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20 - History of Iceland by Knut Gjerset · History of Iceland

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Speaker 1: Chapter seventeen of History of Iceland by canuca Urst. This
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Speaker 1: LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Realism in Icelandic
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Speaker 1: literature Modern intellectual life in Iceland. The year eighteen seventy four,
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Speaker 1: when Iceland received its constitution and entered upon a new
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Speaker 1: era of national development, coincided very closely with the beginning
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Speaker 1: of a new period of European political and intellectual life
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Speaker 1: following the Franco Prussian War of eighteen seventy to eighteen
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Speaker 1: seventy one. That eventful conflict between the two leading European
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Speaker 1: nations dispelled the romanticism which had hitherto remained bound up
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Speaker 1: with the memory of Napoleon's military glory and the resplendent
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Speaker 1: greatness of France. The war shattered the Napoleonic Empire and
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Speaker 1: taught the world a new military science, but it also
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Speaker 1: created the bloody cold conflict in pairs between the old
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Speaker 1: social order and militant communism, entering the mind of Europe
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Speaker 1: to new political and social problems. New forces also made
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Speaker 1: themselves felt in European life and thought. The Woman's movement
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Speaker 1: raised the demand for women's rights. Socialistic ideas were spreading,
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Speaker 1: and international labor unions were organized. The Darwinian theory of evolution,
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Speaker 1: expounded and popularized by able writers like Thomas Huxley and
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Speaker 1: Herbert Spencer, offered a new explanation of man's life and
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Speaker 1: his relation to the universe. In such an age, people
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Speaker 1: naturally felt that they were not living in the realms
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Speaker 1: of dreams, but in a practical world with difficult problems
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Speaker 1: which awaited their solution. The inquiring and critical spirit of
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Speaker 1: the age found its expression in a realistic literary movement
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Speaker 1: and a literary criticism based on the New views, which
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Speaker 1: soon rendered archaic the romanticism of the earlier decades of
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Speaker 1: the nineteenth century. In Iceland, the new realistic literary movement
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Speaker 1: began to develop about eighteen eighty. The leaders of this
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Speaker 1: movement were the Icelandic students in Copenhagen, who had come
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Speaker 1: under the influence of gay Yorg Brandis, the chief representative
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Speaker 1: of this school of thought in Denmark. In eighteen seventy one,
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Speaker 1: Brandis began a series of lectures at the University of Copenhagen,
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Speaker 1: later published under the title The main currents of the
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Speaker 1: nineteenth century literature. Romanticism of the old views were sharply
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Speaker 1: assailed in the most radical ideas in politics, religion, philosophy,
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Speaker 1: and literature were advanced. Christian faith and national patriotism were
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Speaker 1: considered antiquated, remnants of an unscientific age, destined to disappear
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Speaker 1: in the broad daylight of modern scientific inquiry. In counterradistinction
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Speaker 1: to the nationalists, the adherents of the new movement and
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Speaker 1: called themselves Europeans and affected an air of superiority because
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Speaker 1: of their scientific reasoning and cosmopolitan views. All established tenets
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Speaker 1: and institutions, all relations and family, society and state were
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Speaker 1: subjected to a searing scrutiny. All human problems were discussed
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Speaker 1: in this new literature, which aimed to picture life as
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Speaker 1: it really is. Most of the young authors in Denmark,
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Speaker 1: Norway and Sweden were soon found in the ranks of
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Speaker 1: the realists, and it was natural that the Icelandic students
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Speaker 1: in Copenhagen should also join in the new movement. As
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Speaker 1: the periodical V. Jolner had been founded as the special
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Speaker 1: organ of the Romanticists, a new periodical ver Thandi was
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Speaker 1: founded by the four young authors Berthel e O Thurleifson,
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Speaker 1: Einarch Kayor Leifsen, Gesture, Palison and Hanns Hofstein to champion
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Speaker 1: the new realistic views. The first numberained the Poem's Storm
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Speaker 1: by Hanns Hofstein, the very fine short story kayer Leek
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Speaker 1: Shamlith by Gesture Paulsen, and another short story up og
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Speaker 1: Nither by Einar Aureliefs and Productions of great excellence. But
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Speaker 1: the Marathondi lived only one year. He was succeeded by
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Speaker 1: two new journals, South published in Reikievik eighteen eighty three
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Speaker 1: to eighteen eighty seven and I'm Dahlure published in Copenhagen
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Speaker 1: eighteen eighty four, but these two died soon. In the
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Speaker 1: larger European countries, realism performed a useful mission by making
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Speaker 1: literature a weapon in the hands of social reformers. But
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Speaker 1: in Iceland, where no class distinction, industrial conflicts, or social
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Speaker 1: problems existed, it could be nothing but a new literary style,
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Speaker 1: little understood or appreciated by the people. The cosmopolitan atmosphere
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Speaker 1: and pessimistic critical attitude which characterized the realist was little
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Speaker 1: suited to solve the problems which confronted the Icelanders. The
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Speaker 1: reawakening of the old national spirit, the romantic love of
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Speaker 1: their own country, the pride in their ancient traditions, the
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Speaker 1: confidence in their ability to make Iceland as prosperous as
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Speaker 1: it is beautiful, fostered by the devoted enthusiasm of the Romanticists,
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Speaker 1: had accomplished great things for Iceland. The critical and often
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Speaker 1: negative realists could bring no such encouraging message. In their
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Speaker 1: effort to picture conditions in their naked reality. They could
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Speaker 1: only point to the shady side of light, the poverty
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Speaker 1: in discouraging economic conditions, the solace and encouragement found in
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Speaker 1: the Christian faith. They usually discarded, the greatness of past
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Speaker 1: ages they regarded as idle fancies. The pessimism and discontent
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Speaker 1: fostered by this attitude could only tend to swell the
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Speaker 1: number of emigrants who at this time were yearly leaving Iceland,
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Speaker 1: some of the leaders themselves setting the example of emigrating
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Speaker 1: to America. But although realism could have no direct mission
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Speaker 1: in Iceland as a regenerating social force, it has been
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Speaker 1: of great importance to modern Icelandic literature and intellectual life.
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Speaker 1: To the realists is due in a great measure the
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Speaker 1: development of the modern Icelandic novel. Though it had begun
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Speaker 1: to flourish before their time. Through their discussion of present
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Speaker 1: day conditions, they have fostered among their people a better
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Speaker 1: understanding of the modern world, with its complex social life,
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Speaker 1: so necessary to all deeper analysis of human life in
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Speaker 1: our age. By discarding the rather grandiose style of the romanticis,
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Speaker 1: they have given literary production of somber and critical spirit,
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Speaker 1: but also a cosmopolitan character which reaches beyond the purely
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Speaker 1: local and national, and makes the Icelandic novel and drama
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Speaker 1: of to day distinct contributions to the twentieth century literary art.
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Speaker 1: The foremost novelists of the New School word guest Star
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Speaker 1: Pallison eighteen fifty two eighteen ninety one, Yonis Jonasson eighteen
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Speaker 1: fifty six to nineteen eighteen and i are Yore Leifsen
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Speaker 1: born December ninth, eighteen fifty nine. Jester Paulsen pursued the
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Speaker 1: study of theology at the University of Copenhagen, but left
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Speaker 1: without taking his final examinations, returning to Iceland in eighteen
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Speaker 1: eighty two. For some years he published the paper Sioux three.
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Speaker 1: In eighteen ninety he emigrated to America, settling in Winnipeg, Canada.
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Speaker 1: Here he became editor of the Icelandic paper heims Skrinkler,
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Speaker 1: but died at an early age in eighteen ninety one.
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Speaker 1: In his novels and short stories, he pictures Icelandic life
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Speaker 1: and social conditions with great force and clearness, dwelling especially
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Speaker 1: on the misery of the poor and the greed, hypocrisy
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Speaker 1: and egoism of the well to do. The leaders in
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Speaker 1: society who pretend to promote the general welfare when they
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Speaker 1: are only furthering their own interests are made to feel
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Speaker 1: the sting of his bitter irony. His delineation of character
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Speaker 1: is striking in his psychological analysis of great mental struggles
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Speaker 1: are true and artistically wrought. His novels have been translated
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Speaker 1: into German, Danish, Norwegian, English, and Bohemian. Eunus Junison was
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Speaker 1: a very productive novelist, devoting himself chiefly to the picturing
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Speaker 1: of social conditions in ancient and modern times. Kinar Hayor
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Speaker 1: Liifsen attracted attention as a story writer even while attending
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Speaker 1: the Latin school. In eighteen eighty five he emigrated to America,
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Speaker 1: becoming associate editor of the Icelandic paper Heimskringla in Winnipeg, Canada.
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Speaker 1: Later he served as editor of the Icelandic weekly The
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Speaker 1: Logberg of the same city from eighteen eighty eight till
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Speaker 1: eighteen ninety five, when he returned to Iceland. He is
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Speaker 1: one of the most noted and influential of Icelandic writers.
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Speaker 1: Since nineteen ten he has received a government stipan for
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Speaker 1: literary work. Among younger Icelandic novelists may be mentioned good
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Speaker 1: Munder Magnuson, better known by his pseudonym Johan Trausti eighteen
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Speaker 1: seventy three to nineteen eighteen, who are also received an
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Speaker 1: author's type in from the government. Benedict Bjornsten born eighteen
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Speaker 1: seventy nine and Gunarsen born eighteen eighty nine. Hanns Hafstein,
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Speaker 1: one of the founders of the vere Thondi, is an
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Speaker 1: idealist and a gifted lyric poet, but as he became
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Speaker 1: one of the leading statesmen of Iceland, he has accomplished
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Speaker 1: less in literature than he otherwise might have done, as
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Speaker 1: he has been chiefly occupied with political questions in a
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Speaker 1: busy public life. Among the foremost lyric poets of this
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Speaker 1: school was Thorsten Erlingsen eighteen fifty eight nineteen fourteen, four
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Speaker 1: time teacher in Copenhagen. In religion, he was an evolutionist
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Speaker 1: in political views. A radical. His poems were written to
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Speaker 1: serve as a vehicle for his radical and evolutionistic political
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Speaker 1: and social views. Einar Benedictson born eighteen sixty four as
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Speaker 1: a lyric poet of great power. In nineteen oh three
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Speaker 1: he organized the political party known as the land var
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Speaker 1: nar Floker or Party of No National Defense, which deposed
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Speaker 1: the amendment to the Constitution proposed by the government. Since
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Speaker 1: nineteen oh seven he has lived abroad, usually in England.
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Speaker 1: The Icelandic dramatic literature has found able representatives in I. M.
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Speaker 1: Sigur Johnson eighteen eighty to nineteen nineteen and good munder
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Speaker 1: Kamben born in eighteen eighty eight. Both have written dramas
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Speaker 1: which have been played with success also in many foreign lands.
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Speaker 1: In the field of religious literature, Valdemar Briham born February one,
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Speaker 1: eighteen forty eight has distinguished himself as one of the
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Speaker 1: great hymn writers in the North. Since nineteen oh nine
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Speaker 1: he has been vice bishop of the Skalholt diocese. He
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Speaker 1: was a member of the committee appointed to prepare a
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Speaker 1: new hymn book. Also of the Committee on Ritual for
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Speaker 1: the Icelandic Church. Briham has written many collections of hymns.
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Speaker 1: In eighteen eighty six, the committee of which he was
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Speaker 1: a member gave Iceland a new hymn book. Of the
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Speaker 1: six hundred and fifty hymns which he contains, one hundred
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Speaker 1: and forty two are by him. The hymn book, edited
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Speaker 1: by Magnus Stevenson in seventeen eighty one, had been in
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Speaker 1: use till eighteen seventy one, when a revised edition was published.
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Speaker 1: This was superseded in eighteen eighty six by the New
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Speaker 1: Hymn Book, which is still in use. In nineteen twelve
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Speaker 1: appeared a New Bible translation, the first Icelandic Bible translation
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Speaker 1: from the original texts. The translation of the Old Testament
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Speaker 1: was done by Harolder Nielsen, professor of theology in the
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Speaker 1: University of Raykievic. The New Testament was translated by Bishop
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Speaker 1: Thor Haller bur yarn Narsen, Joan Helgeson, professor of theology
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Speaker 1: in the University of Reikievic, and Iraqer Briham, instructor in
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Speaker 1: the same university. The cost of publishing was defrayed by
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Speaker 1: the English Bible society. In the various fields of learning,
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Speaker 1: the Icelanders have shown increased productivity during this period in history, archaeology,
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Speaker 1: mathematics and natural science. They have able writers in philology
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Speaker 1: and Northern antiquities have especially distinguished themselves. A noted scholar
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Speaker 1: in this field was Iraker Magnusen born eighteen thirty three
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Speaker 1: and educated at the Theological school in Reikievic. In eighteen
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Speaker 1: sixty two he went to England to superintend the publication
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Speaker 1: of an Icelandic Bible translation, was appointed assistant librarian at
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Speaker 1: the University of Cambridge and became ma of Trinity College
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Speaker 1: in eighteen ninety three. In England, he devoted himself especially
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Speaker 1: to the translation and publication of Old Icelandic literature. His
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Speaker 1: chief work of this kind was the Saga Saga Translations
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Speaker 1: by Riker Magnusson and William Morris, published in London in
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Speaker 1: eighteen ninety. He has written articles on Northern mythology and
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Speaker 1: antiquities and various publications, also articles dealing with political and
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Speaker 1: social conditions in his own country. Dinner Johnson, born at
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Speaker 1: aku Rari in Northern Iceland in eighteen fifty eight became
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Speaker 1: instructor and finally Professor of Icelandic Language and Literature in
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Speaker 1: the University of Copenhagen, and has long been regarded as
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Speaker 1: one of the greatest scholars in this field. Of his
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Speaker 1: numerous works on literature, history and philology may be mentioned
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Speaker 1: then Old Norske augh Ildies Litteratur History, a combendius and
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Speaker 1: scholarly work in three volumes. He has been knighted and
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Speaker 1: is a member of many literary and learned societies. Bijorn
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Speaker 1: m Olsen, a distinguished scholar, was born in Northern Iceland
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Speaker 1: July fourteen, eighteen fifty died January sixteen, nineteen nineteen. After
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Speaker 1: completing his studies at the University of Copenhagen, he traveled
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Speaker 1: in Italy and Greece. Upon his return home, he became
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Speaker 1: teacher in the Latin School at Reykievik, and in eighteen
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Speaker 1: ninety five he was Josen rector of that institution. From
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Speaker 1: nineteen eleven until nineteen eighteen he was professor in the
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Speaker 1: University of Reikievik, of which institution he became the first rector.
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Speaker 1: He has written many works on literary and philological subjects.
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Speaker 1: Vaultier Goodmunson born in eighteen sixty is also a noted philologist.
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Speaker 1: Since eighteen ninety he has been professor in the University
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Speaker 1: of Copenhagen. In eighteen ninety sixty visited the United States
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Speaker 1: at the invitation of Missis Cornelia Horsford to examine ruins
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Speaker 1: in Massachusetts supposed to be of Norse origin. He has
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Speaker 1: written many works dealing with northern antiquities of Icelandic historians
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Speaker 1: must be mentioned. Bogie Melsted, a grand sider of the
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Speaker 1: poet Biarnie the Rawnson, born in eighteen sixty. He is
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Speaker 1: the author of many works, among others, of Iceland Den Saga,
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Speaker 1: A large history of Iceland, of which two volumes have appeared.
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Speaker 1: He resides in Copenhagen and receives a stipe in from
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Speaker 1: the Icelandic government for continuing his historical research. Jan Johansen
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Speaker 1: eighteen sixty nine to nineteen twenty also received a stipend
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Speaker 1: as historian from the Icelandic government. From nineteen eleven he
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Speaker 1: was professor of history in the University of Reggie vis
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Speaker 1: His works on the history of Iceland are many. Among
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Speaker 1: others may be mentioned is Iceland Saga, A short history
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Speaker 1: of Iceland. Jan Thorgesen the Younger born in eighteen fifty nine,
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Speaker 1: Editive Diplomatarium Islam Dickham is director of the National Archives
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Speaker 1: in Reikievik and one of the founders of the Icelandic
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Speaker 1: Historical Society. Of his historical works may be mentioned am
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Speaker 1: digdingen pah island at fifteen OgH sixteen our hundred eighteen
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Speaker 1: eighty eight and Saga your ruandau und DAGs khan So
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Speaker 1: eighteen ninety two. In the field of art, little had
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Speaker 1: been accomplished in Iceland till the latter part of the
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Speaker 1: nineteenth century. In earlier times, the Icelanders said skilled wood carvers,
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Speaker 1: tapestry weavers and metal workers, as can be seen from
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Speaker 1: numerous articles in the Rekievic Museum, in the National Music
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Speaker 1: in Copenhagen and in the North Discamus that in Stockholm.
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Speaker 1: But these activities had gradually declined, owing no doubt to
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Speaker 1: the poverty and general misery prevalent in the seventeenth and
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Speaker 1: eighteenth centuries. But the new intellectual awakening and improved economic
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Speaker 1: conditions revived also the long neglected artistic talents of the people,
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Speaker 1: and there is now a prospect of a rich contribution
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Speaker 1: of modern Icelandic art Sigadur Gudmunsen eighteen thirty three to
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Speaker 1: eighteen seventy four was a talented painter. He founded the
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Speaker 1: Reikievik National Museum and devoted himself to the history of art,
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Speaker 1: especially of his own country. These activities consumed so much
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Speaker 1: of his time that he found little opportunity to produce
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Speaker 1: original works of his own, but he rendered valuable service
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Speaker 1: by rekindling the love of art among his countrymen. Thorarin,
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Speaker 1: Thor Lochsen and as Grimiere Johnson have shown great talent,
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Speaker 1: especially as painters of Icelandic landscapes. Einar Janssen born in
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Speaker 1: eighteen seventy four is Iceland's first sculptor. Many of his works,
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Speaker 1: as Dawn Evolution, emir agh Ad Humlah and Monument to
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Speaker 1: Queen Victoria have attracted wide attention. Is also sculptured monuments
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Speaker 1: of Yonis halgrim Sen, Yan Sigger Sin, King, Christian the
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Speaker 1: Ninth and ingulf Arnarsen. Probably his greatest production is The Outlaw,
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Speaker 1: in which he is delineedidd with powerful realism in the
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Speaker 1: facial expression of the central figure as well as in
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Speaker 1: the composition of the whole group. The Tragedy of Hopeless
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Speaker 1: Struggle against the curse of a people, pursuing the offender
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Speaker 1: even into the recesses of an uninhabitable wilderness. With vase
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Speaker 1: said in defiance but furrowed with anxiety, the outlaw carries
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Speaker 1: on his back the body of his dead wife to
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Speaker 1: inter her remains in consecrated soil. His right hand rests
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Speaker 1: on a spade. On his left arm, he carries his child,
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Speaker 1: wrapped in a sheepskin, clinging to him confidingly in its helplessness,
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Speaker 1: and his shaggy, half starved dog follows him with a
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Speaker 1: shy and wandering look. The agony of suffering and hopeless
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Speaker 1: loneliness could scarcely be more pathetically portrayed. The Icelandic State
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Speaker 1: has brought the sculptor's works to Iceland, where they are
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Speaker 1: preserved as a treasure of national art. In music, the
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Speaker 1: Icelanders have made great progress since the middle of the
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Speaker 1: nineteenth century. Before that time, little had been done to
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Speaker 1: cultivate this art. The church hymns were sung in a
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Speaker 1: primitive way to the earliest old melodies of musical instruments.
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Speaker 1: Only a few crude string instruments were in use, especially
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Speaker 1: the langspil Peter Good Johanssen eighteen twelve to eighteen seventy
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Speaker 1: seven and Yonis Elgeson eighteen thirty nine to nineteen o three,
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Speaker 1: Both organists in the cathedral in Reikievik did much to
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Speaker 1: create interests both in vocal and instrumental music. Organs are
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Speaker 1: now found in nearly all Icelandic churches, played by organists
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Speaker 1: who have stone music and Rekievik in the town's Pianos
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Speaker 1: are found in the homes of the more well to do,
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Speaker 1: and the guitar and violin are in common use. Of
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Speaker 1: late years, Icelandic composers have appeared, the most prominent being
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Speaker 1: spein Bjorn Swein Bill Jornsen born in eighteen forty seven,
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Speaker 1: for a long time a resident of Edinburgh, Scotland. His
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Speaker 1: compositions with English texts have been published there. Of other
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Speaker 1: Icelandic composers may be mentioned b Arne thor Steinsen born
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Speaker 1: eighteen sixty one, Sigphus Einarsen, Arnie thor Steinssen, Jan Fried
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Speaker 1: Jhanssen and Heilga Elgason. The system of public education has
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Speaker 1: of late years been brought to a very high state
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Speaker 1: of completeness and efficiency. In Iceland. A school of Jurisprudence
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Speaker 1: was established in nineteen oh eight. In nineteen eleven, the
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Speaker 1: school and those of medicine and Theology were consolidated into
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Speaker 1: the University of Iceland and the Department of Philosophy was added.
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Speaker 1: On June seventeen of that year. Of this university was
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Speaker 1: dedicated with fitting ceremonies of other institutions of learning. There
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Speaker 1: is one Latin school or college located at Reikiavik, two
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Speaker 1: popular high schools, four agricultural schools and one Naudusco school.
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Speaker 1: The facilities for studying research have also been greatly increased.
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Speaker 1: The National Library in Rekievik, containing rich stores of the
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Speaker 1: best books of all lands, together with large manuscript collections,
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Speaker 1: has continued to grow until it is now the most
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Speaker 1: complete collection of Icelandic books in the world. The National Archives,
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Speaker 1: covering the last two hundred years of Icelandic history are
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Speaker 1: also very complete. The National Antiquarian Museum in Reykievik contains
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Speaker 1: a collection of more than five thy five hundred articles,
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Speaker 1: and the Natural History Museum, founded in eighteen eighty nine,
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Speaker 1: contains nearly all specimens of fishes, plants and birds in Iceland. Also,
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Speaker 1: in the field of vocational training, able instruction has been
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Speaker 1: provided and great progress has been made. The Industrial Exposition
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Speaker 1: and Reikiavik in nineteen eleven showed roven tapestries and hand
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Speaker 1: carved articles of wood and whalebone, wrought with rare taste
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Speaker 1: and skill of workmanship, showing that these old arts in
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Speaker 1: which the people used to excel in earlier ages, are
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Speaker 1: being revived under the stimulus of a new intellectual awakening
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Speaker 1: and social development, which has placed Iceland among the most
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Speaker 1: progressive as well as the most enlightened, of modern nations.
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Speaker 1: End of Chapter seventeen.