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20 - Erasmus and the Age of Reformation by Johan Huizinga · Erasmus and the Age of Reformation

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  Speaker 1: Chapter twenty of Erasmus and the Age of Reformation. This
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  Speaker 1: is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the
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  Speaker 1: public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit
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  Speaker 1: LibriVox dot org. Erasmus and the Age of Reformation by
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  Speaker 1: Johann Hausinger, translated by Frederic Jian Hofmann. Chapter twenty. Last years,
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  Speaker 1: religious and political contrasts grow sharper. The coming strife in
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  Speaker 1: Germany is still suspended. Erasmus finishes his Ecclesiastes, Death of
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  Speaker 1: Fisher and more. Erasmus back at Basil fifteen thirty five.
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  Speaker 1: Pope Paul the Third wants to make him write in
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  Speaker 1: favor of the cause of the Council, favors declined by
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  Speaker 1: Erasmus de Puritate ECCLESIAI the end twelfth July fifteen thirty six,
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  Speaker 1: during the last years of Irasmus's life, all the great
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  Speaker 1: issues which kept the world in suspense were rapidly taking
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  Speaker 1: threatening forms. Wherever compromise or reunion had before still seemed possible,
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  Speaker 1: sharp conflicts clearly outlined, party groupings, binding formulas were now
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  Speaker 1: barring the way to peace. While in the spring of
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  Speaker 1: fifteen twenty nine, Erasmus prepared for his departure from Basil.
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  Speaker 1: A strong Catholic majority at the Diet at Spaya cut
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  Speaker 1: the recess of fifteen twenty six favorable for the Evangelicals,
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  Speaker 1: revoked only the Lutherans among them, keeping what they had obtained,
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  Speaker 1: and secured a prohibition of any further changes or novelties
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  Speaker 1: that Sphingliants and Anabaptists were not allowed to enjoy the
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  Speaker 1: least tolerance. This was immediately followed by the protest of
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  Speaker 1: the chief Evangelical princes and towns, which henceforth was to
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  Speaker 1: give the name to all anti Catholics together. Nineteen April
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  Speaker 1: fifteen twenty nine, and not only between Catholics and Protestants
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  Speaker 1: in the Empire did the rupture become complete. Even before
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  Speaker 1: the end of that year, the question of the Lord's
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  Speaker 1: Supper proved an insuperable stumbling block in the way of
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  Speaker 1: a real union of Sphinglians and Lutherans. Luther parted from
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  Speaker 1: Swingli at the Colloquy of Marbourg with the words your
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  Speaker 1: spirit differs from ours. In Switzerland, civil war had openly
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  Speaker 1: broken out between the Catholic and the Evangelical Cantons. Only
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  Speaker 1: come for a short time by the first piece of Kapil,
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  Speaker 1: the Treaties of Cambray and Barcelona, which in fifteen twenty
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  Speaker 1: nine restored at least political peace in Christendom for the
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  Speaker 1: time being, could no longer draw from old Erasmus jubilations
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  Speaker 1: about a coming golden age, like those with which the
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  Speaker 1: Concord of fifteen sixteen had inspired him. A month later,
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  Speaker 1: the Turks appeared before Vienna. All these occurrences could not
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  Speaker 1: but distress and alarm Erasmus, but he was outside them.
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  Speaker 1: When reading his letters of that period, we are more
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  Speaker 1: than ever impressed by the fact that, for all the
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  Speaker 1: width and liveliness of his mind, he is remote from
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  Speaker 1: the great happenings of his time, beyond a certain circle
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  Speaker 1: of ventursts touching his own ideas or his person, his
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  Speaker 1: perceptions are vague and weak. If he still meddles occasionally
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  Speaker 1: with questions of the day, he does so in the
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  Speaker 1: moralizing manner, by means of generalities without emphasis. His advice
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  Speaker 1: about declaring war on the Turks March fifteen thirty is
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  Speaker 1: written in the form of an interpretation of Psalm twenty eight,
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  Speaker 1: and so vague that at the close he himself anticipates
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  Speaker 1: that the reader makes claim, but now say clearly do
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  Speaker 1: you think that should be declared or not. In the
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  Speaker 1: summer of fifteen thirty, the Diet met again at Augsburg,
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  Speaker 1: under the auspices of the Emperor himself, to try once
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  Speaker 1: more to quote attained to a good peace and Christian
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  Speaker 1: truth end quote. The Augsburg Confession, defended all too weekly
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  Speaker 1: by milengthen was read here, disputed and declared refuted by
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  Speaker 1: the Emperor. Erasmus had no share in all this. Many
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  Speaker 1: had exhorted him in letters to come to Augsburg, but
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  Speaker 1: he had in vain expected a summons from the Emperor
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  Speaker 1: at the instance of the Emperor's councilors. He had postponed
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  Speaker 1: his proposed removal to Brabant in that autumn till after
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  Speaker 1: the decision of the Diet. But his services were not
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  Speaker 1: needed for the drastic resolution of repression with which the
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  Speaker 1: Emperor closed the session. In November, the great struggle in
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  Speaker 1: Germany seemed to be approaching. The resolutions of Augsburg were
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  Speaker 1: followed by the formation of the League of Schmalkalden, uniting
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  Speaker 1: all Protestant territories and towns of Germany in their opposition
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  Speaker 1: to the Emperor. In the same year fifteen thirty one,
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  Speaker 1: Swingley was killed in the Battle of Capel against the
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  Speaker 1: Catholic Cantons, soon to be followed by Ouchel Ampadius, who
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  Speaker 1: died at Basel. It is right, writes Erasmus, that those
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  Speaker 1: two leaders have perished. If Mars had been favorable to them,
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  Speaker 1: we should now have been done. For in Switzerland a
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  Speaker 1: sort of equilibrium had set in. At any rate, matters
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  Speaker 1: had come to a standstill. In Germany, the inevitable struggle
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  Speaker 1: was postponed for many years. The Emperor had understood that
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  Speaker 1: to combat the German Protestants effectively, he should first get
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  Speaker 1: the Pope to hold the Council, which would abolish the
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  Speaker 1: acknowledged abuses of the church. The religious Piece of Nuremberg
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  Speaker 1: fifteen thirty two put the seal upon this turn of
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  Speaker 1: imperial policy. It might seem as if before long the
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  Speaker 1: advocates of moderate reform and of a compromise might after
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  Speaker 1: all get a chance of being heard. But Erasmus had
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  Speaker 1: become too old to actively participate in the decisions. If
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  Speaker 1: he had ever seriously considered such participation, he does write
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  Speaker 1: a treatise, though in fifteen thirty three and the sweet
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  Speaker 1: concord of the Church, like his advice on the Turks
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  Speaker 1: in the form of an interpretation of a Psalm eighty three.
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  Speaker 1: But it would seem as if the old vivacity of
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  Speaker 1: his style and his power of expression, so long unimpaired,
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  Speaker 1: now began to flag. The same remark applies to an
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  Speaker 1: essay on the Preparation for Death, published the same year.
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  Speaker 1: His voice was growing weaker. During these years, he turned
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  Speaker 1: his attention chiefly to the completion of the great work,
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  Speaker 1: which more than any other represented for him the summing
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  Speaker 1: up and complete exposition of his moral theological ideas. Ecclesiastes
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  Speaker 1: or on the Way to preach. Erasmus had always regarded
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  Speaker 1: preaching as the most dignified part of an ecclesiastic's duties.
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  Speaker 1: As preachers, he had most highly valued call It and Betrarius.
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  Speaker 1: As early as fifteen nineteen, his friend John Becker of
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  Speaker 1: Borselain urged him to follow up the Encheridion of the
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  Speaker 1: Christian Soldier and the Instituzio of the Christian Prince by
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  Speaker 1: the true instruction of the Christian preacher. Later later, Erasmus
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  Speaker 1: had promised him, at present, I have too much work,
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  Speaker 1: but I hoped to undertake it soon. In fifteen twenty three,
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  Speaker 1: he had already made a sketch and some notes for it.
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  Speaker 1: It was meant for John Fisher, the Bishop of Rome Rochester,
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  Speaker 1: Erasmus's great friend and brother spirit, who eagerly looked forward
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  Speaker 1: to it and urged the author to finish it. The
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  Speaker 1: work gradually grew into the most voluminous of Erasmus's original writings,
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  Speaker 1: a forest of a work O perus silvan, as he
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  Speaker 1: calls it himself. In four books. He treated his subject
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  Speaker 1: the art of preaching well and decorously, with an inexhaustible
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  Speaker 1: abundance of examples, illustration, schemes, et cetera. But was it
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  Speaker 1: possible that a work conceived already by the Erasmus of
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  Speaker 1: fifteen nineteen, and upon which he had been so long engaged,
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  Speaker 1: while he himself had gradually given up the boldness of
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  Speaker 1: his earlier years, could still be a revelation in fifteen
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  Speaker 1: thirty three, as the Anchorridian had been in its day.
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  Speaker 1: Ecclesiastes is the work of a mind fatigued, which no
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  Speaker 1: longer sharply reacts upon the needs of his time. As
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  Speaker 1: there is reslt of a correct intellectual, tasteful instruction in
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  Speaker 1: a suitable manner of preaching, in accordance with the purity
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  Speaker 1: of the Gospel, Erasmus expects to see society improve quote.
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  Speaker 1: The people become more obedient to the authorities, more respectful
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  Speaker 1: towards the law, more peaceable between husband and wife comes,
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  Speaker 1: greater concord, more perfect faithfulness, greater dislike of adultery, Servants
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  Speaker 1: abbey more willingly, artisans work better, merchants cheat no more
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  Speaker 1: end quote. At the same time that Erasmus took this
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  Speaker 1: work to Thauben at Basel to print a book of
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  Speaker 1: a young Frenchman who had recently fled from France to Basil,
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  Speaker 1: passed through the press of another Basil printer, Thomas Plata,
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  Speaker 1: it too was to be a manual of the life
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  Speaker 1: of Faith, the institution of the Christian religion by Kelvin.
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  Speaker 1: Even before Erasmus had quite completed the Ecclesiastes, the man
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  Speaker 1: for whom the work had been meant was no more.
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  Speaker 1: Instead of to the Bishop of Rochester, Erasmus dedicated his
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  Speaker 1: voluminous work to the Bishop of Augsburg, Christopher of Studying
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  Speaker 1: John Fisher, to set a seal on his spiritual endeavors
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  Speaker 1: resembling those of Erasmus in so many respects had left
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  Speaker 1: behind as a testimony to the world for which Erasmus
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  Speaker 1: knew himself too weak, that of martyrdom. On twenty second
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  Speaker 1: June fifteen thirty five, he was beheaded by command of
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  Speaker 1: Henry the Eighth. He died for being faithful to the
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  Speaker 1: Old Church, together with more he had steadfastly refused to
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  Speaker 1: take the oath to the Statute of Supremacy. Not two
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  Speaker 1: weeks after Fisher, Thomas Moore mounted the scaffold. The fate
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  Speaker 1: of those two noblest of his friends grieved Erasmus. It
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  Speaker 1: moved him to do what for years he had no
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  Speaker 1: longer done, to write a poem. But rather than in
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  Speaker 1: the fine Latin measure of that Carmen Heroicum, one would
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  Speaker 1: have liked to hear his emotion in language of sincere
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  Speaker 1: dismay and indignation in his letters, they are hardly there.
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  Speaker 1: In the words devoted to Fischer's death in the preface
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  Speaker 1: to the Ecclesiastes, there is no heartfelt emotion. Also in
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  Speaker 1: his letters of those days he speaks with reserve. Quote
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  Speaker 1: would Moore had never meddled with that dangerous business and
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  Speaker 1: left the theological cause to the theologians end quote, as
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  Speaker 1: if Moore had died for aught, but simply for his conscience.
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  Speaker 1: When Erasmus wrote these words, he was no longer at Fribourg.
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  Speaker 1: He had in June fifteen thirty five gone to Basel
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  Speaker 1: to work in Froben's printing office. As of old, the
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  Speaker 1: Ecclesiastes was at last going to press, and still required
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  Speaker 1: careful supervision and the final touches. During the process, the
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  Speaker 1: Adagia had to be reprinted, and a Latin edition of
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  Speaker 1: Origines was in preparation. The old sick Man was cordially
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  Speaker 1: received by the many friends who still lived at Basel.
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  Speaker 1: Hionimus Phoben, Johannes's son, who after his father's death managed
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  Speaker 1: the business with two relatives, sheltered him in his house Somlooft,
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  Speaker 1: in the hope of his return. A room had been
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  Speaker 1: built expressly for him and fitted up as was convenient
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  Speaker 1: for him. Erasmus found that at Basel the ecclesiastical storms
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  Speaker 1: which had formerly driven him away had subsided, quiet in
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  Speaker 1: order had returned. He did feel a spirit of distrust
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  Speaker 1: in the air. It is true quot but I think
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  Speaker 1: that on account of my age of habits, and of
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  Speaker 1: what little erudition I possess. I have now got so
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  Speaker 1: far that I may live in safety anywhere. At first,
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  Speaker 1: he had regarded the removal as an experiment. He did
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  Speaker 1: not mean to stay at Basel. If his health could
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  Speaker 1: not stand the change of air, he would return to
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  Speaker 1: his fine, well appointed, comfortable house at Faibok. If he
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  Speaker 1: should prove able to bear it, then the choice was
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  Speaker 1: between the Netherlands, probably Brussels Malines or Antwerp, perhaps Loovain
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  Speaker 1: or Burgundy. In particular Bezanson, towards the end of his
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  Speaker 1: life he clung to the illusion, which he had been
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  Speaker 1: cherishing for a long time, that Burgundy wine alone was
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  Speaker 1: good for him and kept his malady in check. There
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  Speaker 1: is something pathetic in the proportions which this wine question
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  Speaker 1: gradually assumes. That it is so dear at Basel might
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  Speaker 1: be overlooked, but the Thievish wagoners drink, think up or
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  Speaker 1: spoil what is imported. In August he doubted greatly whether
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  Speaker 1: he will return to Freibourg in October. He is salty
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  Speaker 1: souse and part of his furniture, and had the rest
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  Speaker 1: transported to Basle. After the summer, he hardly left his
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  Speaker 1: room and was mostly bed ridden. Though the formidable worker
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  Speaker 1: in him still yearned for more years and time to labor.
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  Speaker 1: His soul was ready for death, happy he had never felt.
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  Speaker 1: Only during the last years he utters his longing for
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  Speaker 1: the end. He was still curiously enough subject to the
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  Speaker 1: delusion of being in the thick of the struggle. In
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  Speaker 1: this arena I shall have to fall, he writes in
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  Speaker 1: fifteen thirty three. Only this consoles me that near at hand,
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  Speaker 1: already the general haven comes in sight, which, if Christ
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  Speaker 1: be favorable, will bring the end of all labor and trouble.
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  Speaker 1: Two years later, his voice sounds more urgent, that the
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  Speaker 1: Lord might deign to call me out of this raving
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  Speaker 1: world to his rest. Most of his old friends were gone.
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  Speaker 1: Warham and Mountjoy had passed away before more, and Fisher
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  Speaker 1: Peter gillis so many years younger than he had departed
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  Speaker 1: in fifteen thirty three. Also, Pierkheimer had been dead for years.
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  Speaker 1: Peetus Renanus shows him to us during the last months
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  Speaker 1: of his life, reperusing his friend's letters of the last
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  Speaker 1: few years and repeating this, one too is dead. As
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  Speaker 1: he grew more solitary, his suspiciousness, and his feeling of
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  Speaker 1: being persecuted became stronger. My friends decrease, my enemies increase,
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  Speaker 1: he writes in fifteen thirty two, when Warham had died
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  Speaker 1: and Aleander has risen still higher. In the autumn of
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  Speaker 1: the fifteen thirty five, he thinks that all his former
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  Speaker 1: servant pupils betray him, even the best beloved ones like
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  Speaker 1: Querentelesius and Charles Utenhove. They do not write to him,
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  Speaker 1: he complains. In October fifteen thirty four, Pope Clement the
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  Speaker 1: seventh was succeeded by Paul the Third, who at once
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  Speaker 1: zealously took up the council question. The meeting of a
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  Speaker 1: council was, in the eyes of many, the only means
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  Speaker 1: by which union could be restored to the Church, and
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  Speaker 1: now a chance of realizing this seemed nigh. At once
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  Speaker 1: the most learned theologians were invited to help in preparing
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  Speaker 1: the great work. Erasmus did not omit in January fifteen
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  Speaker 1: thirty five to address to the new pope a letter
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  Speaker 1: of congratulation in which he professed his willingness to co
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  Speaker 1: operate in bringing about the pacification of the church and
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  Speaker 1: warn the Pope to steer cautious middle course, and it
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  Speaker 1: first may followed the reply full of kindliness and acknowledgment.
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  Speaker 1: The Pope exhorted Erasmus, that you, too, graced by God,
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  Speaker 1: with so much laudable talent in learning, may help us
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  Speaker 1: in this pious work, which is so agreeable to your mind,
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  Speaker 1: to defend with us the Catholic religion by the spoken
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  Speaker 1: and the written word before and during the council, and
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  Speaker 1: in this manner, by this last work of piety, as
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  Speaker 1: by the best act to close the life of religion,
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  Speaker 1: and so many writings, to refute your accusers and rouse
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  Speaker 1: your admirers to fresh efforts. Would Erasmus, in years of
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  Speaker 1: greatest strength, have seen his way to co operate actively
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  Speaker 1: in the Council of the Great. Undoubtedly the Pope's exhortation
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  Speaker 1: correctly represented his inclination. But once faced by the necessity
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  Speaker 1: of hard, clear resolutions, what would he have affected? Would
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  Speaker 1: the spirit of peace and toleration, of reserve and compromise
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  Speaker 1: have brought alleviation and warded off the coming struggle? He
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  Speaker 1: was spared at the experiment. He knew himself too weak
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  Speaker 1: to be able to think a strenuous church political propaganda
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  Speaker 1: any more. Soon there came proves that the kindly feelings
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  Speaker 1: at Rome were sincere. There had been some question also
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  Speaker 1: of numbering Erasmus among the cardinals who were to be
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  Speaker 1: nominated with a view to the council. A considerable benefice
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  Speaker 1: connected with the Church of Devonter was already offered him.
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  Speaker 1: But Erasmus urged the Roman friends, who were thus active
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  Speaker 1: in his behalf, to seize their kind offices. He would
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  Speaker 1: accept nothing. He a man who lived from day to
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  Speaker 1: day in expectation of death and often hoping for it,
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  Speaker 1: who could hardly ever leave his room, would people instigate
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  Speaker 1: him to a hunt for deaneries and cardinals hats. He
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  Speaker 1: had subsisted enough to last him. He wanted to die independent,
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  Speaker 1: yet his pen did not rest. The Ecclesiastes had been
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  Speaker 1: printed and published, and Origines was still to follow. Instead
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  Speaker 1: of the important and brilliant task to which Rome called him,
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  Speaker 1: he devoted his last strength to a simple deed of
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  Speaker 1: friendly cordiality, the friend to whose share the honor fell
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  Speaker 1: to receive from the old death sick author. A last
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  Speaker 1: composition prepared expressly for him amidst the most terrible pains,
• 19:35
  Speaker 1: was the most modest of the number who had not
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  Speaker 1: lost their faith in him. No prelate or prince, no
• 19:42
  Speaker 1: great wits or admired divine, but Christopher Eschenfelde, customs officer
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  Speaker 1: at beaupart on the Rhine, and his passage in fifteen eighteen,
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  Speaker 1: Erasmus had, with glad surprise, found him to be a
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  Speaker 1: reader of his work and a man of culture. That
• 20:00
  Speaker 1: friendship had been a lasting one. Ashenfelde had asked Erasmus
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  Speaker 1: to dedicate the interpretation of some psalm to him, a
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  Speaker 1: form of composition often preferred by Erasmus of late about
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  Speaker 1: the close of fifteen thirty five, he remembered that request.
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  Speaker 1: He had forgotten whether Ashenfelde had indicated a particular psalm,
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  Speaker 1: and chose one at haphazard Psalm fourteen. Calling the Treatise
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  Speaker 1: on the Purity of the Christian Church. He expressly dedicated
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  Speaker 1: it to the publican in January fifteen thirty six. It
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  Speaker 1: is not remarkable among his writings as to contents and form,
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  Speaker 1: but it was to be his last. On twelfth February
• 20:44
  Speaker 1: fifteen thirty six, Erasmus made his final preparations. In fifteen
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  Speaker 1: twenty seven, he had already made a will with detailed
• 20:54
  Speaker 1: clauses for the printing of his complete works by Phoeben.
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  Speaker 1: In fifteen thirty four, drew up an accurate inventory of
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  Speaker 1: his belongings. He sold his library to the Polish nobleman
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  Speaker 1: Johannes Alasco. The arrangements of fifteen thirty six testified to
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  Speaker 1: two things which had played an important part in his life,
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  Speaker 1: his relations with the House of Froben and his need
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  Speaker 1: of friendship. Bonifus Amabach is his hair Eronimus Froben and
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  Speaker 1: Nicholas Episcopius, the managers of the business, are his executors.
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  Speaker 1: To each of the good friends left to him, he
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  Speaker 1: bequeathed one of the trinkets which spoke of his fame
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  Speaker 1: with princes and the great ones of the earth in
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  Speaker 1: the first place to Louis bar and Biatus Rinanus. The
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  Speaker 1: poor and the sick were not forgotten, and he remembered,
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  Speaker 1: especially girls about to marry and youths of promise. The
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  Speaker 1: details of this charity he left to Amerbach in March
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  Speaker 1: fifteen thirty six. He still thinks of leaving for Burgundy.
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  Speaker 1: Money matters occupy him, and he speaks of the necessity
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  Speaker 1: of making new friends for the old ones to leave
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  Speaker 1: him the Bishop of Kracau Zasius at Freiburg. According to
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  Speaker 1: Biatos Renanus, the Brabant plan stood foremost at the end
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  Speaker 1: of Erasmus's life. The Regent Mary of Hungary did not
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  Speaker 1: cease to urge him to return to the Netherlands. Erasmus's
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  Speaker 1: own last utterance leaves us in doubt whether he had
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  Speaker 1: made up his mind. Though I am living here, but
• 22:39
  Speaker 1: the most sincere friends such as I did not possess
• 22:42
  Speaker 1: at Freiburg. I should, yet, on account of the differences
• 22:46
  Speaker 1: of doctrine, prefer to end my life elsewhere, if only
• 22:51
  Speaker 1: Perbant were nearer end this, he writes on twenty eighth
• 22:56
  Speaker 1: June fifteen thirty six, he had felt so poorly for
• 23:01
  Speaker 1: some days that he had not even been able to read.
• 23:05
  Speaker 1: In the latter we again trace the delusion that Aleander
• 23:08
  Speaker 1: persecutes him, sets on opponents against him, and even lays
• 23:13
  Speaker 1: snares for his friends. Did his mind at last give way? Two?
• 23:19
  Speaker 1: On twelfth July the end came. The friends around his
• 23:23
  Speaker 1: couch heard him groan incessantly. Oh yezu, misserricordee Domeni liberremee, domeni,
• 23:31
  Speaker 1: miserre remey and at last in Dutch live jote. End
• 23:37
  Speaker 1: of chapter twenty