Narcissism Is Not a Trait: Entitlement and Grandiosity Are
Ulrich Schimmack | University of Toronto Mississauga | Replication Index | October 2026
Is your boss a narcissist? Your ex? A politician? People ask these questions every day, and articles, therapists, and AI assistants answer them with confidence. The confidence is misplaced. Psychologists have built dozens of questionnaires called “narcissism” scales, but they measure different things. When I looked at what these scales actually have in common, the answer was entitlement, but different narcissism measures combine entitlement with other traits. This makes narcissism a vague construct and…
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