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By What Authority - The Dutch Problem

England planted the colonies. The Dutch carried the goods — and kept the profit. By 1640 Dutch trade was double England's, run on three inventions no one could match: the first public bank, the first publicly traded company, and a cargo ship built to beat the tolls. Virginia tobacco, West Indies sugar, New England timber, all of it moving in Dutch hulls. This is the problem that built an empire, and the season that follows it from the side that held the power — Whitehall, the Crown, and the king's brother, James, Duke of York.

Three wars came of it. The English invented the line of battle…

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