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Is there weather in space? · Daniel and Kelly’s Extraordinary Universe

0:08
Speaker 1: He doesn't it feel like every day there's something new
0:12
Speaker 1: to worry about. What do you mean, like, what, well,
0:14
Speaker 1: you know that we have forest fires in California's, We've
0:17
Speaker 1: got super hurricanes, we got crazy political situations, we have
0:20
Speaker 1: financial uncertainty. We have that whole question about whether Spider
0:24
Speaker 1: Man is going to be part of the Marvel universe.
0:26
Speaker 1: I mean that one's got me worried. I know these
0:29
Speaker 1: things could rock our world. Well, unfortunately, I've got a
0:33
Speaker 1: new thing for you to worry about. I feel like
0:35
Speaker 1: every podcast is a new one, Daniel, that I should
0:38
Speaker 1: that I need to worry about. But what do you
0:39
Speaker 1: mean this time? Are you talking about aliens coming from
0:42
Speaker 1: space to eat us? Or Oh no, that's something I
0:44
Speaker 1: would look forward to. No, no, this is even by aliens,
0:49
Speaker 1: the arrival of aliens. You know, I would gladly offer
0:51
Speaker 1: up civilization. Our civilization is a meal for aliens if
0:54
Speaker 1: they give us some secrets of the universe. Let's not
0:56
Speaker 1: elect Daniel to office. He's not running. It turns out
1:01
Speaker 1: that we need to worry about the weather, but not
1:03
Speaker 1: just the weather here on Earth, the weather in space. Hey,
1:23
Speaker 1: I'm back to this, Joge. I'm a cartoonists and the
1:26
Speaker 1: creator of PhD Comics. Hi. I'm Daniel Watson. I'm a
1:29
Speaker 1: particle physicist and I'm pleased to be the co host
1:32
Speaker 1: of this podcast. And welcome to the podcast. Daniel and
1:36
Speaker 1: Jorge explain the university production of I Heart Radio, in
1:39
Speaker 1: which we talked about everything that's amazing and crazy and
1:43
Speaker 1: wonderful and scary and reassuring about our bunkers universe and
1:47
Speaker 1: trying to give you an understanding that really settles to
1:50
Speaker 1: the bottom of your brain. So, yeah, I'm back. Thanks
1:52
Speaker 1: for holding down to fourth Daniel, I was gone for
1:55
Speaker 1: a couple of weeks there. Well, thank you very much
1:57
Speaker 1: for coming back. I think listeners of the podcast are
2:00
Speaker 1: leave to have you back. Well, they have more laughed
2:02
Speaker 1: and less physics, more cartoonists per podcast. I mean, that's uh,
2:05
Speaker 1: that's pretty good value right there. That's right. And you know, frankly,
2:08
Speaker 1: I was getting tired of deflecting everybody's questions about where
2:11
Speaker 1: you were another mystery of the universe. He had to
2:13
Speaker 1: keep explaining. I know, I love answering emails and I
2:16
Speaker 1: love answering questions, but some of these questions I didn't
2:18
Speaker 1: know how to answer. People were asking me if I
2:21
Speaker 1: had kidnapped you and traded you to Aliens for some
2:24
Speaker 1: enormous pile of bananas, which did happen some one did
2:29
Speaker 1: happen once, but not this time. That's right. No, people
2:31
Speaker 1: were people were pretty curious. Yeah, I hope no idea
2:34
Speaker 1: was really concerned. Um, basically I just had to go
2:37
Speaker 1: take a nap, basically is what happened. Maybe people were
2:42
Speaker 1: unaware that that cartoonists have a different life cycle. They hibernate,
2:45
Speaker 1: so you know, they fill up all summer and then
2:47
Speaker 1: sleep for six weeks in the winter. Yeah. Yeah, every
2:50
Speaker 1: six years, we have to take it two months now,
2:52
Speaker 1: that's right. And so folks, he's coming back to you
2:55
Speaker 1: expert refreshed, extra funny, extra hilarious. And for those of
2:58
Speaker 1: you who are worried that I had done something to
3:00
Speaker 1: who that kidnapped him, I hope you hear the relief
3:03
Speaker 1: in my voice at his return. Yeah. No, Actually what
3:06
Speaker 1: happened was Daniel and I have several big projects going on,
3:10
Speaker 1: and one of them just kind of needed a little
3:12
Speaker 1: bit of extra attention, so I had to step away
3:14
Speaker 1: from the mic a little bit. But it sounds like
3:17
Speaker 1: you guys had a lot of fun while I was gone.
3:18
Speaker 1: We had you had a lot of fun guests, and
3:21
Speaker 1: Crystal Dilworth came in and covered for me. Yeah, Crystal
3:25
Speaker 1: is our guest host. And we had some fun conversations
3:27
Speaker 1: about the cosmic microwave background and other stuff, and my
3:31
Speaker 1: friend Matt came by the podcast, and uh, then I
3:33
Speaker 1: had a few on my own, and let me tell you,
3:35
Speaker 1: it was challenging having a conversation with myself. But yeah,
3:38
Speaker 1: I'm back and and I'm back for the foreseeable future,
3:41
Speaker 1: at least until Daniel kid naps me again, until the
3:44
Speaker 1: intergalactic banana space pirates come and offered to trade you
3:48
Speaker 1: for secrets at the universe. So today we're gonna be
3:50
Speaker 1: talking about it. Seems like you had another thing we
3:53
Speaker 1: should be worried about coming from space to harm us
3:57
Speaker 1: or effectives. That's right, most of the time, we can
4:00
Speaker 1: live in this little bubble we call Earth and not
4:02
Speaker 1: worry too much about what's going on out there in
4:05
Speaker 1: the universe. I mean, we know, because we've listened to
4:07
Speaker 1: the podcast that there are crazy things happening in the
4:10
Speaker 1: center of galaxies and enormous violent things happening in the
4:13
Speaker 1: center of stars. But We don't often think about that
4:16
Speaker 1: because we can just ignore everything that happens above the
4:19
Speaker 1: atmosphere and to sort of go about our everyday life.
4:22
Speaker 1: It seems like that there are always other things happening
4:25
Speaker 1: in the universe, right, Like we we don't just live
4:27
Speaker 1: in a bubble. We live in a solar system with
4:29
Speaker 1: stuff flying around and with other celestial things out there
4:34
Speaker 1: making noise and throwing things. That's right, we do live
4:36
Speaker 1: in a bubble. It's a magnetic bubble vires. A magnetic
4:38
Speaker 1: field protects us from most of the stuff that's happening
4:41
Speaker 1: out there, but it's not perfect and sometimes this incredible
4:44
Speaker 1: force field actually does get penetrated by crazy things happening
4:48
Speaker 1: out there in space, and we have to pay attention
4:51
Speaker 1: and so to be On the podcast, we'll be talking
4:53
Speaker 1: about what is as weather? Is it usually sunny? Does
5:02
Speaker 1: it rain out in space? What exactly does that mean? Daniel, Yeah,
5:06
Speaker 1: I think it's a fascinating topic. You know, what is
5:08
Speaker 1: space weather? What does it mean? How does it affect us?
5:11
Speaker 1: What precautions can we take? Can we predict it? You know?
5:13
Speaker 1: Can you go on and app and figure out what's
5:15
Speaker 1: going to be happening in space? In the next week
5:18
Speaker 1: or two. Um, and I think it it helps just
5:20
Speaker 1: connects you to the larger context. You know, weather events
5:23
Speaker 1: here on Earth help you understand what's happening nearby, like, oh,
5:27
Speaker 1: it's not raining here, but it is raining over there.
5:28
Speaker 1: It gives you a sort of a sense of the
5:30
Speaker 1: larger context and space weather sort of a generalization of that.
5:34
Speaker 1: It gives us a sense for what's happening in the
5:36
Speaker 1: Solar system, what's going on, like what is it like
5:38
Speaker 1: to be on Venus today? Right? And you know, whether
5:42
Speaker 1: our local station can come up with a pretty cool
5:44
Speaker 1: sounding name for technology to predict it, like Doppler space
5:49
Speaker 1: radar three thousand that's right. Pretty soon we're going to
5:53
Speaker 1: have a arms race between local weather stations to have
5:56
Speaker 1: fancier sounding technologies. Let's the quantum Doppler, um pulsar gamma
6:04
Speaker 1: three thousand million, Toppler. Was that just all the tech
6:09
Speaker 1: words you can think of. That's it. There was a
6:12
Speaker 1: mind right there that was that. That's it. That's that's
6:15
Speaker 1: all that's in my head at this moment. Well, let's
6:17
Speaker 1: see Jorge can do better than the average person on
6:19
Speaker 1: the street that you see Irvine. So I walked around,
6:22
Speaker 1: and I wondered, do people even know that space weather
6:25
Speaker 1: is a thing? What do they think it is? And
6:27
Speaker 1: I asked people, let you see Irvine, is their weather
6:30
Speaker 1: out in space? What does that even mean? So think
6:33
Speaker 1: about it for a second. If someone approach you and
6:35
Speaker 1: ask you if there is weather in space, what would
6:38
Speaker 1: you answer? Here's what people had to say, is their
6:41
Speaker 1: weather in space? I mean just because the question exists,
6:46
Speaker 1: I'm assuming so I haven't heard anything about it. What
6:49
Speaker 1: would that be? Like? What does that mean weather in space? Um?
6:51
Speaker 1: I would guess just like shifts in like anti matter,
6:55
Speaker 1: and how much is like concentrated in certain spaces which
6:58
Speaker 1: could affect I don't know move men of comments lest
7:01
Speaker 1: like anything. I just assume whether as in storms or
7:05
Speaker 1: rain and wind thinks things at that level. No, I
7:08
Speaker 1: don't think there is. No. That's a good question. I'm
7:12
Speaker 1: not sure about space, but I know that there's weather
7:15
Speaker 1: patterns on specific planets, But I don't know about the
7:18
Speaker 1: overall atmosphere. I have no clue. I'd say yes because
7:22
Speaker 1: it's so big there has to be some somewhere. Um,
7:26
Speaker 1: I think so yes, Solar winds, Solar winds, like what
7:30
Speaker 1: are solar winds, huge pulses of electromagnetic radiation from a
7:34
Speaker 1: sun or star. Okay, so it's radiation of particles. Um. Yeah,
7:40
Speaker 1: for the most part radiation. Does that affect us here
7:43
Speaker 1: on Earth? Not really, because we have the magnetic field
7:48
Speaker 1: of Earth shielding us from that. I feel like there
7:51
Speaker 1: there is a chance that there's like, uh, like water
7:54
Speaker 1: and stuff up there, So that means that there is weather.
7:57
Speaker 1: I've heard of the idea of it, but I don't know, Purling,
8:00
Speaker 1: I have heard of space whether I know you have
8:03
Speaker 1: solar winds, large coronal ejecttions and bombarding the whole Solar
8:08
Speaker 1: system all the time and hits the Earth, and the
8:12
Speaker 1: magnetic field from the Earth deflects it to the poles
8:15
Speaker 1: and this is this is when you see then all
8:16
Speaker 1: the lights can also affect our communications on Earth are satellites.
8:22
Speaker 1: So what do you think of these answers for him? Well,
8:24
Speaker 1: it seems that it's these pretty common sense. A lot
8:27
Speaker 1: of people assume that there would be weather in other planets,
8:30
Speaker 1: but maybe people seem skeptical that there would be weather
8:34
Speaker 1: in like actual space, in the space between planets. So
8:37
Speaker 1: that's pretty reasonable, right, Yeah, that is pretty reasonable. Yeah,
8:40
Speaker 1: like I've seen movies where there's storm there are storms
8:42
Speaker 1: and Mars and and you know, I imagine you look
8:46
Speaker 1: at a picture of Jupiter, there's swirling clouds. So you know,
8:49
Speaker 1: the idea that there's weather out there is not weird
8:53
Speaker 1: to me, but and to other people it seems. But
8:56
Speaker 1: the idea that there might be weather like in the
8:59
Speaker 1: vacuum of space, that's that's a little bit more hard
9:02
Speaker 1: to understand. Yeah, And the topic of whether on other
9:05
Speaker 1: planets is really fascinating, because of course we'd like to
9:09
Speaker 1: understand are those planets livable, could we ever move there?
9:12
Speaker 1: And can we watch the clouds on other planets and
9:15
Speaker 1: use that to understand what's in the atmosphere? Is their
9:17
Speaker 1: water there? That's a whole other fascinating topic that we're
9:20
Speaker 1: gonna dig into in a future podcast. But you're right,
9:22
Speaker 1: today we're talking about this sort of weather between planets,
9:26
Speaker 1: and some people said, you know, well, there's no water
9:28
Speaker 1: up there, so in space, so how could do the weather?
9:32
Speaker 1: So I think you're right people. So today I'm hoping
9:33
Speaker 1: we're gonna expand people's sense for what weather means. It's
9:37
Speaker 1: not just rain and sun. I like the person who
9:40
Speaker 1: said I have no clue, but I'm gonna say yes,
9:42
Speaker 1: just because space is so big. I like that in
9:46
Speaker 1: every because you've applied to anything, like do you think
9:48
Speaker 1: there are purple elephants in space? Well it's pretty big,
9:51
Speaker 1: so yeah, yeah? Why odd? Yeah, my brain says no,
9:55
Speaker 1: but hey, space is big, so yes. And you know,
9:58
Speaker 1: and that's a pretty safe asser, right, isn't it It
10:00
Speaker 1: is because if space is infinite, then everything that can
10:02
Speaker 1: exist will exist, and there probably are purple elephants out there.
10:06
Speaker 1: There's probably a planet where rains purple elephants. Oh boy,
10:09
Speaker 1: you need a bigger umbrella for that, right. Well, one
10:13
Speaker 1: time on the podcast we were speculating about whether it
10:15
Speaker 1: rains diamonds somewhere. We're laughing about that as an absurdity,
10:18
Speaker 1: and then somebody wrote in and said, actually it rains
10:21
Speaker 1: diamonds here in our solar system. What Yeah, I think
10:24
Speaker 1: it's on Urinus. Well that's cool. I think you would
10:27
Speaker 1: need like an umbrella it's inverted to catch all the diamonds.
10:30
Speaker 1: I don't think diamonds are worth that much of it's
10:32
Speaker 1: raining diamonds. I think on Urinas you've got to use
10:34
Speaker 1: a different kind of engagement ring. Maybe water crystals, right,
10:37
Speaker 1: like an ice cube. It's a whole different market there,
10:40
Speaker 1: that's right. The Beers has not managed to corner that market, right,
10:43
Speaker 1: So let's let's get into it, Daniel. So there's apparently
10:46
Speaker 1: a thing called space weather is what I'm hearing from you,
10:49
Speaker 1: and that that means the weather in space, and it
10:52
Speaker 1: might actually affect us on a daily basis, might even
10:55
Speaker 1: cause you to lose cell phone signal, which is like, wow, fatal.
11:00
Speaker 1: Everybody is suddenly alert. What this is actually relevant to me?
11:04
Speaker 1: I'm talking about? Yeah, if I'm right now, there might
11:07
Speaker 1: be a you're totally gaslighting our listeners there, or whether
11:14
Speaker 1: weather event that might cause this podcast to skip a
11:17
Speaker 1: SKIPA No, it's true because space is not empty. We
11:21
Speaker 1: talked about this a lot, and it's not empty on
11:24
Speaker 1: several levels. Of course, any arbitrary piece of vacuum is
11:28
Speaker 1: actually filled with fluctuating quantum fields, which is amazing. But
11:31
Speaker 1: the space itself is even filled with particles and all
11:34
Speaker 1: sorts of energy. Of course, it's very not dense. It's
11:37
Speaker 1: very sparse compared to the atmosphere around our planet. But
11:40
Speaker 1: there is stuff out there, and specifically it's dominated by
11:43
Speaker 1: stuff that comes from the Sun. And so there's two
11:46
Speaker 1: major things we think about when we think about space weather,
11:49
Speaker 1: and that's the solar wind and the solar radiation. Because
11:53
Speaker 1: I think you're telling me earlier that, um, you know,
11:55
Speaker 1: for us, space is at least what we call space
11:59
Speaker 1: around the Earth is pretty much dominated by the Sun.
12:02
Speaker 1: Like you know, we're just a small spec compared to
12:05
Speaker 1: the Sun, which is this giant explosion. And so pretty
12:09
Speaker 1: much when you say space weather, you you really mean
12:12
Speaker 1: sort of like sun weather. That's right, because the Sun
12:14
Speaker 1: doesn't just pour out photons for us and for you
12:16
Speaker 1: to get a nice hand. It's views out a huge
12:19
Speaker 1: amount of stuff. It's views out particles like protons and
12:22
Speaker 1: electrons are very high speed. And this is what we
12:24
Speaker 1: call the solar wind. And you know, it's not a
12:26
Speaker 1: great name for it because it's really like a solar
12:29
Speaker 1: particle flux or something, but they call it the solar wind,
12:34
Speaker 1: like a solar jet maybe, yeah, yeah, solar eruption or
12:38
Speaker 1: solar farts or something. I'm not sure what solar farts. Yes,
12:44
Speaker 1: that is a new scientific term. Well, it might be
12:46
Speaker 1: appropriate because it comes from the digestion of those gases
12:49
Speaker 1: in the sun. Right, So Hey, and maybe it's just
12:52
Speaker 1: because I'm married to a biologist who studies, you know,
12:54
Speaker 1: digestion and stuff that have this stuff on my brain,
12:56
Speaker 1: I would have come with solar burbsum. Either way, the
13:01
Speaker 1: Sun puts out a lot of particles, like actual mass, right,
13:04
Speaker 1: not just radiation. There's lots of radiation as well, but
13:07
Speaker 1: there's also solar particles. And these particles fly through the
13:10
Speaker 1: Solar system and they call it the solar wind, and
13:12
Speaker 1: it's important. It's a big factor in how you can
13:15
Speaker 1: survive out there in space, and also sometimes it penetrates
13:19
Speaker 1: down to the Earth. Now, is it sort of like
13:20
Speaker 1: a clouds? Like does it form clouds out there? Like
13:24
Speaker 1: my is it? Can you imagine like swirling you know,
13:27
Speaker 1: clouds or or mists of these particles kind of swirling
13:31
Speaker 1: around us? Or or is it pretty much like a
13:33
Speaker 1: jet going through us? They're moving really fast, so they
13:36
Speaker 1: just basically fly away from the Sun in straight lines.
13:38
Speaker 1: So if you want to visualize that, just imagine like
13:41
Speaker 1: the Sun has a billion guns and each one is
13:43
Speaker 1: shooting protons and electrons out in every direction. Wow, but
13:47
Speaker 1: we have liked kind of a force field, right, like
13:49
Speaker 1: we you're saying that our magnetic field kind of deflect
13:52
Speaker 1: some of the some of these particles. That's right. We
13:54
Speaker 1: have a multi layer force field. First of all, we
13:56
Speaker 1: have our atmosphere that's sort of the closest thing, and
13:59
Speaker 1: any particle that make the atmosphere is going to bang
14:01
Speaker 1: into all the other particles, right, So that protects you
14:04
Speaker 1: at some level, But even before it gets to the
14:06
Speaker 1: atmosphere has to penetrate our magnetic field. And remember, charged particles,
14:10
Speaker 1: protons and electrons have a charge, will bend when they
14:13
Speaker 1: hit a magnetic field. So because we have a magnetic field,
14:16
Speaker 1: most of this stuff bends around the Earth rather than
14:19
Speaker 1: even hitting our atmosphere. So we are very grateful to
14:22
Speaker 1: our magnetic field. If we didn't have one, like Mars
14:25
Speaker 1: has very very small one, then this solar wind would
14:28
Speaker 1: basically blow our atmosphere away, all right. So when you
14:31
Speaker 1: say space weather, you mean solar flares and solar winds,
14:34
Speaker 1: that's right. So the key thing is there's stuff out
14:37
Speaker 1: there in space. The Sun is pumping out radiation and particles.
14:40
Speaker 1: And the reason we call it weather is because it's
14:42
Speaker 1: not fixed. It's not like it's the same every day.
14:45
Speaker 1: It varies and so just like the weather, which is
14:48
Speaker 1: the product of very complex systems interacting and hard to predict.
14:52
Speaker 1: The stuff put out by the Sun is also variable
14:54
Speaker 1: and hard to predict and has a big impact on us.
14:56
Speaker 1: So that's what we call it space weather. It's not
14:59
Speaker 1: just because I think it's unpredictable. It's also sort of
15:01
Speaker 1: the result of weather in the Sun. Right, Like you
15:05
Speaker 1: can almost think of these solar flares and these sort
15:07
Speaker 1: of winds is coming from whatever is happening in the
15:11
Speaker 1: surface of the Sun. That's sort of like um sun weather, right, yeah,
15:16
Speaker 1: or sun moods. Right. We don't understand the sun. The
15:19
Speaker 1: Sun is a huge mystery, like the most important thing
15:21
Speaker 1: in our solar system. We don't understand how it works.
15:24
Speaker 1: And it's it's a huge ball of plasma. And because
15:27
Speaker 1: it's plasma, it's ionized particles, it's charged particles, and charged particles, Remember,
15:32
Speaker 1: when they move, they generate magnetic fields. And so the
15:35
Speaker 1: Sun has this enormous magnetic field that comes from this
15:38
Speaker 1: boiling pot of plasma that has encapsulated by this gravitational trap,
15:43
Speaker 1: and it generates this magnetic field. But that magnetic field
15:45
Speaker 1: is also not static because it comes from this rye
15:48
Speaker 1: constantly writhing, hot, boiling mass. So it's like churning all
15:52
Speaker 1: the time, and sometimes it burbs. That's kind of what
15:55
Speaker 1: a solar flair is. Yeah, imagine like a really thick
15:58
Speaker 1: pot of tomato soup. Your Italian grandmother might make, you know,
16:02
Speaker 1: it's slowly bubbling. An Italian grandmother. Everybody's Italian grandmother, you know,
16:10
Speaker 1: or the stereotypical Italian grandmother in you know TV shows.
16:13
Speaker 1: That's as close as I come to having an Italian grandmother. Anyway,
16:16
Speaker 1: bubble and tomato soup eventually forms one of these bubbles
16:19
Speaker 1: net pops and it sprays tomato soup everywhere. So you
16:22
Speaker 1: can sort of imagine the Sun is the same way,
16:24
Speaker 1: and it uh and sometimes it has this bright burst
16:28
Speaker 1: of really hot, bright light, and sometimes it actually shoots
16:31
Speaker 1: out like bits of the sun into space really like
16:34
Speaker 1: the plasma inside, like the hydrogen and the whatever it's
16:38
Speaker 1: made out of. Yeah, so the plasma is mostly protons
16:41
Speaker 1: and electrons, and sometimes something happens called a coronal mass ejection,
16:46
Speaker 1: and it vomits out like a billion kilograms of plasma
16:51
Speaker 1: and it just spews it out into space at like
16:54
Speaker 1: thousands of kilometers per second. Oh, well, you said a
16:57
Speaker 1: solar vomit is also a scientific term, Like I feel
17:00
Speaker 1: like the Sun has a lot of stomach problems here.
17:02
Speaker 1: It's burping, it's vomiting, it's far. Some people like to
17:07
Speaker 1: try to understand it in analogy to weather on Earth.
17:10
Speaker 1: I think it's maybe a better analogy to call it,
17:12
Speaker 1: you know, digestion, like the Sun is digesting all of
17:14
Speaker 1: this hydrogen, and no, that doesn't always go smoothly. And
17:17
Speaker 1: maybe the Sun should try a gluten free diet. I
17:19
Speaker 1: hear that the Sun has Celiac disease. What you're saying,
17:24
Speaker 1: maybe you should try hydrogen free diet because I think
17:27
Speaker 1: that's the problem that might be trouble though you don't
17:29
Speaker 1: have any energy, right, yeah, exactly. But this is not
17:32
Speaker 1: something rare. This happens on the Sun very these coronal
17:35
Speaker 1: mass ejections. They happen either once a week or like
17:38
Speaker 1: up to four times a day, depending on the solar cycle.
17:42
Speaker 1: The Sun has a cycle that lasts about it every
17:44
Speaker 1: eleven years. It flips its magnetic field and it gets
17:47
Speaker 1: really active and then it goes quieter again. And I
17:50
Speaker 1: think a lot of people have probably seen these in photographs,
17:53
Speaker 1: like if you see a photograph of the Sun, and
17:55
Speaker 1: don't look at the sun directly, I'll be able to
17:57
Speaker 1: see them. But if you see photographs with special lens
18:00
Speaker 1: of the Sun, you will see like this big fiery ball.
18:02
Speaker 1: But then you see like these loops that come off
18:04
Speaker 1: of the Sun and then come back around that are
18:06
Speaker 1: kind of like a kind of like a cow lake
18:09
Speaker 1: on your hair, Yeah, or like a big bubble of
18:11
Speaker 1: hot tomato sauce. Maybe I shouldn't do these podcasts just
18:14
Speaker 1: before lunch. I think a lot of people will see
18:16
Speaker 1: these right Like there, that's what the solar flare is.
18:18
Speaker 1: It burps out stuff, but then it comes back around
18:20
Speaker 1: and so it forms little loops. Yeah, And there's really
18:23
Speaker 1: two different things. There's the solar flare. A solar flare
18:26
Speaker 1: is just increased in brightness, like more photons, like a
18:30
Speaker 1: bright flash of light. And a coronal mass ejection that's
18:34
Speaker 1: when it actually spews out material. That's when it spews
18:36
Speaker 1: out this plasm into space. You get those loops of stuff. Oh,
18:40
Speaker 1: I see, all right, but they're both sort of the same.
18:42
Speaker 1: They're both the same burp. Well, we don't really understand
18:46
Speaker 1: is the amazing thing. I mean, the sun is the
18:48
Speaker 1: most important thing in our cosmic neighborhood. But it's something
18:51
Speaker 1: we still do not understand. Is, as I was saying before,
18:54
Speaker 1: there's these magnetic fields, and people think that sometimes these
18:57
Speaker 1: magnetic fields get twisted and it's like tension in them
19:01
Speaker 1: and then they can like slide back into place and
19:03
Speaker 1: release that tension, and that might be what causes the
19:05
Speaker 1: solar flares. It might be what causes these coronal massive ejections,
19:10
Speaker 1: but we don't actually know. And we've noticed that sometimes
19:13
Speaker 1: you get these coronal mass ejections more often when you
19:15
Speaker 1: have solar flares, but not all the time. So it's
19:18
Speaker 1: a big mystery. It's a current topic of research. Okay,
19:21
Speaker 1: So they're not necessarily tied together. You know, sometimes the
19:24
Speaker 1: Sun can just might just spew out extra energy for
19:27
Speaker 1: no reason at all, and sometimes you might get these
19:30
Speaker 1: crazy giant loops. Yeah, and sometimes you can get these
19:32
Speaker 1: solar flares without coronal mass ejections. And these flares they're huge,
19:37
Speaker 1: like these sun spots, these spots on the Sun that
19:39
Speaker 1: are brighter or darker, they're like, you know, three hundred
19:42
Speaker 1: times the size of the Earth. These are enormous features.
19:45
Speaker 1: Um It's it's hard to wrap your mind around how
19:47
Speaker 1: big the Sun is, and so of course when it fluctuates,
19:51
Speaker 1: it can really affect life here on Earth. All right,
19:53
Speaker 1: So the Sun sometimes has these burbs or vomits or farts,
19:57
Speaker 1: and that can cause flares or sun's pots or coronal
20:02
Speaker 1: mass ejections, which sort of sound like a heart attack,
20:04
Speaker 1: but I don't recommend them. But basically, yeah, basically it
20:09
Speaker 1: throws out stuff into space, and that's what we call
20:11
Speaker 1: space weather, and that space weather can affect us here
20:15
Speaker 1: on Earth in pretty dramatic ways. Absolutely, it's a big
20:18
Speaker 1: factor in our life and it can it can even
20:21
Speaker 1: kill you. So let's get into how space weather affects us.
20:24
Speaker 1: But first let's take a quick break. All right, we're
20:40
Speaker 1: talking about space weather and how it impacts us. So, Daniel,
20:45
Speaker 1: how does space weather effectives? Does it mean that you
20:47
Speaker 1: have to bring out a take out an umbrella? Would
20:51
Speaker 1: you be protection every once in a while? What does
20:52
Speaker 1: that mean? Well, it depends a little bit on how
20:55
Speaker 1: you live your life. But one of my favorite stories
20:57
Speaker 1: about space weather is sort of how the phrase was poined.
21:00
Speaker 1: It was like a hundred and fifty years ago, eighteen
21:03
Speaker 1: fifty nine. It was an enormous coronal massage action, like
21:06
Speaker 1: the biggest one ever in recorded history, and it sent
21:09
Speaker 1: so much energy in terms of particles reigning down here
21:11
Speaker 1: on Earth that they created sparks from the telegraph network
21:16
Speaker 1: and so people who were using the telegraph network at
21:19
Speaker 1: the time God zapped and there were sparks flying everywhere
21:22
Speaker 1: and actually started a bunch of forest fires. So did
21:25
Speaker 1: they notice this coronal massage action, Like did they see
21:29
Speaker 1: a giant loop in the sun. Yeah, they were studying
21:31
Speaker 1: the Sun and they saw this at the same time
21:33
Speaker 1: they observed all this stuff happening here on Earth. And
21:35
Speaker 1: that was the first time they realized, to hold on
21:38
Speaker 1: a second, maybe something that happens on the Sun, it
21:40
Speaker 1: can actually affect us down here. And until then they thought, oh,
21:43
Speaker 1: we can study the Sun. It's interesting. Obviously puts out
21:46
Speaker 1: light for us to get for us to enjoy and
21:49
Speaker 1: to feed our plants and everything. But they hadn't really
21:51
Speaker 1: connected observable stuff on the Sun with phenomena here on
21:55
Speaker 1: Earth until then. That's when they knew, like, hey, the
21:57
Speaker 1: sun verbs watch out. That's everybody duck unto the table.
22:01
Speaker 1: If you hear the Sun's stomach will start to rumble
22:03
Speaker 1: plug your nose of those suburbs, and that's the most
22:06
Speaker 1: direct connection. Like the Sun is shooting out protons and electrons,
22:09
Speaker 1: and sometimes those protons can get pushed out really fast
22:12
Speaker 1: by one of these coronal mass injections and then accelerated
22:15
Speaker 1: by the Sun's magnetic field, and then they can be
22:18
Speaker 1: strong enough to get through our magnetic field and come
22:21
Speaker 1: down here to Earth. Wow. And so what was happening
22:24
Speaker 1: at that time, Like the particles came in and somehow
22:26
Speaker 1: they how did they make sparks in the telegraph network,
22:30
Speaker 1: Like did they somehow supercharged the cables or something? What
22:34
Speaker 1: was going on? Well, there's two things that can happen there.
22:36
Speaker 1: One is you're just at an enormous amount of energy
22:38
Speaker 1: dumped into the atmosphere and that ionizes atoms. Is you
22:41
Speaker 1: have free electrons just running around. And the other thing
22:45
Speaker 1: is that it can create strong magnetic fields for the
22:47
Speaker 1: same reason, and that can create electric pulses. And so
22:51
Speaker 1: you have if you have wires out there and lots
22:53
Speaker 1: of high, highly energized electrons, you're basically creating lightning. And
22:57
Speaker 1: then you know you're connected to these wires and so
23:00
Speaker 1: you're looking to get zapped. So it just sort of
23:02
Speaker 1: like it showers, is with energy, which creates which is
23:05
Speaker 1: kind of apps everything up, and that energy has to
23:07
Speaker 1: go somewhere absolutely, and so back then the thing we
23:10
Speaker 1: were most sensitive to was a telegraph network, but these
23:13
Speaker 1: days we have an enormous communications network that's very sensitive
23:17
Speaker 1: to this kind of pulses. You can affect the magnetic
23:19
Speaker 1: field here on Earth, you can affect anything that essentially
23:23
Speaker 1: bounces signals around the atmosphere, and anything that has electronics
23:27
Speaker 1: can get zapped. So like my cell phone when it
23:30
Speaker 1: has circuits in it, but if it gets showered by particles,
23:33
Speaker 1: those all the electrons going through those circuits can somehow
23:38
Speaker 1: sort of what gets you know, frozen or you could
23:42
Speaker 1: get fried because your your cell phone is not built
23:45
Speaker 1: to handle high pulses of electricity. It's not it's assuming
23:48
Speaker 1: that the battery in the cell phone is not going
23:51
Speaker 1: to try to kill the cell phone. And so if
23:53
Speaker 1: some if some strong magnetic field comes and whips up
23:56
Speaker 1: basically a mini electric storm in your cell phone, then yeah,
23:58
Speaker 1: you can fry your cell phone. And it's not just
24:01
Speaker 1: enhanced electromagnetic fields, it's actual particles. To remember that we
24:05
Speaker 1: talked about how radiation can damage things. It's like a
24:08
Speaker 1: billion tiny bullets. Each one can damage your DNA, but
24:13
Speaker 1: they can also damage electronics which have become super miniaturized.
24:18
Speaker 1: Most electronic systems are sensitive to radiation, but very few
24:21
Speaker 1: are actually protected against it. Of course, it's not as
24:24
Speaker 1: strong near the surface as it is near the top
24:27
Speaker 1: of the atmosphere because our atmosphere helps diffuse it a
24:30
Speaker 1: little bit. But we have, for example, satellite technology that's
24:33
Speaker 1: up there in space, and if there's bad solar weather,
24:36
Speaker 1: it can destroy a huge amount of satellite technology. I
24:39
Speaker 1: think a billion dollars worth of damage is done every
24:42
Speaker 1: year by solar storms. Billion dollars, a billion dollars. So
24:47
Speaker 1: there's big money in predicting solar weather. Like, if you
24:50
Speaker 1: know a solar storm is coming, you can shut down
24:52
Speaker 1: your satellite or you know, close it up in some
24:55
Speaker 1: way to protect it or move it out of the way.
24:57
Speaker 1: Even um, there's a huge amount of money in predicting
25:00
Speaker 1: solar weather. Wow, So you can spend a lot of
25:02
Speaker 1: many putting up satellites up there, but they might get fried.
25:06
Speaker 1: They will get fried. Yeah, And of course it's not
25:08
Speaker 1: just satellites that will get fried. If you have people
25:11
Speaker 1: up there, and a solar storm comes, that means a
25:14
Speaker 1: huge dose of radiation. We can be talking about ten
25:17
Speaker 1: or a hundred times as much radiation as an astronaut
25:19
Speaker 1: will usually get. And you know, out there in space,
25:22
Speaker 1: you're already accumulating more radiation than you do do here
25:25
Speaker 1: on Earth because you're not protected by the atmosphere and
25:27
Speaker 1: the magnetic field, and so it can be a fatal
25:30
Speaker 1: pulse and it goes through like the walls of the
25:33
Speaker 1: space station too. Yeah, it takes a lot of energy
25:36
Speaker 1: to protect yourself from this radiation because it has a
25:38
Speaker 1: lot of energy. The only way to stop it is
25:40
Speaker 1: to have enough material between you and it that it
25:43
Speaker 1: can absorb that energy. So they have special places, for
25:46
Speaker 1: example on the International Space Station that have heavy shielding.
25:50
Speaker 1: They can't shield the entire thing, or the whole thing
25:52
Speaker 1: would be too heavy to be up in space, but
25:54
Speaker 1: they have like a safe room basically, and if they
25:56
Speaker 1: can tell the astronauts fast enough that this dose is coming,
26:00
Speaker 1: they all scrambled to the safe room to protect themselves,
26:02
Speaker 1: kind of like a tornado. What do you call it,
26:04
Speaker 1: tornado basement or tornado safe zone? That's right, but I
26:08
Speaker 1: don't think the space station has a basement. Yeah, it's
26:13
Speaker 1: it's they it does. It's just upstairs. Right, it's the
26:16
Speaker 1: ad exact. It's the metaphorical tornado basement on the space station.
26:20
Speaker 1: I love that. I like that. The idea of a
26:23
Speaker 1: space Tornadoes is that a thing? Can we make it
26:26
Speaker 1: a thing? I think we should write that. Yeah, absolutely,
26:29
Speaker 1: don't tell everybody. That's the project you were talking about
26:31
Speaker 1: when you said you have to go away for six weeks. Right,
26:34
Speaker 1: that's right. I was working on Space Tornadoes. Yeah, that's
26:37
Speaker 1: that's for next movie, Space Twister, that's right, and then
26:40
Speaker 1: the sequel, Space Tornado with sharks. Right, yes, space Sharknado
26:47
Speaker 1: or Galacto maybe Galactic Sharknado. Just to open up. Yeah,
26:50
Speaker 1: but the aliens are sharks somehow, and they travel here
26:53
Speaker 1: in a wormhole that's kind of like a tornado. Hey,
26:56
Speaker 1: you know what, This started as a joke, but I
26:57
Speaker 1: think it's actually a pretty good idea. Hey, we have
27:00
Speaker 1: a new project, guys. But you know, space weather isn't
27:04
Speaker 1: all bad. If you get these particles coming into the atmosphere,
27:07
Speaker 1: they don't all just penetrate the atmosphere. Some of them
27:09
Speaker 1: still blue spiral around the magnetic field and end up
27:12
Speaker 1: in the north pole, and then you get extra solar
27:15
Speaker 1: and you get extra northern lights. This Aurora borealis, These
27:19
Speaker 1: glow in the atmosphere of green and blue and crazy
27:21
Speaker 1: dancing lights. Those are very spectacular in a solar storm.
27:25
Speaker 1: So space weather can be pretty. I mean, it might
27:27
Speaker 1: be killing some astronauts out there, but hey, you might
27:30
Speaker 1: get a better picture, that's right. You know, on this
27:31
Speaker 1: podcast we try to look at the bright side of
27:33
Speaker 1: the universe. Even fatal doses of radiation can look pretty
27:36
Speaker 1: in some context. But you know, just like you shouldn't
27:38
Speaker 1: be shooting hurricanes, please also don't shoot the northern lights.
27:42
Speaker 1: So it sounds like it affects electronics out there in
27:44
Speaker 1: space and astronauts in space. And maybe you were saying
27:46
Speaker 1: even people in airplanes might get an extra those of radiation.
27:50
Speaker 1: But is it something that I have to worry about
27:52
Speaker 1: in an everyday basis, Like should I check the space
27:55
Speaker 1: weather before I go to the beach? Um, it doesn't
27:57
Speaker 1: matter a lot for airplanes. You're right, and we should
27:59
Speaker 1: talk about that because people aren't probably aware that every
28:02
Speaker 1: time you fly in an airplane you do get an
28:04
Speaker 1: extra dose of radiation just because you're higher up in
28:06
Speaker 1: the atmosphere, and if you happen to be in the
28:08
Speaker 1: atmosphere when there's one of these solar storms, it can
28:11
Speaker 1: be a serious health issue. And in addition, it can
28:13
Speaker 1: knock out the communications of your airplane. And this happens
28:17
Speaker 1: sometimes if planes rely on navigation technology, which can be
28:21
Speaker 1: useless in a solar storm because it relies on things
28:24
Speaker 1: like bouncing signals off the atmosphere, and when a solar
28:27
Speaker 1: storm comes, it basically makes ripples in the atmosphere, and
28:30
Speaker 1: so these signals don't bounce cleanly. They scatter instead of reflecting,
28:34
Speaker 1: and so there's been times when planes have had to
28:36
Speaker 1: fly without these signals. Sometimes these adages are minutes. Sometimes
28:40
Speaker 1: these things are days long, and so you're plane could
28:43
Speaker 1: be out there flying without the necessary navigational technology thanks
28:47
Speaker 1: to the sun's burp. But the pilots still, you know,
28:50
Speaker 1: he's okay, he's here, she's okay, they're they're still still
28:53
Speaker 1: staring the plane, right, Oh yeah, they just close their
28:55
Speaker 1: eyes and hope, you know, okay, good. You know, planes
28:58
Speaker 1: all have many ways to nad a gate and lots
29:00
Speaker 1: of backup systems. But when you lose one, then you're
29:03
Speaker 1: more reliant on the others. Um But yes, in addition,
29:06
Speaker 1: it can affect you down here on Earth, can it? Though?
29:08
Speaker 1: Like will I get extra sunburn or you know, feel
29:13
Speaker 1: a little extra plasma E if I go to the
29:15
Speaker 1: beach that day. How plasma E do you feel on
29:17
Speaker 1: a normal day? Depends on the day I get just enough.
29:22
Speaker 1: That's called four Hey, weather folks, Yeah, it's it's not
29:25
Speaker 1: a big thing for you to worry about in terms
29:27
Speaker 1: of radiation. These things don't hit the Earth broadly, so
29:31
Speaker 1: you're very unlikely to be right in the middle of one.
29:34
Speaker 1: But it can cause like blackouts, like in there was
29:38
Speaker 1: a really powerful geomagnetic storm that's set out a huge
29:41
Speaker 1: power blackout in Canada. It left six million people without
29:45
Speaker 1: electricity for hours. But wait, white white only Canada. Wouldn't
29:49
Speaker 1: it blanket the whole earth? No, these things are not
29:52
Speaker 1: necessarily earth sized. It's like a jet of particles and
29:56
Speaker 1: just happen to hit Canada. Oh, they're like specific or
30:01
Speaker 1: like little laser beams. Now, you're making it sound like
30:03
Speaker 1: the Sun hit Canada on purpose, Like the Sun is
30:05
Speaker 1: anti can I'm just saying, you know, I have a
30:09
Speaker 1: pro Canada. I love Canada, so I'm very sensitive to
30:12
Speaker 1: any you know, defamation of Canadian character. Yeah. No, well
30:16
Speaker 1: we were just accusing the Sun of of not liking Canadians. Yeah.
30:21
Speaker 1: I hope it's you know, it's learned from then, and
30:24
Speaker 1: it's it's moved on. Um. Yeah, And you can actually
30:27
Speaker 1: track this stuff, like you don't have to just be
30:29
Speaker 1: ignorant and hope that the space weather is going to
30:31
Speaker 1: be good. Maybe you are elon Musk and you're launching
30:34
Speaker 1: a satellite tomorrow and you want to know if the
30:36
Speaker 1: solar flare is coming. There are actually a lot of
30:38
Speaker 1: public resources people probably aren't aware about. All Right, well,
30:41
Speaker 1: let's get into how you might predict space weather or
30:44
Speaker 1: even if that's possible. But first let's take a quick break.
31:01
Speaker 1: All Right. We talked about space weather and how that's
31:04
Speaker 1: really mostly sun weather, right, and how it involves solar
31:08
Speaker 1: flares and solar bourbs and vomits, and and that's because
31:11
Speaker 1: we are close to the Sun, right, The Sun is
31:13
Speaker 1: the biggest thing nearby. If we were in the asteroid
31:17
Speaker 1: Bells or something somewhere near Jupiter, then your Jupiter has
31:20
Speaker 1: its own weather. Also, it pumps out a lot of radiation,
31:22
Speaker 1: so there'd be weather from Jupiter also, Yeah, a jovial weather.
31:29
Speaker 1: Juvial weather not always so jovial. Yeah, not a sunny
31:35
Speaker 1: but still pretty job. Yeah, if you're, for example, living
31:37
Speaker 1: on the surface of Io, then you have to worry
31:39
Speaker 1: about the radiation from from your Jovian planet exactly. Ah wow,
31:45
Speaker 1: because the weather in Jupiter might be turning out and
31:48
Speaker 1: burp ing and farting. Yeah, we know that Jupiter is
31:51
Speaker 1: not static, and we can see from here that there
31:53
Speaker 1: are storms on its surface and inside this crazy stuff happening,
31:57
Speaker 1: and so the amount of radiation that Jupiter is emitting
32:00
Speaker 1: is also varying. Down over here on Earth, we're mostly
32:02
Speaker 1: affected by the solar weather. So you're right. Space weather
32:05
Speaker 1: on Earth is mostly about the Sun because that's the
32:08
Speaker 1: biggest source of weather nearby, and so it might cause
32:11
Speaker 1: blackouts or fryer electronics or satellites, and so the question
32:15
Speaker 1: is can we predict space weather? Can we like, um,
32:19
Speaker 1: you know, give the satellites and the astronauts and little
32:22
Speaker 1: heads up. We're doing everything we can. You know, we
32:24
Speaker 1: love to understand the Sun for lots of reasons. One
32:27
Speaker 1: is just practical, like we need to know if our
32:29
Speaker 1: satellites are going to get blown out or protect our astronauts.
32:32
Speaker 1: And the other is it's the most important astrophysical thing nearby,
32:36
Speaker 1: and it's a huge mystery. If we understood better how
32:38
Speaker 1: the Sun worked, we could understand how other stars work
32:41
Speaker 1: and how long they're gonna last, and how they were formed,
32:43
Speaker 1: and there are pretty big important feature of this incredible
32:47
Speaker 1: universe we find ourselves in. So it's a fun mystery,
32:50
Speaker 1: but we just don't understand it because we've only been
32:53
Speaker 1: studying it for you know, a hundred and fifty years
32:55
Speaker 1: or so, and it's a literally a huge topic. I mean,
32:59
Speaker 1: but couldn't we just look at the Sun and tell
33:01
Speaker 1: if something's coming our way, because you know, I imagine
33:04
Speaker 1: we could maybe see the flares before all of the
33:07
Speaker 1: you know, protons and electrons hit us, when we have
33:10
Speaker 1: some kind of warning. Yeah, well, there's two different kinds
33:13
Speaker 1: of things you can do. First of all, that's a
33:14
Speaker 1: great idea. Nobody's ever thought of that before. Actually look
33:17
Speaker 1: at the sound to try to pregent. After this call,
33:20
Speaker 1: I'm going to get on the phone with NASA and
33:22
Speaker 1: let them know your idea and a new project for
33:24
Speaker 1: us now there's two things we're trying to do. One
33:27
Speaker 1: is sort of ground up understand the sun for as
33:29
Speaker 1: a theoretical object. Do we know what's going on inside?
33:32
Speaker 1: And so can we use that to predict what's going
33:35
Speaker 1: to happen on the outside. And then you know, if
33:37
Speaker 1: we can get that model to work, we can connect
33:40
Speaker 1: it with recent events and and that's the best way
33:42
Speaker 1: to do it because it can give you a deeper
33:44
Speaker 1: inside and help you understand things in the short term
33:47
Speaker 1: and the long term. And then there's the more practical one.
33:49
Speaker 1: There's the sort of as you suggested, we said, well,
33:52
Speaker 1: we've noticed a connection that there's happens to be a
33:55
Speaker 1: coronal mass ejection a few days after a sun spot
33:59
Speaker 1: or the times after sunspots, and so you look for
34:01
Speaker 1: these patterns and try to use them to predict what's
34:04
Speaker 1: going to happen. It's sort of like whether on Earth
34:06
Speaker 1: used to be like, oh the sky is green, does
34:09
Speaker 1: I mean it's gonna be a tornado? We're just looking
34:11
Speaker 1: for these patterns. Who try to see what gives you
34:13
Speaker 1: a clue as to as to what's going to happen
34:15
Speaker 1: in the next few days. I think the sun turn green.
34:17
Speaker 1: That would be that would be a side something's going on.
34:20
Speaker 1: What would you do if the sun turned green? Or
34:23
Speaker 1: pack your bags and going to the basement. I would
34:28
Speaker 1: make my Tornado space movie as quickly as possible before. Well,
34:32
Speaker 1: you've been building your strategic banana reserve for a reason,
34:35
Speaker 1: and so I guess you'd have to happen into that.
34:37
Speaker 1: And this is an active area of research. In fact,
34:40
Speaker 1: it was just a couple of weeks ago that we
34:42
Speaker 1: launched a whole new satellite just to study our atmosphere
34:46
Speaker 1: and the impact of solar weather. It's called Icon and
34:49
Speaker 1: it studies the iono sphere around the Earth. This this
34:52
Speaker 1: area of ionized particles that surrounds um in the lower atmosphere. Okay,
34:56
Speaker 1: so there are ways that we can sort of predict
34:59
Speaker 1: these things, and they're people looking into it. But it's
35:01
Speaker 1: still pretty it's a hot topic, hot and um, but
35:05
Speaker 1: it sounds like it's still sort of we're still sort
35:07
Speaker 1: of at the mercy of the weather. Absolutely. You know,
35:10
Speaker 1: it's hard enough to understand the weather here on Earth,
35:13
Speaker 1: and we're right in the middle of it. We can
35:14
Speaker 1: observe it in so many ways. We can take any
35:17
Speaker 1: measurement we want. We just go outside now, trying to
35:19
Speaker 1: imagine understanding the weather on something nine three million miles away,
35:24
Speaker 1: You can hardly take measurements. It's much bigger, it's much
35:27
Speaker 1: more complicated, it's totally different from anything you experience. That's
35:30
Speaker 1: a much more difficult problem to solve scientifically, and it's
35:33
Speaker 1: just as complicated because the solar atmosphere in the solar
35:36
Speaker 1: surface is in motion. It's churning, as you said, So
35:40
Speaker 1: this is not something that's easy to do, and so
35:42
Speaker 1: it's an exciting topic. So those you interested in helping
35:45
Speaker 1: to protect a billion dollar industry every year, or protect
35:48
Speaker 1: astronauts lives, or just deeply interested in like how the
35:52
Speaker 1: sun works and can we understand it, there's gonna be
35:54
Speaker 1: a long future of research. You could be the person
35:56
Speaker 1: who invents the quantum Doppler solar three million, which summons
36:03
Speaker 1: the shark tornado and ends all life on Earth. Right,
36:06
Speaker 1: tuning a tune in at ten o'clock for Daniel and
36:11
Speaker 1: Jorge destroy the universe? All right, Well, the next time
36:16
Speaker 1: you go out there and think about the weather, maybe
36:19
Speaker 1: also leave a little room in your brain for thinking
36:22
Speaker 1: about the space weather as well, and whether that might
36:25
Speaker 1: affect you when you go out and whether it's going
36:27
Speaker 1: to be hot or not. Thanks for tuning in, See
36:30
Speaker 1: you next time. Before you still have a question after
36:40
Speaker 1: listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line.
36:43
Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us
36:45
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Speaker 1: one Word, or email us at Feedback at Daniel and
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Speaker 1: Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening and remember that Daniel
36:56
Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of I
36:59
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