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Episode 74 - Land and Hold Short Operations - Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge · Pilot Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

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  Appendix one, Part four. Land and Hold Short Operations Land and Hold Short
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  Operations LASSO when simultaneous operations, takeoffs and landings are being conducted on intersecting runways.
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  Land and hold short operations LASSO may also be in effect. LASSO is
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  an ATC procedure that may require your participation and compliance. As Pilot in Command
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  PIC, you have the final authority to accept or decline any LASSO clearance.
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  If issued a land and hold short clearance, you must be aware of the
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  reduced runway distances and whether or not you can comply before accepting a land and
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  hold short clearance. You do not have to accept a LASSO clearance. Pilots
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  should only receive a LASSO clearance when there is a minimum ceiling of one thousand
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  feet and three statute miles of visibility. Runway holding position signs and markings are
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  installed only on those runways used for LASSO. The signs and markings are placed
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  at the LASSO point to aid you in determining where to stop and hold the
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  aircraft, and are located prior to the runway runway intersection see Figure one h
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  twenty eight. The holding position sign has a white inscription with black border around
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  the numbers on a red background and is installed adjacent to the holding position markings.
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  If you accept a land and hold short clearance, you must comply so
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  that no portion of the aircraft extends beyond these hold markings. If receiving cleared
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  to land instructions from ATC, you are authorized to use the entire landing length
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  of the runway and should disregard any LASSO holding position markings located on the runway.
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  If you receive and accept LASSO instructions, you must stop short of the
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  intersecting runway prior to the LASSO signs and markings. Below is a list of
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  items which, if thoroughly understood and complied with, will ensure that LASSO operations
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  are conducted properly. No landing distance available. Be advised by ATC as to
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  why LASSO are being conduct did advise ATC if you cannot comply with LASO,
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  know what signs and markings are at the LASSO point. LASSO are not authorized
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  for student pilots who are performing a solo flight. Generally, LASSO are not
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  authorized with air carrier operations. Generally, LASO are not authorized at night.
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  LASSO are not authorized on wet runways. If you accept the following clearance from
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  ATC cleared to land Runway thirty six hold short Runway twenty three DASH five,
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  you must either exit Runway thirty six or stop at the holding position prior to
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  Runway twenty three Dash five. Location signs and markings. Taxiway location signs and
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  markings and runway location signs aid you in identifying the taxiway or runway on which
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  you are currently located. They have a black background with yellow characters. These
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  signs may stand alone or be co located with direction or runway holding position signs
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  see Figures one DASH twenty nine A and B. Runway location signs are intended
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  to complement the information available to you through your aircraft magnetic compass. They are
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  installed in areas where the proximity of two or more runways could cause you to
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  be confused. Figure one Dash twenty nine A and B shows that Taxiway Alpha
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  and Runway thirty six are standalone location signs and are not associated with any other
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  sign. Complex airport geometry a single taxiway leading up to multiple runway thresholds,
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  and or the close proximity of multiple runway thresholds can lead to confusion and a
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  higher risk of you departing on the wrong runway. At airports where these risk
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  factors are present and the proximity of two runway thresholds could cause confusion, runway
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  location signs may be present. Cross check your aircraft compass heading with the assign
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  takeoff runway heading prior to break release. Figure one Dash twenty nine C shows
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  the thresholds of runway thirty and Runway thirty six, which are co located.
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  Runway location signs are present on these runways along with the runway designation numbers.
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  Note. Runway designation surface painted markings are large white block numbers and are located
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  at the threshold of the runway. Surface painted taxiway location markings are normally located
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  on airports where there has been a history of navigation confusion see Figure one Dash
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  thirty. These signs and markings are designed to help you navigate difficult or potentially
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  confusing intersections. If ever in doubt about your taxi clearance, ask ATC for
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  help. Taxiway direction signs and marking. Taxiway direction signs have a yellow background
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  and black characters which identifies the designation or intersecting taxiways. Arrows indicate the direction
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  of turn that would place the aircraft on the designated taxiway. See Figure one
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  Dash thirty one. Direction signs are normally located on the left side of the
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  taxiway and prior to the intersection. These signs and markings with a yellow background
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  black characters indicate the direction toward a different taxiway leading off a runway or out
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  of an intersection. Figure one Dash thirty one shows Taxiway Delta and how Taxiway
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  Bravo intersects ahead at ninety degrees. Both left and right taxiway direction signs can
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  also be displayed as surface painted markings. Figure one Dash thirty two shows Taxiway
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  Bravo as preceding straight ahead while Taxiway Alpha turns to the right at approximately forty
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  five degrees. Figure one Dash thirty three A and B shows an example of
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  a direction sign at a complex taxiway intersection. Figure one Dash thirty three A
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  and B shows Taxiway Bravo intersects with Taxiway Sierra at ninety degrees, but at
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  forty five degrees with Taxiway Foxtrot. This type of array can be displayed with
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  or without the taxiway location sign, which in this case would be Taxiway Bravo
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  destination signs. Destination signs have black characters on a yellow background indicating a destination
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  at the airport. These signs always have an arrow showing the direction of the
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  taxi route to that destination see Figure one, Dash thirty four. When the
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  arrow on the destination sign indicates a turn, the sign is located prior to
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  the intersection. Destinations commonly shown on these types of signs include runways, aprons,
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  terminals, military areas, civil aviation areas, cargo areas, international areas,
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  and fixed base operators. When the inscription for two or more destinations having
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  a common taxi route are placed on a sign, the destinations are separated by
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  a dot and one arrow would be used, as shown in Figure one Dash
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  thirty five. When the inscription on a sign contains two or more destinations having
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  different taxi routes, each destination is accompanied by an arrow and separated from the
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  other destinations on the sign with a vertical black message divider, as shown in
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  Figure one Dash thirty five. The example shown in Figure one Dash thirty five
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  shows two signs. The sign in the foreground explains that runway twenty threshold is
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  to the left and runways thirty two, two and fourteen are to the right.
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  The sign in the background indicates that you are located on Taxiway Bravo and
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  Taxiway November will take you to those runways. Holding position signs and markings for
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  an instrument landing system ILS. The Instrument Landing system ILS broadcast signals to arriving
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  instrument aircraft to guide them to the runway. Each of these ilses has a
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  critical area that must be kept clear of all obstacles in order to ensure quality
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  of the broadcast signal, and many airports taxiways extend into the ILS critical area.
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  Most of the time, this is of no concern. However, during
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  times of poor weather, an aircraft on approach may depend on a good signal
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  quality. When necessary, ATC will protect the ILS critical area for a rival
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  instrument traffic by instructing taxiing aircraft to hold short of this critical area. The
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  LS critical Area boundary sign has white characters outlined in black on a red background
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  and is installed adjacent to the ILS holding position markings. See Figure one,
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  Dash thirty six. The holding position markings for the ILS Critical Area appear on
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  the pavement as a horizontal ladder and consist of two solid yellow lines based two
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  feet apart, connected by pairs of solid lines space ten feet apart, extending
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  across the width of the taxiway. When instructed to hold short of the ILS
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  critical area, you must ensure that no portion of the aircraft extends beyond these
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  markings. If ATC does not instruct you to hold at this point, then
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  you may bypass the ILS critical Area hold position markings and continue with your taxi.
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  Figure one Dash thirty six shows that the ILS hold sign is located on
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  Taxiway golf and the ILS ladder hold position marking is adjacent to the hold sign
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  Runway approach area, holding position signs and markings. At some airport, it
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  is necessary to hold an aircraft on a taxiway located in the approach or departure
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  area for a runway so the aircraft does not interfere with operations on that runway.
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  In these situations, a sign with a designation of the approach end of
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  the runway followed by a dash and letters APCH will be located at the holding
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  position on the taxiway. Holding position markings will be located on the taxiway pavement
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  see Figure one, Dash thirty seven. In this example, the sign may
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  protect the approach to runway thirty two and or the departure for runway fourteen.
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  If you are expected to hold short of a runway approach apcch area. ATC
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  will issue instructions holding position markings for taxiway taxiway intersections. Holding position markings for
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  taxiway taxiway intersections consist of a single dash yellow line extending across the width of
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  the taxiway see figure one, Dash thirty eight. They are painted on taxiways
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  where ATC normally holds aircraft short of a taxiway intersection. When instructed by ATC
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  hold short of taxiway X, you should stop so that no part of your
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  aircraft extends beyond the holding position marking. When the marking is not present,
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  you should stop your aircraft at a point that provides adequate clearance from an aircraft
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  on the intersecting taxiway. Marking and lighting of permanently closed runways and taxiways.
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  For runways and taxiways that are permanently closed, the lighting circuits are disconnected the
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  runway threshold runway designation and touchdown markings are obliterated and yellow xes are placed at
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  each end of the runway and at one thousand foot intervals temporarily closed runways and
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  taxiways. For temporarily closed runways and taxiways, a visual indication is often provided
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  with yellow xes or raised lighted yellow xes placed at each end of the runway.
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  Depending on the reason for the closure, duration of closure, air field
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  configuration, and the existence in the hours of operation of an ATC tower,
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  a visual indication may not be present, as discussed previously in the chapter You
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  must Always check no tams and adis for runway and taxiway closure information. Figure
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  one Dash thirty nine A shows an example of a yellow X laid flat with
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  an adequate number of heavy rubber weights to keep the wind from getting under and
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  displacing the vinyl material. The black rubber weights are positioned along the edge,
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  giving the appearance of a black outline. A very effective and preferable visual aid
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  to depict temporary closure is the lighted X placed on or near the runway designation
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  numbers see Figure one Dash thirty nine B and C. This device is much
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  more discernible to approaching aircraft than the other materials described above runway edge and center
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  line lights. The runway edge lights are white, except on instrument runways,
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  where yellow replaces white on the last two thousand feet or half the runway length,
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  whichever is less, to form a caution zone for landings. The lights
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  marking the ends of the runway emit red light towards the runway to indicate the
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  end of a runway to a departing aircraft, and emit green outward from the
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  runway end to indicate the threshold to landing aircraft. Center line lights are located
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  along the runway centerline and are spaced at fifty foot intervals. When viewed from
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  the landing threshold, the runway center line lights are white until the last three
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  thousand feet of the runway. The white lights begin to alternate with red for
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  the next two thousand feet. For the last one thousand feet of the runway,
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  all center line lights are red. See Figure one DASH forty taxiway edge
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  lights or reflectors. Taxiway edge lights or reflectors are blue in color and used
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  to outline the edges of taxiways. See Figure one DASH forty one. Runway
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  designation marking runway numbers and letters are determined from the approach direction. The runway
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  number is the whole number nearest one tenth the magnetic azimuth of the center line
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  of the runway, measured clockwise from the magnetic north. In the case where
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  there are parallel runways, the letters differentiate between left, L, right R,
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  or center C C Figure one, DASH forty two. For example,
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  if there are two parallel runways, they would show the designation number and then
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  either L or R beneath it. For three parallel runways, the designation number
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  would be presented with L, C or R beneath it. End of Part
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  four of Appendix one.