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What is the Evil Eye · Abide Meditation App

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  Speaker 1: Walk through the touristy shopping district of any major city
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  Speaker 1: around the eastern Mediterranean Sea, and you will find tons
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  Speaker 1: of trinkets bearing this image, an eye shaped symbol with
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  Speaker 1: concentric blue, white, and black circles. This is one of
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  Speaker 1: the most widespread examples of an evil eye amulet. The
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  Speaker 1: evil eye refers to the supernatural belief that a person's glare, glance,
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  Speaker 1: or gaze can harm another person, especially when that gaze
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  Speaker 1: is energized by negative emotions like malice, greed, and especially envy,
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  Speaker 1: and the evil eye is truly an all encompassing optical weapon.
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  Speaker 1: It's believed to damage every aspect of life. Looking upon
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  Speaker 1: someone with the evil eye intentionally or unintentionally, can strike
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  Speaker 1: someone with sickness, sap their strength, harm their baby, destroy
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  Speaker 1: someone's fertility, business, wealth crops, or romantic prospects. The evil
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  Speaker 1: eye represents an expansive constellation of beliefs, practices, and symbols
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  Speaker 1: and cultures all over the world and in multiple different religions,
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  Speaker 1: a dizzying array of traditions that the scholar John Elliott
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  Speaker 1: calls the evil Eye belief complex. This encompasses an arsenal
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  Speaker 1: of ritualized countermeasures that people develop to repel and nullify
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  Speaker 1: the evil eye, including amulets, gestures, and all sorts of prayers.
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  Speaker 1: So what's this belief all about? Today's video is a
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  Speaker 1: collab with the scholar and YouTuber Angela Puka over at
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  Speaker 1: her channel, Angela's Symposium. Click the link below to watch
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  Speaker 1: her video on the Evil Ie in contemporary paganism, folk magic,
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  Speaker 1: and witchcraft. We'll be focusing on the ancient world in
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  Speaker 1: this video. Although the evil Eye belief complex is a
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  Speaker 1: cross cultural phenomenon, it was especially widespread in the cultures
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  Speaker 1: of ancient Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean see. In fact, doctor
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  Speaker 1: John Elliott, who published the multi volume Definitive Study on
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  Speaker 1: the Evil Eye, even argues that the belief complex originated
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  Speaker 1: in ancient Mesopotamia and from there spread to the rest
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  Speaker 1: of the world. So let's start there. Our earliest evidence
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  Speaker 1: for belief in the evil eye comes from ancient Sumerian
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  Speaker 1: and Accadian protection formulas, including incantations to chant against the
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  Speaker 1: evil eye or instructions for making substances or objects that
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  Speaker 1: repel it. Some of these texts date back to twenty
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  Speaker 1: five hundred BCE, which would make the evil Eye belief
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  Speaker 1: complex around five thousand years old, though it's probably a
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  Speaker 1: lot older. These texts provide a bunch of different anti
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  Speaker 1: evil eye strategies. Some say pour out a libation of beer.
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  Speaker 1: Others say wipe yourself with bread or prescribe juniper oil
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  Speaker 1: to an afflicted person. A particularly dramatic anti evil ie
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  Speaker 1: incantation dating to the eighteen hundreds BCE, says, the evil
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  Speaker 1: eye has broken in. It is looking everywhere. It is
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  Speaker 1: an enmeshing net, a closing bird snare. It went by
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  Speaker 1: the baby's doorways and caused havoc among the babies. Slap
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  Speaker 1: it in the face, make it turn around, Fill its
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  Speaker 1: eyes with salt, fill its mouth with ashes. Here a
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  Speaker 1: personified evil eye threatens some babies and children, which is
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  Speaker 1: a tradition that continues for thousands of years to the
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  Speaker 1: present day. The most vulnerable among us are also the
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  Speaker 1: most susceptible. From Mesopotamia, the evil i came to play
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  Speaker 1: a major role in the daily life of cultures on
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  Speaker 1: the Arabian Ninsula, Egypt, and especially the Greco Roman world.
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  Speaker 1: The standard Ancient Greek word for afflicting someone with the
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  Speaker 1: evil eye is boscania, which is often imprecisely translated as bewitchment,
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  Speaker 1: but a more accurate translation would be evil eye, bewitchmen
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  Speaker 1: or affliction. Though belief in the evil eye likely stretches
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  Speaker 1: back deep into Greek history, this family of terms started
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  Speaker 1: appearing in Greek literature from the fifth century onward, appearing
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  Speaker 1: everywhere from the works of Aristophanes and even Plato. This
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  Speaker 1: made its way into Roman literature as the word fosconatio,
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  Speaker 1: a rough transliteration of Boscania. So when a quirk of
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  Speaker 1: etymological history, the benign English word fascination derives from the
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  Speaker 1: evil i belief complex fascinating. In both Greek and Roman thought,
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  Speaker 1: the evil eye is intimately tied to envy. The word
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  Speaker 1: for envy is often used as a synonym for the
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  Speaker 1: evil eye, and in fact, the Latin word for envy
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  Speaker 1: in Whittia is etymologically related to the word to look upon.
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  Speaker 1: The Greek philosopher Plutarch even believed you could accidentally evil
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  Speaker 1: eye yourself when he tells a story about a handsome
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  Speaker 1: man looking at his own reflection in a river, who
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  Speaker 1: was struck by what he saw reflected in the water,
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  Speaker 1: fell ill and lost his beauty with his health. In
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  Speaker 1: the story of the Evil eye being reflected back at you.
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  Speaker 1: We can glimpse how the Greco Roman belief in the
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  Speaker 1: evil eye may be rooted in ancient logic about how
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  Speaker 1: they thought eyesight functioned. Here in the twenty first century,
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  Speaker 1: you probably have a general understanding of how the sense
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  Speaker 1: of sight works. Light enters the pupil, and thanks to
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  Speaker 1: the cornea and lends, an image is refracted onto the retina.
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  Speaker 1: This image is then converted into electrical pulses that our
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  Speaker 1: optic nerve transmits to our brain. To use a possibly
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  Speaker 1: unnecessarily fancy word, this is an intro mission theory of sight,
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  Speaker 1: from the Latin meaning to send within. Vision is a
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  Speaker 1: result of light entering into the eye. However, many ancient
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  Speaker 1: Greeks and Romans believed in an extra mission theory of vision.
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  Speaker 1: In other words, sight is a form of physical touch
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  Speaker 1: that emits out of the eyes like laser beams. Plato
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  Speaker 1: himself put forth an extra mission theory of vision in
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  Speaker 1: the Tamais. The text says that a gentle fire or
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  Speaker 1: light flows through the eye. This light emanates from the
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  Speaker 1: eye as a stream of vision that connects with other
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  Speaker 1: streams of light coming forth from the object that you're
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  Speaker 1: looking at. In his words, vision is thus the result
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  Speaker 1: of a substance forming along the path of the eye's vision,
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  Speaker 1: whensoever the fire which streams from within collides with an
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  Speaker 1: obstructing object without In other words, you can see because
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  Speaker 1: vision inducing rays unite in the space between the viewer
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  Speaker 1: and the thing being viewed. Following the footsteps of Plato,
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  Speaker 1: the ancient Greek philosopher Euclid also describes sight as a
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  Speaker 1: form of physical touch. In his book Optica, he starts
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  Speaker 1: with the theory let it be assumed that lines drawn
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  Speaker 1: directly from the eye pass through a space of great extent.
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  Speaker 1: He goes on to say that these lines form a
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  Speaker 1: cone of vision, with the apex of the cone at
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  Speaker 1: our eye and its base at the limits of our vision. Now,
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  Speaker 1: not all ancient felolosophers held to an extra mission theory
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  Speaker 1: of vision, and even those who did, they didn't necessarily
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  Speaker 1: all agree on the idea of beams emanating from the eyes.
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  Speaker 1: For example, the Greek physician Galen, who lived during the
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  Speaker 1: Roman Empire, suggested that the eyes emit what he calls numa,
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  Speaker 1: or an airy substance that activates the air between the
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  Speaker 1: viewer and the object being viewed. This optical numa causes
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  Speaker 1: ripples or pressures in the air that are sent back
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  Speaker 1: to the eye, enabling vision. It's difficult to say to
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  Speaker 1: what extent the ordinary person held to these theories, you know,
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  Speaker 1: the vast majority of people who are not educated in
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  Speaker 1: fancy Euclidean optical physics. But these sources at least indicate
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  Speaker 1: that for many, if not most, people in the Greco
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  Speaker 1: Roman world, the eye was an active organ, an organ
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  Speaker 1: that emitted something material, and site was a form of
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  Speaker 1: physical touch, what we can call haptic site to use
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  Speaker 1: another overly fancy term recently popularized by the Apple marketing department.
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  Speaker 1: So if haptic site was part of the average person's
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  Speaker 1: mental model for how the eye works in the first place,
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  Speaker 1: this might also explain how people thought the evil eye worked.
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  Speaker 1: And it's a terrifying thought, fiery particles blasting out of
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  Speaker 1: your eyes and irradiating you, your loved ones, and your property.
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  Speaker 1: But site wasn't simply an active haptic sense, but it
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  Speaker 1: was also somehow physically tied to your emotional states. Negative
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  Speaker 1: emotions of a person could activate and energize the evil eye.
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  Speaker 1: Plutarch says, when those possessed by envy, let their glance
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  Speaker 1: fall upon a person their eyes, which are close to
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  Speaker 1: the soul, and draw from it the evil influence of
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  Speaker 1: the passion. Those glances fall upon that person like poisoned arrows.
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  Speaker 1: In other words, for someone like Plutarch, glaring daggers was
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  Speaker 1: not just to figure of speech. It was literal, and
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  Speaker 1: the soul function like a battery, powering those poisoned arrows
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  Speaker 1: of the eyes. So what could you do in a
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  Speaker 1: world full of people looking around with envious evil eyes?
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  Speaker 1: How could you protect yourself? The Greeks and Romans offered
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  Speaker 1: several apotropaic strategies. You could turn to another fancy word
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  Speaker 1: from the Greek meaning to turn away or ward away.
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  Speaker 1: One apotropaic strategy was displaying the much suffering eye, a
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  Speaker 1: motif of an eye being attacked by weapons and animals.
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  Speaker 1: A dramatic example can be seen on a mosaic discovered
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  Speaker 1: in a Roman house near the city of Antioch, dating
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  Speaker 1: to the second century CE. It depicts the evil eye
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  Speaker 1: attacked by a raven, trident, sword, scorpions, centipede, snake, dog,
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  Speaker 1: and panther. It was found in the entryway of the house,
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  Speaker 1: which strikes me as the perfect place to put the
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  Speaker 1: much suffering eye a security device at your doorway for
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  Speaker 1: any envious person entering your house. Another example can be
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  Speaker 1: seen on this bronze amulet, a pendant that someone probably
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  Speaker 1: wore as a necklace that shows the much suffering eye
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  Speaker 1: being attacked. Such amulets were thought to deflect the malevolent gaze.
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  Speaker 1: Another common apotropaic motif in the Roman Empire was to
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  Speaker 1: show what's under this pixelated section of the antioch mosaic
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  Speaker 1: a comically large penis. I actually don't know YouTube's rules
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  Speaker 1: around depicting artistic renditions of male reproductive organs, so just
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  Speaker 1: google the search term the apotropaic fallus and maybe wait
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  Speaker 1: till you're not at work or school. The Romans deployed
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  Speaker 1: fallus shaped charms called foscanum as jewelry lamps and carvings,
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  Speaker 1: and they especially place them near the entrances of buildings
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  Speaker 1: and even on city walls. The Romans also relied on
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  Speaker 1: various ritualized practices to repel the evil eye, like incantations
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  Speaker 1: or gestures. For example, the Roman writer Plenty of the
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  Speaker 1: Elders says that when a stranger enters the house, or
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  Speaker 1: when a person looks at an infant while asleep, it's
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  Speaker 1: usual for the nurse to spit three times, so the
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  Speaker 1: Greeks and the Romans had a whole arsenal of weaponry
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  Speaker 1: to neutralize the evil eye, everything from phallic charms to
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  Speaker 1: spitting on the ground. I want to briefly turn now
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  Speaker 1: to Christianity, Judaism in Islam, as religious traditions that arose
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  Speaker 1: in the Middle East and the Mediterranean world. It's not
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  Speaker 1: surprising to see that the evil eye belief complex also
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  Speaker 1: appears in each of these religions. The evil eye actually
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  Speaker 1: appears in the New Testament, even though modern translations don't
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  Speaker 1: make it obvious. The apostle Paul references the evil eye
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  Speaker 1: in Galatians chapter three when he says, you, foolish Galatians,
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  Speaker 1: who has bewitched you? Although the NRSV translation euphemistically translates
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  Speaker 1: the verb here as bewitch, Paul is using the same
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  Speaker 1: word we mentioned before that means to bewitch with the
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  Speaker 1: evil eye. Later in the same letter, Paul encourages his
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  Speaker 1: audience not to envy one another, which may again be
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  Speaker 1: referencing the evil eye. Later church authorities took the evil
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  Speaker 1: ie for granted as well, Saint Jerome says that the
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  Speaker 1: envious person is tormented by the happiness of another. It
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  Speaker 1: is said that the evil eyeing person is particularly harmful
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  Speaker 1: to infants and the young. And as you can imagine,
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  Speaker 1: since early Christians took the evil eye for granted, Christians
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  Speaker 1: also turned to ritualized strategies to protect themselves from its
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  Speaker 1: malevolent gaze, and the Christian tradition provided a ton of
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  Speaker 1: material for the anti evil eye arsenal. Christian motifs appear
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  Speaker 1: all the time in late Roman amulets and incantations to
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  Speaker 1: repel the evil eye. One example is an exorcism spell
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  Speaker 1: to drive away evil from a pregnant woman. It calls
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  Speaker 1: upon the power of God and the archangels Michael and
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  Speaker 1: Gabriel to cast forth from her every doom, every devil,
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  Speaker 1: every power of darkness, and every evil eye. Later, the
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  Speaker 1: formula says to chant the name of Jesus over and
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  Speaker 1: over and over again, as well as the word Christ.
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  Speaker 1: This prayer is one example of a rich body of
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  Speaker 1: Christian magical spells used to protect people from the evil
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  Speaker 1: ee in other demonic dangers. Jewish communities also assumed the
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  Speaker 1: evil ee was a real and present danger and took
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  Speaker 1: steps to protect themselves. For example, the rabbinic text called
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  Speaker 1: the Talmud mentions the evil eye on multiple occasions, and
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  Speaker 1: even provides a detailed protective strategy in one section. If
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  Speaker 1: when entering a city, a man fears the evil eye
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  Speaker 1: of some inhabitant, let him take the thumb of his
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  Speaker 1: right hand in his left hand, and the thumb of
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  Speaker 1: his left hand in his right hand, and say I
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  Speaker 1: so and so am of the seed of Joseph, over
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  Speaker 1: which the evil ie has no power. Jewish communities over
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  Speaker 1: the same trees, developed a rich culture of protective objects
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  Speaker 1: and practices in the medieval period. With the development of
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  Speaker 1: the Jewish mystical tradition called Kabbalah, a specific hue of
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  Speaker 1: the color blue, called techhellette, came to be known as
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  Speaker 1: an effective countermeasure to the evil eye. Consider, for example,
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  Speaker 1: a passage about a blue colored cloth covering the arc
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  Speaker 1: of the covenant found in the Kabalistic text called the Zohar.
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  Speaker 1: When they gaze the colored techhellette confronts their eyes, and
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  Speaker 1: their eyes cannot prevail. In both Jewish and Muslim communities,
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  Speaker 1: a hand shaped amulet called the hamsa arabic for the
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  Speaker 1: number five became a common apotropic symbol to repel the
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  Speaker 1: evil eye. Sometimes it's simply an open palmed hand, other
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  Speaker 1: times it's more stylized and speaking of Islam, believe in
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  Speaker 1: the evil eye has long been widespread within Muslim communities,
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  Speaker 1: both then and now. The fourteenth century Muslim scholar even
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  Speaker 1: Kaldune describes the evil eye in detail when he says,
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  Speaker 1: the evil eye is natural and innate. It does not
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  Speaker 1: depend on the free choice of its possessor. It is
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  Speaker 1: an influence exercised by the soul the person who has
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  Speaker 1: the evil eye. Here, he suggests that afflicting someone with
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  Speaker 1: the evil eye can happen automatically and involuntarily, and is
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  Speaker 1: directly linked to envy. Today, it's customary and many Muslim
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  Speaker 1: communities to accompany compliments with the phrase mashal law, meaning
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  Speaker 1: what God has willed. So, for example, if you congratulate
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  Speaker 1: or compliment someone's baby, saying marshal law attributes this to
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  Speaker 1: God inaverts any suspicion that you're being envious. Many throughout
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  Speaker 1: history have sought protection from the evil eye by reciting
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  Speaker 1: specific passages from the Koran Sah one hundred and thirteen
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  Speaker 1: in particular, is a morning prayer of protection that alludes
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  Speaker 1: through the evil Eye. It says, I will seek refuge
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  Speaker 1: in the Lord of the daybreak, including seeking refuge from
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  Speaker 1: the evil of the envior when he envies. Now, this
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  Speaker 1: is only a brief sketch of the evil I belief
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  Speaker 1: complex in Christianity, Judaism, in Islam. We need to dedicate
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  Speaker 1: an entire video to each one of these religions to
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  Speaker 1: really unpack the whole story. But I wanted to mention
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  Speaker 1: them to highlight how the evil eye is often described
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  Speaker 1: as an aspect of folk religion or even a superstition.
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  Speaker 1: But from this evidence we see that the evil eye
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  Speaker 1: is taken for granted in many of the foundational texts
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  Speaker 1: of these religions, and religious authorities often provided strategies to
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  Speaker 1: nullify its effect. So the Evil Ie is a great
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  Speaker 1: example alerting us to hesitate drawing strict lines between so
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  Speaker 1: called institutional and folk religion. Institutions and authorities in all
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  Speaker 1: three of these religions certainly did speak out against amulets
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  Speaker 1: or beliefs that they considered superstitious, but the line between
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  Speaker 1: folk religion and the so called official institutional religion is
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  Speaker 1: often much more porous than we might assume, and insisting
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  Speaker 1: that a stark boundary exists between the two might tell
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  Speaker 1: us more about our own preconceptions about religion rather than
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  Speaker 1: an objective analysis of the evidence. So where did the
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  Speaker 1: evil eye believe complex come from? How did it arise
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  Speaker 1: in human culture? Now? Scholars have floated several anthropological and
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  Speaker 1: social psychological theories. One social psychological explanation that I find
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  Speaker 1: persuasive is that fear of the evil eye may have
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  Speaker 1: co evolved in pre industrial agrarians societies as a strategy
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  Speaker 1: of social control. In a twenty ten study, a Dutch
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  Speaker 1: research team hypothesized that fear of being envied increases pro
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  Speaker 1: social behavior. In a series of experiments, they found that
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  Speaker 1: people who outperformed their peers were also nicer to their peers.
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  Speaker 1: The outperformer was more likely to offer advice or go
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  Speaker 1: out of their way to do favors for the people
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  Speaker 1: they were outperforming. This makes some sense. You personally may
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  Speaker 1: want to outperform the people around you. You might want
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  Speaker 1: to make more money than them or land a more
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  Speaker 1: prestigious job, But outperforming your peers can also lead to
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  Speaker 1: you having a more precarious position in society. Because it
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  Speaker 1: invites unwanted attention and envy from your peers, the people
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  Speaker 1: around you may want to tear you down a bit.
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  Speaker 1: The evil I belief complex, with its strong association with envy,
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  Speaker 1: may have arose because it made envy a more tangible danger,
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  Speaker 1: and for the Greeks and Romans, a literal tangible danger. Thus,
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  Speaker 1: the evil eye makes people hyper aware of envy and
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  Speaker 1: could encourage in to viduals to manage their interpersonal relationships
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  Speaker 1: more carefully lest your success draws unwanted envious attention from
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  Speaker 1: the people around you. This theory makes sense to me
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  Speaker 1: because evil eye beliefs and practices cross culturally revolve around
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  Speaker 1: the everyday concerns for survival in a pre industrial society, fertility,
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  Speaker 1: pregnancy and birth, sickness and health, and aspects of making
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  Speaker 1: a living such as success in agriculture or business. In
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  Speaker 1: other words, the evil eye belief complex is deeply intertwined
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  Speaker 1: with the issues that may have triggered rivalry or social
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  Speaker 1: crises in a close knit community like an ancient tribe, village,
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  Speaker 1: or city, where everyone is under observation by others and
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  Speaker 1: envy is always a constant threat, which in turn sparks
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  Speaker 1: an arms race to find the best way to repel
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  Speaker 1: and neutralize that envy. This was a collaboration with the
• 16:48
  Speaker 1: scholar and YouTuber doctor Angela Puca. She publishes videos on
• 16:51
  Speaker 1: the academic study of magic aso terroriism, and witchcraft over
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  Speaker 1: at her channel, Angela's Symposium, and she published a companion
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  Speaker 1: video covering how the Evil Eyes understand stood today, including
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  Speaker 1: how it's interpreted by contemporary pagans and the spells, divination
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  Speaker 1: and curses link to the Evil Eye. Also shout out
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  Speaker 1: to our patrons on Patreon. Religion for Breakfast is made
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  Speaker 1: possible by our patrons. Each one of these videos take
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  Speaker 1: me dozens and dozens of hours to make. For this
• 17:15
  Speaker 1: one video alone, I read John Elliott's four volume series
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  Speaker 1: on the Evil I. I also read half a dozen
• 17:20
  Speaker 1: articles on the topic, including some articles way outside my
• 17:23
  Speaker 1: own academic expertise like modern psychology and Medieval cave La,
• 17:28
  Speaker 1: which adds even more time. One cannot survive on AD
• 17:31
  Speaker 1: sense alone. With ad apocalypses and demonetization and algorithm changes,
• 17:36
  Speaker 1: it makes it very difficult to plan for the future.
• 17:39
  Speaker 1: But our patrons provide a solid foundation that enables me
• 17:42
  Speaker 1: to bring this academic research to you. So, if you're
• 17:44
  Speaker 1: able and you want to support our mission to improve
• 17:46
  Speaker 1: everyone's religious literacy, join our patreon at patreon dot com
• 17:50
  Speaker 1: slash religion for breakfast. Thanks so much, I'll see you
• 17:52
  Speaker 1: next time.