're really emotionally awful. Because
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you know what's really horrible about killing
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people who you understand what they say? You
16:22
can understand their screams of agony and terror.
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It's not like, you know, people that you don't
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understand where you can kind of dehumanize them
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and say, oh, I can live with that. No, it really
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messes people up. Anyway, so after 32 years of
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killing each other, the lords come together and
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they make a deal. That's the first dude. That
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is Henry VII. That is Henry Tudor. He is named
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king by parliament in 1487. They get the lords
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together. They take a vote. They say, tag, you're
16:48
it. Actually, he was from one faction, married
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into the other one. The alliance is made. The
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kingdom is cobbled together. Okay. You're the
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new king. What is your first job you need to
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do to make sure you have continuity of government?
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What happened with the last king? Where did the
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last king fall down on the job? Bro didn't have
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any what? Errors. Didn't have any errors. By
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the way, what do you need to have? Why does your
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heir have to be a man? Say it again. It's a patriarchal
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society, but it's also a very violent society.
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Remember, these are warrior kings. Also, ladies,
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what happens to about one in six women at this
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point in time is a quotient of... Huh? Not just
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that. Okay, you get married. You get pregnant.
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What could possibly happen and happen often in...
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You die in childbirth. Okay, pregnant, married,
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die. It's about one in six women die in childbirth,
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and it's always the first kid. Okay, it's not
17:54
always the first kid, but it's usually the first
17:56
kid. Okay? Not like the first kid, like they
18:00
died trying to do the first kid. You know, trying
18:02
to give birth. Trying to give birth to the first
18:05
kid. Okay? Now, one in six, which means, like,
18:10
you would have someone in your extended family
18:13
that you knew who died in childbirth. It was
18:16
that common. Okay? Do you want to risk continuity
18:19
of society on a one in six shot that somebody
18:22
that that person dies? No. So the other reason
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why it's a patriarchal society is, yes, female
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mortality is high. All right. So. Bro delivers.
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He has three kids. Good on him. And, you know,
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congratulations to his wife because she's doing
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the real work. All right. He's got three kids.
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These are them at different points in their lives.
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Good catch. All right, so you're Henry VII. You're
18:52
putting society back together. You want your
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son, your firstborn son, he is the chosen one.
19:00
You want him to bring about a golden age in England.
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Now, one of the things that you want to do when
19:06
you're trying to get people to bring about a
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golden age, you need to give the people a narrative
19:11
that they can hold on to. So you need to identify
19:14
with an existing narrative that people can hold
19:18
on to. Now, who's the great English hero, the
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little boy who drew the sword from the stone?
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King Arthur. So what does Henry name his firstborn
19:30
son? Arthur. The once... and future king of England
19:36
is Arthur. And so he's trying to get his son,
19:39
he's trying to get the people to identify his
19:41
son with that Arthurian legend to reinforce the
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power. Remember what I said, that's the national
19:48
identity. So basically he wants his first son
19:55
to be the British Messiah. Now, it's a great
20:00
plan. So, He takes his young British messiah.
20:08
So now I've got domestic control. Now I need
20:10
allies, right? Who's the dominant political power?
20:13
We just talked about them. Spain. Spain is the
20:16
dominant power. So if you're a not -so -great
20:20
power because you just tore yourself apart for
20:22
30 years, you want an alliance with the Spanish
20:25
because they're a great power, and you want to
20:27
stick it to the French. By the way, can Spanish
20:29
stick it to the French? Yeah. Okay, so you want
20:33
to stick it to the French. So, Arthur was betrothed
20:39
to Catherine of Aragon, who was the daughter
20:43
of Ferdinand and Isabella. Remember Ferdinand
20:45
and Isabella? Yeah, they had a son named Phil,
20:49
and they had a beautiful girl named Catherine.
20:51
Okay, actually, she wasn't that pretty. Some
20:52
people called her Catherine the horse face. People
20:56
be mean. Yeah, mean girls, 15th century edition.
21:00
Anyway, now, betrothed. Means they arranged the
21:05
marriage. There's just one problem. So, Henry
21:11
VII dies. Shortly after that, Arthur dies. But
21:20
we had a deal. We had a plan. We got to stick
21:24
it to the French. We have an alliance. What are
21:27
you going to do? Bro's dead. You're not going
21:31
to have a Spanish princess. So what do you do?
21:34
You go back. You got another boy. You swap him
21:41
out. Replacement player. A spare. You got an
21:47
heir and a spare. All right. That's Henry VIII,
21:50
dude in the middle. That's how Henry VIII becomes
21:54
king of England. He's the second son. He was
21:59
not the chosen one. He was the spare. Now, they
22:04
get married. He's in, I want to say, early 20s,
22:11
late teens. She's his older brother's fiancée.
22:20
She's older than he is. Now, they have a kid.
22:26
Mary. Mary's nice. He loves Mary. What's the
22:31
problem with Mary? Mary's a woman. Now, hang
22:36
on. So, we're good. We're good. I got years of
22:40
me. Keep going. Keep going. Right? They try to
22:43
have another. One child's stillborn. One of them's
22:47
dead after birth. By the way, what happens to
22:49
women's ability to conceive children once they
22:51
get past, oh, I don't know, 30? It diminishes.
22:56
You don't have fertility treatments. This is
22:58
primitive times. So what's Henry looking at right
23:03
now? I have a female child. I don't have an heir.
23:08
When I die, what happens to my kingdom? It falls
23:12
apart. It tears itself apart. Is that something
23:15
he can live with? Is that something the nobles
23:18
of England can live with? No. So he's like, okay,
23:22
I'm not able to have any more children with this
23:27
woman. What do I need? I need a new woman. Okay.
23:32
It's not just that he was a horny man. There
23:39
is a legitimate concern about the... And again,
23:42
he would remember the stories of the War of the
23:45
Roses. There were people who remember the horrors
23:48
of that war. That was something to be so assiduously
23:51
avoided that the nobles of England would do anything.
23:53
And I do mean anything. Having continuity of
23:59
government was so important that Henry... We'll
24:04
leave the Catholic Church. Now again, this is
24:06
a dimension that you didn't learn back in world
24:08
history. Henry wasn't just a king. He was also,
24:14
prior to this, a devout Catholic. Bro wasn't
24:23
just Catholic. He was the defender of the faith.
24:28
So in 1517, Martin Luther writes his 95 Theses,
24:32
speaking out against the conventions of the church.
24:35
In 1521, Henry VIII, working with Sir Thomas
24:39
More, writes a book called The Defense of the
24:41
Seven Sacraments. It is a theological rebuke
24:44
of Protestantism, for which he is named Defender
24:48
of the Faith by the Pope in 1521. 1534, England
24:56
leaves the Catholic Church. So in a space of
24:58
about a decade, he goes from being the defender
25:03
of the Catholic Church to being its most notable
25:06
heretic. And so in 1534, Parliament passes the
25:12
Act of Succession, separating the church in England
25:15
from Catholicism and naming the monarch the head
25:19
of the English church. Now, this is really weird
25:21
and really cool. So now, are the English actually
25:28
Protestant? He doesn't change the religious practice.
25:35
He doesn't change the hierarchy. He makes one
25:38
change to the religious practice that's really
25:40
important. So, and this is really strange to
25:46
us, because I have people in this room who are
25:49
probably Catholic. And if you go to a Catholic
25:52
church today, you'll hear the Mass in English
25:54
and in Spanish in the American Southwest. But
25:57
if I went to a Catholic church in England in
25:59
the 16th century, I would hear the Mass in Latin.
26:05
If I went to a French church, I would hear the
26:07
Mass in Latin. One of the defining features of
26:11
this new Church of England is that the prayers
26:15
are in English. and the language of court is
26:20
no longer French. The nobles are speaking English.
26:23
They're practicing the religion in English. So
26:25
do I really look at this as a religious identity,
26:28
or is this really the emergence of a national
26:31
identity? We're now defining ourselves as a separate
26:36
people. We pray in English. We speak in English.
26:40
We codify English. And so one of the things that's
26:43
really cool is because Henry's pulled himself
26:46
away from the Catholic Church, he has a whole
26:48
lot of land now that used to be church land that
26:50
he can sell off, which, by the way, that's great
26:53
for the English peasants because now they can
26:55
own their own land. He now has total control
27:00
of the government because he has religious authority,
27:02
he has the bureaucracy of the church, and he
27:04
has the violence of the state. The church and
27:07
the state are one. The Leviathan is born. Now,
27:14
he annuls his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
27:20
He can't kill her because that would be war with
27:22
Spain. So he puts her away. She gets a nice castle.
27:27
Her daughter is raised in the confinement of
27:29
the castle. Think of it as house arrest. Okay,
27:32
but it beats being dead. Okay. So, he marries
27:36
Anne Boleyn and they have another girl. Now,
27:40
Anne Boleyn is kind of a bit of a sprite. Henry's
27:44
a bit jealous. She gets charged with adultery.
27:48
Now, by the way, adultery is bad, but it's really
27:50
bad when the man you cheat on is the king of
27:53
the country because it's not just adultery, it's
27:56
treason. She gets executed. No. Not all of them.
28:02
That's the first one that gets executed. So,
28:04
Catherine gets put away and gets executed. So,
28:08
third time's the charm. He marries Jane Seymour.
28:13
Jane Seymour. Gives him a son. Yes, she dies
28:18
in childbirth. Remember how I said one in six
28:20
women died in childbirth? One in three right
28:23
now. Rip. So, he has his heir. There's just one
28:32
problem. Edward dies before having children.
28:39
So, crap. So, Henry dies. Edward dies. The nobles
28:47
of England are so terrified of that war of all
28:51
against all. Guess what they do? Parliament decides
28:55
that they would rather be ruled by a Catholic
29:01
woman than have a war of all against all. Okay?
29:08
Now. Hang on, I got time for this. Okay. Now.
29:14
Mary, she gets married. She marries Philip, her
29:18
cousin, who's the king of Spain. They have some
29:21
very pleasant evenings together. She's got that
29:23
bright glow. She's looking very round. And they
29:28
find out it's not a baby, it's a tumor. She dies.
29:38
Parliament is like, oh, crap. Back to the book,
29:43
back to the family tree, and tag, she's it. That's
29:49
how Elizabeth becomes Queen of England. Now,
29:52
this is where I get to the end. Okay. Elizabeth
29:58
has a problem. Her first duty is to see to the
30:05
continuity of government, right? Which means,
30:09
at first they're like, oh, we need to get her
30:10
married off and we need to get her to start having
30:12
kids. What has she seen happen? She heard about
30:20
Jane Seymour, who was her stepmother, died. She
30:26
didn't know how cancer worked with her sister,
30:29
but she saw her sister die. So what's she deathly
30:31
afraid of? Dying. and that destabilization. So
30:35
she makes a choice. Also at this time, England
30:39
is trying to figure out how Catholic they're
30:42
going to be and how Protestant they're going
30:43
to be. Who's the most important woman in the
30:45
Catholic religion? Virgin Mary. The Virgin Mary,
30:50
Queen of Heaven. Elizabeth decides to become
30:55
the Virgin Queen of England. appropriating the
31:01
Marian archetype, becoming the human incarnation
31:05
of Mary, and now England, the separate, idyllic
31:09
place. So we go from Arthur, the English Messiah,
31:13
to Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen of England. And
31:19
that seems like a good place to stop. She reigns
31:21
for about 40 years, and I'll get to 1607 and
31:25
James I next time.