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010 - Chapter IV The Critics Part 2 · Victorian Literature

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  Speaker 1: Chapter four of Victorian Literature. This is a LibriVox recording.
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  Speaker 1: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
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  Speaker 1: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording
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  Speaker 1: by Ruhi Huck Victorian Literature by Clement Shorter, The Critics,
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  Speaker 1: Part two. During the last twenty years of the century,
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  Speaker 1: economic study has taken increasingly the direction of elaborate investigation
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  Speaker 1: of the circumstances of industrial life. On the one hand,
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  Speaker 1: a school of economic historians, Arnold Toynbee with a brilliant
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  Speaker 1: of perkhup on the Industrial Revolution, Thorold Rogers in his
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  Speaker 1: monumental History of Agriculture and Crisis. Dr. Cunningham in the
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  Speaker 1: Growth of English History, and and Professor W. J. Ashley
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  Speaker 1: in economic history and theory, have greatly extended our knowledge
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  Speaker 1: of past industry. On the other hand, we have the
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  Speaker 1: colossal work undertaken at his own expense by mister Charles Booth,
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  Speaker 1: assisted by a group of zealous students including H. Lellulyn Smith, D. F. Schloss,
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  Speaker 1: and Miss Clara Collette, now all filling official posts at
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  Speaker 1: the Labor Department of the Board of Trade, and Miss
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  Speaker 1: Beatrice Potter now Missus Sydney Webb, a complete survey of
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  Speaker 1: London life, statistical, economic, industrial, and social. The nine volumes
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  Speaker 1: of This Life and Labor of the People, already issued,
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  Speaker 1: constitute one of the most important statistical works ever undertaken
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  Speaker 1: by a private person. Mister and Missus Sydney Webb wrote
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  Speaker 1: together another valuable contribution to economic science in the History
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  Speaker 1: of Trade Unionism eighteen ninety four eighteen twenty. But political
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  Speaker 1: economy is mainly a branch of the larger science of sociology,
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  Speaker 1: and for the first general treatment of the whole science
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  Speaker 1: since Compte, we turned to the most characteristic philosopher of
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  Speaker 1: the century. Herbert Spencer was born at Derby, where his
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  Speaker 1: father was a teacher in mathematics. From his father and uncle,
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  Speaker 1: the latter a Congregational minister, he received his early education
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  Speaker 1: articled at seventeen years of age to a civil engineer.
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  Speaker 1: He followed that profession with some success for seven or
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  Speaker 1: eight years, when he gradually drifted into literature. A series
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  Speaker 1: of letters by him on the proper sphere of Government
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  Speaker 1: appearing in the Nonconformist for eighteen forty two. A few
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  Speaker 1: years later he wrote for the Westminister Review at the
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  Speaker 1: house of the editor of which magazine he met George
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  Speaker 1: Eliot in eighteen fifty one and began the most famous
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  Speaker 1: friendship of his life. It was also in eighteen fifty
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  Speaker 1: one that he published his first work Social Statistics, and
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  Speaker 1: four years later his Principles of Psychology. In eighteen sixty
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  Speaker 1: one he published his work on Education, and the following
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  Speaker 1: year his first Principles. Between that time in eighteen ninety six,
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  Speaker 1: he has slowly built up a system of synthetics philosophy
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  Speaker 1: in a dozen bulky volumes, which has secured him a
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  Speaker 1: very large following, not only in England but throughout the
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  Speaker 1: continent and America. His descriptive sociology is the production of
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  Speaker 1: many writers who have worked under his direction, collecting facts
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  Speaker 1: from travelers and scientists all over the world, to have
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  Speaker 1: placed psychology and ethics on a scientific basis in harmony
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  Speaker 1: with the discoveries of the centuries, a truly great achievement.
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  Speaker 1: Many years have now passed away since Herbert Spencer claimed
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  Speaker 1: the whole domain of knowledge as his own and undertook
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  Speaker 1: to revise in accordance with the latest lights, the whole
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  Speaker 1: sphere of philosophy. What must have seemed intolerable presumption in
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  Speaker 1: eighteen sixty became in eighteen ninety six a completed task.
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  Speaker 1: In universality of knowledge, he rivals Aristotle and Bacon at
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  Speaker 1: a time when the sphere of learning is immensely larger
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  Speaker 1: than in their epochs. It is not within the province
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  Speaker 1: of this survey of literature to go through the twelve
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  Speaker 1: large volumes of his works in detail. We would rather
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  Speaker 1: point out that to the unphilosophical reader who would willingly
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  Speaker 1: know something of Spencer's literary powers, the Study of Sociology,
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  Speaker 1: which he wrote to the International Scientific Series, and Histriatus
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  Speaker 1: on Education are books which all who read must enjoy.
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  Speaker 1: To him, with mill belongs the glory of restoring to
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  Speaker 1: Great Britain the old supremacy in philosophy given to her
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  Speaker 1: by Bacon, continued by Locke, Hume and Berkeley, and temporarily
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  Speaker 1: interrupted by Kant and Hegel. Another writer who has attempted
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  Speaker 1: to combine psychology with physiologies Alexander Bain, who was for
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  Speaker 1: many years Professor of Logic in the University of Aberdeen
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  Speaker 1: and twice law di Rector. Bain assisted mal in the
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  Speaker 1: preparation of his Logic and has himself written at Triatis
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  Speaker 1: on that science. Also length he works on the senses
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  Speaker 1: and the intellect, and the emotions and the will. Perhaps
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  Speaker 1: his work on mental and model science is his best
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  Speaker 1: known contribution to student literature. Although he is an author,
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  Speaker 1: he is the author of books on grammar and composition.
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  Speaker 1: Professor Bain's style is always oppressively heavy and unattractive, as
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  Speaker 1: Spencer and Bain combine psychology with physiology, so it was
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  Speaker 1: the effort of Boone and de Morgan to extend the
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  Speaker 1: scope of logic by an ingenious application of mathematics eighteen
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  Speaker 1: thirty eight to eighteen eighty two. The leader for many
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  Speaker 1: years of the Hegelian school of philosophy at Oxford, which
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  Speaker 1: has long held the field against Mill on the one
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  Speaker 1: hand and Spencer on the other, was Thomas Hill Green,
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  Speaker 1: who was appointed White Professor of Model Philosophy in eighteen
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  Speaker 1: seventy seven, and who published the same year a series
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  Speaker 1: of articles in the Contemporary Review on mister Herbert Spencer
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  Speaker 1: and mister G. H. Lewis their application of the doctrine
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  Speaker 1: of evolution to thought. He was preparing for publication his
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  Speaker 1: Prolegomner to Ethics at the time of his death, and
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  Speaker 1: the work was finally edited by Professor A. C. Bradley,
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  Speaker 1: who has himself written a treatis on logic, and whose
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  Speaker 1: Hegelian work titled Ethical Studies, is of the highest interest.
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  Speaker 1: Green was a model force in Oxford, quite apart from
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  Speaker 1: his philosophical speculation, as the following extracts from one of
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  Speaker 1: his lectures will indicate, quote unquote, I confess to hoping
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  Speaker 1: for a time when the phrase the education of a
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  Speaker 1: gentleman will have lost its meaning, because the sort of
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  Speaker 1: education which alone makes the gentleman in any true sense,
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  Speaker 1: will be within the reach of all. As it was
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  Speaker 1: the aspiration of Moses that all the Lord's people should
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  Speaker 1: be prophets, So with all seriousness and reverence, we may
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  Speaker 1: hope and pray for a condition of English society in
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  Speaker 1: which all honors citizens will recognize themselves and be recognized
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  Speaker 1: by each other as gentlemen unquote. Eighteen seventeen to eighteen
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  Speaker 1: seventy eight. George Henry Lewis, whose name is frequently joined
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  Speaker 1: with that of Spencer by his association of biology with
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  Speaker 1: ethics and psychology, was the son of Charles Lee Lewis,
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  Speaker 1: the actor, and was one of the most versatile writers
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  Speaker 1: of our times. His first important work was The Biographical
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  Speaker 1: History of Philosophy, originally published in eighteen forty five in
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  Speaker 1: knights Sha Laying Library, but amplified without improvement into two
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  Speaker 1: substantial volumes in eighteen sixty seven. Lewis's distaste for the
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  Speaker 1: ordinary metaphysics and the severity of his criticism on Hegel
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  Speaker 1: have rendered his work the better Noah of all transcendental students,
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  Speaker 1: but it remains the one English history of philosophy of
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  Speaker 1: any pretension. More unqualified praise may be given to the
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  Speaker 1: Life of Goethe, which Lewis published in eighteen fifty five.
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  Speaker 1: Perhaps no other man than Living could have shown himself
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  Speaker 1: competent to deal with the goethees many sidedness, to discuss
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  Speaker 1: Faust and Tasso, Hermann and Dorothea at one moment, the
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  Speaker 1: poet's biological and botanical discoveries the next, and to estimate
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  Speaker 1: at their true worth the speculations on colors, which Goethe
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  Speaker 1: held to be more calculated than his poems to secure
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  Speaker 1: him immortality. The book remains the standard life of the
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  Speaker 1: great Welma's age in this country, and is popular in
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  Speaker 1: Germany in spite of a vast Goethe in Literature, which
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  Speaker 1: has been published since its appearance. In addition to these
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  Speaker 1: great works, Lewis wrote two novels, one of which Ranthorpe
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  Speaker 1: Charlotte Bronte praised enthusiastic. He edited the Fortnightly Review, and
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  Speaker 1: also initiated a craze four aquaria by seaside studies. He endeavored, indeed,
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  Speaker 1: to popularize many of the sciences, particularly physiology. His last
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  Speaker 1: years were devoted to philosophical questions, and his Problems of
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  Speaker 1: Life and Mind were published in fragments, the concluding volume
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  Speaker 1: under John Eliot's editorship after his death seventeen eighty one
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  Speaker 1: to eighteen sixty eight seventeen ninety one to eighteen sixty seven.
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  Speaker 1: The earliest writer of the error to popularize science was
• 9:52
  Speaker 1: Sir David Brewster, an eminent physicist, in whose Edinburgh's Encyclopedia
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  Speaker 1: Carlile comments his literary career, his life, Newton, Martyrs of Science,
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  Speaker 1: and More Worlds than One are still widely read. Michael Faraday,
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  Speaker 1: another famous physicist, is still better remembered by our own generation,
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  Speaker 1: principally for his popular lectures at the Royal Institution, where
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  Speaker 1: he was superintendent of the laboratory of forty eight years.
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  Speaker 1: He was a blacksmith's son and was originally apprenticed to
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  Speaker 1: a bookbinder. After his discovery of magneto electricity, he had
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  Speaker 1: told Tyndall a heart struggle to decide whether he should
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  Speaker 1: make wealth or science the pursuit of his life. Trindall
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  Speaker 1: calculates that Faraday could easily have realized one hundred and
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  Speaker 1: fifty thousand pounds, but he declared for science and died
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  Speaker 1: a poor man. John Tyndall, who once said that it
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  Speaker 1: was his great ambition to play the part of skiller
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  Speaker 1: to this Kuethe succeeded Faraday at the Royal Institution and
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  Speaker 1: wrote about him eloquently in his Faraday as a Discoverer.
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  Speaker 1: Tindall was born at Leiglandbridge, Carlo, Ireland, in eighteen twenty.
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  Speaker 1: His father was a member of the Irish Constabulary. His
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  Speaker 1: services to many branches of science were great, But he
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  Speaker 1: concerns us here not so much by his treatises on electricity, sound,
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  Speaker 1: light and heat, or by his discoveries in diamagnetism, as
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  Speaker 1: by his lectures on Science for Unscientific People, which Huxley
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  Speaker 1: said was the most scientific book he had ever read,
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  Speaker 1: and which is yet the transident merit of giving enjoyment
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  Speaker 1: as well as instruction, even to the readers of three
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  Speaker 1: volume novels. In eighteen fifty six, Tindall made a journey
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  Speaker 1: to Switzerland in company with Professor Huxley and the Friends.
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  Speaker 1: Afterwards wrote a triatus on the structure and motion of glaciers.
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  Speaker 1: Geological treatises may be said to have given the fullest
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  Speaker 1: play to the literary side of science. The work of
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  Speaker 1: Robert Bentley and Sir Joseph Hooker in Botty to Me,
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  Speaker 1: of Michael Foster, Sir George Meebart, and Francis Maitland Balfour
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  Speaker 1: in biology is It may be equal or superior to
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  Speaker 1: that of the bulk of the writers whose achievements we
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  Speaker 1: have chronicled, but it is not a part of literature. Burdon, Sanderson, Balfour, Stuart,
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  Speaker 1: and a host of other men have done incalculable service
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  Speaker 1: in the Victorian era, service it is to be feared,
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  Speaker 1: which scarcely obtains as generous recognition as the chief generalizations
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  Speaker 1: of smaller men. But scientific textbooks, however important, are scarcely
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  Speaker 1: within the scope of these chapters. Geology, on the other hand,
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  Speaker 1: as it were, a conglomerate of the sciences, and lends
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  Speaker 1: itself readily to the most eloquent literary expression. Few writers
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  Speaker 1: have been more widely read than Hugh Miller, a Cromarty stonemason,
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  Speaker 1: whose first enthusiasm for study of the rocks arose from
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  Speaker 1: fallen owing his trade, but whose life was mainly devoted
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  Speaker 1: to journalism and to editing the witness. His old red
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  Speaker 1: sandstone footprints of the Creator and the testimony of the
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  Speaker 1: rocks were effective in kindling a taste for natural science.
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  Speaker 1: The special study which Miller gave to the red Sandstone
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  Speaker 1: rocks was extended by Sir Roderick M. P. Murkison to
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  Speaker 1: the Silurian system, and his work, entitled Syaloria, has passed
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  Speaker 1: through many editions. Scotland seems to have been the nursery
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  Speaker 1: of geologists for Miller and Murkison seventeen ninety seven to
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  Speaker 1: eighteen seventy five. Lyell and his brothers gey Key were
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  Speaker 1: all born north of the Tweed. Sir Charles Lyle was
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  Speaker 1: born at Kinnadie in for for Usshire and educated at
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  Speaker 1: Midhurst and at Exeter College, Oxford. Called to the bar,
• 13:55
  Speaker 1: he went to the Western circuit for two years, but
• 13:58
  Speaker 1: when attending some of Dr Buckland's lectures, he became attached
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  Speaker 1: to geology. His Principles of Geology, first published in eighteen thirty,
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  Speaker 1: caused the revolution in the science. Never before had there
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  Speaker 1: been presented such a connected illustration of the influences which
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  Speaker 1: had caused the Earth's changes in the unresting distribution of
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  Speaker 1: land and water areas. Much of Lyle's great work reads
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  Speaker 1: like a fairy tale. Much might have been thought the
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  Speaker 1: fruit of an imaginative rather than of a scientific mind.
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  Speaker 1: Lyon's smaller book, The Student's Elements of Geology, was injured
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  Speaker 1: in literary merit by the progressive study of the science
• 14:40
  Speaker 1: of which he had been the second father. The constant
• 14:43
  Speaker 1: edition of Fresh Knowledge and his conversion to Darwin's views
• 14:47
  Speaker 1: necessitated the continual rewriting of parts and further revision by
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  Speaker 1: other hands after the author's death. The antiquity of man
• 14:56
  Speaker 1: in defense of Darwin's theory is of more value from
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  Speaker 1: literary standpoint. Before the beginning of the reign, William Buckland,
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  Speaker 1: Dean of Westminster, by whose lectures Lyle had so much profited,
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  Speaker 1: had written his famous Bridgewater Treatis on geology and mineralogy
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  Speaker 1: considered with reference to natural theology. His son Frank Buckland,
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  Speaker 1: wrote clever and readable books on natural history, and had
• 15:24
  Speaker 1: genuine enthusiasm for the study of animal life, but he
• 15:28
  Speaker 1: was charged with having vulgarized the studies in which he
• 15:32
  Speaker 1: took so keen an interest. The most distinguished living geologist
• 15:36
  Speaker 1: is Sir Archibald Geiki, who is now Director General of
• 15:40
  Speaker 1: the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom. His textbook, which
• 15:44
  Speaker 1: was first published in eighteen eighty two, is a model
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  Speaker 1: of lucid writing, and his essays are among the most
• 15:51
  Speaker 1: pleasant literary products of the age. His brother, James Geik,
• 15:55
  Speaker 1: has written an important work on glaciation, entitle the Great
• 16:00
  Speaker 1: Ice Age seventeen eighty four to eighteen fifty six, eighteen
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  Speaker 1: twenty six to eighteen eighty eighteen o nine to eighteen
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  Speaker 1: eighty two. But the scientific literature of the past sixty
• 16:13
  Speaker 1: years might almost be said to be summarized in the
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  Speaker 1: work of Charles Darwin. A funeral in Westminster Abbey amid
• 16:21
  Speaker 1: the Morning of many Nations closed the career of one
• 16:24
  Speaker 1: whose life work has been greeted with scorn. Our century
• 16:28
  Speaker 1: is Darwin's Centuries seven leading German newspaper Algamene Zeitung at
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  Speaker 1: his death, and the statement is no exaggeration to those
• 16:38
  Speaker 1: who witnessed the long stream of prelates and nobles who
• 16:41
  Speaker 1: who filed through the abbey at his funeral, and then
• 16:44
  Speaker 1: Archbishop of Canterbury, Doctor Tait, and the present Prime Minister,
• 16:49
  Speaker 1: Lord Salisbury, among the number, could not but recall the
• 16:53
  Speaker 1: reception of the Great Investigator's theory twenty years before. Bishop
• 16:59
  Speaker 1: Wilberforce in particular denounced it in the Quarterly Review as
• 17:03
  Speaker 1: a flimsy speculation. Darwin's antecedents were of a nature such
• 17:08
  Speaker 1: as on the principle of heredity a great man should possess.
• 17:14
  Speaker 1: His paternal grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, was a poet whose botanic
• 17:19
  Speaker 1: garden may still be read with interest. His maternal grandfather
• 17:23
  Speaker 1: was Josiah Wedgewood, the famous potter. Darwin was the son
• 17:27
  Speaker 1: of a doctor of Shrewsbury, and was educated at the
• 17:31
  Speaker 1: Grammar School of that city and at Christ's College, Cambridge.
• 17:35
  Speaker 1: Here his natural history studies were sympathetically directed by Professor Henslow,
• 17:40
  Speaker 1: the botanist, by whose recommendation he was selected to accompany
• 17:44
  Speaker 1: the beagle on its expedition to survey the South American coast.
• 17:49
  Speaker 1: The results of his travels were embodied in his first
• 17:52
  Speaker 1: important work, Journals of Researchers during a Voyage around the World,
• 17:56
  Speaker 1: which was published in eighteen thirty nine was republished under
• 18:01
  Speaker 1: the title of a Naturalist Voyage around the World. In
• 18:06
  Speaker 1: the same year he married his cousin, Miss Regwood, and
• 18:09
  Speaker 1: after a few years of London life, took up his
• 18:12
  Speaker 1: residence in a pleasant country house at down near Beckenham
• 18:16
  Speaker 1: in Kent. Here he pursued his remarkable investigations under his death,
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  Speaker 1: surrounded by his accomplished children, and finding, as he told
• 18:24
  Speaker 1: a friend, his highest emotional gratification in the joys of
• 18:28
  Speaker 1: family life and a love of inanimate nature. Two of
• 18:32
  Speaker 1: his sons, George Howard Darwin and Frances Darwin, have done
• 18:36
  Speaker 1: good work in science, the one in geology and astronomy,
• 18:40
  Speaker 1: the other in botany. Darwin himself wrote also on the
• 18:43
  Speaker 1: structure and distribution of caudal reefs, revolutionizing the popular youth
• 18:48
  Speaker 1: concerning these remarkable phenomena, discovering that reef building polyps cannot
• 18:54
  Speaker 1: live at depths of more than twenty fathoms, he found
• 18:57
  Speaker 1: it necessary to explain the presence of rocks built by
• 19:00
  Speaker 1: them which rise from more than two thousand feet below
• 19:04
  Speaker 1: the surface of the sea. This he did on the
• 19:07
  Speaker 1: hypothesis of a gradual subsidence of the seafloor whilst the
• 19:11
  Speaker 1: polyps are at work. This view has since been generally
• 19:15
  Speaker 1: accepted by geologists, although somewhat modified by John Murray's observation
• 19:21
  Speaker 1: in the Challenger Expedition that the reefs are not always
• 19:24
  Speaker 1: of solid coral and that they may, in many cases
• 19:28
  Speaker 1: have been formed on the cones of extinct volcanoes eighteen
• 19:34
  Speaker 1: twenty two eighteen forty eight to eighteen ninety four. Darwin
• 19:38
  Speaker 1: had pondered for many years over the theory which was
• 19:41
  Speaker 1: to make him famous, before he decided to bring his
• 19:43
  Speaker 1: conclusions before the public. After considerable observation of every form
• 19:48
  Speaker 1: of animal and vegetable life, and the experiments in selective breeding,
• 19:52
  Speaker 1: he concluded that the species of plants and animals now
• 19:55
  Speaker 1: on the Earth were not created in their present form,
• 19:58
  Speaker 1: but had evolved by unbroken descent and the modification of
• 20:02
  Speaker 1: structure from cruder forms and remains of many of which
• 20:06
  Speaker 1: are constantly discovered in the older rocks. He discovered in
• 20:10
  Speaker 1: eighteen fifty eight that Alfred Russell Wallace had independently arrived
• 20:14
  Speaker 1: at the same conclusions, and so it was agreed that
• 20:17
  Speaker 1: their views should be jointly laid before the Linnean Society.
• 20:21
  Speaker 1: In eighteen fifty nine the Origin of Species was published,
• 20:25
  Speaker 1: and it was followed by a number of works bearing
• 20:28
  Speaker 1: upon the same subject, the most notable of all being
• 20:32
  Speaker 1: the Descent of Man. Darwin's work on Earthworms, perhaps the
• 20:36
  Speaker 1: most purely literary of all his writings, appeared the year
• 20:39
  Speaker 1: before his death. It is not the province of a
• 20:42
  Speaker 1: sketch of Victorian literature to discuss the many important bearings
• 20:47
  Speaker 1: of the Darwinian hypothesis. Received with unbound contempt by literary
• 20:52
  Speaker 1: men so eminent as Carlyle and Ruskin, it was accepted
• 20:56
  Speaker 1: only with qualification by men of science like Agacy's, Carpenter
• 21:01
  Speaker 1: and Oven, but an overwhelming majority of scientific men in England, America,
• 21:06
  Speaker 1: and above all in continental countries, have declared in its favor.
• 21:12
  Speaker 1: The theory has received popular interpretation in Germany from Heichel,
• 21:16
  Speaker 1: and in England from Huxley, although in this connection we
• 21:20
  Speaker 1: must not forget George John Romains, the author of Animal
• 21:24
  Speaker 1: Intelligence and mental evolution in animals Grant Allen and Edward
• 21:30
  Speaker 1: Claude Thomas Henry Huxley eighteen twenty five to eighteen ninety five,
• 21:37
  Speaker 1: one of the greatest of armed men of science, was
• 21:40
  Speaker 1: of interest not only on account of his vast scientific attainments,
• 21:45
  Speaker 1: but for his profound acquaintance with metaphysics, as illustrated in
• 21:49
  Speaker 1: his Life of Hume, his wide culture, and his exquisite
• 21:55
  Speaker 1: literary style. He was born and educated at Ealing, in Middlesex,
• 21:59
  Speaker 1: where his father was a schoolmaster. He studied medicine at
• 22:04
  Speaker 1: the charing Cross Hospital, then entered the Royal Navy as
• 22:09
  Speaker 1: an assistant surgeon, and went in the Rattlesnake to survey
• 22:12
  Speaker 1: the barriery for Australia. The papers which he sent to
• 22:17
  Speaker 1: the Royal and Linean Societies gave him fame. After his return,
• 22:22
  Speaker 1: he devoted himself to original research, but work of that
• 22:26
  Speaker 1: sort brings no recompense in money, and Huxley's means were narrowed.
• 22:32
  Speaker 1: In eighteen fifty four, however, he obtained the chairs of
• 22:34
  Speaker 1: natural history and Paleontology at the School of Mines, and
• 22:39
  Speaker 1: to this he afterwards added the appointment of Inspector and fisheries.
• 22:44
  Speaker 1: The Blue Ribbon of Science, the Presidency of the Royal
• 22:47
  Speaker 1: Society was conferred on him in eighteen eighty three. Huxley
• 22:52
  Speaker 1: wrote much on biological problems, and by the publication of
• 22:56
  Speaker 1: his physiography, gave a new name to the science which
• 22:59
  Speaker 1: has extended the sk of the old physical geography. But
• 23:02
  Speaker 1: his interest for us here is in his lay sermons,
• 23:06
  Speaker 1: addresses and reviews, his critiques and addresses, and his American addresses,
• 23:11
  Speaker 1: all of which may take rank among the finest prose
• 23:14
  Speaker 1: of our age. As an interesting contrast to the work
• 23:18
  Speaker 1: of Darwin and Huxley, and all that it has implied
• 23:21
  Speaker 1: to modern literature, one may refer once again to the
• 23:24
  Speaker 1: movement inspired by Cardinal Newmann. His most prominent associates for
• 23:28
  Speaker 1: many years, neither of whom, however, left the Church of
• 23:32
  Speaker 1: England for the Church of Rome, were Pusley and Kebbel
• 23:37
  Speaker 1: eighteen hundred to eighteen eighty two. Edward Woverie Pussy was
• 23:41
  Speaker 1: practically the founder of the modern high Church movement in
• 23:45
  Speaker 1: the Anglican community. A writer of tracts for the Times,
• 23:49
  Speaker 1: he was, after Neuben had gone over to Rome, the
• 23:52
  Speaker 1: recognized head of the movement, and his followers were frequently
• 23:56
  Speaker 1: called Pussyites. A demoralization of the party seemed inevitable on
• 24:01
  Speaker 1: Newman's secession, but the publication of Doctor Percy's Letter to
• 24:06
  Speaker 1: gave it fresh life. In eighteen sixty six, his Ironicon,
• 24:10
  Speaker 1: a proposal for the reunion of Christendom, drew a reply
• 24:14
  Speaker 1: from Cardinal Newman, with whom, however, he maintained the profoundest
• 24:19
  Speaker 1: friendship to the end. John Kebley, who was born at
• 24:22
  Speaker 1: Fairford in Gloucestershire, was a man of far higher gifts.
• 24:26
  Speaker 1: Educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, he obtained a fellowship
• 24:30
  Speaker 1: at Oriile. For some years he was professor of Poetry
• 24:33
  Speaker 1: at Oxford, a position for which he had qualified himself
• 24:36
  Speaker 1: by the publication of the Christian Year, a volume of
• 24:40
  Speaker 1: religious poems for every Sunday in church festival, many of
• 24:44
  Speaker 1: which have been admitted into the hymnology of all the
• 24:47
  Speaker 1: Christian sets. Perhaps true are poetries to be found in
• 24:51
  Speaker 1: his Lyra in Nocentium, a series of poems on children,
• 24:55
  Speaker 1: for there the human element is more marked. Kebley also
• 24:59
  Speaker 1: wrote to life of Bishop Wilson, and published several volumes
• 25:03
  Speaker 1: of sermons. Seventeen eighty seven to eighteen sixty three seventeen
• 25:09
  Speaker 1: ninety five to eighteen forty two. The movement of liberal theology,
• 25:14
  Speaker 1: to which men like Kebley gave the name of national Apostasy,
• 25:17
  Speaker 1: was headed in its earlier developments by Archbishop Waterley and
• 25:21
  Speaker 1: Doctor Arnold of Rugby, and more recently by the Reverend
• 25:25
  Speaker 1: Frederick Denison Maurice and Dean Stanley. Richard Watley, who was
• 25:31
  Speaker 1: at Oriel with Kebley, had published his once popular Logic
• 25:35
  Speaker 1: and Rhetoric before the commencement of the reign of Victoria,
• 25:39
  Speaker 1: and in eighteen thirty one had been made Archbishop of Dublin,
• 25:43
  Speaker 1: a position which he held till his death in eighteen
• 25:46
  Speaker 1: sixty three, winning all hearts by his kindness and liberality,
• 25:51
  Speaker 1: by his generous tolerance and zeal for progress. His logic
• 25:56
  Speaker 1: is chiefly of importance for the impetus it gave to
• 25:59
  Speaker 1: the study of blae a science seventeen ninety five to
• 26:03
  Speaker 1: eighteen forty two. His Christian evidences gained in its day
• 26:08
  Speaker 1: a wider audience. Thomas Arnold was born at East Cows,
• 26:13
  Speaker 1: on the Isle of Wright, and was educated at Winchester
• 26:17
  Speaker 1: and with Keblier at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. After ordination,
• 26:21
  Speaker 1: he moved to Lellelham on Thames, where he prepared young
• 26:25
  Speaker 1: men for the universities. When in eighteen twenty seven the
• 26:29
  Speaker 1: head mastership of Rugby became vacant, Arnold was elected on
• 26:33
  Speaker 1: the strength of a recommendation by Dr Hawkins to the
• 26:37
  Speaker 1: effect that he would change the face of education all
• 26:41
  Speaker 1: through the public schools of England. The prophecy was fulfilled.
• 26:45
  Speaker 1: He was the first to introduce modern languages and modern
• 26:49
  Speaker 1: history and mathematics into the regular school course. At the
• 26:54
  Speaker 1: same time he always insisted on the value of the
• 26:57
  Speaker 1: classics as a basis of education, and himself prepared an
• 27:01
  Speaker 1: addition of Thuciddies and wrote a history of Rome in
• 27:05
  Speaker 1: its earlier periods, which is at least eminently interesting. His
• 27:10
  Speaker 1: services to his country as an educational reformer were even
• 27:13
  Speaker 1: greater On the model side. Doctor Arnold was a purifying
• 27:17
  Speaker 1: influence to men of the higher classes to agree, which
• 27:21
  Speaker 1: is inexplicable to the present generation. For a time he
• 27:25
  Speaker 1: was unpopular and his school suffered through his advocacy of
• 27:30
  Speaker 1: church reform and his association with political liberalism. But the
• 27:34
  Speaker 1: success of his pupils at the universities had caused a
• 27:38
  Speaker 1: reaction in his favor at the time of his death,
• 27:41
  Speaker 1: which occurred all too early, for he was only forty seven.
• 27:45
  Speaker 1: Of his many distinguished pupils, perhaps the best known are
• 27:49
  Speaker 1: Tom Hughes and Dean Stanley. Thomas Hughes, who in eighteen
• 27:53
  Speaker 1: eighty two was made a Country Court judge, wrote many books,
• 27:57
  Speaker 1: but only one of them entitles him to be remember
• 28:00
  Speaker 1: But today, in a moment of happy inspiration, he wrote
• 28:04
  Speaker 1: the finest boys book in the language. Tom Brown's School
• 28:08
  Speaker 1: Days was published in eighteen fifty seven. It is a
• 28:12
  Speaker 1: picture of life at Rugby under Doctor Arnold's healthy, manly
• 28:17
  Speaker 1: guidance and of the critics. Part two