Latest / Genetic Studies of Genius: The Early Mental Traits of Three Hundred Geniuses / XXII. CASES RATED AT AI IQ 180 to 190

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XXII. CASES RATED AT AI IQ 180 to 190 · Genetic Studies of Genius: The Early Mental Traits of Three Hundred Geniuses

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  Section thirty five of Genetic Studies of Genius, Volume two, The Early Mental
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  Traits of three hundred genuses by Katherine Cox. This is a LibriVox according all
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  liberyvox accordings of the public domain. For more information to volunteer, please visit
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  LibriVox at orc recorded by Leon Harvey, Chapter twenty two cases rated at ai
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  i Q one hundred eighty to one hundred ninety. Jeremy Bentham seventeen forty eight
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  to eighteen thirty two, an English jurist to end utilitarian philosopher ai Q onehundred
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  and eighty AIQ one hundred seventy one. Family standing. Bentham's great grandfather was
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  a prosperous pawnbroker. The grandfather a Jacobite lawyer, neither better nor worse than
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  the average rate of attorneys. The father, also a lawyer, but a
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  Hanoverian. The latter had not the slightest comprehension of his son's delicacy and diffidence.
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  He constantly urged upon Jeremy the necessity of pushing to get on in the
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  world, and could not see that this was utterly incompatible with the boy's nature.
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  Jeremy's mother belonged to a family of some consequence. Although her father and
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  young son of a younger son was a shopkeeper, Bantham's marriage to her was
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  a shock to the ambitious purposes of his family. She was nevertheless a most
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  amiable woman, and her son always spoke of her with affectionate tenderness. There
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  was a great uncle. Woodward used to talk of books and booksellers to the
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  boy, and the books he did not sell seved for young Bentham's intellectual pabulum
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  two development to age seventeen one. Interests. Reading was Jeremy's chief interest,
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  but he was also very fond of music, and played Corillelli Sunataz when he
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  was young. He had an exquisite sense of harmony. Early visits to the
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  theater were a source of the greatest delight. Jeremy had no native taste for
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  drawing, and the instruction of an incompetent master developed none. He had the
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  keenest sense of the beauties of nature. He observed accurately, enjoyed walks to
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  the country, and was passionately fond of flowers. He studies Miller's Gardener's Dictionary
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  until he got all the names by heart. He was much interested in chemistry
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  and a little encouragement would properly have directed his mind principally or wholly to the
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  physical scizes. Until after he was sixteen, Germany remained in stature or mister
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  dwarf, and because of his puny size, disliked sports, and he developed
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  adroitness to take the place of muscular strength. Two. Education. Jeremy learned
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  his alphabet before he could talk. When he was three, his father bought
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  a Latin grammar and other books to begin his classical education. The Greek alphabet
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  he learned on his father's knee, using Lily's Grammar and the Greek Testament as
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  two principal instruments of instruction. Fragments of Greek and Latin have been preserved written
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  by Jeremy. At four and five, the boy was taught to the rudiments
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  of writing and music by his father's clerk. At six he had a regular
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  violent teacher, and about the same time he began to learn French. At
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  seven he was entered in the upper second form at Westminster School, where,
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  according to his own latter account, the boys were taught few useful and many
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  useless things. At ten, he obtained the right of admission to Oxford,
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  but he was so undersized and weak that ill usage was apprehended, and he
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  did not go until his thirteenth year, when he was entered at Queen's College.
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  He had at first a very poor tutor, a morose and repulsive person
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  who cared little whether his pupils did well or ill, and who was always
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  more ready to reprove than written courage. The university hypocrisy of his day disgusted
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  menthon and he found most of the professors and tutors insipid. It is easy
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  to understand why he studied mathemats quite without the assistance and even without the knowledge
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  of his tutor. At fifteen, out pursuing the regular course of study and
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  reading bled them to his ba, a rare honor for one so young.
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  Then for a short time he was a student in the court of King's Bench,
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  Westminster Hall, returning outward to Oxford to attend Blackstone's lectures. A little
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  later he visited France with his father. Three schools standing in progress at Westminster,
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  Bentham obtained considerable reputation for Latin and Greek verses, and even in his
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  eleventh year he wrote letters in both languages to doctor Bentham, Subdane of christ
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  Church. It was said that he wrote with greater facility in French than in
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  English, for having a limited acquaintance with the language. He wrote boldly on
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  while the English he was stopping to weigh the value of words, and soon
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  got embarrassed. He was never punished at school, yet he was always apprehensive
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  of punishment, and made himself memorized Dulin's stupid prose in order to avoid it.
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  In spite of his unusual talents, Bentham was from his earliest childhood sensitive
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  and retiring. He nursed a feeling of his own inferiority. He did almost
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  all social pleasures, and was for the most part solitary in his player as
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  in his work. His father's attempts to bring him out simply accentuated natural timidity
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  in a physically underdeveloped and mentally overstimulated boy. Four Friends and associates. An
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  early childhood, Jeremy had little opportunity to associate with the children of his own
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  age, and consequently his time was too much occupied with gloomy thoughts instilled by
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  some of his reading. Other children were treated as duncers in his presence at
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  Ethus Leon's school. In a contempt for a less acute minds, while his
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  natural diffidence gave him no esteem of his own abilities. At college, there
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  was scarcely a companion in whose society he could discover any pleasure. He thought
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  all his contemporaries stupid. He failed to fulfill his father's wish that he should
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  make his way among the great. At college, he did not approve of
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  the art arising in the world that he had observed at Westminster. Bentham's interest
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  was excited by a lady used to tell stories of his own invention, in
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  which the heroes and heroines were models of kindness, exhibiting the quality which he
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  artwould called effective benevolence. It was perhaps in hearing these tales that he first
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  became consciously enamored of that virtue. Five reading. From the beginning, Gerremany
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  was passionately fond of reading when it was not more than Sixy's literary appetite was
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  so great they never found enough reading matter to satisfy him, and was often
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  starved for want of books. His parents allowed him no amusing works, so
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  that he welcomed with joy the French fairy tales his teacher brought. When only
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  three, he read both satisfied absorptions Rapids History of England. At six,
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  he took great delight in reading Telemachus, and, as always when reading a
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  story, identified himself with a hero. To this book he led a trace,
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  the first drawing in his mind of the principle's utility. He experienced great
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  disappointment that the form of government proposed by Fenelon, which bordered on the greatest
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  happiness principle, was not accepted. At this early age, he read Voltaire's
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  Life of Charles the Twelfth and his General History, but the latter was beyond
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  his boyish comprehension. His reading up to twelve included Bernard's Theory of the Earth,
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  Cave's Lives of the Apostles, Stone's Chronicle, which contained stories that fast
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  hated him while they filled him with horror, Lochmann's History of England and History
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  of Rome, with pictures of the Saint's being mattered, Padres's Fables, which
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  however, had no charm for him, Bishop Kem's Sacred Poems, Johnson's Didsley
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  Preceptor, which had a melancholy effect on him, for in it he saw
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  himself destined to be burnt alive. Richardson's Cleverssa over which he went for hours,
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  dil Blass, in which he took an intense interest, Gulliver's travels,
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  which he admired and would have vouched all true, Robson Crusoe, Pilgrim's Progress,
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  which frightened him so that he could not read it, though, Timothy
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  Piscot's History, Camden's Britannia, while Theere's Days the other golnical parts of which
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  he did not like because of his insistence on fact. Ferron and Aspasia,
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  which he liked, Paradise Lost, which frightened him, and Paradise Regained,
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  which he found very dull. Thompson's Seasons, in which she took no pleasure,
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  Gay's Fables, which he found uninteresting because not true. Locke on the
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  Understanding, Clarendon's History of the Rebellion, Bernard's History of his own times and
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  of Richardson's novels, Mandeville's Fables of the Bees, Clark on the Trinity,
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  Tyndale's Christianity, as Old as a Creation, Atlantis, and A Curious History
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  of Japan. The Autobiography of Terreso. Phillips made an unusually strong impression on
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  him. At eleven and as a result, he vowed war on the demon
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  of ch h Kine. Six production achievement. At ten Germany had made such
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  progress in Latin a Greek that he was able to write letters to his schoolmaster
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  in both. From this age he cultivated verse writing in the ancient modern languages.
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  Thirteen he wrote a Latin ode on the death of George's Second and the
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  Advent of Georgie, a third which made some noise, and I wish Doctor
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  Johnson said it was very pretty performance of a young man. At Westminster School,
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  Bentham attained considerable reputation for Latin and Greek verses, which he often prepared
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  for other boys of the school, although they were his tormentors. At the
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  same age he wrote a humorous verse in English, rendering it also in Latin,
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  which was preserved by his father, a declamation. My Bentham was said
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  to have been surpassed in excellence by only one other in the memory of that
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  college generation. On several occasions the boy distinguished himself in debate. His antagonists
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  required the aid of the masters in the preparation of their arguments, while Jeremy
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  worked quite independently. The older Bentham, who wanted to show of his clever
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  son tried constantly to bring Germany into prominence, but the youth absolutely refused to
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  respond to this wish, and the father was left to complain of his son's
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  weakness and imprudence in keeping wrapped up in a napkin the talents which it had
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  pleased got to confer on him. Seven evidences of plicocity. Jeremy's earliest recollection
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  was of the pain of sympathy, experienced before he was two. As this
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  experience was thought typical of young Jeremy, it has been recounted at length.
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  At his grandfather's house, there had been some feasting, and the child was
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  filled to satiety by his nurse. Then he ate something his grandfather bought him,
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  and when his mother came with her natural claim upon his affections, it
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  was out of his power to accept what she offered. He then burst into
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  tears, seeing the chagrin and disappointment which it cost her. Jeremy's father was
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  accustomed to brag of his boy's early feats, as for instance, of his
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  recognition of the letters before he was able to speak, before he was three.
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  In one quarter, Jeremy took a walk with his parents and some friends
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  and finding that the conversation was about matters of indifference to him, he escaped
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  and ran home, ringing the bell. He gave orders to the footman to
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  put the reading desk on the table, place a large folio Rapin's History of
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  England upon the desk, and to provided canals without delay. His parents came
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  home to find him absorbed in his reading. The account of this was repeated
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  to him many times, but he himself remembered vividly the satisfaction with which he
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  read then and earlier his folio Historian. When a very little child, at
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  two Babs, he noticed that the water in the basin had been converted into
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  a cake of ice. He thought he might indulge a fancy of seeing what
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  would happen if he threw the ice out of the window. He was filled
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  with joy when he saw it shadowed, until the thought came that he might
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  be blamed. Then for a long time he was tormented by fear. Jeremy
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  suffered many times from his almost morbid sensibility. While a school. His parents
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  allowed him no pocket money, so when he kept and spent five guineas that
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  had been given him by a generous friend, he was continually haunted with dread
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  of discovery and punishment. From early childhood, he was afraid of ghosts,
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  perhaps because his great grandmother was distincts wish for having seen one. When six
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  years old, he was taken a visit one of the King's ballots. The
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  conversation was about nothing and weary the poor boy so he escaped, found a
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  copy of Pope's Homer and read it with extreme satisfaction and avidity while the others
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  were gossiping. When Jeremy was six, his father and some friends, who
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  were discussing genius, asked the boy to tell them his notions of the matter.
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  He said nothing at the time, but the subject long occupied his thought,
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  and many years later, age twenty, he evolved an explanation that satisfied
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  him. Bentham was always given to doubts and questioning. He could never accept
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  any but logical explanations because of his continual antipathy to anything that was not fact.
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  The statement made in latter life probably extended to the period of childhood and
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  was true of this rigidly critical and painfull serious lad. I never told a
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  lie. I never in my remembrance did one knew to be a dishonest thing.
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  A I i q undred and eighty relative koshetta point at two three development.
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  From seventeen twenty six, returned to Oxford bade them talk his me degree
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  there at eighteen. The following year he left the university and returned to London,
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  where he continued his studies independently. Upon reading Helvitius's Deedless Spirit, the
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  suggestion came to Bentham, aged twenty, that genius meant production or creative invention.
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  Immediately he asked himself, have I a genius for anything? What can
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  I produce? In answer to this question, it decided that there was in
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  him a genius for legislation, and that the legislation of all early pursuits was
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  the most important. My twenty one he was beginning to get gleams of practical
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  philosophy. Montesquio, Barrington, Baccaria, and most of all of Thadius set
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  him on the principle of utility. A twenty two he began to have a
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  sort of reputation and was spoken of as a philosopher. The next year,
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  two letters of his appeared in the Gazetteer, his first compositions to appear in
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  print. They are in defense of Lord Mansfield, who had been attacked,
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  and they show young Bentham's inherent love of fairness. He found a composition inconceivably
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  difficult, but by hard labor to some extent, subjugated his difficulties. At
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  twenty four he was called to the bar, but his inclinations did not lie
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  in that direction, and he discarded the idea of practicing as a barrister.
• 14:24
  Devoting himself to the study of legislation. He became the strenuous advocate of a
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  reform constitutional, legal, social, and economic. The notes of this period
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  containing the germs of the opinions later elaborated in his mature works aii i q
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  on hundred and seventy that of Kocie Deeta Pointeu Thomas Babington Macaulay eighteen hundred eighteen
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  fifty nine, an English historian, essayist, poet, and statesman ai q
• 14:52
  ononder eighty AIIQ one hundred and sixty five. One family sterning mccaully's father.
• 15:00
  His family included ministers, writers, and a colonial general. The father,
• 15:03
  An F. R. S An eminent as a philanthropist, was successively book
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  keeper, governor of a colony of libretted slaves, and Secretary of British Colonial
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  Company. By much reading, he had more than filled in the gaps of
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  a defective education. The mother was a daughter of a Quaker bookseller. Two
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  Development, age seventeen one interests. At three, Macaulay did not care for
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  toys, but was fond of taking his walk and telling interminable to stories from
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  his reading or from his imagination. At four or five of his imagination located
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  the Alps and Sayinai on Clapham Common, and enacted the scenes of history at
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  his doorstep. At eight, although precociously fowed in his tastes and interests,
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  he was, according to his mother's contemporary report, as playful as a kitten.
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  From that time on his interests were almost exclusively intellectual c. Two five
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  six seven two Education two seven. Still the merest child, he was sent
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  reluctantly on his part to his first school. From twelve to thirteen he attended
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  a private school near Cambridge, whose pupils, limited to a dozen o time,
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  were to receive more than their share of university honors and marks of professional
• 16:15
  distinction. The private school course included the usual classics, English composition and mathematics.
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  From thirteen or fourteen to eighteen macauley attended the Aspridenhall Preparatory School. His
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  parents took pains never to appear to regard anything remarkable that he did as more
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  than a schoolboy's amusement. Three schools standing in progress. It was recorded by
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  his mother just before Thomas turned eight that he got on wonderfully in all branches
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  of his education. At twelve, we have it from his own report in
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  our letter that he was classed with Wilberforce in the Odyssey, whom all the
• 16:53
  boys allowed to be very clever, very droll, and very impudent. He
• 16:59
  reports forms that in sermon writing he could off with credit. Mathematics suits his
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  taste. Nothing but Greek intimidates him. Four friends and associates. Mcaulay's early
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  associates were relatives and schoolmates. At twelve and a half he began a series
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  of visits to Dean Milner, president of Queen's College, Cambridge, which were
• 17:18
  to mean much. After one of these occasions, Milner wrote to the boy's
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  father, your that is a fine fellow. He shall stand before King's felip.
• 17:27
  Pupils at Aspruden regarded Thomas with pride and admiration, tempered however, by
• 17:33
  compassion for his utter inability to play at any sort of game. Five reading.
• 17:40
  At six, maccaulay began to acquire a library of his own. The
• 17:42
  first volumes were the gifts of his sister. According to his mother's record,
• 17:47
  the extent of his reading and of the knowledge he had derived from it before
• 17:51
  he reached his eighth birthday were truly astonishing for a boy of his age.
• 17:55
  Scott's lay in the Last Minstrel he learned almost entirely by heart, merely from
• 18:00
  his delight in reading it. He had mostly epics in his library before he
• 18:03
  was eight. At twelve and a half he reports ready into himself Plutarch's Lives,
• 18:08
  Milner's Ecclesiastical History, and Fenelon's Dialogs of the Dead. His letters early
• 18:14
  began to smack of the library as he roamed over the whole expanse of the
• 18:18
  Uteau One for nights ready included the De Cameron, Gilblaise, Thalaba, The
• 18:22
  Curse of Gehama, the History of James, the first mister Montag's essay on
• 18:27
  Shakespeare, and a great deal of Gibbon six production achievement. Before the age
• 18:33
  of seven, Thomas wrote a compendium of universal history which his mother describes as
• 18:38
  a tolerably connected view of the leading events from the creation to the present time,
• 18:42
  filling about a quarter of paper. Before he was eight, he wrote
• 18:45
  a paper containing a very clear idea of the doctrines of Christianity, with some
• 18:49
  arguments for its adoption, for Henry Davy to translate into Malabar, in order
• 18:55
  that it might serve to convert the natives of Travancourt to Christianity. A little
• 19:00
  later he determined on writing a poem in six cantos, which he called the
• 19:04
  Battle of Cheviot. The work was, however, carried out only in part,
• 19:08
  for after he had finished about three cantos of about what or twenty lines
• 19:12
  each, which he accomplished in a few days, he became tired of it
• 19:15
  and gave up the project. He had at this time already composed a great
• 19:19
  number of hymns. At Seminar eight he wrote a heroic poem O lands a
• 19:23
  great Or the Conquest of Muna, after the manner of Virgil in introducing them
• 19:29
  prophetic song the future fortunes of his own family. Somewhat later he wrote a
• 19:33
  vast pile of blank verse entitled Finingirl, a poem in twelve books. At
• 19:40
  nine he greeted his uncle, who was returning from India, with a copy
• 19:42
  of Verses. At twelve he composed of Pindarechode to celebrate Napoleon's flight from Russia.
• 19:48
  Childish squibs and parodies were constantly tossed off, while ever his early productions
• 19:52
  were the fruit of some enthusiastic leisure moment, and all are not only perfectly
• 19:56
  correct in spelling a grammar, but displays some lucidy of meaning and scrupulous secrecy
• 20:00
  and punctuation which characterized his mature works. Letters from this period show careful reflection
• 20:07
  and genuine originality. At thirteen, Macaulay indexed the thirteenth for him of The
• 20:12
  Christian Observer, which his father was yeted to her. His first appearance in
• 20:17
  print occurred about this time. An anonymous letter in defense of works of fiction
• 20:22
  was published by his father in The Christian Observer from the same year, comes
• 20:26
  upon addressed to his tutor requesting a holiday in honor of the alli's entry into
• 20:30
  Paris. From fourteen Toway teen the MWS was in abeyance, and during these
• 20:34
  years Macaulay composed little beyond perfunctory school exercises seven evidences of precocity. Macaulay's earliest
• 20:44
  recorded remark was the query, when he was perhaps not yet two years old,
• 20:48
  whether the smoke from a tall chimney were held even in his infancy.
• 20:52
  His mother recognized his precocious powers, but far from rejoicing, she was distressed
• 20:57
  by them, for she thought her the boy was as smart for an early
• 21:00
  death. At three, young Thomas read incessantly, as memory retained without effort
• 21:06
  the exact phraseology of the book. At four, he carried away a mental
• 21:11
  catalog of the Oxford Collection after one visit to it. When a servant had
• 21:15
  spilt some hot coffee of his legs, he replied, to a solicious inquiry,
• 21:18
  thank you, madame. The agonies abated. At four or five he
• 21:22
  was declared to be the simplest and most natural children. But when the maid
• 21:26
  threw away the oyster shells which served as a fence for his garden plot,
• 21:30
  he said, cursed beys Sally, for it is written, cursed is he
• 21:34
  that removeth his neighbor's landmark. Perhaps a little later he said to his mother,
• 21:41
  who had explained that he must learn to study without refreshment. Yes,
• 21:44
  Mamma, industry must be my prayer and attention my butter. His mother wrote
• 21:48
  of the marks of genius, which he constantly showed at the age of eight.
• 21:52
  His extraordinary memory was often noted. Otherwise he was remembered as a good
• 21:56
  tempered boy, always occupied with that assumption. A IQ undred eighty with out
• 22:02
  of coach of data point A two three development from seventeen to twenty six at
• 22:07
  eighteen Macaulay and to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he remained for six years.
• 22:12
  Here his campaigns included the two Colliridges and Charles Austen. While at college
• 22:18
  he was described as generous but vindictive. He had no athletic accomplishments, and
• 22:22
  at a time when out of door pursuits were regarded as the leading object of
• 22:26
  existence, he viewed his deficiencies with indifference. Mathematics and scientific subjects were distasteful
• 22:32
  to him, but he won the Chances Medal for English Verse in eighteen nineteen
• 22:36
  and again in eighteen twenty one, aged eighteen and twenty. In the latter
• 22:40
  year he also won the Cravence Scholarship and twenty one here was a tutor.
• 22:45
  At twenty four he was an elected fellow, probably because in spite of his
• 22:48
  neglect of scientific subjects, he stood first to the candidates. At twenty two
• 22:53
  and twenty three McCauley wrote much for Knights Quarterly Unloader magazine, and the latter
• 22:57
  year delivered his speech for the Anti Sla Society, which The Edinburgh characterized as
• 23:02
  a display of eloquent signal for rare amateured excellence. A twenty four became an
• 23:07
  aime, and the next month The Edinburgh published the Essay on Milton, which
• 23:11
  established his literary fame. And twenty five macaulay was called to the bar,
• 23:15
  but he never took to the law seriously, and after year or so gave
• 23:18
  it up altogether. AIQ one sixty five relative coach of Jetta point seventy five.
• 23:26
  Blaise Pascal sixteen twenty three to sixteen sixty two, a celebrated French geometrican
• 23:33
  philosopher and writer AIQ one eighty AIQ one hundred and eighty one. Family standing.
• 23:41
  Pascal came from a noble family whose members had held important officers from the
• 23:45
  time of Louis the eleventh. His father was first president at the Court of
• 23:49
  the Aides. Moving to Paris, he became one of the most active promoters
• 23:53
  of science, and there won the friendship of Descats, Guessindi, robertvel Mersine
• 24:00
  Karcavi, Pelliuo, and other philosophers. These men used to meet at each
• 24:04
  other's houses for discussion, and a little informal but active association became the nucleus
• 24:10
  of the celebrated Academy of Sciences, established in sixteen Citi z X. Pascal's
• 24:15
  mother died when her son was three years old. The boy's sister, a
• 24:18
  woman of superior mind and gifted in writing, became a protege of Corneel.
• 24:23
  After her conversion to Gensenism, she took the veil at Port Royal two Developmentwage
• 24:30
  seventeen one Interests. Pasco early showed much interest in his surroundings and wanted to
• 24:36
  know a reason for everything. When the reason was not known, or when
• 24:41
  his father could not tell him or told him the theories which, although generally
• 24:44
  accepted, were not actually proved, he was not at all contended for he
• 24:48
  had an unusually keen eye for discerning falsity. To know the truth was the
• 24:52
  single aim of his mind. Even at a very early age. He took
• 24:56
  great pleasure in conversations upon the subject of natural science. His genius for geometry
• 25:02
  made its appearance before he was twelve years old, and in an extraordinary manner.
• 25:07
  His father wished him to learn languages before undertaking mathematics, and in consequence
• 25:11
  put away all the books on the subject and refrained from mentioning it between his
• 25:15
  son's presence. The precaution did not prevent the child's curiosity from being aroused,
• 25:21
  however, and he begged his father to teach him mathematics. He refused,
• 25:25
  but offered it to him as a reward prompt him to teach him mathematics,
• 25:29
  he would learn Latin and Greek. Blaise, seeing this resistance, asked what
• 25:33
  the science was and of what it treated. His father told him that,
• 25:37
  in general, it was the means of making accurate figures and finding the relation
• 25:41
  they bear to each other. At the same time, if obeyed his son
• 25:45
  to think or speak of it again. Bascal, however, began to dream
• 25:49
  over the subject, and, knowing only that it concerned the making of infallibly
• 25:53
  accurate figures, used to mark with charcoal on the walls of his playroom,
• 25:57
  seeking a means of making a sera or perfectly round, and a triangle whose
• 26:02
  sides and angles were all equal. He discovered these things from himself, and
• 26:07
  then began to seek the relationship which existed between them. He did not know
• 26:11
  any mathematical terms, and so made up his own, calling circles, rounds,
• 26:15
  lines, bars, et cetera. Using these names, he made axioms
• 26:19
  and finally developed perfect demonstrations. And as he went from one thing to another,
• 26:23
  he pushed his researches until he had come to the thirty second proposition of
• 26:27
  the first book of Euclid, the sum of the angles of a triangle was
• 26:32
  equal to two right angles. One day, the father came in unexpectedly and
• 26:36
  asked his son what he was doing. The child explained, showed him some
• 26:40
  demonstrations he had made, and finally recited his definitions and axioms. The father
• 26:45
  left the room without saying a word, and unbosomed himself in tears of joy
• 26:49
  to a friend who lived close by. Two education. When Blazer three,
• 26:55
  his father began to devote all his school time to the education of his children.
• 27:00
  The boy never attended school and had no other teacher than his parent.
• 27:03
  When Yon Pascal was eight, the family moved to Paris, and the father
• 27:06
  began a systematic course of training, the rigor and originality of which can be
• 27:11
  likened only to the discipline of John Stuart Mill. Before the boys twelve,
• 27:15
  he had been taught everything his father considered him capable of learning, including the
• 27:18
  principles of grammar and natural science. His father planned to begin his instruction in
• 27:25
  Latin, Greek, and mathematics at the age twelve. After beginning Latin and
• 27:29
  Greek plays, study logic, physics, and philosophy, also delighting the older
• 27:33
  Pascal by the wonderful progress he made in all these studies, three schools standing
• 27:38
  in progress. After his precocious demonstration of power and geometry, his father gave
• 27:45
  him him a copy of Euclid, which he could have at once follow and
• 27:48
  explain merely by looking at the diagrams. Although he had begun the study of
• 27:52
  Latin only to please his father, his progress in this, as well as
• 27:56
  in other subjects, was such that his teacher was delighted. At an early
• 28:00
  age. Between twelve and sixteen, Pascal was invited to weekly conferences in Paris,
• 28:04
  where all the clever people assembled that bring their work or to examine that
• 28:08
  of others. Here he soon held the first rank, as much for his
• 28:12
  inquiries as for his production, though he was one of the members who most
• 28:17
  often brought in new ideas, his opinions were given as much weight as and
• 28:22
  his advice was always listened to. Because yet so keen a mind, they
• 28:26
  discovered falsities which were hidden from others. Four Friends and associates. No associates
• 28:33
  especially mentioned, but in addition to his talented father and clever sister, we
• 28:37
  may assume that he came in contact with the group of men of science who
• 28:41
  were his father's friends. Five. Reading on a specific record six's production achievement
• 28:49
  when he was eleven, Pascal noticed that a knife struck against the plate gave
• 28:53
  a loud noise which stopped if the hand were held against the plate. This
• 28:57
  led to a series of experiments and sound and to the production of a treatise
• 29:00
  which was found to be very logical and well thought out. Seven evidences of
• 29:07
  precocity. According to his older sister, Pascal, as soon he was odd
• 29:12
  enough to take part in conversation, showed signs of an unusual intelligence by the
• 29:17
  clever remarks he made, and particularly by the questions he asked regarding the nature
• 29:21
  of things, questions which amazed everyone as he grew, his ability continued to
• 29:26
  develop so that he was always much advanced for his age. From his childhood
• 29:33
  he would accept nothing except what it periodo logical to him, and when others
• 29:37
  were unable to give him good reasons for things, he devised them for himself.
• 29:41
  When he once started or anything, he would never give it up until
• 29:44
  he had found a satisfactory explanation. At sixteen, he was still devoting his
• 29:48
  spare time to mathematics, while his principal study was Latin. He made such
• 29:53
  rapid progress in his favorite study that he wrote during the year, a small
• 29:56
  work on conic sections, which was sent to descrit the latter Saint Bieuf remarks,
• 30:03
  was ungenerous enough to exhibit symptoms of jealousy at the rising genius of Pascal,
• 30:07
  regarding the youth of sixteen years as a possible rival. Pascal's production of
• 30:12
  a treatise at eleven and his geometrical deductions shortly be noted C. Two six
• 30:18
  and one aiq Oneter eighty relived coach of date U point seventy five three development.
• 30:25
  From seventeen to twenty six, Pascal continued to study Latin Greek logic,
• 30:30
  physics and philosophy, and in all these subjects he pleased his father by the
• 30:33
  progress made. Unhappily, his intense application to study injured his health, so
• 30:37
  that to his death he never spent a day without pain. A nineteen devised
• 30:41
  a calculating machine and spent several valuable years trying to overcome the mechanical difficulties of
• 30:47
  its construction. Noted mathematicians of France, England and Italy led her attempted to
• 30:52
  perfect Pascal's production, but without success. At the age of twenty three,
• 30:56
  young Pascal, with the other members of his family, was conveyed to the
• 31:00
  Jansenist faith, but he did not at once give up his scientific work,
• 31:04
  and during the next two years he carried out a series of experiments on atmospheric
• 31:07
  pressure, reaching the same conclusions as Torrisilli, with whose work he was at
• 31:12
  that time unacquainted. He was subject to criticism by the Jesuits, but had
• 31:17
  little difficulty in confuting his opponents, and twenty five Pascal was stricken by severe
• 31:22
  illness was forced to give up his mathematical and scientific work, which indeed it
• 31:29
  had been forbidden since his conversion. However, science still retained a fascination for
• 31:33
  him and persuade his brother in law to observe the height of the mercury column
• 31:37
  at the top of the Purdy dom. The result of this experiment exploded for
• 31:42
  ever the old idea that nature abhorse vacuum. At the edge of twenty six,
• 31:48
  says Rodgers, Pascal had composed the greater part of his mathematical works and
• 31:53
  made those brilliant experiments in hydrostatics and humanics which have associate his name with those
• 31:59
  of Torressillia Boile, and ranged him among the first philosophers of his age.
• 32:05
  Ai q waterereti relive cushal data points seventy five. Johann Wolfgang Gertha seventeen forty
• 32:14
  nine to eighteen thirty two, one of the greatest poets of any age or
• 32:16
  country ai q wadeneti five AIQ two hundred one family standing. Gerther's paternal ancestors
• 32:28
  were craftsmen of central Germany. The grandfather was a North German tailor, letter
• 32:32
  and inn caper. The father was a university man, a doctor of Jewish
• 32:37
  prudence with the title of Imperial Counselor, who, although a great pedant,
• 32:42
  was a man of wide and varied interests. The mother's ancestors were jurists from
• 32:46
  southern Germany, her father being the chief magistrate of the freest city of Frankfurt.
• 32:51
  The mother herself possessed an unusual amount of practical common sense and many happy
• 32:55
  gifts of mind and heart two de Valle Twente, seventeen one interests. Every
• 33:04
  event in the Girtha household was a rites or ceremony in which each member had
• 33:07
  a part. City or other local festivals and feats were regularly attended and made
• 33:12
  special days of celebration. Church observances were strictly followed. In their earliest childhood,
• 33:17
  the brother and sister were introduced by their father to every point of historical
• 33:22
  or social interest in the town, and the observation of architecture, customs,
• 33:25
  and people was cultivated. When girth was four and a half, a puppet
• 33:30
  theater presented by his grandmother stimulated his dramatic sense, and at six and a
• 33:35
  half he began to arrange to conduct plays on his miniature stage. Before he
• 33:40
  was eight, he and some Ofy's companions developed a passion for writing poetry.
• 33:45
  Young Girtha thought his work superior to the others, but when he found that
• 33:47
  his fellow authors had the same impression of their verses. He became discouraged and
• 33:52
  gave up writing for a time, only, however, to resume activity later
• 33:57
  after praise had heartened him to try again. Intellectual or political discussions quick in
• 34:02
  the lad's thought, and the tales of his father's travels aroused in him the
• 34:07
  desire for wider horizons. In this stimulating intellectual atmosphere, he enjoyed the balancing
• 34:12
  advantage of a first hand knowledge of the arts and crafts as practiced by his
• 34:15
  townsmen at local affairs. Young Girth, who was thrilled by the view of
• 34:20
  strange wearers from many a far country on his exploration to the city, history
• 34:24
  became a living tale. At the age of nine, he built an altar
• 34:29
  and developed a mystical religion of his own, in the hope of approaching God
• 34:31
  directly and thus worshiping him without priestly intervention. Between nine and a half and
• 34:37
  twelve he became deeply interested in French. He had studied the language with the
• 34:42
  French Commandment coorted in his father's house. He bad dramatic poetry and criticism,
• 34:45
  and he visited the French theatre regularly. On a past presented by his grandfather,
• 34:50
  the mayor. In connection with his attendants at the player, he learned
• 34:53
  by visits behind the scenes something of the contrast between the actors lives and that
• 34:58
  professional attitude. At fourteen and a half, during the celebration of the Imperial
• 35:02
  Coronation in Frankfort, Gertha became enthusiastically interested in national history. While the glamor
• 35:09
  of pagetry fell upon the old city, transforming its strab Beauguieu's background to a
• 35:15
  truly romantic setting. Young Gertha became enamored of a maiden of humble station,
• 35:21
  for whom he poured out all his heart, until he learned that in her
• 35:23
  eyes he was only a child. Despatched to the University, Gotha at sixteen,
• 35:30
  was as always full of literary and social interests. He read widely,
• 35:35
  attended the theater and discourse with his friends. He also devoted considerable time to
• 35:39
  the writing of verses in German, French, English and Italian, attending in
• 35:45
  his productions something more than the sweater poetry of the day. Two education.
• 35:51
  From the age of three until he was six, Gertha attended a day nursery
• 35:54
  or kindergarten and here, According to tradition, he learned to read. His
• 36:00
  father had already begun to tell the little lad and his sister of the history
• 36:02
  of the town. An ABC book was purchased for the young Girtha aged four
• 36:07
  and a half, and a U letter acgism with biblical quotations was presented to
• 36:12
  him. At this latter age, she attended a public school with his sister
• 36:15
  for several months. About the same time, under their father's direction, the
• 36:20
  two children arranged their parents many engravings and were introduced also to his admirable collections
• 36:25
  of maps, natural history specimens, glass, ivory, bronzes and old weapons,
• 36:30
  etchings and modern paintings. From his seventh year to his seventeenth, Gertha
• 36:36
  and his sister were trained by private tutors under a liberal plan of instruction.
• 36:39
  A planned device developed wide interests and cultivated tastes. Among the syjects taught were
• 36:45
  Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, English, Italian history, geography,
• 36:49
  religion, natural science, mathematics, composition, rhetoric, drawing, music,
• 36:53
  dancing, fencing, and writing. At least ten teachers participated in the instruction,
• 36:59
  and ten represented the points of view of various religious creeds as well as
• 37:02
  the culture of France, of Italy, and of various regions of Germany.
• 37:07
  Gertha's training in Latin began when he was seven, and within a few months
• 37:10
  he was writing free Latin compositions and learning military and legal phrases in the language.
• 37:16
  The corrections in his exercise books concerned errors in orthography and the like,
• 37:22
  rather than errors in language usage. One of his tutors, who was also
• 37:25
  a public school teacher, arranged price literary competitions, which Gertha competed successfully with
• 37:30
  boys in the regular school. A legal friend instructed the boy in international law,
• 37:36
  while other associates of his father and grandfather took an interest in his education
• 37:39
  along the lines of which they had specialized. When Girtha was nine and one
• 37:45
  third, the French were quartered in Frankfurt. The French commandant of the city
• 37:50
  was quartered in the Girtha House, where he treated an interesting group of people,
• 37:54
  especially artists, from whom Girtha learned something of their art. The prescribed
• 38:00
  pre confirmation instruction which followed in regular course was thoroughly distasteful to the twelve year
• 38:05
  old boy. More to satisfied to him were a variety of studies carried on
• 38:09
  at this time including mathematics, English, drawing, piano playing, and,
• 38:14
  at length, after much importunity, Hebrew. Also at fourteen, He's ready
• 38:19
  included law in Latin. From fourteen to seventeen, his scientific and pre legal
• 38:22
  education progressed. Latin had by this time been thoroughly mastered. At seventeen,
• 38:30
  Gertha had completed a broad and liberal course of training. He was familiar with
• 38:34
  the poetry of the leading nations. His reading of German, French, Latin,
• 38:37
  and Hebrew literature had been extensive. He was confiscant with the language and
• 38:43
  history of the principal countries of Europe, and he knew the political and legal
• 38:45
  history of Germany my new detail. He had made progress in the study of
• 38:51
  theology and jurisprudence, and the natural sciences. He knew something of drawing and
• 38:54
  music. He played the piano, in the flute, and the artist sea
• 38:59
  Cats consider him a promising art student. At sixteen he entered the University of
• 39:02
  Leipseekers a student of law and literature. For the elder Girth intended that the
• 39:07
  brilliant career as a jurist, which he had failed to achieve for himself,
• 39:10
  should be realized by his son, young Gertha wished to be a poet.
• 39:15
  Three schoolstadium progress by means already apprehension, practice and a good memory. Girth
• 39:22
  soon outgrew the instructions his father and his other teachers were able to give without
• 39:25
  ever requiring or receiving elementary drill in anything. Grammar, which seemed to him
• 39:30
  a matter of arbitrary rules and exceptions, he despised, and he learned it
• 39:35
  only with some difficulty. Latin and geography, which he learned in verse,
• 39:39
  he thoroughly enjoyed and hence ac quite readily enough. In rhetoric, composition,
• 39:45
  and the like. He always excelled. Grammatical exercises written when little Girtha was
• 39:50
  only seven and a half and eight showed thorough and painstaking study and the ability
• 39:53
  to express the experiences and impressions of every day life in natural and facile Latin
• 39:59
  form. When his penmanship was rated and that of other children in the town
• 40:04
  had stood on an average ninth in a group of thirty, at eight and
• 40:07
  a half, Girtha began to translate exercise into Latin in invitation of the Estortian
• 40:13
  Justinian. Similar to this design by his tutor, who was also assistant school
• 40:16
  rectorer for the senior class in the Gymnasium thirsd his ninth year, the lad
• 40:22
  was competing with boys of sixteen to twenty two years. At eight, Girtha
• 40:25
  learned so readily that he was able to pick up Italian from overhearing his sister
• 40:30
  and a tutor while he himself was studying his Laddin lesson. His rapid progress
• 40:35
  in French reconciled his protesting father to his attendance at the theater when the French
• 40:38
  classes were resented a serious boy and near the age of ten or is the
• 40:44
  most industrious of them all. He was annoyed by the trifling of his playmates,
• 40:49
  four friends and associates. In consequence of being made much of by his
• 40:54
  father's friends, Girtha became self conscious and somewhat vain. Any of his planmates
• 41:00
  admitted his actual superiority, where all his Lackey's later wrote, one boy two
• 41:06
  years his senior Gertha's intellectual endowmit his skill. In Nar eighteen, Thrilling tales
• 41:10
  the distinction of his bearing and manner made him a leader among his fellows at
• 41:15
  the university. Meanty of Gurth's associates were men of established reputation and ability ten
• 41:21
  or more years his senior. Two girls had in turn one of Gurtha's passionate
• 41:24
  devotion before he was seventeen, the first when he was fourteen, the second
• 41:29
  when he was sixteen five. Reading when barely was six years old, Gertha
• 41:37
  began to examine and read the illustrated Aubis Pictus, Marian's illustrated Bible, then
• 41:43
  and later a favorite, Gottfried's illustrated Chronicles of Universal History, and Heidegger's Akera
• 41:50
  Philologica. As or later, he was reading Robson Crusoe, Die in Serlufelsenburg
• 41:55
  and similar tales. At eight, he was all it is somewhat acquainted in
• 42:00
  his father's library with the old German poets of the eighteenth century, the best
• 42:05
  Latin Italian poets, Roman antiquities, classic works on Jewish prudence, books of
• 42:09
  travel, historical and philosophical treatises, and encyclopedias of all kinds. A little
• 42:15
  later, modern works forbidden by his father were secretly obtained and devoured. Evenings
• 42:20
  at home were spent in reading aloud and various ratifying works. Bower's History of
• 42:24
  the Popes was one book so read and re read in its heavy entirety,
• 42:30
  for according to the elder Girtha's plan at work, once begun had always to
• 42:34
  be finished. In his uncle's library, the lad found a delightful translation of
• 42:37
  Homer with copper plate illustrations. Virgil came to hand a little later, while
• 42:44
  the French were in Frankfort, Gertha between nine and twelve read the works of
• 42:47
  the principal French dramatists, Oil of Racine and Moliere, and most of Corneille.
• 42:52
  His thirteenth year stated Hebrew and read much and long in the Bible.
• 42:57
  At fourteen he read schiftly legal and philology books, but he was best satisfied
• 43:01
  by works which poetry, religion, and philosophy were united. At fifteen he
• 43:07
  read, among other things, the works of Weyland, French plays, and
• 43:09
  the dramas of Lessing. At six ten he was especially impressed by Lessings Lacun
• 43:15
  and Dodd's Beauties of Shakespeare. To supply the shortcomings of his prescribed training,
• 43:21
  he had recourses such encyclopedic works as those of Bailee and Gessner. Six production
• 43:29
  achievement. The free compositions which Gertha wrote at seven and a half an eight
• 43:34
  included three conversations that possessed genuine creative quality and exhibit a remarkability in characterization.
• 43:40
  The Morning's Salutations in German, Latin and Greek, written before he was nine,
• 43:45
  expressed charming sentiments in artistic form, but Greek exercises of this period exhibit
• 43:51
  the faults of a beginner. A nine and a half, Gurth had amassed
• 43:54
  a considerable collection of lessons and stories. At ten, he wrote her little
• 43:59
  play, hoping he might be staged a twelve who composed a story in the
• 44:04
  form of letters written in Latin with a sprinkling of Greek, English, French,
• 44:07
  Italian, Yiddish and German. In this year, a series of controversial
• 44:12
  sermons so aroused his interest that he undertook to preserve them by dictation to his
• 44:16
  father's secretary, and with the help of view notes, he succeeded for several
• 44:21
  weeks in reconstructing what he had heard for the edification of his father. Gradually,
• 44:27
  however, interest in this undertaking waned, and the report dwindled to a
• 44:30
  mere outline. Gertha wrote to fourteen a narrative poem Joseph, which, with
• 44:36
  a collection of the original verses, he presented to his father at Christmas time,
• 44:40
  because his muse was employed by a group of young mischief makers for their
• 44:45
  own ends. Gerther his early tanes nearly fell into his serious difficulty. Only
• 44:49
  a timely family interventions set manustraate a letter that had been preserved from this period.
• 44:53
  An application for membership in a secret society, is remarkable for its correct
• 44:58
  phrasing and for the writer his characterization of himself. A number of excellent verses
• 45:02
  are available from the poet sixteenth and seventeenth years, and to all the same
• 45:07
  period may be credited a tragedy written for his lady, and a poem in
• 45:10
  honor of his uncle's marriage with the latter. The author himself was delighted that
• 45:15
  he did not continue to regard his works with satisfaction, as evidenced by the
• 45:20
  fat that when about sixteen, he burned all of the manuscripts he could bring
• 45:24
  together. Goethe's early production was not limited to literature, in whom theatricalcy took
• 45:30
  pleading parts. He made a plan for his series of paintings to illustrate the
• 45:34
  life of Joseph, and two of these were actually executed by Frankfort artists.
• 45:40
  Sermon evidence is a precocity at the age of four gethe had learned an Italian
• 45:45
  song by heart, although he could not understand its meaning. A favorite pastime
• 45:51
  in the very early years was listening to his mother's tales and legends, and
• 45:54
  if her imagination failed in the course of a narrative, the child supplied the
• 45:59
  lack by his own fancy. And great was his delight and enthusiasm when the
• 46:02
  outcome fulfilled his predictions. When the Christian world was staggered by this beneathquake,
• 46:08
  Gerthe six heard more than one sermon devoted to an explanation of this apparent contradiction
• 46:15
  of providence. His comment was as follows, After all, it is probably
• 46:21
  much simpler than they suppose. God knows that the immortal soul can suffer no
• 46:24
  harm through such a fate. Gerth's father early recognized his son's unusual ability,
• 46:31
  and friends of the family enthusiastically mapped out careers suited to such rare talents.
• 46:37
  One wished to make him a courtier, another a diplomat, a third a
• 46:39
  jurist. Gerth's mother, when her son was nine, noting that he was
• 46:45
  distinguished from the other boys by his erect carriage, mentioned the factor him in
• 46:50
  praise, he replied that it would later be distinguished from them in other ways.
• 46:55
  On another occasion, he stated they would never be satisfied with that which
• 47:00
  satisfied others. His more than common rapidity or development admitted him to confirmation at
• 47:05
  an unusually early age twelve. Intellectual fordness appeared in many serious discussions with his
• 47:12
  tutor. For example, the fourteen year old was interested to argue at length
• 47:15
  that there was no need for a separate study of philosophy, as religion and
• 47:21
  poetry covered the field. At sixteen, Gertha was familiar with the culture of
• 47:24
  Europe, and his interests and tastes were those of a scholar and a man
• 47:29
  of the world ai qasion a five frill of coast of dead appointed two three
• 47:36
  development. From seventeen to twenty six at the University of Leipzig, Gertha was
• 47:40
  a recognized intellectual leader among his fellows, and with study he bled in social
• 47:45
  pleasures, odes and parodies, dashed off feav and fervor of enthusiasm brought him
• 47:51
  notoriety as well as praise. Graceful verses for the fruit of a passionate but
• 47:54
  hopeless attachment, the memory of which was preserved. Also in his first place,
• 48:00
  De Lorna des Verleibden, written at nineteen Later as a distraction in a
• 48:07
  fit of jealousy, he took to etching and produced a number of landscapes as
• 48:10
  well as lesser works. At this time, a regular living and excitement brought
• 48:15
  about a bronchial affection, which developed into a serious illness. Returning to Frankfurt,
• 48:21
  the invalid spent his days there etching, drawing, writing, and law
• 48:24
  study, his activities increasing with recovery. By twenty he was occupied with the
• 48:30
  study of Shakespeare's works, the language and literature of France and Germany, the
• 48:36
  theory and history of poetry, music and the plastic arts, thoughts of God,
• 48:39
  and observations of the world. During this year he had a second orgy
• 48:45
  of destruction, in which he burned all his letters, his verses, all
• 48:47
  but two of his plays. From twenty to twenty two, gerthe lived in
• 48:53
  Strasbourg, and how his health had gradually returned. He crowned for his university
• 48:58
  legal examination and udied medicine. In his spare time, he heard that he
• 49:02
  met Herder, five years his senior, the man who influenced him more than
• 49:07
  any other Girth's creative genius was now awake. He realized the uneaning of art.
• 49:13
  The lyrics of this period, the expression of a deep passion, have
• 49:15
  not been surpassed in all literature. Gurth took out the practice of law the
• 49:21
  following year, but it continued also to work on four dramatic productions, Forced
• 49:25
  Goods, Sacrets and Caesar. He wrote in architecture, composed songs, translated
• 49:31
  Osceine and Pindar, and contributed to reviews. His work took him to the
• 49:36
  Imperial Chamber of Law at What's There, but law was not his sole concern.
• 49:40
  For his preparing the way through his acquaintance with fair Charlotte for the production
• 49:45
  of Werther two years later, a work which made his name known throughout the
• 49:49
  world. Girtha compared the first version of God's at twenty three, but was
• 49:53
  not intended for publication. The second version, produced a year later, failed
• 49:59
  as a drama. As a poem of a mortal beauty and worth her,
• 50:02
  Gerthe's genius rose to its highest power. Nothing that was outward accomplished could outshine
• 50:07
  the crown of glory which Werther laid on his head during his twenty fifth year.
• 50:13
  The poet made friendships with distinguished men Leavat, Baisdau and, among others,
• 50:17
  the poet Wayland, with whom he quarreled at a distance. Work on
• 50:22
  gigantic dramatic plots continued, and minor poems flowed from a restless heart and penned.
• 50:29
  In the meantime, Gertha and the Duke of Saxe of Weimar had become
• 50:31
  friends, and the following year saw the beginning of Gertha's career as a statesman,
• 50:36
  which was to continue until his death fifty seven years later. To his
• 50:40
  statesmanship was due in large part the leading position that third title state of Waima
• 50:45
  won and held among the governments of Europe a i IQ two hundred without koushef
• 50:52
  Debt appointed two. Hugo Curtius fifteen eighty three is sixteen forty five a celebrated
• 51:00
  Dutch jurist, theologian and poet, the founder of the science of international law
• 51:06
  AIQ one eighty five AIQ one hundred ninety one. Family standing, Grotius was
• 51:14
  born of an ancient and important family. His great grandfather was a worthy French
• 51:17
  Huguenot. His grandfather combined the names coats of arms, Means and titles of
• 51:22
  both houses, namely of Degrut and Cornets, and the dignities of both families,
• 51:28
  those of Degrut having been inheritable in the family for three centuries. He
• 51:31
  was proficient as a scholar, having reached a highest summit of learning in the
• 51:36
  Hebrew, Greek and Latin languages and civic affairs. He attained the eminence of
• 51:40
  town councilman and Burgomaster. The grandmother was a daughter of one of the noblest
• 51:45
  families of Holland. Hugo's father was a man of scholarly training and cultured interests,
• 51:51
  a master of arts and philosophy, and also a doctor of laws.
• 51:53
  He was a great lover and protector of learning. He held the honored civic
• 51:58
  offices of Alderman, Councilman and Bergermastro, and of yet more distinction, one
• 52:04
  of the three directorships of the University of Leiden. The mother of Grotius was
• 52:07
  Alida von Verschi, of illustrious family. Two developmentwards seventeen one interests. Young
• 52:16
  Grotius found a wide variety of interests in his studies. It was as well
• 52:21
  informed in the sciences as in philosophy, as interested in religion as in law.
• 52:25
  He was early taught by his father the value of the harmonious development and
• 52:30
  discipline of body and mind. Two education. Hugo remained at home in the
• 52:35
  care of his parents until he was eight or nine. It was instructed by
• 52:37
  them in the rudiments of the Christian doctrine and impressed with sound principles of morality
• 52:42
  and honor. Before he was seven, the foundations of his knowledge of the
• 52:45
  Latin and Greek languages were laid by his tutor, an excellent man. When
• 52:51
  about our years of age, Grodis was sent to the Hague, where his
• 52:53
  studies were directed by Uttin Boguerot, the leading divine among the Dutch reformers and
• 52:59
  a man of Viga national influence. At eleven, the lad entered the University
• 53:02
  of Leiden, where he delved into Greek and Roman history, philosophy, astronomy,
• 53:07
  mathematics, religion and law with great thoroughness. He left the university at
• 53:12
  fourteen after delivering the required public thesis on mathematics, philosophy and law, and
• 53:17
  after a year in France, received the degree of Doctor of Laws from the
• 53:21
  University of Orleans. Three schools standing in progress in his earliest years Grotius showed
• 53:27
  great aptitude for the acquisition of learning, great taste, judgment and application,
• 53:31
  and a wonderful memory. At the University of Leiden, he so distinguished himself
• 53:37
  by his diligence and talents that even the learns Challenger noticed him and condescended to
• 53:42
  direct his studies. Those ar another great literary man, celebrated the boy's praises
• 53:46
  in verse, declaring that Grotius, then eleven, would soon excel all his
• 53:51
  contemporaries and bear comparison with the most learned of the ancients. Four friends and
• 53:57
  associates. At home, the boy came in contact with some of the most
• 54:00
  distinguished representatives of European learning and culture. While as student at the university,
• 54:06
  he lived with Franciscus Junius, a true Christian famous for his burning zeal and
• 54:10
  behalf of the Reformation, and imbibed hymns so strong and pure a religious spirit
• 54:15
  that, when only twelve years old, he converted his mother from Catholicism to
• 54:20
  the Reformed faith. In Leyden, he was very intimate with the great Scolenger,
• 54:24
  into whose home as a temple of wisdom. Here, together with his
• 54:29
  friends Peters Grevirius Dominicus, Bordius and Daniel Hensius had free access in France,
• 54:36
  he made many friends. He was appointed private secretary to the young Prince of
• 54:39
  France and authwise to retain the honorable title after his return to his own country.
• 54:45
  Five reading no specific record. Six achievement and production. In his eighth
• 54:51
  year, Grotius wrote some remarkable that in verse of two pieces preserved, one
• 54:54
  written on the occasion of the shaking off of Spanish war and a Dutch province,
• 54:59
  where presented to Prince Mardice. The other, a word of comfort address
• 55:02
  to his father, was written after the death of a younger brother. At
• 55:07
  twelve or thirteen, Hugo published three poems, an ode in Greek to Prince
• 55:12
  Harry Frederic of Nassau, a Latin poem in praise of one of his professors,
• 55:16
  and a Latin epithalium. At fourteen, a wrote to Triumphus Calesius a
• 55:22
  witty song of triumph after the style of Catilus, and prepared a new edition
• 55:27
  of Martianus Capella's Marriage of Mercury and Philology and seven treatises on the Liberal arts
• 55:34
  with clear brief notes. Because of his absence in France, these works were
• 55:38
  not published until two years later. The same year, Grice took part in
• 55:43
  two heroic debates on philosophical questions. At fifteen, the youth accompanied the great
• 55:47
  statesmen sent by Holland on a mission to King Henry of France. His fame
• 55:52
  preceded him, and he was introduced to the King, who, apparently greatly
• 55:57
  impressed by his striking personality, called him the Miracle of Holland, presented him
• 56:01
  with a gold chain and his picture, and wished to knight him by this
• 56:06
  last honor. Grotius declient As sixteen, Grotius went to the Hay to practice
• 56:10
  law. He began to write on legal subjects and published a Latin translation of
• 56:15
  Stevens's Treaties Navigation by Combus. This production showed that the writer was as well
• 56:22
  informed in the sciences and especially mathematics, as in philosophy, logic, and
• 56:27
  rhetoric, in which he had already established so high a reputation. Servant Evins
• 56:32
  as a prococody in his earliest youth, Grotius gave clear proof of his brilliant
• 56:37
  art, noble character, and untiring diligence, being as quick of body as
• 56:42
  of mind. Before he was eight, he was so absorbed in his studies
• 56:45
  that he spent a great part of the night with his books. And when
• 56:49
  his mother, preferring that he enjoys proper arrest at night, refused to give
• 56:52
  him candles, he used his Sunday money secretly to buy them. So intent
• 56:57
  was he on what seemed to him far more important matters, they would scarcely
• 57:00
  give himself time for correct orthography. Learned men everywhere spoke of young Grotius as
• 57:07
  a prodigy when he was no more than fourteen. Pontanus called him a youth
• 57:10
  of greatest hopes, and at sixteen he was pronounced by Mercius a young without
• 57:15
  equal See also two three and six a q. One eighty five were left
• 57:21
  Coachadette point seventy five three development from seventeen to twenty six. At seventeen,
• 57:28
  the young lawyer was pleading before the highest tribunal the land, at the same
• 57:31
  time producing writings of such superior quality that the scholars scleto di Tho, Casubon,
• 57:37
  Forsius, and others publicly availed their surprise, compared him to Erasmus,
• 57:43
  and declared that the whole world could not produce a more learned man than Grotius.
• 57:47
  At seventeen he wrote the Epithelium. Regim published the ratus and excellent treatise
• 57:53
  on Science and Art, which also contained some original Latin verse pronounced equal to
• 57:58
  those of Cicero Prosopopia, which was so well thought of that it was ascribed
• 58:02
  as Skelengo, the greatest scholar of the time. The Prosopopeia was translated into
• 58:08
  French and Greek by distinguished contemporaries. At Etaen, Grotius published his first tragedy,
• 58:15
  Ad Amersexel, which devoked universal praise from learned men, although the author
• 58:20
  himself was dissatisfied with it. As second drama of his late teens, Christus
• 58:24
  Patians, praised as a model of perfect tragedy, was not published until Grotius
• 58:30
  was twenty five. At about the same time, the youth helped on writing
• 58:35
  of noble elegies in memory of two of his professors who succumbed to the plague.
• 58:39
  A couple of years later, at twenty one, he produced a Latin
• 58:43
  poem on the Siege of Ostend. At eighteen he was chosen by the Status
• 58:47
  General as his steriographer of the United Provinces. He seems to have been unusually
• 58:52
  successful as a lawyer, he was called upon for advice by prince bodies,
• 58:57
  and twenty two was asked by Professor Bodius to protect in court his friend Squevarius
• 59:02
  in a case considered hopeless unless indeed the whole Grottius is given to it.
• 59:07
  At twenty four, the young lawyer was made Attorney General of the Court of
• 59:12
  Holland, Zealand and Friesland. The following year he married. At twenty five,
• 59:16
  So great was Grotius's reputation that it almost seemed as though the learned men
• 59:21
  of Holland were afraid of the tremendous intellect of the young scholar. At twenty
• 59:25
  two he would composed an important le or treatise De jeuo Prede, which contains
• 59:30
  the germ of his great work De Jewish Passiers et Beleet, only one chapter
• 59:35
  of which was published during the writer's lifetime. This was the Mayor of Leberum,
• 59:38
  which appeared when Grotius was twenty six, proclaiming the principle that was through
• 59:43
  his influence, to become a fundamental tenet of international law, that the ocean
• 59:47
  is free to all nations a i IQ one to ninety relived Koche Deetta Points
• 59:53
  seventy five. Godfried Wilhelm Leibnitz sixteen forty six to seventeen seventeen a celebrated German
• 1:00:02
  philosopher and mathematician AIQ one hundred and eighty five AIQ one hundred ninety one.
• 1:00:10
  Family standing, Leibnitz's forebearers included knights of the realm and men of religious and
• 1:00:16
  political eminence who enjoyed the favour of princes. Gottfried's father was a practicing jurist
• 1:00:22
  and also professor of moral philosophy at the university. His interest, like his
• 1:00:27
  practice, combined a philosophical theory with its application. Leibnitz's mother was the daughter
• 1:00:32
  of a famous legal scholar. Two development of aged seventeen one interests. Leibnitz
• 1:00:39
  found his most absorbing childhood interest in reading, at first history, in poetry,
• 1:00:45
  letter, philosophy, and logic. He sought at a very early age
• 1:00:49
  to make his knowledge correct, ready and complete by classifying and systematizing it,
• 1:00:52
  by using signs and characters in places of words, by generalizing, and by
• 1:00:57
  bringing every inquiry under a principle and a dad method. Thus, naturally he
• 1:01:01
  was drawn through philosophy to mathematics. He was early concerned about the purpose,
• 1:01:07
  the meaning, and the practical outcome of everything. He strove especially to fathom
• 1:01:12
  the meaning of reality, of the true essence of things, and of their
• 1:01:15
  connection with each other. His mind could not be filled up by a single
• 1:01:17
  system of ideas two education. Leibness was brought up in a studious and scientific
• 1:01:25
  atmosphere. He enjoyed an education very unusual in it in the period of German
• 1:01:30
  decline in which his early years were passed. His father, when teaching him
• 1:01:35
  to read, made every effort to instill in him the love of history,
• 1:01:37
  both biblical and secular. After his father's death, which occurred when the boy
• 1:01:42
  was six, his mother devoted herself to his education, and, in order
• 1:01:45
  that his formal training might be of the best, sent him to the Nicolaied
• 1:01:50
  School of Leipzig. As a result of school instructions supplemented by independent study,
• 1:01:54
  Godfried understood Latin before he was twelve, and began also to stammer and grew
• 1:02:00
  before he was fifteen. He had completed an impartial and comprehensive course of self
• 1:02:04
  education labatory to university entrants. From the age of fifteen to seventeen Following the
• 1:02:08
  cause prescribed by his advisers, he devoted himself to the study of law,
• 1:02:14
  but he did not neglect his philosophical studies. Thus it came about that,
• 1:02:19
  through Kardan and Campanella, and finally Descots, he was turned gradually from the
• 1:02:23
  scholastic to the modern mechanical view. Just before the NW seventeenth year, he
• 1:02:28
  received a degree of Bachelor. He then repaired to the University of Jena,
• 1:02:31
  where he spent a semester in the study of mathematics under Weikel, a scholar
• 1:02:36
  of fame. Three schools standing in progress. At a very early age,
• 1:02:42
  Leibnitz's insatiable eagerness for mental food were so marked that his teachers tried to hold
• 1:02:46
  him back before he had reached the study of history and poetry in school,
• 1:02:51
  he was familiar with both, and before he entered the university at fourteen and
• 1:02:53
  two thirds, he was thoroughly at home in Latin, had made good progress
• 1:02:59
  in Greek, was a quaint with the historians and poets of antiquity, and
• 1:03:01
  with a contemporary range of science mathematics and physics accepted. Was deeply read and
• 1:03:07
  interested in ancient and scholossical philosophy and in the current theological discussions. He had
• 1:03:13
  not filled his mind with things to be unlearned, and he had accustomed himself
• 1:03:16
  to going always to the root or whatever science he undertook to learn. At
• 1:03:22
  the university, Leibnitz's pre eminence was recognized by colleagues and teachers alike. When
• 1:03:27
  the youth presented his dissertation to a committee presided over by Thomacius, theodo,
• 1:03:31
  that learned doctor took occasion to mention the candidate's extreme youth and his ability to
• 1:03:37
  discuss the most difficult and complicated problems. Liebus's studies in college and out,
• 1:03:43
  his wide reading as practical knowledge. He understood the practice of law in addition
• 1:03:47
  to its theory, had made him the first student in class exercises and discussions.
• 1:03:52
  At Jena, aged sixteen seventeen, he exercised his gift argument as a
• 1:03:57
  member of the university Philosophical Society. Four friends and associates. Leibnetz's associates were
• 1:04:03
  the members of his family, his teachers, and his fellow students. He
• 1:04:06
  was peculiarly fortunate in finding at least one wise adviser at each stage of his
• 1:04:12
  progress. Although his originality of mind made him intellectually independent at a very early
• 1:04:15
  age five. Reading at the age of eight and quite by accident, Liebnitz
• 1:04:24
  found a Livy and a chronological Theosaurus by Calivisius. The latter he could read
• 1:04:30
  and understand fairly well, because he was already familiar with general history, but
• 1:04:33
  the Livy presented new material. Although he had no dictionary, he was not
• 1:04:39
  at least deterred from an attempt to read the unfamiliar work. He looked at
• 1:04:43
  the pictures, read here and there, then re read, but from the
• 1:04:45
  beginning until at length the whole became clear to him. Afterward, he referred
• 1:04:49
  to his exploit at school, whereupon the teacher made inquiries of his guardians and
• 1:04:55
  instructed them not to permit him in the future to read books that would anticipate
• 1:04:59
  priscres bribed school studies. A more enlightened friend became interested in the case questioned.
• 1:05:04
  The boy found his knowledge sound, convinced the guardians that the teacher's policy
• 1:05:09
  was wrong, and obtained for a little scholar the key to his father's library.
• 1:05:13
  There he busied himself for hours at a time, taking up every book
• 1:05:16
  that pleased his eye. Thus he read following his own fancy Cicero and Quintelin,
• 1:05:23
  Seneca and Pliny, heriddaughters in Xenophon, Plato, the Roman historians,
• 1:05:28
  and the Greek and Latin fathers. History and poetry were early favorites, but
• 1:05:32
  religion and the science were not neglected. When at twelve or thirteen he came
• 1:05:36
  to the study of logic, he was greatly struck by the ordering analysis of
• 1:05:41
  thoughts. He fell to arranging books and ideas in categories of his own analyzi
• 1:05:45
  and classifying their elements. This independent interest led him naturally to the study of
• 1:05:49
  philosophy, to Plato, Aristotle, and the Scholastics. At about the same
• 1:05:55
  time he began to read the theological works with which his father's library about,
• 1:06:00
  delighting equally in the writings of the Lutherans and the Reformed Church scholars, the
• 1:06:04
  Jesuits and the Jansenists, the Thomists and the Arminians. In a university thesis
• 1:06:13
  presented be forty was seventeen, Leibnitz include examples from practical geometry and from mathematics,
• 1:06:18
  and he quoted and discussed the systems of Bacon, Cardan, Capanella,
• 1:06:23
  Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, Aristotle, plato Archemittees, Hipparchus, Diophantus,
• 1:06:30
  and others. Six Production and Achievement. The thirteen libnis had acquired both skill
• 1:06:36
  and facility in verse writing, And when one day a schoolfellow who was to
• 1:06:41
  have given a festival address in verse fell ill shortly before the great event,
• 1:06:45
  the future philosopher supplied the missing poem a feat now that child was willing or
• 1:06:49
  able to undertake showwing himself. In his study, he wrote three hundred hexameters
• 1:06:54
  between daybreak and noonday, and when his work was recited it won the applause
• 1:06:58
  of the teachers. At fourteen, Liebnitz wrote a number of essays on logic
• 1:07:02
  and philosophy. One of these was an Alphabet of human Thought on a strictly
• 1:07:06
  logical basis. Just before the close of his seventeenth year, his first philosophical
• 1:07:12
  publication, on the principle of individualation appeared. This treatise gives evidence of the
• 1:07:17
  young author's extensive knowledge of scholastic learning and of his dexterity in haling dialectical methods.
• 1:07:25
  Seven evidences of precocity. Leibnitz's parents believed their son to be destined for
• 1:07:30
  great things, so striking where his early interest in books and his understanding of
• 1:07:34
  his father's instruction saw so two one, two, three, four, five
• 1:07:40
  six ai Q one eighty five relative coashon of data point seventy five three development.
• 1:07:47
  From seven teen to twenty six. From the University of Jenna, Leebnitz
• 1:07:51
  returned at seventeen to Leipzig, where he remained in residence until his twenty first
• 1:07:56
  year. Here he was very active. He engaged frequently in disputations read widely.
• 1:08:00
  At the age of seventeen and a half gained the master's degree by defending
• 1:08:04
  a legal dissertation with great brilliance. He was eagerly interested in the two great
• 1:08:10
  objects of the modern science of law, the first of philosophical inquiry into the
• 1:08:14
  principles of right, the second a systematic arrangement of traditional legal matter. At
• 1:08:19
  nineteen a half he wrote a mathematical treatise, which he was able much later
• 1:08:25
  to look back upon as a fairly satisfactory treatment. At twenty he was known
• 1:08:29
  both at home and abroad as a youthful scholar of great promise. His reputation
• 1:08:33
  was, however, not sufficient to overcome a prejudice against granting the degree of
• 1:08:36
  doctor to one so young. After being advised to defer his petition for the
• 1:08:43
  degree for a year, he left the university and the city in disgust and
• 1:08:46
  went to Aldorff, where he was soon awarded the covided degree with expressions of
• 1:08:51
  praise for both thesis and oral disputation. In consequence of the brilliance of his
• 1:08:58
  achievements. He was offered but declined, and Ausdorff professorship and Nuremberg he became
• 1:09:03
  secretary to a society of Alchemists. The next seven years, aged twenty to
• 1:09:09
  twenty seven, he spent chiefly at Frankfort. He wrote and published books,
• 1:09:14
  pamphlets and thess on law, philosophy, politics, religion, the book Trade,
• 1:09:18
  Mechanics and Mensuration, and twenty four he was appointed counselor and member of
• 1:09:25
  the Supreme Court of Mainz. His political activity and influences increased. He advocated
• 1:09:30
  the formation of an alliance of nations, as his plan was afterward carried out.
• 1:09:34
  In the next year, age twenty five, at Strasbourg, he reposed
• 1:09:38
  a crusade in which France, Austria and Germany should participate, and was sent
• 1:09:43
  to Paris relative to the matter. His mission failed, but he remained in
• 1:09:45
  the French capital to study mathematics. There he came in contact with the eminent
• 1:09:50
  statesmen and scientists, including especially Hugens, who inspired him with new enthusiasm for
• 1:09:57
  his varied undertakings. A I I I Q wonder Natty Relative coation of data
• 1:10:02
  point seventy five, end of section thirty five