Latest / Okay, But... Birds / Okay, but why fly from the Arctic to Antarctica and back every year?

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Okay, but why fly from the Arctic to Antarctica and back every year? · Okay, But... Birds

• 0:00
  Birds
• 0:00
  are
• 0:00
  burning
• 0:01
  fat
• 0:01
  as
• 0:01
  their
• 0:02
  main
• 0:02
  fuel.
• 0:02
  If
• 0:03
  you
• 0:03
  watch
• 0:03
  the
• 0:03
  Chicago
• 0:03
  Marathon,
• 0:04
  the
• 0:05
  people
• 0:05
  at
• 0:05
  the
• 0:05
  front
• 0:06
  of
• 0:06
  that
• 0:06
  race
• 0:06
  did
• 0:07
  not
• 0:07
  look
• 0:07
  really
• 0:08
  fat
• 0:08
  at
• 0:08
  the
• 0:08
  beginning
• 0:09
  and
• 0:09
  then
• 0:09
  really
• 0:10
  skinny
• 0:10
  at
• 0:10
  the
• 0:10
  end.
• 0:11
  But
• 0:11
  that
• 0:11
  is
• 0:11
  exactly
• 0:12
  what
• 0:12
  birds
• 0:13
  like
• 0:13
  Godwitz
• 0:13
  are
• 0:13
  doing.
• 0:37
  It's
• 0:38
  really
• 0:38
  hard
• 0:38
  to
• 0:38
  comprehend
• 0:39
  bird
• 0:39
  migration
• 0:40
  until
• 0:40
  you
• 0:40
  see
• 0:40
  familiar
• 0:41
  birds
• 0:41
  in
• 0:41
  an
• 0:42
  unfamiliar
• 0:42
  place
• 0:43
  and
• 0:43
  remember
• 0:43
  that
• 0:44
  they
• 0:44
  got
• 0:44
  there
• 0:44
  by
• 0:45
  flying.
• 0:45
  And
• 0:46
  then
• 0:46
  it's
• 0:46
  mind
• 0:46
  boggling
• 0:47
  realizing
• 0:48
  the
• 0:48
  distances
• 0:48
  that
• 0:49
  some
• 0:49
  birds
• 0:49
  travel
• 0:50
  powered
• 0:50
  by
• 0:50
  their
• 0:50
  own
• 0:51
  wings.
• 0:51
  It
• 0:52
  truly
• 0:52
  makes
• 0:52
  marathons
• 0:53
  seem
• 0:53
  quaint.
• 0:54
  And
• 0:54
  to
• 0:54
  help
• 0:54
  us
• 0:54
  make
• 0:54
  sense
• 0:55
  of
• 0:55
  this
• 0:55
  aerial
• 0:55
  magic,
• 0:56
  we're
• 0:56
  joined
• 0:56
  by
• 0:57
  one
• 0:57
  of
• 0:57
  the
• 0:57
  researchers
• 0:57
  using
• 0:58
  satellites
• 0:58
  and
• 0:59
  cutting
• 0:59
  edge
• 0:59
  technology
• 1:00
  to
• 1:00
  track
• 1:00
  birds
• 1:01
  as
• 1:01
  they
• 1:01
  move
• 1:01
  across
• 1:02
  the
• 1:02
  globe.
• 1:03
  Today,
• 1:03
  I'll
• 1:03
  be
• 1:03
  joined
• 1:04
  by
• 1:04
  Dr.
• 1:04
  Nate
• 1:04
  Senner,
• 1:05
  the
• 1:05
  Mass.
• 1:05
  Audubon
• 1:06
  Bertrand
• 1:06
  Chair
• 1:07
  for
• 1:07
  Ornithology
• 1:07
  in
• 1:08
  the
• 1:08
  Department
• 1:08
  of
• 1:08
  Environmental
• 1:09
  Conservation
• 1:10
  at
• 1:10
  the
• 1:10
  University
• 1:10
  of
• 1:11
  Massachusetts
• 1:12
  Amherst.
• 1:13
  As
• 1:13
  a
• 1:13
  graduate
• 1:14
  student,
• 1:14
  I
• 1:14
  spent
• 1:14
  several
• 1:15
  months
• 1:15
  doing
• 1:15
  fieldwork
• 1:16
  on
• 1:16
  the
• 1:16
  Guano
• 1:16
  Islands
• 1:17
  off
• 1:17
  the
• 1:17
  coasts
• 1:17
  of
• 1:17
  Peru
• 1:17
  and
• 1:18
  Chile,
• 1:18
  studying
• 1:18
  blue
• 1:19
  footed
• 1:19
  and
• 1:19
  Peruvian
• 1:19
  boobies.
• 1:20
  When
• 1:21
  I
• 1:21
  traveled
• 1:21
  south
• 1:21
  to
• 1:21
  Peru
• 1:22
  in
• 1:22
  2007,
• 1:23
  it
• 1:23
  was
• 1:23
  the
• 1:23
  first
• 1:23
  time
• 1:24
  I'd
• 1:24
  ever
• 1:24
  visited
• 1:25
  South
• 1:25
  America.
• 1:26
  The
• 1:26
  journey
• 1:26
  from
• 1:27
  Toronto
• 1:27
  to
• 1:27
  Lima
• 1:27
  was
• 1:28
  among
• 1:28
  the
• 1:28
  longest
• 1:29
  flights
• 1:29
  I'd
• 1:29
  ever
• 1:29
  taken
• 1:29
  at
• 1:30
  that
• 1:30
  point
• 1:30
  in
• 1:30
  my
• 1:30
  life.
• 1:30
  About
• 1:31
  eight
• 1:31
  hours.
• 1:32
  The
• 1:33
  ocean
• 1:33
  off
• 1:33
  the
• 1:33
  coast
• 1:33
  of
• 1:33
  Peru
• 1:34
  is
• 1:34
  one
• 1:34
  of
• 1:34
  the
• 1:34
  most
• 1:35
  productive
• 1:35
  on
• 1:35
  the
• 1:35
  planet.
• 1:36
  It
• 1:36
  teems
• 1:36
  with
• 1:37
  life,
• 1:37
  a
• 1:37
  food
• 1:37
  web
• 1:38
  anchored
• 1:38
  by
• 1:38
  the
• 1:38
  cold,
• 1:39
  nutrient
• 1:39
  rich
• 1:39
  upwelling
• 1:40
  of
• 1:40
  the
• 1:40
  Humboldt
• 1:40
  Current
• 1:41
  that
• 1:41
  feeds
• 1:42
  millions
• 1:42
  of
• 1:42
  sardines
• 1:43
  and
• 1:43
  anchovies
• 1:44
  that
• 1:44
  subsequently
• 1:45
  get
• 1:45
  eaten
• 1:45
  by
• 1:45
  everything
• 1:46
  from
• 1:46
  whales
• 1:46
  and
• 1:47
  dolphins
• 1:47
  to
• 1:47
  sea
• 1:47
  lions
• 1:48
  and
• 1:48
  millions
• 1:48
  of
• 1:49
  seabirds.
• 1:50
  The
• 1:50
  seabird
• 1:50
  colonies
• 1:51
  there
• 1:51
  are
• 1:51
  among
• 1:51
  the
• 1:51
  densest
• 1:52
  in
• 1:52
  the
• 1:52
  world.
• 1:53
  Hundreds
• 1:53
  of
• 1:54
  thousands
• 1:54
  of
• 1:54
  boobies,
• 1:55
  cormorants,
• 1:55
  pelicans,
• 1:56
  and
• 1:56
  even
• 1:56
  penguins
• 1:57
  call
• 1:57
  the
• 1:57
  islands
• 1:58
  I
• 1:58
  was
• 1:58
  visiting
• 1:58
  home.
• 2:00
  And
• 2:00
  though
• 2:00
  I
• 2:00
  was
• 2:00
  always
• 2:01
  struck
• 2:01
  by
• 2:01
  the
• 2:01
  resident
• 2:02
  birds,
• 2:02
  I
• 2:02
  was
• 2:02
  there
• 2:02
  to
• 2:03
  study
• 2:03
  the
• 2:04
  migrant
• 2:04
  birds
• 2:04
  there
• 2:05
  shocked
• 2:05
  me.
• 2:06
  As
• 2:07
  we
• 2:07
  approached
• 2:07
  one
• 2:07
  of
• 2:07
  the
• 2:07
  first
• 2:08
  islands
• 2:08
  we
• 2:08
  visited,
• 2:09
  I
• 2:09
  could
• 2:09
  see
• 2:09
  rafts
• 2:10
  and
• 2:10
  rafts
• 2:10
  of
• 2:10
  gulls.
• 2:11
  Honestly,
• 2:12
  as
• 2:12
  far
• 2:12
  as
• 2:12
  you
• 2:12
  could
• 2:13
  see
• 2:13
  on
• 2:13
  the
• 2:13
  ocean,
• 2:13
  it
• 2:13
  was
• 2:13
  gulls
• 2:14
  in
• 2:14
  their
• 2:14
  winter
• 2:15
  plumage.
• 2:15
  I
• 2:15
  didn't
• 2:16
  recognize
• 2:16
  them,
• 2:16
  so
• 2:16
  I
• 2:17
  asked
• 2:17
  my
• 2:17
  colleague
• 2:17
  Carlos
• 2:18
  what
• 2:18
  we
• 2:18
  were
• 2:18
  looking
• 2:18
  at.
• 2:19
  And
• 2:19
  the
• 2:19
  answer
• 2:19
  was
• 2:20
  Franklin's
• 2:21
  gulls.
• 2:22
  Now,
• 2:22
  although
• 2:22
  I
• 2:23
  grew
• 2:23
  up
• 2:23
  in
• 2:23
  Ontario
• 2:24
  and
• 2:24
  spent
• 2:24
  a
• 2:24
  lot
• 2:24
  of
• 2:24
  time
• 2:25
  birding
• 2:25
  there,
• 2:25
  we
• 2:25
  did
• 2:26
  sometimes
• 2:26
  see
• 2:27
  Franklin
• 2:27
  skulls.
• 2:28
  They
• 2:28
  breed
• 2:28
  in
• 2:28
  the
• 2:29
  central
• 2:29
  and
• 2:29
  western
• 2:29
  parts
• 2:30
  of
• 2:30
  North
• 2:30
  America
• 2:30
  in
• 2:31
  Alberta,
• 2:31
  Saskatchewan
• 2:32
  and
• 2:32
  Manitoba.
• 2:33
  And
• 2:33
  nearly
• 2:34
  the
• 2:34
  entire
• 2:34
  population
• 2:35
  winters
• 2:36
  off
• 2:36
  the
• 2:36
  coast
• 2:36
  of
• 2:36
  Peru
• 2:37
  in
• 2:37
  the
• 2:37
  Humboldt
• 2:38
  Current,
• 2:39
  an
• 2:39
  annual
• 2:39
  round
• 2:39
  trip
• 2:40
  migration
• 2:40
  of
• 2:40
  around
• 2:41
  10,000
• 2:42
  miles.
• 2:43
  Seeing
• 2:43
  that
• 2:44
  endless
• 2:44
  raft
• 2:44
  of
• 2:44
  Franklin's
• 2:45
  gulls
• 2:45
  on
• 2:45
  the
• 2:45
  ocean
• 2:46
  has
• 2:46
  really
• 2:46
  stuck
• 2:47
  with
• 2:47
  me.
• 2:47
  It
• 2:47
  was
• 2:48
  among
• 2:48
  the
• 2:48
  first
• 2:48
  times
• 2:48
  that
• 2:49
  I
• 2:49
  saw
• 2:49
  any
• 2:49
  bird
• 2:50
  species
• 2:50
  at
• 2:50
  the
• 2:50
  other
• 2:51
  end
• 2:51
  of
• 2:51
  its
• 2:51
  annual
• 2:52
  migration.
• 2:53
  Imagine
• 2:53
  if
• 2:53
  you
• 2:53
  ran
• 2:53
  a
• 2:54
  marathon
• 2:54
  every
• 2:54
  day
• 2:55
  for
• 2:55
  days,
• 2:56
  without
• 2:56
  gps,
• 2:57
  without
• 2:57
  snacks,
• 2:58
  without
• 2:58
  sneakers.
• 3:00
  That's
• 3:00
  basically
• 3:00
  what
• 3:01
  some
• 3:01
  birds
• 3:01
  do
• 3:02
  every
• 3:03
  single
• 3:03
  year.
• 3:04
  Migration
• 3:05
  is
• 3:05
  one
• 3:05
  of
• 3:05
  nature's
• 3:06
  most
• 3:06
  outrageous
• 3:07
  endurance
• 3:08
  tests.
• 3:08
  And
• 3:08
  birds
• 3:09
  absolutely
• 3:09
  ace
• 3:10
  it.
• 3:10
  Take
• 3:11
  the
• 3:11
  Arctic
• 3:11
  turn
• 3:12
  this
• 3:12
  pint
• 3:12
  sized
• 3:13
  overachiever
• 3:13
  flies
• 3:14
  from
• 3:14
  the
• 3:14
  Arctic
• 3:15
  to
• 3:15
  Antarctica
• 3:17
  and
• 3:17
  back
• 3:18
  again
• 3:18
  each
• 3:19
  year.
• 3:19
  Every
• 3:20
  year.
• 3:20
  That's
• 3:21
  about
• 3:21
  25,000
• 3:22
  miles
• 3:22
  round
• 3:23
  trip
• 3:23
  for
• 3:23
  a
• 3:23
  bird
• 3:24
  that
• 3:24
  weighs
• 3:24
  less
• 3:24
  than
• 3:24
  a
• 3:25
  lemon.
• 3:26
  Why,
• 3:26
  why
• 3:27
  not
• 3:27
  just
• 3:27
  stick
• 3:27
  around,
• 3:28
  find
• 3:28
  a
• 3:28
  nice
• 3:28
  Airbnb
• 3:29
  in
• 3:29
  the
• 3:29
  tropics
• 3:30
  and
• 3:30
  ride
• 3:30
  out
• 3:30
  the
• 3:30
  winter?
• 3:31
  It
• 3:31
  turns
• 3:31
  out
• 3:32
  migration
• 3:32
  isn't
• 3:32
  just
• 3:33
  a
• 3:33
  luxury,
• 3:33
  it's
• 3:34
  a
• 3:34
  strategy.
• 3:34
  Birds
• 3:35
  follow
• 3:35
  food,
• 3:36
  daylight,
• 3:36
  temperature,
• 3:37
  and
• 3:37
  ancient
• 3:37
  cues
• 3:38
  we
• 3:38
  still
• 3:38
  don't
• 3:38
  fully
• 3:39
  understand.
• 3:40
  And
• 3:40
  they
• 3:40
  do
• 3:40
  it
• 3:40
  with
• 3:40
  a
• 3:40
  level
• 3:41
  of
• 3:41
  precision
• 3:41
  that
• 3:41
  would
• 3:42
  make
• 3:42
  even
• 3:42
  the
• 3:42
  best
• 3:42
  airline
• 3:43
  jealous.
• 3:44
  Today
• 3:44
  we'll
• 3:45
  explore
• 3:45
  the
• 3:45
  how,
• 3:45
  the
• 3:46
  why,
• 3:46
  and
• 3:46
  the
• 3:47
  whoa
• 3:47
  of
• 3:47
  avian
• 3:48
  migration.
• 3:49
  From
• 3:49
  high
• 3:49
  altitude
• 3:50
  flights
• 3:50
  to
• 3:50
  nocturnal
• 3:51
  journeys.
• 3:51
  And
• 3:51
  even
• 3:52
  birds
• 3:52
  fly
• 3:52
  for
• 3:53
  seven
• 3:53
  days
• 3:54
  without
• 3:54
  stopping.
• 3:55
  We're
• 3:55
  diving
• 3:56
  into
• 3:56
  the
• 3:56
  science
• 3:56
  of
• 3:56
  the
• 3:57
  great
• 3:57
  flyways.
• 3:58
  Stay
• 3:58
  with
• 3:58
  us.
• 4:04
  Welcome
• 4:05
  back,
• 4:05
  everyone.
• 4:05
  I'm
• 4:06
  really
• 4:06
  excited
• 4:06
  that
• 4:06
  we
• 4:06
  have
• 4:07
  Dr.
• 4:07
  Nate
• 4:07
  center
• 4:07
  with
• 4:08
  us
• 4:08
  today
• 4:08
  to
• 4:08
  talk
• 4:08
  about
• 4:09
  bird
• 4:09
  migration.
• 4:09
  Thanks
• 4:10
  so
• 4:10
  much
• 4:10
  for
• 4:10
  having
• 4:10
  me,
• 4:10
  Scott.
• 4:11
  Really
• 4:11
  happy
• 4:11
  to
• 4:11
  be
• 4:11
  here,
• 4:12
  for
• 4:12
  sure.
• 4:12
  Yeah.
• 4:13
  And
• 4:13
  I
• 4:13
  thought
• 4:13
  we
• 4:13
  could
• 4:13
  start
• 4:14
  off
• 4:14
  with
• 4:14
  just
• 4:15
  the
• 4:15
  why
• 4:15
  of
• 4:15
  it
• 4:16
  all.
• 4:16
  Why
• 4:16
  would
• 4:16
  birds
• 4:16
  migrate,
• 4:18
  in
• 4:18
  the
• 4:18
  case
• 4:18
  of
• 4:18
  the
• 4:18
  Arctic
• 4:19
  tern,
• 4:19
  from
• 4:19
  the
• 4:20
  Arctic
• 4:20
  to
• 4:20
  Antarctica
• 4:21
  and
• 4:21
  back
• 4:21
  every
• 4:21
  year?
• 4:23
  Yeah.
• 4:23
  You
• 4:23
  know
• 4:24
  what
• 4:24
  it
• 4:24
  really
• 4:24
  comes
• 4:25
  down
• 4:25
  to,
• 4:25
  and
• 4:26
  this
• 4:26
  may
• 4:27
  be
• 4:27
  a
• 4:27
  little
• 4:27
  disappointing,
• 4:28
  is
• 4:28
  resources.
• 4:29
  So
• 4:29
  those
• 4:29
  resources
• 4:30
  could
• 4:30
  be
• 4:30
  like
• 4:30
  food,
• 4:31
  they
• 4:31
  could
• 4:31
  be
• 4:31
  shelter.
• 4:32
  And
• 4:32
  it
• 4:33
  is
• 4:34
  either
• 4:34
  the
• 4:34
  fact
• 4:34
  that
• 4:35
  the
• 4:35
  place
• 4:35
  that
• 4:35
  they
• 4:35
  were
• 4:36
  has
• 4:36
  a
• 4:36
  really
• 4:37
  declining
• 4:38
  set
• 4:38
  of
• 4:39
  resources.
• 4:39
  So
• 4:39
  you
• 4:39
  could
• 4:40
  imagine
• 4:40
  an
• 4:40
  Arctic
• 4:40
  tern
• 4:41
  is
• 4:41
  up
• 4:41
  in
• 4:41
  the
• 4:41
  Arctic
• 4:42
  and
• 4:42
  at
• 4:42
  the
• 4:42
  end
• 4:42
  of
• 4:42
  the
• 4:42
  summer,
• 4:43
  there's
• 4:43
  not
• 4:43
  a
• 4:43
  whole
• 4:44
  lot
• 4:44
  left.
• 4:44
  For
• 4:44
  an
• 4:44
  arctic
• 4:45
  tern,
• 4:45
  Antarctica
• 4:46
  is
• 4:46
  really
• 4:46
  that
• 4:47
  much
• 4:47
  better.
• 4:48
  So
• 4:48
  they're
• 4:48
  either
• 4:48
  running
• 4:49
  away
• 4:49
  from
• 4:49
  someplace
• 4:49
  or
• 4:50
  they're
• 4:50
  running
• 4:50
  to
• 4:50
  someplace.
• 4:51
  And.
• 4:51
  And
• 4:51
  I
• 4:51
  should
• 4:51
  say,
• 4:52
  instead
• 4:52
  of
• 4:52
  running,
• 4:52
  they're
• 4:53
  flying.
• 4:53
  Right.
• 4:53
  We're
• 4:53
  talking
• 4:54
  about
• 4:54
  birds
• 4:54
  here.
• 4:56
  Yeah.
• 4:56
  Flying
• 4:57
  crazy
• 4:57
  distances.
• 4:58
  As
• 4:58
  someone
• 4:58
  who
• 4:58
  studies
• 4:59
  migration,
• 5:00
  what
• 5:01
  is
• 5:01
  like
• 5:01
  the
• 5:01
  most
• 5:02
  memorable
• 5:02
  migration
• 5:03
  that
• 5:03
  you've
• 5:03
  tracked?
• 5:04
  Oh,
• 5:04
  man,
• 5:05
  I've
• 5:05
  been
• 5:05
  waiting
• 5:05
  years
• 5:06
  for
• 5:06
  someone
• 5:06
  to
• 5:06
  ask
• 5:07
  me
• 5:07
  this,
• 5:07
  Scott.
• 5:08
  I
• 5:08
  mean,
• 5:08
  come
• 5:09
  on.
• 5:09
  Sony
• 5:10
  and
• 5:10
  Godwitz.
• 5:10
  This
• 5:11
  is
• 5:11
  the
• 5:11
  bird
• 5:11
  right,
• 5:11
  right
• 5:12
  here
• 5:12
  over
• 5:12
  my,
• 5:12
  my
• 5:13
  shoulders.
• 5:13
  So
• 5:14
  let's
• 5:14
  see.
• 5:14
  They're
• 5:15
  about
• 5:15
  a
• 5:15
  foot
• 5:15
  and
• 5:16
  foot
• 5:16
  and
• 5:16
  a
• 5:16
  half
• 5:16
  tall.
• 5:18
  In
• 5:18
  the
• 5:18
  breeding
• 5:19
  season,
• 5:19
  the
• 5:19
  males
• 5:20
  are
• 5:21
  brick
• 5:21
  red.
• 5:22
  But
• 5:22
  I
• 5:22
  think
• 5:23
  the
• 5:23
  feature
• 5:23
  that
• 5:24
  everybody
• 5:25
  notices
• 5:26
  right
• 5:26
  away
• 5:26
  is
• 5:27
  actually
• 5:27
  how
• 5:27
  long
• 5:28
  and
• 5:29
  slightly
• 5:29
  upturned
• 5:30
  their
• 5:30
  bill
• 5:30
  is.
• 5:31
  So
• 5:31
  in
• 5:31
  Spanish
• 5:32
  and
• 5:32
  Portuguese,
• 5:33
  their
• 5:33
  name
• 5:34
  means
• 5:35
  the
• 5:35
  shorebird
• 5:36
  with
• 5:36
  the
• 5:36
  upturned
• 5:37
  bill.
• 5:37
  They
• 5:38
  fly
• 5:38
  from
• 5:38
  the
• 5:38
  southern
• 5:39
  tip
• 5:39
  of
• 5:39
  South
• 5:39
  America
• 5:40
  all
• 5:40
  the
• 5:40
  way
• 5:41
  back
• 5:41
  up
• 5:42
  eventually
• 5:42
  to
• 5:42
  their
• 5:43
  breeding
• 5:43
  grounds
• 5:43
  in
• 5:43
  either
• 5:44
  Alaska
• 5:44
  or
• 5:45
  Canada.
• 5:46
  And
• 5:46
  along
• 5:46
  the
• 5:47
  way
• 5:47
  they
• 5:47
  have
• 5:47
  a
• 5:48
  five
• 5:48
  to
• 5:48
  seven
• 5:48
  day
• 5:49
  non
• 5:49
  stop
• 5:50
  flight
• 5:50
  out
• 5:50
  over
• 5:50
  the
• 5:51
  middle
• 5:51
  of
• 5:51
  the
• 5:51
  Pacific
• 5:51
  Ocean.
• 5:52
  And
• 5:53
  you
• 5:53
  know,
• 5:53
  we
• 5:54
  just
• 5:54
  talked
• 5:54
  about
• 5:54
  Arctic
• 5:55
  terns
• 5:55
  and
• 5:55
  arctic
• 5:55
  terns
• 5:56
  are
• 5:56
  pretty
• 5:56
  cool.
• 5:56
  But
• 5:56
  here's
• 5:57
  the
• 5:57
  thing
• 5:57
  about
• 5:57
  terns
• 5:58
  is
• 5:58
  they
• 5:59
  can
• 5:59
  forage
• 6:00
  and
• 6:00
  feed
• 6:01
  on
• 6:01
  the
• 6:01
  ocean,
• 6:02
  but
• 6:02
  Godwitz
• 6:03
  cannot.
• 6:03
  So
• 6:04
  they
• 6:04
  are
• 6:04
  flapping
• 6:05
  continuously
• 6:06
  for
• 6:06
  that
• 6:06
  entire
• 6:07
  time.
• 6:08
  And
• 6:08
  they're
• 6:09
  not
• 6:09
  eating,
• 6:09
  they're
• 6:10
  not
• 6:10
  drinking,
• 6:11
  so
• 6:11
  far
• 6:11
  as
• 6:11
  we
• 6:11
  know,
• 6:11
  they're
• 6:12
  not
• 6:12
  sleeping.
• 6:13
  And
• 6:13
  that
• 6:14
  to
• 6:14
  me,
• 6:14
  like,
• 6:15
  I've
• 6:15
  thought
• 6:16
  about
• 6:16
  Godwitz
• 6:17
  probably
• 6:17
  every
• 6:17
  day
• 6:17
  for
• 6:17
  the
• 6:18
  past
• 6:18
  25
• 6:18
  years,
• 6:19
  and
• 6:19
  I
• 6:19
  still
• 6:20
  find
• 6:20
  that
• 6:20
  really
• 6:21
  flipping
• 6:21
  cool.
• 6:23
  That's
• 6:23
  amazing.
• 6:24
  So
• 6:24
  if
• 6:24
  they're
• 6:24
  flying
• 6:24
  for
• 6:25
  five
• 6:25
  to
• 6:25
  seven
• 6:25
  days
• 6:26
  continuously,
• 6:27
  and
• 6:27
  godwits
• 6:28
  for
• 6:28
  our
• 6:28
  listeners
• 6:28
  are
• 6:29
  shorebirds,
• 6:29
  so
• 6:30
  they
• 6:30
  need
• 6:30
  to
• 6:31
  be
• 6:31
  at
• 6:31
  the
• 6:32
  shoreline
• 6:32
  feeding
• 6:32
  on
• 6:33
  invertebrates
• 6:33
  and
• 6:34
  other
• 6:34
  things,
• 6:34
  and
• 6:34
  mud
• 6:35
  flats
• 6:35
  mostly,
• 6:35
  I
• 6:36
  guess.
• 6:36
  Although
• 6:36
  Nate
• 6:37
  can
• 6:37
  speak
• 6:37
  more
• 6:38
  to
• 6:38
  that.
• 6:38
  Exactly
• 6:38
  right.
• 6:40
  What
• 6:40
  happens
• 6:40
  to
• 6:41
  them?
• 6:41
  How
• 6:41
  much
• 6:41
  body
• 6:42
  mass
• 6:42
  do
• 6:42
  they
• 6:42
  lose
• 6:43
  if
• 6:43
  they.
• 6:44
  I
• 6:44
  can't
• 6:44
  imagine
• 6:45
  being
• 6:46
  awake
• 6:46
  and
• 6:46
  doing
• 6:47
  something
• 6:47
  for
• 6:47
  five.
• 6:48
  Well,
• 6:48
  I
• 6:48
  think
• 6:48
  I
• 6:48
  would
• 6:48
  just
• 6:49
  die.
• 6:50
  I
• 6:50
  think
• 6:50
  any
• 6:51
  human
• 6:51
  would
• 6:51
  die
• 6:51
  if
• 6:51
  you
• 6:52
  tried
• 6:52
  that.
• 6:52
  But
• 6:52
  what
• 6:53
  happens
• 6:53
  to
• 6:53
  these
• 6:53
  Godwits?
• 6:55
  How
• 6:55
  much
• 6:55
  do
• 6:55
  they
• 6:55
  have
• 6:55
  to
• 6:55
  put
• 6:56
  on?
• 6:56
  How
• 6:56
  much
• 6:56
  weight
• 6:56
  do
• 6:57
  they
• 6:57
  lose
• 6:57
  and
• 6:57
  those
• 6:57
  sorts
• 6:58
  of
• 6:58
  things.
• 6:58
  Yeah,
• 6:58
  they're
• 6:59
  at
• 6:59
  least
• 6:59
  doubling
• 7:00
  their
• 7:00
  body
• 7:00
  weight
• 7:01
  from
• 7:01
  what
• 7:01
  they
• 7:01
  are
• 7:01
  normally,
• 7:02
  and
• 7:02
  most
• 7:03
  of
• 7:03
  that
• 7:03
  is
• 7:03
  fat.
• 7:04
  And
• 7:04
  this
• 7:05
  is
• 7:05
  one
• 7:05
  of
• 7:05
  the
• 7:05
  key
• 7:05
  things
• 7:06
  about
• 7:06
  bird
• 7:06
  migration,
• 7:07
  is
• 7:08
  that
• 7:08
  unlike
• 7:09
  humans,
• 7:10
  birds
• 7:10
  are
• 7:10
  burning
• 7:11
  fat
• 7:12
  as
• 7:12
  their
• 7:12
  main
• 7:12
  fuel.
• 7:13
  If
• 7:13
  you
• 7:13
  watch
• 7:13
  the
• 7:13
  Chicago
• 7:14
  Marathon,
• 7:15
  the
• 7:15
  people
• 7:15
  at
• 7:16
  the
• 7:16
  front
• 7:16
  of
• 7:16
  that
• 7:16
  race
• 7:17
  did
• 7:17
  not
• 7:17
  look
• 7:17
  really
• 7:18
  fat
• 7:18
  at
• 7:18
  the
• 7:18
  beginning
• 7:19
  and
• 7:19
  then
• 7:20
  really
• 7:20
  skinny
• 7:20
  at
• 7:20
  the
• 7:21
  end.
• 7:21
  But
• 7:21
  that
• 7:21
  is
• 7:22
  exactly
• 7:22
  what
• 7:22
  birds
• 7:23
  like
• 7:23
  Godwits
• 7:23
  are
• 7:24
  doing
• 7:24
  because
• 7:24
  they're
• 7:24
  able
• 7:24
  to
• 7:25
  burn
• 7:25
  that
• 7:25
  fat,
• 7:25
  whereas
• 7:26
  humans
• 7:26
  are
• 7:26
  burning
• 7:26
  carbohydrates
• 7:27
  as
• 7:27
  their
• 7:27
  main
• 7:28
  fuel
• 7:28
  source
• 7:29
  while
• 7:29
  they're
• 7:30
  exercising.
• 7:31
  So
• 7:32
  Godwits
• 7:32
  are
• 7:33
  doubling
• 7:33
  their
• 7:33
  body
• 7:33
  weight,
• 7:34
  putting
• 7:34
  on
• 7:34
  a
• 7:34
  whole
• 7:34
  bunch
• 7:35
  of
• 7:35
  fat.
• 7:35
  And
• 7:35
  initially
• 7:36
  they're
• 7:36
  also
• 7:37
  building
• 7:37
  up
• 7:37
  their,
• 7:38
  their
• 7:38
  muscles,
• 7:38
  like
• 7:39
  their
• 7:39
  pectoralis
• 7:40
  muscles,
• 7:41
  their
• 7:41
  main
• 7:41
  muscle
• 7:42
  that
• 7:42
  allows
• 7:42
  them
• 7:42
  to
• 7:42
  flap.
• 7:43
  And
• 7:43
  then
• 7:44
  while
• 7:44
  they're
• 7:44
  gorging
• 7:45
  on
• 7:45
  food,
• 7:45
  they've
• 7:46
  got
• 7:46
  huge
• 7:46
  digestive
• 7:47
  organs
• 7:47
  so
• 7:47
  that
• 7:48
  they
• 7:48
  can
• 7:48
  assimilate
• 7:49
  all
• 7:49
  of
• 7:49
  the
• 7:50
  nutrients
• 7:50
  from
• 7:50
  all
• 7:51
  the
• 7:51
  food
• 7:51
  that
• 7:51
  they're
• 7:51
  eating.
• 7:52
  But
• 7:52
  then
• 7:52
  right
• 7:53
  before
• 7:53
  they
• 7:53
  take
• 7:53
  off,
• 7:54
  they
• 7:54
  shrink
• 7:55
  all
• 7:55
  of
• 7:55
  those
• 7:55
  digestive
• 7:56
  organs,
• 7:57
  because
• 7:57
  while
• 7:58
  they're
• 7:58
  flying,
• 7:59
  they're
• 8:00
  not
• 8:00
  eating,
• 8:00
  they're
• 8:00
  not
• 8:00
  drinking,
• 8:01
  so
• 8:01
  they
• 8:01
  have
• 8:01
  no
• 8:01
  use
• 8:02
  for
• 8:02
  those
• 8:02
  organs.
• 8:03
  So
• 8:03
  they've
• 8:03
  completely
• 8:04
  sort
• 8:04
  of
• 8:05
  reorganized
• 8:05
  their
• 8:06
  body
• 8:06
  plan
• 8:06
  in
• 8:07
  order
• 8:07
  to
• 8:07
  maximize
• 8:08
  their
• 8:08
  ability
• 8:08
  to
• 8:08
  go
• 8:09
  these
• 8:09
  incredible
• 8:09
  distances.
• 8:11
  That's
• 8:11
  amazing.
• 8:11
  Well,
• 8:12
  I
• 8:12
  guess
• 8:12
  my
• 8:12
  next
• 8:13
  question
• 8:13
  then
• 8:13
  is
• 8:13
  how
• 8:13
  do
• 8:14
  you
• 8:14
  know
• 8:14
  that
• 8:14
  that's
• 8:14
  what
• 8:14
  they
• 8:15
  do?
• 8:16
  So
• 8:16
  you
• 8:16
  say
• 8:17
  they
• 8:17
  leave
• 8:17
  from
• 8:17
  the
• 8:17
  tip
• 8:18
  of
• 8:18
  South
• 8:18
  America,
• 8:18
  they
• 8:19
  show
• 8:19
  up
• 8:19
  in
• 8:19
  Alaska.
• 8:20
  But
• 8:21
  how
• 8:21
  do
• 8:21
  you
• 8:21
  know
• 8:22
  that?
• 8:22
  What
• 8:22
  do
• 8:22
  you
• 8:22
  do
• 8:22
  to
• 8:22
  track
• 8:23
  migration?
• 8:23
  Yeah
• 8:24
  man,
• 8:25
  computers
• 8:25
  can
• 8:25
  be
• 8:25
  really
• 8:26
  tiny.
• 8:28
  So
• 8:28
  quite
• 8:28
  a
• 8:29
  long
• 8:29
  time
• 8:29
  ago,
• 8:29
  the
• 8:29
  very
• 8:30
  first
• 8:30
  sort
• 8:31
  of
• 8:31
  tracking
• 8:31
  devices
• 8:32
  looked
• 8:32
  like
• 8:32
  Cadillacs
• 8:33
  that
• 8:33
  you
• 8:34
  put
• 8:34
  on
• 8:34
  the
• 8:34
  back
• 8:34
  of
• 8:34
  a
• 8:35
  bird.
• 8:35
  So
• 8:35
  we
• 8:35
  understandably,
• 8:37
  we're
• 8:37
  putting
• 8:37
  them
• 8:37
  on
• 8:37
  only
• 8:38
  very
• 8:38
  big
• 8:38
  birds
• 8:39
  like
• 8:39
  penguins
• 8:39
  or
• 8:40
  condors.
• 8:41
  But
• 8:41
  we've
• 8:41
  gotten
• 8:41
  down
• 8:42
  to
• 8:42
  the
• 8:42
  point
• 8:42
  where
• 8:42
  we
• 8:43
  can,
• 8:43
  we
• 8:43
  have
• 8:44
  tracking
• 8:44
  devices
• 8:44
  that
• 8:45
  are
• 8:45
  about
• 8:45
  0.3
• 8:46
  grams.
• 8:47
  And
• 8:47
  I
• 8:47
  usually
• 8:48
  say
• 8:48
  that
• 8:48
  a
• 8:48
  gram
• 8:49
  is
• 8:49
  about
• 8:49
  a
• 8:49
  paperclip.
• 8:50
  So
• 8:51
  we're
• 8:51
  talking
• 8:51
  a
• 8:51
  third
• 8:52
  of
• 8:52
  the
• 8:52
  weight
• 8:53
  of
• 8:53
  a
• 8:53
  paperclip
• 8:53
  that
• 8:53
  we
• 8:54
  can
• 8:54
  put
• 8:54
  on
• 8:54
  a
• 8:54
  bird.
• 8:55
  It
• 8:55
  took
• 8:55
  me
• 8:55
  a
• 8:55
  long
• 8:55
  time
• 8:56
  to
• 8:56
  learn
• 8:56
  the
• 8:57
  route
• 8:57
  to
• 8:57
  drive
• 8:57
  to
• 8:57
  my
• 8:57
  grandparents
• 8:58
  house.
• 8:59
  And
• 8:59
  we
• 8:59
  did
• 8:59
  that,
• 9:00
  you
• 9:00
  know,
• 9:00
  twice
• 9:00
  a
• 9:00
  year
• 9:01
  my
• 9:01
  whole
• 9:01
  childhood.
• 9:02
  And
• 9:02
  I
• 9:02
  think
• 9:02
  I
• 9:03
  could
• 9:03
  probably
• 9:03
  do
• 9:03
  it
• 9:04
  now,
• 9:04
  but
• 9:04
  it
• 9:05
  took
• 9:05
  me
• 9:05
  like
• 9:05
  learning
• 9:05
  landmarks
• 9:06
  and,
• 9:07
  and
• 9:07
  basically
• 9:08
  my
• 9:08
  parents
• 9:08
  guiding
• 9:09
  me
• 9:09
  along
• 9:09
  the
• 9:09
  way
• 9:10
  right
• 9:10
  while
• 9:10
  I
• 9:10
  was
• 9:10
  watching
• 9:10
  whatever
• 9:11
  Sesame
• 9:11
  street
• 9:11
  in
• 9:12
  the
• 9:12
  backseat
• 9:12
  they
• 9:12
  were
• 9:12
  driving.
• 9:13
  But
• 9:13
  for
• 9:14
  birds,
• 9:14
  do
• 9:14
  they
• 9:15
  have
• 9:15
  to
• 9:15
  learn
• 9:16
  a
• 9:16
  migration?
• 9:16
  Is
• 9:17
  it
• 9:17
  something
• 9:17
  that
• 9:18
  they're
• 9:18
  born
• 9:19
  knowing
• 9:19
  or
• 9:20
  what's
• 9:21
  the
• 9:21
  latest
• 9:21
  on
• 9:22
  that
• 9:22
  from
• 9:22
  a
• 9:22
  science
• 9:22
  perspective?
• 9:23
  How
• 9:24
  did
• 9:24
  they
• 9:24
  learn
• 9:24
  it?
• 9:24
  Well,
• 9:24
  it
• 9:25
  really
• 9:25
  depends
• 9:25
  on
• 9:25
  the
• 9:25
  species.
• 9:27
  So
• 9:27
  for
• 9:28
  some
• 9:28
  species
• 9:28
  there
• 9:29
  is
• 9:29
  an
• 9:29
  innate
• 9:30
  mechanism
• 9:30
  that
• 9:30
  tells
• 9:31
  them
• 9:31
  probably
• 9:32
  something
• 9:32
  like
• 9:33
  the
• 9:33
  general
• 9:33
  direction
• 9:34
  they
• 9:34
  should
• 9:34
  head
• 9:35
  and
• 9:35
  how
• 9:35
  long
• 9:36
  they
• 9:36
  should
• 9:36
  spend
• 9:36
  flying
• 9:37
  in
• 9:37
  that
• 9:37
  direction.
• 9:38
  But
• 9:39
  other
• 9:40
  longer
• 9:40
  lived
• 9:40
  species
• 9:41
  like
• 9:41
  cranes
• 9:42
  and
• 9:42
  geese,
• 9:44
  this
• 9:44
  is
• 9:44
  a
• 9:44
  culturally
• 9:45
  learned
• 9:45
  thing.
• 9:46
  So
• 9:46
  they're
• 9:47
  learning
• 9:47
  it
• 9:47
  from
• 9:47
  their
• 9:48
  parents
• 9:48
  or
• 9:49
  other
• 9:49
  birds
• 9:50
  that
• 9:50
  may
• 9:50
  have
• 9:50
  been
• 9:51
  in
• 9:51
  the
• 9:51
  area
• 9:52
  when
• 9:52
  they
• 9:52
  took
• 9:52
  off
• 9:52
  on
• 9:52
  their
• 9:53
  migration.
• 9:54
  So
• 9:55
  there's
• 9:55
  really
• 9:55
  this
• 9:56
  wide
• 9:56
  array
• 9:56
  of
• 9:56
  how
• 9:57
  it
• 9:57
  is
• 9:57
  that
• 9:57
  birds
• 9:58
  come
• 9:58
  across,
• 9:58
  the
• 9:58
  knowledge
• 9:59
  that
• 9:59
  allows
• 10:00
  them
• 10:00
  to
• 10:00
  migrate.
• 10:01
  On
• 10:01
  the
• 10:01
  spectrum
• 10:02
  between
• 10:03
  learning
• 10:03
  migration
• 10:04
  from
• 10:04
  your
• 10:04
  parents
• 10:04
  or
• 10:05
  grandparents
• 10:05
  to
• 10:06
  maybe
• 10:07
  doing
• 10:07
  something
• 10:07
  that
• 10:07
  seems
• 10:08
  innate.
• 10:09
  To
• 10:09
  me,
• 10:09
  the
• 10:10
  most
• 10:10
  mind
• 10:10
  boggling
• 10:11
  example
• 10:11
  of
• 10:11
  innate
• 10:12
  migration
• 10:12
  is
• 10:13
  what
• 10:13
  sharp
• 10:13
  tailed
• 10:14
  sandpipers
• 10:14
  do.
• 10:15
  So
• 10:15
  an
• 10:16
  adult
• 10:16
  sharp
• 10:16
  tailed
• 10:17
  sandpiper,
• 10:17
  they
• 10:17
  breed
• 10:18
  in
• 10:18
  Siberia,
• 10:19
  in
• 10:19
  Russia
• 10:20
  and
• 10:21
  they
• 10:21
  go
• 10:21
  down
• 10:21
  to
• 10:22
  Australia
• 10:23
  and
• 10:23
  they
• 10:23
  do
• 10:23
  the
• 10:24
  thing
• 10:24
  that
• 10:24
  you
• 10:24
  would
• 10:24
  expect
• 10:24
  them
• 10:25
  to
• 10:25
  do,
• 10:25
  which
• 10:25
  is
• 10:25
  they
• 10:25
  more
• 10:25
  or
• 10:26
  less
• 10:26
  go
• 10:26
  down
• 10:26
  the
• 10:26
  Asian
• 10:27
  coast.
• 10:28
  But
• 10:28
  what
• 10:28
  all
• 10:29
  of
• 10:29
  the
• 10:29
  young
• 10:29
  sharp
• 10:30
  tailed
• 10:30
  sandpipers
• 10:30
  in
• 10:30
  the
• 10:31
  world
• 10:31
  do
• 10:31
  is
• 10:31
  something
• 10:31
  completely
• 10:32
  different.
• 10:33
  They
• 10:33
  fly
• 10:33
  east
• 10:34
  until
• 10:34
  they
• 10:34
  hit
• 10:35
  Alaska.
• 10:36
  They
• 10:36
  spend
• 10:36
  a
• 10:36
  while
• 10:37
  in
• 10:37
  Alaska
• 10:38
  and
• 10:38
  then
• 10:38
  they
• 10:38
  fly
• 10:39
  across
• 10:39
  the
• 10:39
  Pacific
• 10:40
  south,
• 10:41
  going
• 10:41
  towards
• 10:42
  the
• 10:42
  southern
• 10:43
  coast
• 10:43
  of
• 10:43
  China
• 10:44
  and
• 10:44
  then
• 10:44
  further
• 10:44
  on
• 10:46
  towards
• 10:46
  Australia
• 10:47
  and
• 10:47
  the
• 10:48
  Malaysian
• 10:48
  Peninsula.
• 10:49
  So
• 10:49
  they've
• 10:50
  got
• 10:50
  this
• 10:50
  whole
• 10:50
  dogleg
• 10:52
  to
• 10:52
  their
• 10:52
  migration
• 10:52
  that
• 10:53
  their
• 10:53
  parents
• 10:53
  don't
• 10:54
  do,
• 10:54
  meaning
• 10:55
  that
• 10:55
  the
• 10:55
  second
• 10:55
  year
• 10:56
  that
• 10:56
  they
• 10:56
  make
• 10:56
  their
• 10:56
  migration,
• 10:57
  they
• 10:57
  don't
• 10:57
  do
• 10:57
  it
• 10:57
  again.
• 10:58
  It's
• 10:58
  just
• 10:59
  this
• 10:59
  one
• 10:59
  time
• 10:59
  that
• 11:00
  the
• 11:00
  young
• 11:00
  birds
• 11:01
  do
• 11:01
  this
• 11:02
  crazy
• 11:02
  thing.
• 11:02
  And
• 11:03
  so,
• 11:03
  yeah,
• 11:04
  the
• 11:04
  ways
• 11:04
  in
• 11:04
  which
• 11:04
  migration
• 11:05
  sort
• 11:05
  of
• 11:05
  develops
• 11:06
  in
• 11:06
  birds
• 11:06
  varies
• 11:07
  dramatically
• 11:07
  across
• 11:08
  species.
• 11:08
  In
• 11:09
  some
• 11:09
  ways,
• 11:09
  it
• 11:09
  doesn't
• 11:09
  always
• 11:10
  make
• 11:10
  a
• 11:10
  whole
• 11:10
  lot
• 11:10
  of
• 11:10
  sense.
• 11:11
  Does
• 11:12
  anyone
• 11:12
  know
• 11:12
  why
• 11:13
  that
• 11:13
  would
• 11:14
  have
• 11:14
  evolved?
• 11:15
  Well,
• 11:16
  where
• 11:17
  the
• 11:17
  juveniles
• 11:18
  go
• 11:18
  and
• 11:18
  spend
• 11:18
  time
• 11:19
  in
• 11:19
  Alaska
• 11:19
  is
• 11:19
  the
• 11:20
  Yukon
• 11:20
  Kuskokwim
• 11:21
  Delta.
• 11:21
  So
• 11:21
  if
• 11:22
  you're
• 11:22
  thinking
• 11:22
  about
• 11:23
  Alaska,
• 11:23
  maybe
• 11:23
  you
• 11:23
  can
• 11:24
  picture
• 11:24
  where
• 11:24
  Nome
• 11:24
  is.
• 11:25
  It's
• 11:25
  sort
• 11:25
  of
• 11:25
  like
• 11:25
  up
• 11:26
  in
• 11:26
  the
• 11:26
  northwest
• 11:26
  corner.
• 11:26
  So
• 11:27
  this
• 11:27
  is
• 11:27
  south
• 11:27
  of
• 11:27
  there
• 11:28
  and
• 11:28
  is
• 11:28
  one
• 11:28
  of
• 11:29
  the
• 11:29
  most
• 11:29
  productive
• 11:31
  delta
• 11:31
  river
• 11:32
  deltas
• 11:32
  in
• 11:32
  the
• 11:32
  world.
• 11:33
  So
• 11:33
  the
• 11:34
  amount
• 11:34
  of
• 11:34
  food
• 11:35
  in
• 11:35
  the
• 11:35
  mudflats
• 11:35
  there
• 11:36
  is
• 11:36
  just
• 11:36
  incredible.
• 11:37
  And
• 11:37
  so,
• 11:37
  coming
• 11:38
  back
• 11:38
  to
• 11:38
  our
• 11:38
  theme,
• 11:39
  I
• 11:39
  think
• 11:39
  it's
• 11:39
  all
• 11:39
  about
• 11:39
  the
• 11:40
  resources.
• 11:40
  And
• 11:40
  so
• 11:40
  they're
• 11:41
  just
• 11:41
  going
• 11:41
  to
• 11:41
  this
• 11:41
  place
• 11:42
  that
• 11:42
  is
• 11:42
  super
• 11:42
  abundant,
• 11:43
  super
• 11:43
  predictable
• 11:44
  resources.
• 11:45
  It's
• 11:45
  interesting
• 11:46
  when
• 11:46
  a
• 11:46
  bird
• 11:46
  messes
• 11:47
  up,
• 11:47
  right,
• 11:47
  and
• 11:48
  you
• 11:48
  have
• 11:48
  a
• 11:48
  Townsend
• 11:49
  Solitaire,
• 11:49
  you
• 11:50
  know,
• 11:50
  appear
• 11:50
  in
• 11:51
  Ontario,
• 11:52
  what
• 11:52
  happens?
• 11:53
  Like,
• 11:53
  how
• 11:53
  do
• 11:53
  birds
• 11:53
  get
• 11:54
  thrown
• 11:54
  off
• 11:54
  course?
• 11:54
  Why
• 11:55
  do
• 11:55
  we
• 11:55
  see
• 11:55
  these
• 11:55
  vagrancies
• 11:56
  or
• 11:56
  birds
• 11:57
  that
• 11:57
  shouldn't
• 11:57
  be
• 11:57
  in
• 11:57
  a
• 11:57
  place
• 11:58
  show
• 11:58
  up
• 11:58
  during.
• 11:58
  Particularly
• 11:59
  during
• 11:59
  the
• 11:59
  migration,
• 12:00
  migration
• 12:00
  period?
• 12:00
  Yeah,
• 12:02
  well,
• 12:02
  a
• 12:02
  lot
• 12:02
  of
• 12:02
  them
• 12:03
  are
• 12:03
  young
• 12:03
  birds.
• 12:04
  So
• 12:04
  that
• 12:05
  process
• 12:06
  of
• 12:06
  gaining
• 12:06
  the
• 12:07
  knowledge
• 12:07
  about
• 12:07
  where
• 12:07
  to
• 12:07
  migrate
• 12:08
  can
• 12:08
  go
• 12:08
  wrong
• 12:08
  for
• 12:08
  a
• 12:09
  number
• 12:09
  of
• 12:09
  reasons.
• 12:09
  And
• 12:10
  so
• 12:10
  it
• 12:10
  might.
• 12:11
  The
• 12:11
  mechanisms
• 12:11
  sort
• 12:12
  of
• 12:12
  leading
• 12:12
  to
• 12:12
  vagrancy
• 12:13
  could
• 12:13
  very
• 12:13
  well
• 12:14
  differ
• 12:14
  between
• 12:15
  different
• 12:15
  species.
• 12:16
  I
• 12:16
  mean,
• 12:16
  a
• 12:16
  lot
• 12:16
  of
• 12:17
  the
• 12:17
  time
• 12:17
  it
• 12:17
  is
• 12:18
  weather
• 12:18
  related.
• 12:19
  So
• 12:19
  young
• 12:20
  birds
• 12:20
  just
• 12:20
  may
• 12:20
  not
• 12:21
  have
• 12:21
  the
• 12:21
  ability
• 12:21
  to
• 12:21
  sort
• 12:22
  of
• 12:22
  deal
• 12:22
  with,
• 12:22
  say,
• 12:23
  crosswinds
• 12:23
  or
• 12:24
  headwinds
• 12:24
  in
• 12:24
  the
• 12:25
  way
• 12:25
  that
• 12:25
  a
• 12:25
  more
• 12:25
  experienced
• 12:26
  bird
• 12:26
  might.
• 12:27
  But
• 12:27
  for
• 12:27
  some
• 12:27
  of
• 12:27
  these
• 12:27
  birds
• 12:28
  that
• 12:28
  migrate
• 12:28
  using
• 12:29
  sort
• 12:29
  of
• 12:29
  some
• 12:29
  innate
• 12:30
  mechanism,
• 12:31
  it
• 12:31
  could
• 12:31
  be
• 12:31
  actually
• 12:32
  that
• 12:32
  their
• 12:32
  genes
• 12:33
  got
• 12:33
  it
• 12:33
  wrong.
• 12:34
  And
• 12:34
  so
• 12:34
  their
• 12:34
  innate
• 12:35
  mechanism
• 12:35
  is
• 12:35
  telling
• 12:35
  them
• 12:36
  to
• 12:36
  head
• 12:36
  in
• 12:36
  the
• 12:36
  wrong
• 12:36
  direction.
• 12:37
  And,
• 12:38
  you
• 12:38
  know,
• 12:38
  over
• 12:39
  time,
• 12:39
  if
• 12:39
  actually
• 12:40
  that
• 12:40
  new
• 12:40
  route
• 12:40
  works,
• 12:41
  that
• 12:41
  could
• 12:42
  be
• 12:42
  a
• 12:42
  way
• 12:42
  that
• 12:42
  a
• 12:42
  new
• 12:43
  migratory
• 12:43
  pattern
• 12:44
  evolves.
• 12:45
  But
• 12:46
  in
• 12:46
  the
• 12:46
  short
• 12:46
  term,
• 12:47
  most
• 12:47
  of
• 12:47
  what
• 12:47
  we
• 12:47
  see
• 12:48
  is
• 12:48
  a
• 12:48
  bird
• 12:48
  that
• 12:48
  looks
• 12:48
  pretty
• 12:49
  lost
• 12:49
  and
• 12:50
  unfortunately
• 12:51
  may
• 12:51
  not
• 12:51
  ever
• 12:52
  make
• 12:52
  it
• 12:52
  to
• 12:52
  what
• 12:52
  we
• 12:53
  think
• 12:53
  of
• 12:53
  as
• 12:53
  its,
• 12:54
  you
• 12:54
  know,
• 12:56
  most
• 12:56
  optimal
• 12:56
  destination.
• 12:57
  Yeah,
• 12:58
  I
• 12:58
  guess
• 12:58
  a
• 12:58
  lot
• 12:58
  of
• 12:58
  vagrants,
• 12:59
  they
• 12:59
  tend
• 12:59
  not
• 13:00
  to
• 13:00
  make
• 13:00
  it
• 13:00
  as.
• 13:01
  A
• 13:01
  birder
• 13:01
  it's
• 13:02
  so
• 13:02
  much
• 13:02
  fun
• 13:03
  when
• 13:03
  you
• 13:04
  get
• 13:04
  this
• 13:04
  phone
• 13:05
  call
• 13:05
  or
• 13:05
  a
• 13:05
  text
• 13:05
  message
• 13:06
  these
• 13:06
  days,
• 13:06
  where
• 13:06
  they're
• 13:07
  like,
• 13:07
  oh,
• 13:07
  man,
• 13:08
  that
• 13:08
  bird
• 13:08
  from
• 13:09
  Europe
• 13:10
  is
• 13:10
  just
• 13:10
  a
• 13:11
  county
• 13:11
  over
• 13:11
  or
• 13:11
  whatever.
• 13:12
  And
• 13:12
  you're
• 13:12
  like,
• 13:12
  wait,
• 13:13
  a
• 13:13
  bird
• 13:13
  from
• 13:13
  Europe
• 13:14
  is
• 13:14
  here
• 13:15
  in
• 13:15
  the
• 13:15
  middle
• 13:15
  of
• 13:15
  the
• 13:15
  country?
• 13:16
  And
• 13:16
  then
• 13:16
  you're
• 13:16
  like,
• 13:17
  oh,
• 13:17
  right,
• 13:18
  vagrancy.
• 13:19
  This
• 13:19
  just
• 13:19
  happens.
• 13:20
  Birds
• 13:20
  get
• 13:20
  off
• 13:21
  course
• 13:21
  and
• 13:21
  then
• 13:22
  for
• 13:22
  us
• 13:22
  humans,
• 13:22
  it's
• 13:23
  a
• 13:23
  gold
• 13:23
  mine
• 13:23
  to
• 13:23
  just
• 13:23
  be
• 13:23
  like,
• 13:24
  let's
• 13:24
  go
• 13:24
  and
• 13:24
  see
• 13:24
  this
• 13:25
  thing
• 13:25
  we'd
• 13:25
  never
• 13:25
  otherwise
• 13:26
  see.
• 13:26
  I
• 13:27
  think
• 13:27
  one
• 13:27
  of
• 13:27
  the
• 13:27
  more
• 13:27
  famous
• 13:28
  vagrants
• 13:28
  in
• 13:28
  North
• 13:28
  America
• 13:29
  right
• 13:29
  now
• 13:29
  is
• 13:29
  this
• 13:30
  stellar
• 13:30
  sea
• 13:30
  eagle
• 13:31
  that
• 13:31
  showed
• 13:31
  up
• 13:31
  a
• 13:31
  few
• 13:32
  years
• 13:32
  ago.
• 13:32
  Oh,
• 13:33
  man,
• 13:33
  I.
• 13:33
  Oh,
• 13:34
  you
• 13:34
  didn't
• 13:34
  see
• 13:34
  it?
• 13:34
  I
• 13:34
  didn't
• 13:35
  see
• 13:35
  it.
• 13:35
  I'm
• 13:35
  kicking
• 13:36
  myself.
• 13:36
  I
• 13:37
  live
• 13:37
  like
• 13:38
  four
• 13:38
  hours
• 13:38
  from
• 13:39
  where
• 13:39
  it
• 13:39
  was
• 13:39
  and
• 13:39
  I
• 13:40
  didn't
• 13:40
  go
• 13:40
  see
• 13:40
  it.
• 13:41
  I
• 13:41
  just
• 13:41
  thought
• 13:41
  it
• 13:41
  was
• 13:42
  going
• 13:42
  to
• 13:42
  stick
• 13:42
  around.
• 13:42
  And
• 13:42
  then.
• 13:44
  Yeah.
• 13:44
  Is
• 13:45
  there
• 13:45
  evidence
• 13:45
  that
• 13:45
  climate
• 13:46
  change
• 13:46
  is
• 13:46
  leading
• 13:47
  to
• 13:47
  vagrancy
• 13:47
  or
• 13:48
  at
• 13:48
  least
• 13:48
  affecting
• 13:48
  migration?
• 13:50
  Well,
• 13:50
  climate
• 13:50
  change
• 13:51
  is
• 13:51
  definitely
• 13:52
  affecting
• 13:52
  migration
• 13:53
  at
• 13:54
  totally
• 13:55
  global
• 13:55
  scales.
• 13:56
  Is
• 13:56
  it
• 13:56
  driving
• 13:56
  vagrancy?
• 13:57
  Well,
• 13:58
  one
• 13:58
  of
• 13:58
  the
• 13:58
  things
• 13:58
  that
• 13:58
  can
• 13:59
  lead
• 13:59
  to
• 13:59
  vagrancy
• 14:00
  is
• 14:01
  increasingly
• 14:02
  strong
• 14:02
  storms.
• 14:03
  This
• 14:03
  is
• 14:04
  something
• 14:04
  that
• 14:04
  has
• 14:04
  been
• 14:04
  linked
• 14:05
  to
• 14:05
  climate
• 14:05
  change.
• 14:05
  Our
• 14:06
  hurricanes
• 14:06
  are
• 14:06
  getting
• 14:07
  both
• 14:07
  more
• 14:07
  frequent
• 14:08
  and
• 14:08
  stronger.
• 14:08
  They're
• 14:09
  happening
• 14:09
  at
• 14:09
  later
• 14:10
  points
• 14:10
  in
• 14:10
  the
• 14:10
  season.
• 14:11
  We
• 14:12
  know
• 14:12
  that
• 14:13
  bird
• 14:14
  migration
• 14:14
  routes
• 14:15
  have
• 14:15
  evolved
• 14:15
  to
• 14:16
  try
• 14:16
  to
• 14:16
  avoid
• 14:16
  hurricanes.
• 14:18
  You
• 14:18
  know,
• 14:18
  we
• 14:18
  can
• 14:18
  imagine
• 14:19
  hurricanes
• 14:19
  are
• 14:19
  a
• 14:19
  pretty
• 14:20
  bad
• 14:20
  thing
• 14:21
  for
• 14:21
  a
• 14:21
  bird.
• 14:23
  And
• 14:23
  so
• 14:23
  the
• 14:24
  fact
• 14:24
  that
• 14:24
  they're,
• 14:24
  you
• 14:24
  know,
• 14:25
  those
• 14:25
  hurricanes
• 14:26
  are
• 14:26
  appearing
• 14:26
  in
• 14:27
  sort
• 14:27
  of
• 14:27
  unexpected
• 14:28
  times
• 14:29
  and
• 14:29
  with
• 14:29
  unexpected
• 14:30
  force
• 14:31
  could
• 14:31
  absolutely
• 14:32
  lead
• 14:32
  to
• 14:33
  increasing
• 14:33
  vagrancy
• 14:34
  for
• 14:34
  birds
• 14:35
  that
• 14:35
  otherwise
• 14:35
  would
• 14:35
  have
• 14:36
  avoided
• 14:36
  those
• 14:36
  storms.
• 14:37
  But
• 14:37
  what
• 14:37
  about
• 14:37
  your
• 14:37
  birds?
• 14:38
  So
• 14:38
  you've
• 14:38
  been
• 14:38
  studying
• 14:38
  Godwitz
• 14:39
  for
• 14:39
  a
• 14:40
  very
• 14:40
  long
• 14:40
  time,
• 14:40
  as
• 14:40
  you
• 14:40
  alluded
• 14:41
  to.
• 14:41
  And
• 14:42
  how
• 14:42
  have
• 14:42
  you
• 14:42
  noticed
• 14:43
  climate
• 14:43
  change
• 14:44
  impacting
• 14:44
  their
• 14:45
  migration,
• 14:45
  whether
• 14:46
  timing
• 14:46
  or
• 14:47
  their
• 14:47
  breeding
• 14:47
  success?
• 14:48
  Yeah,
• 14:48
  this
• 14:48
  has
• 14:49
  been,
• 14:49
  you
• 14:50
  know,
• 14:50
  a
• 14:50
  lot
• 14:50
  of
• 14:50
  what
• 14:50
  we
• 14:51
  try
• 14:51
  to
• 14:51
  focus
• 14:51
  on,
• 14:52
  and
• 14:52
  it's
• 14:52
  been
• 14:53
  something
• 14:53
  of
• 14:53
  a
• 14:53
  roller
• 14:54
  coaster,
• 14:54
  actually.
• 14:56
  So
• 14:57
  when
• 14:57
  I
• 14:57
  first
• 14:58
  started
• 14:58
  doing
• 14:58
  this
• 14:58
  work
• 15:00
  about,
• 15:00
  yeah,
• 15:00
  20
• 15:00
  years
• 15:01
  ago
• 15:01
  or
• 15:01
  so,
• 15:02
  what
• 15:02
  we
• 15:02
  found
• 15:03
  is
• 15:03
  that
• 15:03
  Godwits
• 15:04
  were
• 15:05
  making
• 15:05
  their
• 15:05
  northward
• 15:06
  migration
• 15:06
  earlier
• 15:07
  and
• 15:07
  earlier
• 15:07
  each
• 15:08
  year.
• 15:08
  And
• 15:08
  that
• 15:09
  actually
• 15:09
  was
• 15:09
  lined
• 15:10
  up
• 15:10
  with
• 15:10
  how
• 15:11
  the
• 15:11
  climate
• 15:11
  was
• 15:11
  changing
• 15:12
  when
• 15:12
  spring
• 15:12
  was
• 15:13
  happening
• 15:13
  on
• 15:13
  their
• 15:14
  breeding
• 15:14
  grounds
• 15:14
  in
• 15:14
  Alaska.
• 15:16
  And
• 15:16
  so
• 15:17
  I
• 15:17
  sort
• 15:17
  of
• 15:17
  thought
• 15:17
  Godwits
• 15:18
  were
• 15:18
  doing
• 15:18
  all
• 15:18
  right.
• 15:19
  And
• 15:20
  then
• 15:20
  at
• 15:20
  some
• 15:20
  point
• 15:21
  in,
• 15:22
  say,
• 15:22
  like,
• 15:22
  2015,
• 15:23
  2016,
• 15:24
  we
• 15:24
  started
• 15:24
  to
• 15:25
  notice
• 15:25
  that
• 15:26
  they
• 15:26
  weren't
• 15:26
  timing
• 15:27
  their
• 15:27
  breeding
• 15:28
  as
• 15:28
  well
• 15:28
  as
• 15:29
  they
• 15:29
  had
• 15:29
  been.
• 15:29
  They
• 15:29
  were
• 15:30
  a
• 15:30
  little
• 15:30
  too
• 15:30
  late
• 15:31
  relative
• 15:31
  to
• 15:31
  when
• 15:32
  spring
• 15:32
  was
• 15:32
  starting.
• 15:33
  And
• 15:34
  then
• 15:35
  all
• 15:35
  of
• 15:35
  a
• 15:35
  sudden,
• 15:36
  in
• 15:36
  about
• 15:36
  2020,
• 15:37
  we
• 15:37
  started
• 15:38
  to
• 15:38
  notice
• 15:38
  that
• 15:38
  they
• 15:38
  were
• 15:38
  actually
• 15:39
  arriving
• 15:39
  later
• 15:40
  than
• 15:40
  they
• 15:40
  had
• 15:40
  the
• 15:41
  previous
• 15:41
  year.
• 15:42
  We've
• 15:43
  seen
• 15:43
  this
• 15:44
  trend
• 15:44
  over
• 15:44
  the
• 15:44
  course
• 15:45
  of
• 15:45
  35,
• 15:45
  40
• 15:46
  years
• 15:46
  where
• 15:46
  they're
• 15:46
  getting
• 15:47
  earlier
• 15:48
  actually
• 15:48
  now
• 15:48
  over
• 15:49
  the
• 15:49
  past
• 15:50
  decade,
• 15:51
  they
• 15:51
  have
• 15:51
  completely
• 15:52
  erased
• 15:53
  that
• 15:53
  trend.
• 15:53
  And
• 15:54
  they're
• 15:54
  now
• 15:54
  arriving
• 15:55
  basically
• 15:56
  as
• 15:56
  late
• 15:56
  as
• 15:56
  they
• 15:57
  were
• 15:57
  in
• 15:58
  the
• 15:58
  early
• 15:58
  1980s.
• 16:00
  So
• 16:01
  they
• 16:01
  did
• 16:02
  this
• 16:02
  like,
• 16:03
  and
• 16:03
  then
• 16:04
  back
• 16:04
  up
• 16:04
  the
• 16:04
  other
• 16:05
  way
• 16:05
  in
• 16:05
  terms
• 16:05
  of
• 16:05
  their
• 16:05
  arrival
• 16:06
  timing.
• 16:06
  And
• 16:07
  this
• 16:07
  is
• 16:08
  really
• 16:08
  our
• 16:08
  focus
• 16:09
  right
• 16:09
  now,
• 16:09
  is
• 16:09
  trying
• 16:09
  to
• 16:10
  figure
• 16:10
  out
• 16:10
  what
• 16:10
  is
• 16:10
  going
• 16:11
  on
• 16:11
  climatically
• 16:13
  that
• 16:13
  would
• 16:13
  have
• 16:13
  caused
• 16:14
  them
• 16:14
  to
• 16:14
  come
• 16:14
  there
• 16:15
  earlier
• 16:15
  and
• 16:15
  now
• 16:15
  is
• 16:16
  telling
• 16:16
  them
• 16:16
  to
• 16:16
  come
• 16:17
  there
• 16:17
  later
• 16:18
  because
• 16:18
  it's
• 16:18
  not
• 16:19
  optimal
• 16:20
  for
• 16:20
  the
• 16:20
  birds.
• 16:21
  They're
• 16:21
  breeding
• 16:22
  too
• 16:22
  late,
• 16:23
  their
• 16:24
  chicks
• 16:24
  are
• 16:25
  starving.
• 16:26
  And
• 16:27
  yeah,
• 16:28
  it's
• 16:28
  just,
• 16:29
  it's
• 16:30
  a
• 16:30
  big
• 16:30
  mystery
• 16:30
  for
• 16:31
  us
• 16:31
  and,
• 16:32
  and
• 16:32
  it's
• 16:33
  happened
• 16:33
  so
• 16:33
  fast.
• 16:34
  It's
• 16:34
  interesting
• 16:34
  too.
• 16:35
  It
• 16:35
  seems
• 16:35
  like
• 16:35
  they
• 16:35
  were
• 16:36
  like
• 16:36
  there
• 16:36
  was
• 16:36
  some
• 16:37
  cues
• 16:37
  they
• 16:37
  were
• 16:37
  trying
• 16:38
  to
• 16:38
  track
• 16:38
  or
• 16:39
  whatever
• 16:39
  that
• 16:40
  either
• 16:40
  changed
• 16:41
  or
• 16:41
  were
• 16:41
  not
• 16:41
  successful.
• 16:42
  So
• 16:42
  the
• 16:42
  strategy's
• 16:43
  going
• 16:43
  the
• 16:43
  other
• 16:43
  direction.
• 16:44
  How
• 16:44
  do
• 16:44
  you
• 16:44
  figure
• 16:45
  that
• 16:45
  piece
• 16:46
  of
• 16:46
  it
• 16:46
  out?
• 16:46
  Like,
• 16:46
  are
• 16:46
  you
• 16:47
  looking
• 16:47
  at
• 16:47
  climate
• 16:48
  variables,
• 16:49
  food
• 16:49
  availability,
• 16:50
  all
• 16:50
  of
• 16:50
  the
• 16:51
  above
• 16:51
  stopover
• 16:52
  sites?
• 16:52
  Like,
• 16:52
  how
• 16:53
  do
• 16:53
  you
• 16:53
  kind
• 16:53
  of
• 16:53
  try
• 16:53
  to
• 16:54
  solve
• 16:54
  that
• 16:55
  puzzle?
• 16:56
  So
• 16:56
  got
• 16:57
  collaborators
• 16:57
  in
• 16:57
  Chile
• 16:58
  who
• 16:58
  are
• 16:58
  trying
• 16:58
  to
• 16:58
  investigate
• 16:59
  like,
• 16:59
  what
• 17:00
  may
• 17:00
  or
• 17:00
  may
• 17:00
  not
• 17:00
  be
• 17:00
  changing
• 17:01
  down
• 17:02
  in
• 17:02
  the
• 17:03
  spots
• 17:03
  where
• 17:03
  godwits
• 17:04
  are
• 17:04
  spending
• 17:04
  the
• 17:04
  winter.
• 17:06
  Then
• 17:06
  we're
• 17:07
  definitely
• 17:08
  trying
• 17:08
  to
• 17:08
  look
• 17:08
  at
• 17:08
  food
• 17:08
  resources
• 17:09
  in
• 17:10
  the
• 17:10
  mid
• 17:10
  continent
• 17:10
  of
• 17:11
  the
• 17:11
  us
• 17:11
  so
• 17:11
  in
• 17:11
  the
• 17:11
  Dakotas,
• 17:12
  that's
• 17:12
  like
• 17:13
  the
• 17:13
  one
• 17:13
  sort
• 17:13
  of
• 17:13
  place
• 17:14
  that
• 17:14
  God
• 17:14
  would
• 17:14
  stop
• 17:15
  on
• 17:15
  their
• 17:16
  way
• 17:16
  from
• 17:16
  Chile
• 17:16
  back
• 17:17
  to
• 17:17
  Alaska
• 17:18
  and
• 17:18
  then
• 17:19
  investigate
• 17:20
  what
• 17:20
  might
• 17:21
  be
• 17:21
  changing
• 17:21
  in
• 17:22
  Alaska
• 17:22
  too.
• 17:23
  And
• 17:23
  then
• 17:23
  on
• 17:23
  top
• 17:23
  of
• 17:24
  that,
• 17:24
  I've
• 17:25
  got
• 17:25
  a
• 17:26
  new
• 17:26
  person
• 17:26
  in
• 17:27
  my
• 17:27
  lab
• 17:27
  who
• 17:27
  is
• 17:29
  an
• 17:29
  expert
• 17:30
  in
• 17:30
  how
• 17:30
  to
• 17:30
  use
• 17:31
  genetics
• 17:32
  to
• 17:32
  understand
• 17:33
  shifts
• 17:33
  in
• 17:34
  the
• 17:34
  traits
• 17:34
  that
• 17:35
  birds
• 17:35
  exhibit.
• 17:36
  And
• 17:36
  so
• 17:36
  she's
• 17:36
  now
• 17:37
  looking
• 17:37
  into
• 17:37
  the
• 17:37
  genomics
• 17:38
  of
• 17:38
  what
• 17:39
  might
• 17:39
  have
• 17:39
  changed
• 17:39
  in
• 17:40
  the
• 17:40
  population
• 17:41
  that
• 17:41
  we
• 17:41
  have
• 17:41
  in
• 17:41
  Alaska,
• 17:42
  if
• 17:42
  anything,
• 17:43
  because
• 17:43
  it
• 17:43
  could
• 17:43
  be,
• 17:43
  as
• 17:44
  you
• 17:44
  said,
• 17:44
  that
• 17:44
  it's
• 17:44
  just
• 17:44
  cues
• 17:45
  and
• 17:46
  so
• 17:46
  birds
• 17:46
  are
• 17:46
  just
• 17:47
  perceiving
• 17:47
  their
• 17:47
  environment
• 17:48
  some
• 17:48
  way
• 17:48
  differently
• 17:49
  than
• 17:49
  they
• 17:49
  used
• 17:49
  to.
• 17:50
  Or
• 17:50
  it
• 17:50
  could
• 17:50
  be
• 17:50
  that
• 17:51
  there's
• 17:51
  been
• 17:51
  this
• 17:52
  evolutionary
• 17:52
  change
• 17:53
  for
• 17:53
  some
• 17:53
  reason.
• 17:53
  Yeah,
• 17:54
  it's
• 17:54
  cool
• 17:54
  to
• 17:54
  take
• 17:54
  that
• 17:55
  kind
• 17:55
  of
• 17:55
  multi
• 17:55
  pronged
• 17:56
  approach
• 17:56
  to
• 17:56
  try
• 17:56
  and
• 17:56
  understand
• 17:57
  a
• 17:57
  really
• 17:57
  complicated
• 17:58
  puzzle.
• 17:58
  And
• 17:58
  I
• 17:59
  think
• 18:00
  again,
• 18:00
  we
• 18:01
  tend
• 18:01
  to
• 18:01
  think
• 18:01
  about
• 18:01
  birds
• 18:02
  when
• 18:02
  they're
• 18:02
  here
• 18:02
  with
• 18:03
  us
• 18:03
  and
• 18:03
  not
• 18:03
  the
• 18:04
  fact
• 18:04
  that
• 18:04
  many
• 18:04
  birds
• 18:04
  in
• 18:05
  North
• 18:05
  America
• 18:05
  spend
• 18:06
  more
• 18:06
  time
• 18:06
  elsewhere,
• 18:07
  you
• 18:07
  know.
• 18:07
  Yeah,
• 18:08
  totally.
• 18:08
  Which
• 18:08
  is
• 18:09
  important
• 18:09
  to
• 18:09
  remember
• 18:09
  when,
• 18:10
  you
• 18:10
  know,
• 18:10
  when
• 18:10
  you
• 18:10
  refer
• 18:10
  to
• 18:11
  what's
• 18:11
  changing
• 18:12
  on
• 18:12
  that
• 18:12
  island
• 18:12
  in
• 18:13
  Chile
• 18:13
  or
• 18:14
  deforestation
• 18:15
  in
• 18:15
  Central
• 18:15
  America
• 18:16
  or
• 18:17
  like
• 18:17
  you
• 18:17
  said
• 18:18
  most
• 18:18
  of
• 18:18
  these
• 18:18
  godwits
• 18:19
  go
• 18:19
  to
• 18:19
  one
• 18:19
  island.
• 18:20
  And,
• 18:21
  you
• 18:21
  know,
• 18:21
  many
• 18:21
  birds
• 18:22
  have
• 18:22
  very
• 18:22
  specific
• 18:23
  kind
• 18:23
  of
• 18:23
  small
• 18:24
  areas
• 18:24
  where
• 18:24
  they
• 18:24
  spend
• 18:25
  the
• 18:25
  winter.
• 18:25
  And
• 18:25
  if
• 18:26
  that
• 18:26
  small
• 18:26
  area
• 18:26
  is
• 18:27
  impacted,
• 18:27
  it
• 18:27
  can
• 18:27
  have
• 18:28
  such
• 18:28
  a
• 18:28
  big
• 18:28
  impact
• 18:28
  on
• 18:29
  the
• 18:29
  whole
• 18:29
  breeding
• 18:30
  population,
• 18:30
  which
• 18:31
  is
• 18:31
  kind
• 18:31
  of
• 18:31
  scary.
• 18:32
  Yeah,
• 18:32
  absolutely.
• 18:33
  We
• 18:33
  estimate
• 18:34
  that
• 18:34
  There
• 18:34
  are
• 18:35
  about
• 18:35
  30,000
• 18:36
  or
• 18:36
  so
• 18:36
  GodWits
• 18:37
  that
• 18:37
  breed
• 18:37
  in
• 18:37
  Alaska.
• 18:38
  So
• 18:38
  you
• 18:38
  think
• 18:38
  about.
• 18:38
  Yeah,
• 18:39
  that
• 18:39
  whole
• 18:39
  state
• 18:39
  of
• 18:40
  Alaska
• 18:40
  down
• 18:40
  to
• 18:40
  an
• 18:41
  island
• 18:41
  that's.
• 18:42
  Yeah.
• 18:43
  About
• 18:43
  New
• 18:43
  Jersey.
• 18:44
  So
• 18:45
  it's
• 18:45
  definitely
• 18:46
  a
• 18:46
  very
• 18:46
  different,
• 18:47
  you
• 18:47
  know,
• 18:47
  spatial
• 18:48
  scale
• 18:48
  that
• 18:48
  they're.
• 18:49
  They're
• 18:49
  condensing
• 18:49
  into.
• 18:50
  I
• 18:50
  always
• 18:50
  think
• 18:50
  about
• 18:50
  golden
• 18:51
  winged
• 18:51
  warblers
• 18:52
  in
• 18:52
  this
• 18:52
  context
• 18:53
  where
• 18:53
  you
• 18:54
  have
• 18:54
  the
• 18:54
  population
• 18:55
  breeding
• 18:55
  in
• 18:55
  the
• 18:55
  Appalachians
• 18:57
  that's
• 18:57
  precipitously
• 18:58
  declining,
• 18:59
  and
• 19:00
  then
• 19:00
  the
• 19:00
  population
• 19:00
  in
• 19:00
  the
• 19:01
  Great
• 19:01
  Lakes
• 19:01
  region,
• 19:01
  which
• 19:01
  is
• 19:02
  declining,
• 19:02
  but
• 19:02
  not
• 19:02
  as
• 19:03
  fast.
• 19:03
  Nowhere
• 19:03
  near
• 19:04
  as
• 19:04
  fast.
• 19:04
  And
• 19:05
  it
• 19:05
  wasn't
• 19:05
  until
• 19:05
  recently
• 19:06
  that
• 19:06
  people
• 19:06
  realized,
• 19:07
  well,
• 19:07
  that
• 19:07
  one
• 19:07
  population
• 19:09
  all
• 19:09
  goes
• 19:09
  to
• 19:09
  this
• 19:10
  one
• 19:10
  part
• 19:10
  of
• 19:10
  South
• 19:10
  America
• 19:11
  that's
• 19:11
  experiencing
• 19:12
  rapid
• 19:12
  deforestation
• 19:14
  and
• 19:14
  the
• 19:14
  other
• 19:14
  population
• 19:15
  doesn't.
• 19:16
  And
• 19:16
  so
• 19:16
  that
• 19:16
  kind
• 19:16
  of.
• 19:17
  Even
• 19:17
  if
• 19:18
  they
• 19:18
  had
• 19:18
  equal
• 19:18
  success
• 19:19
  on
• 19:19
  the
• 19:19
  breeding
• 19:19
  grounds,
• 19:20
  they
• 19:20
  don't
• 19:20
  have
• 19:21
  this
• 19:21
  overwintering
• 19:22
  habitat
• 19:22
  left.
• 19:26
  Storks
• 19:27
  in
• 19:27
  Europe
• 19:27
  are
• 19:28
  one
• 19:28
  of
• 19:28
  the,
• 19:28
  like,
• 19:28
  harbingers
• 19:29
  of
• 19:29
  spring.
• 19:31
  It's
• 19:31
  one
• 19:31
  of
• 19:31
  the
• 19:32
  reasons
• 19:32
  why
• 19:32
  storks
• 19:33
  are
• 19:34
  one
• 19:34
  of
• 19:34
  those
• 19:34
  things
• 19:35
  we
• 19:35
  associate
• 19:35
  with
• 19:36
  humans
• 19:36
  having
• 19:36
  babies
• 19:37
  is
• 19:37
  because
• 19:37
  they
• 19:38
  tend
• 19:38
  to
• 19:38
  come
• 19:39
  back
• 19:39
  during
• 19:39
  the
• 19:39
  spring,
• 19:40
  and
• 19:40
  that's
• 19:40
  often
• 19:40
  when
• 19:41
  humans
• 19:41
  were
• 19:41
  giving
• 19:42
  birth
• 19:42
  as
• 19:42
  well.
• 19:42
  And.
• 19:43
  And,
• 19:43
  well,
• 19:44
  yeah,
• 19:44
  lo
• 19:44
  and
• 19:44
  behold,
• 19:44
  one
• 19:45
  year,
• 19:45
  I
• 19:45
  think
• 19:45
  it
• 19:45
  was
• 19:45
  1861
• 19:46
  or
• 19:46
  62,
• 19:47
  one
• 19:48
  showed
• 19:48
  up
• 19:48
  in
• 19:48
  Germany
• 19:49
  with
• 19:49
  a
• 19:49
  spear
• 19:50
  that
• 19:51
  they
• 19:52
  somehow
• 19:53
  associated
• 19:53
  with
• 19:53
  having
• 19:54
  come
• 19:54
  from
• 19:54
  Sub
• 19:54
  Saharan
• 19:55
  Africa.
• 19:56
  And
• 19:57
  so
• 19:57
  this
• 19:58
  stork
• 19:59
  had
• 19:59
  been
• 20:00
  hit
• 20:00
  by
• 20:00
  a
• 20:00
  hunter
• 20:00
  that
• 20:01
  was
• 20:01
  trying
• 20:01
  to
• 20:02
  kill
• 20:02
  it,
• 20:02
  and
• 20:02
  it
• 20:03
  evaded
• 20:04
  that
• 20:04
  hunter
• 20:04
  and
• 20:04
  made
• 20:04
  it
• 20:05
  at
• 20:05
  least
• 20:05
  a
• 20:06
  good
• 20:06
  long
• 20:06
  ways
• 20:06
  before
• 20:07
  it
• 20:08
  met
• 20:08
  the
• 20:08
  end
• 20:08
  that
• 20:09
  it
• 20:09
  might
• 20:09
  have
• 20:09
  otherwise
• 20:10
  met
• 20:10
  in
• 20:10
  Africa.
• 20:11
  Yeah.
• 20:12
  And
• 20:12
  I
• 20:12
  mean,
• 20:12
  in
• 20:12
  that
• 20:12
  case,
• 20:13
  birds
• 20:13
  fly
• 20:13
  across
• 20:14
  the
• 20:14
  Sahara
• 20:14
  Desert,
• 20:15
  which
• 20:15
  is
• 20:15
  a.
• 20:16
  It's
• 20:16
  such
• 20:16
  a
• 20:16
  huge
• 20:17
  obstacle.
• 20:17
  And
• 20:17
  then
• 20:18
  the
• 20:19
  reality
• 20:19
  for
• 20:19
  a
• 20:19
  lot
• 20:20
  of
• 20:20
  birds
• 20:20
  breeding
• 20:20
  in
• 20:20
  Europe
• 20:21
  is
• 20:21
  that
• 20:21
  they.
• 20:21
  They
• 20:22
  do
• 20:22
  that
• 20:22
  every
• 20:22
  year,
• 20:22
  which
• 20:23
  is
• 20:23
  just
• 20:23
  incredible.
• 20:24
  And
• 20:24
  there's
• 20:24
  some
• 20:25
  really
• 20:25
  recent.
• 20:26
  I
• 20:26
  don't
• 20:26
  know.
• 20:26
  Well,
• 20:26
  I
• 20:27
  don't
• 20:27
  know
• 20:27
  if
• 20:27
  it
• 20:27
  was
• 20:27
  recent
• 20:27
  research,
• 20:28
  but
• 20:28
  looking
• 20:28
  at
• 20:28
  the
• 20:29
  stomach
• 20:29
  contents
• 20:30
  of,
• 20:31
  like,
• 20:31
  sharks
• 20:32
  somewhere.
• 20:32
  Yeah.
• 20:32
  And
• 20:33
  they
• 20:33
  were
• 20:33
  finding
• 20:33
  that
• 20:34
  during
• 20:34
  the
• 20:34
  migration
• 20:34
  period,
• 20:35
  the
• 20:35
  sharks
• 20:35
  were
• 20:36
  eating
• 20:36
  a
• 20:36
  lot
• 20:36
  of
• 20:36
  forest
• 20:37
  birds
• 20:37
  that
• 20:38
  were.
• 20:39
  Yeah.
• 20:40
  Not
• 20:40
  making
• 20:40
  it.
• 20:41
  I
• 20:41
  think
• 20:41
  that
• 20:41
  was
• 20:41
  over
• 20:42
  the
• 20:42
  Caribbean.
• 20:42
  Yeah,
• 20:43
  well,
• 20:43
  the
• 20:44
  sharks
• 20:44
  are
• 20:44
  not
• 20:44
  over
• 20:44
  the
• 20:44
  Caribbean.
• 20:45
  The
• 20:45
  sharks
• 20:45
  are
• 20:45
  in
• 20:46
  the
• 20:46
  water.
• 20:46
  But
• 20:46
  the
• 20:46
  birds
• 20:47
  were
• 20:47
  trying
• 20:47
  to
• 20:47
  go.
• 20:47
  Over
• 20:47
  the
• 20:48
  Caribbean
• 20:48
  and
• 20:48
  Not
• 20:49
  making
• 20:49
  it.
• 20:49
  And
• 20:49
  not
• 20:49
  making
• 20:50
  it.
• 20:50
  That's
• 20:50
  an
• 20:50
  interesting
• 20:51
  way
• 20:51
  how
• 20:51
  migration
• 20:52
  connects
• 20:52
  to
• 20:53
  terrestrial
• 20:53
  ecosystems
• 20:54
  with
• 20:54
  the
• 20:54
  ocean,
• 20:55
  when
• 20:55
  migration
• 20:56
  doesn't
• 20:57
  work
• 20:57
  out
• 20:57
  so
• 20:57
  well
• 20:58
  for
• 20:58
  the
• 20:58
  birds.
• 20:59
  So
• 20:59
  a
• 20:59
  little
• 20:59
  while
• 20:59
  ago
• 20:59
  I
• 21:00
  talked
• 21:00
  about
• 21:00
  the
• 21:00
  Arctic
• 21:01
  tern,
• 21:01
  which
• 21:01
  is
• 21:01
  maybe
• 21:02
  not
• 21:02
  the,
• 21:02
  the
• 21:03
  bird
• 21:03
  with
• 21:03
  the
• 21:03
  longest
• 21:04
  nonstop
• 21:04
  flight
• 21:05
  like
• 21:05
  the
• 21:05
  birds
• 21:05
  that
• 21:06
  Nate
• 21:06
  studies,
• 21:06
  but
• 21:07
  it
• 21:07
  is,
• 21:07
  you
• 21:07
  know,
• 21:07
  within
• 21:08
  the
• 21:08
  lifetime
• 21:08
  of
• 21:08
  Arctic
• 21:09
  ter,
• 21:10
  they're
• 21:10
  flying
• 21:10
  from
• 21:10
  the
• 21:10
  Arctic
• 21:11
  to
• 21:11
  Antarctica
• 21:12
  every
• 21:13
  year.
• 21:13
  And
• 21:14
  so
• 21:14
  if
• 21:14
  you
• 21:14
  add
• 21:14
  it
• 21:14
  all
• 21:14
  up
• 21:15
  across
• 21:15
  their
• 21:15
  lifetime,
• 21:16
  they're
• 21:16
  basically
• 21:16
  flying
• 21:17
  to
• 21:17
  and
• 21:17
  from
• 21:17
  the
• 21:17
  moon
• 21:18
  three
• 21:18
  times.
• 21:19
  Kind
• 21:19
  of
• 21:19
  mind
• 21:19
  blowing.
• 21:20
  But
• 21:20
  why
• 21:20
  go
• 21:21
  all
• 21:21
  the
• 21:21
  way
• 21:21
  from
• 21:21
  the
• 21:22
  Arctic
• 21:22
  to
• 21:22
  Antarctica?
• 21:23
  Why
• 21:23
  not
• 21:24
  stop
• 21:24
  somewhere
• 21:24
  in
• 21:24
  between
• 21:25
  and
• 21:25
  hang
• 21:25
  out
• 21:25
  there?
• 21:26
  What
• 21:26
  is
• 21:26
  it
• 21:27
  about
• 21:27
  these
• 21:27
  places
• 21:27
  that's
• 21:28
  so
• 21:28
  important
• 21:28
  for
• 21:29
  this
• 21:29
  species
• 21:29
  in
• 21:29
  particular?
• 21:30
  That's
• 21:30
  a
• 21:31
  great
• 21:31
  question,
• 21:31
  because
• 21:31
  I
• 21:31
  think
• 21:32
  this
• 21:32
  is
• 21:32
  really
• 21:32
  on
• 21:32
  the
• 21:33
  sort
• 21:33
  of
• 21:33
  the
• 21:33
  boundary
• 21:33
  of
• 21:34
  what
• 21:34
  we
• 21:34
  know
• 21:35
  about
• 21:35
  both
• 21:36
  migration
• 21:36
  and
• 21:36
  what
• 21:36
  drives
• 21:37
  migration.
• 21:37
  But,
• 21:38
  but
• 21:38
  my
• 21:38
  hypothesis
• 21:39
  is
• 21:40
  that
• 21:41
  if
• 21:42
  you're
• 21:42
  going
• 21:42
  to
• 21:42
  go
• 21:42
  all
• 21:42
  the
• 21:42
  way
• 21:43
  to
• 21:43
  the
• 21:43
  Arctic,
• 21:43
  you
• 21:44
  need
• 21:44
  to
• 21:44
  have
• 21:44
  resources
• 21:45
  that
• 21:45
  will
• 21:45
  fuel
• 21:46
  you
• 21:46
  being
• 21:46
  in
• 21:47
  the
• 21:47
  Arctic
• 21:47
  while
• 21:47
  you're
• 21:48
  there.
• 21:48
  And
• 21:49
  that
• 21:49
  can
• 21:50
  only
• 21:50
  come
• 21:50
  from
• 21:51
  other
• 21:51
  places
• 21:52
  that
• 21:52
  have
• 21:52
  really
• 21:53
  super
• 21:53
  abundant
• 21:53
  resources.
• 21:54
  So
• 21:55
  if
• 21:55
  you're
• 21:55
  going
• 21:55
  to
• 21:55
  go
• 21:56
  that
• 21:56
  far
• 21:56
  in
• 21:56
  one
• 21:57
  direction,
• 21:57
  then
• 21:57
  you
• 21:57
  need
• 21:57
  to
• 21:57
  go
• 21:58
  somewhere
• 21:58
  else
• 21:58
  in
• 21:58
  the
• 21:58
  other
• 21:59
  direction
• 21:59
  that
• 21:59
  will
• 22:00
  be
• 22:01
  there
• 22:01
  every
• 22:01
  year
• 22:02
  and
• 22:02
  be
• 22:02
  really
• 22:03
  good
• 22:03
  every
• 22:03
  year.
• 22:04
  And
• 22:05
  so
• 22:05
  Antarctica
• 22:06
  is
• 22:06
  actually
• 22:06
  super
• 22:07
  predictably
• 22:07
  good
• 22:08
  because
• 22:08
  it's
• 22:09
  going
• 22:09
  to
• 22:09
  have
• 22:09
  24
• 22:10
  hours
• 22:10
  of
• 22:10
  daylight
• 22:11
  during
• 22:12
  the
• 22:12
  Antarctic
• 22:12
  summer.
• 22:14
  And
• 22:14
  that
• 22:14
  daylight
• 22:16
  brings
• 22:16
  this
• 22:16
  huge
• 22:17
  burst
• 22:17
  of
• 22:18
  resources,
• 22:19
  whether
• 22:19
  you're
• 22:19
  over
• 22:19
  the
• 22:20
  ocean
• 22:20
  or
• 22:20
  on
• 22:21
  land.
• 22:22
  And
• 22:22
  at
• 22:23
  the
• 22:23
  same
• 22:23
  time,
• 22:23
  there
• 22:23
  are
• 22:24
  also
• 22:24
  some
• 22:24
  reasons
• 22:24
  to
• 22:24
  not
• 22:25
  stop
• 22:25
  in
• 22:25
  between.
• 22:26
  A
• 22:26
  lot
• 22:26
  more
• 22:26
  diseases
• 22:27
  in
• 22:27
  the
• 22:27
  tropics.
• 22:29
  Heat
• 22:30
  is
• 22:30
  actually
• 22:31
  not
• 22:31
  always
• 22:32
  a
• 22:32
  good
• 22:32
  thing
• 22:32
  either.
• 22:32
  You
• 22:33
  might
• 22:33
  want
• 22:33
  to
• 22:33
  avoid
• 22:33
  the
• 22:33
  cold,
• 22:34
  but
• 22:34
  you
• 22:34
  might
• 22:34
  also
• 22:34
  want
• 22:35
  to
• 22:35
  really
• 22:35
  avoid
• 22:35
  those
• 22:36
  high
• 22:36
  temperatures.
• 22:37
  And
• 22:37
  then
• 22:37
  there
• 22:37
  may
• 22:37
  be
• 22:38
  a
• 22:38
  whole
• 22:38
  lot
• 22:38
  of
• 22:38
  other
• 22:39
  species
• 22:39
  that
• 22:39
  spend
• 22:40
  time
• 22:40
  year
• 22:40
  round
• 22:41
  in
• 22:41
  those
• 22:41
  places
• 22:42
  in
• 22:42
  between
• 22:42
  that
• 22:43
  could
• 22:43
  out
• 22:43
  compete
• 22:43
  you
• 22:44
  for
• 22:44
  the
• 22:44
  resources
• 22:45
  that
• 22:45
  you
• 22:45
  might
• 22:45
  want
• 22:45
  to
• 22:46
  make
• 22:46
  use
• 22:46
  of
• 22:47
  when
• 22:47
  you
• 22:47
  come
• 22:48
  there
• 22:48
  after
• 22:48
  your
• 22:48
  migration.
• 22:49
  But
• 22:49
  I
• 22:50
  like
• 22:50
  to
• 22:50
  think
• 22:50
  that
• 22:51
  they're
• 22:51
  going
• 22:51
  to
• 22:51
  that
• 22:52
  really
• 22:52
  good
• 22:52
  place,
• 22:53
  that
• 22:53
  great
• 22:53
  restaurant
• 22:54
  at
• 22:54
  the
• 22:54
  other
• 22:55
  end
• 22:55
  of.
• 22:55
  The
• 22:55
  globe
• 22:55
  often,
• 22:56
  and
• 22:56
  even
• 22:56
  when
• 22:56
  I
• 22:56
  was
• 22:56
  younger,
• 22:57
  I
• 22:57
  guess,
• 22:57
  when
• 22:57
  I
• 22:57
  thought
• 22:58
  about
• 22:58
  places
• 22:58
  with
• 22:59
  lots
• 22:59
  of
• 22:59
  biodiversity
• 23:00
  or
• 23:00
  resources,
• 23:01
  I
• 23:01
  thought
• 23:01
  about
• 23:01
  the
• 23:01
  tropics.
• 23:02
  And
• 23:02
  that's
• 23:03
  true
• 23:03
  from
• 23:03
  like
• 23:03
  a
• 23:04
  coral
• 23:04
  reefs
• 23:04
  perspective.
• 23:05
  But
• 23:05
  the
• 23:05
  tropical
• 23:06
  oceans
• 23:06
  are
• 23:06
  actually
• 23:07
  quite
• 23:07
  nutrient
• 23:08
  poor,
• 23:08
  which
• 23:08
  means
• 23:09
  there
• 23:09
  isn't
• 23:09
  really
• 23:09
  a
• 23:09
  lot
• 23:10
  of
• 23:10
  food
• 23:10
  there
• 23:11
  for
• 23:12
  birds
• 23:12
  like
• 23:12
  Arctic
• 23:13
  terns
• 23:13
  or
• 23:13
  godwits.
• 23:14
  And
• 23:14
  so
• 23:15
  we
• 23:15
  think
• 23:15
  about
• 23:15
  the
• 23:15
  Arctic
• 23:16
  and
• 23:16
  Antarctica
• 23:17
  as
• 23:17
  these
• 23:17
  Frozen
• 23:18
  wastelands.
• 23:18
  But
• 23:19
  during
• 23:19
  their
• 23:19
  summers,
• 23:20
  they're
• 23:20
  actually
• 23:20
  among
• 23:21
  the
• 23:21
  most
• 23:22
  resource
• 23:22
  rich,
• 23:23
  productive
• 23:23
  places
• 23:24
  on
• 23:24
  the
• 23:24
  planet.
• 23:25
  And
• 23:25
  so
• 23:26
  that's
• 23:26
  important
• 23:26
  to
• 23:27
  remember
• 23:27
  when
• 23:27
  we're
• 23:27
  puzzling
• 23:28
  over
• 23:28
  why
• 23:28
  a
• 23:28
  little
• 23:29
  bird
• 23:29
  would
• 23:30
  fly
• 23:30
  to
• 23:30
  and
• 23:31
  from.
• 23:31
  But,
• 23:32
  yeah,
• 23:32
  I
• 23:32
  like
• 23:32
  thinking
• 23:33
  about
• 23:33
  it
• 23:33
  as
• 23:33
  the
• 23:34
  restaurants,
• 23:34
  the
• 23:34
  really
• 23:35
  good
• 23:35
  restaurants
• 23:35
  on
• 23:35
  the
• 23:35
  ends
• 23:36
  of
• 23:36
  the
• 23:36
  world.
• 23:38
  So
• 23:38
  we've
• 23:38
  reached
• 23:38
  the
• 23:38
  part
• 23:38
  of
• 23:39
  the
• 23:39
  show
• 23:39
  that
• 23:39
  we
• 23:39
  call
• 23:39
  that's
• 23:40
  BS
• 23:40
  or
• 23:41
  bird
• 23:41
  stuff,
• 23:41
  where
• 23:41
  a
• 23:42
  guest
• 23:42
  gets
• 23:42
  to
• 23:42
  debunk
• 23:43
  a
• 23:43
  myth
• 23:43
  about
• 23:43
  birds
• 23:43
  that
• 23:44
  they
• 23:44
  think
• 23:44
  you
• 23:44
  should
• 23:45
  all
• 23:45
  know.
• 23:45
  Nate,
• 23:46
  what
• 23:46
  do
• 23:46
  you
• 23:46
  want
• 23:46
  to
• 23:46
  call
• 23:47
  BS
• 23:47
  on?
• 23:48
  So,
• 23:48
  we've
• 23:49
  been
• 23:49
  talking
• 23:49
  a
• 23:49
  lot
• 23:49
  about
• 23:50
  how
• 23:50
  hard
• 23:50
  migration
• 23:51
  is
• 23:51
  for
• 23:51
  birds,
• 23:52
  but
• 23:52
  what
• 23:52
  I
• 23:53
  actually
• 23:53
  want
• 23:53
  to
• 23:53
  tell
• 23:53
  you
• 23:54
  is
• 23:54
  that
• 23:54
  migration
• 23:55
  is
• 23:55
  not
• 23:55
  necessarily
• 23:56
  dangerous
• 23:56
  for
• 23:57
  birds.
• 24:00
  Can
• 24:00
  you
• 24:00
  elaborate
• 24:01
  a
• 24:01
  bit
• 24:01
  on
• 24:01
  that?
• 24:01
  I
• 24:02
  mean,
• 24:03
  we
• 24:03
  talked
• 24:03
  about
• 24:04
  how.
• 24:05
  I'm
• 24:06
  dropping
• 24:06
  the
• 24:06
  mic
• 24:06
  right
• 24:06
  there.
• 24:07
  It
• 24:07
  is
• 24:07
  not
• 24:07
  dangerous
• 24:08
  for
• 24:08
  birds.
• 24:09
  Not
• 24:10
  just
• 24:10
  not
• 24:10
  dangerous.
• 24:10
  We
• 24:11
  did
• 24:11
  just
• 24:11
  talk
• 24:11
  about
• 24:11
  the
• 24:11
  fact
• 24:12
  that
• 24:12
  some
• 24:12
  birds
• 24:12
  get
• 24:12
  eaten
• 24:13
  by
• 24:13
  sharks,
• 24:13
  though.
• 24:14
  So
• 24:14
  could
• 24:14
  you
• 24:14
  maybe
• 24:15
  elaborate
• 24:15
  on
• 24:15
  what
• 24:16
  you
• 24:16
  mean?
• 24:16
  Well,
• 24:16
  I
• 24:17
  mean,
• 24:17
  okay,
• 24:17
  so
• 24:17
  for
• 24:18
  us,
• 24:18
  right,
• 24:18
  this
• 24:19
  migration
• 24:19
  just
• 24:19
  seems
• 24:20
  like
• 24:20
  this
• 24:20
  incomprehensible
• 24:21
  feat
• 24:21
  because
• 24:22
  we
• 24:22
  can't
• 24:22
  do
• 24:23
  it.
• 24:24
  And
• 24:24
  so
• 24:24
  by
• 24:25
  virtue,
• 24:25
  then,
• 24:25
  we
• 24:26
  think
• 24:26
  it
• 24:26
  has
• 24:26
  to
• 24:26
  be
• 24:26
  incredibly
• 24:27
  hard
• 24:27
  for
• 24:27
  the
• 24:27
  birds
• 24:28
  as
• 24:28
  well.
• 24:28
  And
• 24:28
  therefore,
• 24:29
  it
• 24:29
  is
• 24:29
  probably
• 24:29
  dangerous,
• 24:30
  and
• 24:31
  it
• 24:31
  is
• 24:31
  dangerous
• 24:32
  sometimes.
• 24:32
  But
• 24:33
  migration
• 24:34
  also
• 24:34
  would
• 24:34
  not
• 24:35
  have
• 24:35
  evolved
• 24:35
  in
• 24:35
  the
• 24:36
  first
• 24:36
  place
• 24:36
  if
• 24:36
  it
• 24:36
  weren't
• 24:37
  actually
• 24:37
  beneficial
• 24:38
  for
• 24:39
  the
• 24:39
  birds
• 24:39
  doing
• 24:40
  it
• 24:40
  relative
• 24:40
  to
• 24:41
  other
• 24:41
  birds
• 24:41
  who
• 24:41
  aren't
• 24:42
  migrating.
• 24:42
  And
• 24:43
  so
• 24:44
  within
• 24:44
  Godwitz,
• 24:45
  if
• 24:45
  we
• 24:45
  look
• 24:46
  at
• 24:46
  wind
• 24:46
  during
• 24:46
  the
• 24:47
  year,
• 24:47
  they
• 24:47
  actually
• 24:48
  are
• 24:48
  most
• 24:48
  likely
• 24:49
  to
• 24:49
  die.
• 24:50
  It's
• 24:50
  not
• 24:51
  necessarily
• 24:51
  during
• 24:51
  migration.
• 24:53
  In
• 24:53
  some
• 24:54
  species,
• 24:54
  it's
• 24:55
  during
• 24:55
  the
• 24:55
  breeding
• 24:55
  season.
• 24:56
  Because
• 24:56
  actually
• 24:56
  sitting
• 24:57
  on
• 24:57
  a
• 24:57
  nest
• 24:58
  and
• 24:58
  hoping
• 24:58
  that
• 24:58
  nobody
• 24:59
  else
• 24:59
  notices
• 24:59
  you
• 25:00
  while
• 25:00
  you're
• 25:00
  sitting
• 25:00
  on
• 25:00
  your
• 25:00
  nest
• 25:01
  is
• 25:01
  way
• 25:02
  more
• 25:02
  dangerous
• 25:03
  than
• 25:03
  flying
• 25:04
  across
• 25:05
  continents.
• 25:06
  So
• 25:06
  it
• 25:06
  definitely
• 25:07
  differs
• 25:07
  among
• 25:07
  species,
• 25:08
  but
• 25:08
  migration
• 25:09
  is
• 25:09
  not
• 25:09
  necessarily
• 25:10
  that
• 25:10
  thing
• 25:10
  that
• 25:11
  is
• 25:11
  most
• 25:11
  dangerous
• 25:12
  for
• 25:12
  birds
• 25:12
  to
• 25:13
  do.
• 25:13
  That's
• 25:13
  a
• 25:13
  great
• 25:13
  point.
• 25:14
  Not
• 25:14
  inherently
• 25:14
  dangerous.
• 25:15
  Humans
• 25:15
  have
• 25:16
  made
• 25:16
  it
• 25:16
  more
• 25:16
  dangerous,
• 25:16
  as
• 25:17
  we
• 25:17
  alluded
• 25:18
  to,
• 25:18
  with
• 25:18
  some
• 25:19
  cities
• 25:19
  and
• 25:19
  artificial
• 25:20
  light
• 25:20
  at
• 25:20
  night
• 25:21
  and
• 25:21
  a
• 25:21
  lack
• 25:21
  of
• 25:22
  food
• 25:22
  resources
• 25:22
  because
• 25:23
  we've
• 25:23
  modified
• 25:23
  habitats,
• 25:24
  but
• 25:24
  in
• 25:25
  a
• 25:25
  natural
• 25:25
  setting.
• 25:25
  Of
• 25:26
  course,
• 25:26
  it
• 25:26
  wouldn't
• 25:26
  have
• 25:26
  evolved
• 25:27
  if
• 25:27
  it
• 25:27
  wasn't
• 25:27
  beneficial,
• 25:28
  but
• 25:28
  we've
• 25:29
  definitely
• 25:29
  made
• 25:29
  it
• 25:30
  more
• 25:30
  challenging,
• 25:30
  which
• 25:30
  is
• 25:30
  maybe
• 25:31
  the
• 25:31
  thing
• 25:31
  to
• 25:31
  focus
• 25:31
  on.
• 25:32
  Awesome.
• 25:32
  Well,
• 25:32
  I've
• 25:33
  really
• 25:33
  appreciated
• 25:34
  hearing
• 25:34
  about
• 25:34
  your
• 25:35
  research
• 25:35
  and
• 25:35
  your
• 25:36
  thoughts
• 25:36
  on
• 25:36
  migration,
• 25:37
  and
• 25:37
  I
• 25:37
  just
• 25:37
  want
• 25:37
  to
• 25:38
  say
• 25:38
  thanks
• 25:38
  so
• 25:38
  much
• 25:38
  for
• 25:38
  joining
• 25:39
  us
• 25:39
  on
• 25:39
  the
• 25:39
  podcast
• 25:39
  today.
• 25:40
  Well,
• 25:40
  thanks
• 25:41
  so
• 25:41
  much
• 25:41
  for
• 25:41
  having
• 25:41
  me.
• 25:41
  And
• 25:41
  yeah,
• 25:42
  it
• 25:42
  was
• 25:42
  a
• 25:42
  lot
• 25:42
  of
• 25:42
  fun.
• 25:46
  Okay,
• 25:47
  so
• 25:47
  birds
• 25:47
  are
• 25:47
  dinosaurs,
• 25:48
  and
• 25:48
  around
• 25:48
  here
• 25:48
  we
• 25:48
  like
• 25:49
  our
• 25:49
  snacks
• 25:49
  so
• 25:49
  we
• 25:50
  end
• 25:50
  each
• 25:50
  of
• 25:50
  our
• 25:50
  episodes
• 25:51
  with
• 25:51
  a
• 25:51
  dinosaur
• 25:52
  nugget.
• 25:52
  Today's
• 25:53
  dinosaur
• 25:53
  nugget
• 25:53
  is
• 25:54
  that
• 25:54
  migration
• 25:54
  is
• 25:54
  all
• 25:55
  about
• 25:55
  resources.
• 25:56
  Why
• 25:56
  would
• 25:57
  an
• 25:57
  Arctic
• 25:57
  tern
• 25:57
  fly
• 25:58
  from
• 25:58
  the
• 25:58
  Arctic
• 25:59
  to
• 25:59
  Antarctica
• 26:00
  and
• 26:00
  back
• 26:00
  every
• 26:01
  year?
• 26:01
  Well,
• 26:02
  polar
• 26:02
  summers
• 26:03
  are
• 26:03
  resource
• 26:03
  rich.
• 26:04
  There's
• 26:04
  tons
• 26:04
  of
• 26:05
  food
• 26:05
  for
• 26:05
  an
• 26:05
  arctic
• 26:05
  tern
• 26:06
  in
• 26:06
  the
• 26:06
  Arctic
• 26:06
  during
• 26:07
  the
• 26:07
  Arctic
• 26:07
  summer
• 26:08
  and
• 26:08
  in
• 26:08
  Antarctica
• 26:09
  during
• 26:09
  the
• 26:09
  Antarctic
• 26:10
  summer,
• 26:10
  which
• 26:10
  is
• 26:11
  our
• 26:11
  winter
• 26:11
  here
• 26:11
  in
• 26:11
  North
• 26:12
  America.
• 26:13
  It's
• 26:13
  important
• 26:13
  to
• 26:13
  remember
• 26:14
  that
• 26:14
  tropical
• 26:14
  oceans,
• 26:15
  although
• 26:15
  they
• 26:15
  have
• 26:15
  coral
• 26:16
  reefs,
• 26:16
  don't
• 26:17
  have
• 26:17
  a
• 26:17
  lot
• 26:17
  of
• 26:17
  nutrients
• 26:18
  in
• 26:18
  the
• 26:18
  water,
• 26:19
  and
• 26:19
  so
• 26:19
  wouldn't
• 26:19
  be
• 26:19
  a
• 26:20
  good
• 26:20
  place
• 26:20
  for
• 26:20
  an
• 26:20
  Arctic
• 26:21
  tern
• 26:21
  to
• 26:21
  spend
• 26:21
  the
• 26:21
  winter.
• 26:22
  It's
• 26:22
  also
• 26:22
  important
• 26:23
  to
• 26:23
  remember
• 26:23
  that
• 26:23
  migration
• 26:24
  isn't
• 26:24
  inherently
• 26:25
  risky.
• 26:25
  Birds
• 26:26
  have
• 26:26
  evolved
• 26:26
  for
• 26:26
  millions
• 26:27
  of
• 26:27
  years
• 26:27
  to
• 26:27
  complete
• 26:28
  these
• 26:28
  amazing
• 26:28
  migrations.
• 26:30
  But
• 26:30
  humans
• 26:31
  are
• 26:31
  introducing
• 26:31
  a
• 26:32
  lot
• 26:32
  of
• 26:32
  risks.
• 26:32
  We're
• 26:33
  building
• 26:33
  cities,
• 26:33
  we're
• 26:34
  having
• 26:34
  lights
• 26:34
  on
• 26:34
  at
• 26:35
  night.
• 26:35
  We're
• 26:35
  destroying
• 26:35
  habitats.
• 26:36
  And
• 26:36
  climate
• 26:37
  change
• 26:37
  is
• 26:37
  shifting
• 26:37
  when
• 26:38
  resources
• 26:38
  are
• 26:38
  available,
• 26:40
  all
• 26:40
  of
• 26:40
  these
• 26:40
  things
• 26:41
  are
• 26:41
  challenging
• 26:41
  migratory
• 26:42
  birds
• 26:42
  more
• 26:42
  than
• 26:43
  resident
• 26:43
  birds.
• 26:43
  And
• 26:43
  so
• 26:44
  we
• 26:44
  see
• 26:44
  declines
• 26:45
  in
• 26:45
  migratory
• 26:45
  bird
• 26:46
  populations
• 26:46
  because
• 26:47
  of
• 26:47
  the
• 26:47
  changes
• 26:47
  humans
• 26:48
  are
• 26:48
  making
• 26:48
  to
• 26:48
  our
• 26:49
  planet.
• 26:49
  That's
• 26:50
  a
• 26:50
  wrap
• 26:50
  on
• 26:50
  this
• 26:50
  week's
• 26:51
  episode.
• 26:51
  Okay,
• 26:51
  but
• 26:52
  why
• 26:52
  fly
• 26:52
  from
• 26:52
  the
• 26:53
  Arctic
• 26:53
  to
• 26:53
  Antarctica
• 26:54
  and
• 26:54
  back
• 26:54
  every
• 26:55
  year?
• 26:55
  If
• 26:56
  you
• 26:56
  liked
• 26:56
  this
• 26:56
  episode,
• 26:57
  leave
• 26:57
  a
• 26:57
  comment
• 26:57
  like
• 26:58
  and
• 26:58
  subscribe
• 26:58
  and
• 26:58
  we'll
• 26:58
  catch
• 26:59
  you
• 26:59
  next
• 26:59
  time.
• 26:59
  Byeee.
• 27:00
  Okay,
• 27:01
  But...
• 27:03
  Birds
• 27:04
  is
• 27:05
  hosted
• 27:05
  by
• 27:06
  Scott
• 27:07
  Taylor
• 27:08
  with
• 27:09
  andcreativebyZachKarl.