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خلاصه کتاب جهان پساآمریکا، نوشته فرید زکریا · دانشگاه صوتی چکیده ماندگار | کتاب تاریخی سیاسی

• 0:04
  Speaker 1: The Post-American World, written by Farid Zakaria. In 2008, in
• 0:11
  Speaker 1: the last months of the George Bush administration, the world
• 0:17
  Speaker 1: was hit by the biggest financial crisis since the fall
• 0:20
  Speaker 1: of the 19th century. Big American banks collapsed, financial markets collapsed,
• 0:25
  Speaker 1: and this crisis became more frequent than ever before. Is
• 0:29
  Speaker 1: the time of America's overthrow the end? Farid Zakaria, a journalist,
• 0:35
  Speaker 1: a researcher in the field of international relations and a
• 0:38
  Speaker 1: professor of political science at Harvard University, answers a different question.
• 0:43
  Speaker 1: He says that the main story of the 21st century
• 0:47
  Speaker 1: is not the wealth of America, but the greed of others.
• 0:51
  Speaker 1: From his point of view, countries such as China, India, Brazil, Turkey, Indonesia.
• 0:59
  Speaker 2: And Persian Gulf economies after centuries.
• 1:01
  Speaker 1: Have been transformed into important players of the world's economy
• 1:07
  Speaker 1: and politics. In this book, Zakaria shows with a bold
• 1:11
  Speaker 1: and meaningful approach why this place has given rise to power,
• 1:14
  Speaker 1: what messages it has for the future of the world,
• 1:17
  Speaker 1: and what path America should take to maintain its leadership
• 1:20
  Speaker 1: in this new system. History has repeatedly shown that great powers,
• 1:31
  Speaker 1: more than those that fall under the influence of the
• 1:33
  Speaker 1: power of the enemy, suffer from incompetence in understanding the
• 1:36
  Speaker 1: realities of the world. China in the 19th century, in
• 1:41
  Speaker 1: contrast to the Japanese of the Meiji era, delayed the
• 1:44
  Speaker 1: emergence of Western artificial power as a result of the
• 1:47
  Speaker 1: introduction of a changing century. The Ottoman Empire delayed the
• 1:54
  Speaker 1: industrialization and the regime of Europe and began reforms and
• 1:57
  Speaker 1: regulations in a time when it was already too late
• 2:00
  Speaker 1: and the distance to the West had become very large.
• 2:02
  Speaker 2: Iran did not properly.
• 2:03
  Speaker 1: Minimize the threat of the non-disappearance of the Mongols during
• 2:10
  Speaker 1: the reign of Sultan Mohammad Khwarazm Shah and caused a
• 2:13
  Speaker 1: severe attack on the Mongols. During our own era, we.
• 2:17
  Speaker 2: Can also say another example.
• 2:22
  Speaker 1: Reza Shah was left behind due to the consequences of
• 2:26
  Speaker 1: World War II. Until the time when Germany had not
• 2:29
  Speaker 1: entered into war with Shoravi, Iran's unilateral policy was logical.
• 2:35
  Speaker 1: But after Hitler's attack on Shoravi, Reza Shah had to
• 2:39
  Speaker 1: face his own situation and prevent the invasion of the country.
• 2:43
  Speaker 2: But he was left behind due to the consequences of
• 2:46
  Speaker 2: World War II.
• 2:48
  Speaker 1: Farid Zakaria believes that the most important threat to the
• 2:51
  Speaker 1: United States is not the invasion of China or the
• 2:54
  Speaker 1: capture of power of other countries, but the inability of
• 2:58
  Speaker 1: the United States to understand the new world and to
• 3:02
  Speaker 1: establish itself with the new realities of the world. He
• 3:05
  Speaker 1: believes that if the United States does not correctly understand
• 3:10
  Speaker 1: the power of the 21st century, and his policies and
• 3:13
  Speaker 1: institutions do not create a new system of harmony, gradually
• 3:18
  Speaker 1: gives his place in the international system. From Zakaria's point
• 3:23
  Speaker 1: of view, America's reputation is more than being dependent on
• 3:26
  Speaker 1: the power of its opponents, but the ability of America
• 3:29
  Speaker 1: to understand the changes of the world and deal with
• 3:33
  Speaker 1: the new conditions.
• 3:36
  Speaker 2: Hello, I am Esfandiar Khudaiy.
• 3:39
  Speaker 1: We present the important and important books of Iran and
• 3:44
  Speaker 1: the world in the sound school of Chikideh Mandegar, which
• 3:46
  Speaker 1: you may never have the opportunity to read. In short,
• 3:48
  Speaker 1: we present the original text of Rawan and Wafadar so
• 3:53
  Speaker 1: that you can get acquainted with the most important thoughts,
• 3:57
  Speaker 1: observations and messages of these books in a short time.
• 4:03
  Speaker 1: I hope that after listening to the book of the
• 4:05
  Speaker 1: world after America, we will not see today's world from
• 4:09
  Speaker 1: the point of view of the media, but from the
• 4:12
  Speaker 1: point of view of the deep movements that are slowly
• 4:16
  Speaker 1: balancing the global power. I believe that Farid Zakaria is
• 4:21
  Speaker 1: one of those countries that will understand this change sooner
• 4:25
  Speaker 1: and build themselves with the new realities.
• 4:28
  Speaker 2: Of the world.
• 4:30
  Speaker 1: Farid Zakaria is one of the most well-known American journalists
• 4:35
  Speaker 1: and editors in foreign policy. He was the editor-in-chief of
• 4:39
  Speaker 1: the Newsweek International magazine in those years. He has carried
• 4:43
  Speaker 1: out a number of editing programs on CNN, and his
• 4:46
  Speaker 1: works have been published on the basis of his work,
• 4:50
  Speaker 1: and he has written about the high-level editor-in-chief of.
• 4:53
  Speaker 2: The International System.
• 4:55
  Speaker 1: His first book, The World After America, was published in 2008.
• 5:01
  Speaker 1: At the same time, it was published with a global
• 5:03
  Speaker 1: financial boom. Three years later, that is, in 2011, Zakaria
• 5:06
  Speaker 1: published the second book and re-examined its main argument in
• 5:09
  Speaker 1: the publication of new articles. In the preface of this
• 5:12
  Speaker 1: new book, he writes that he did not prevent the
• 5:15
  Speaker 1: global boom, but he believes that this boom did not
• 5:17
  Speaker 1: weaken the main theory of the book, but strengthened it.
• 5:21
  Speaker 2: Why?
• 5:29
  Speaker 1: This boom started from the United States, but emerging economies
• 5:34
  Speaker 1: such as China, India and Brazil, contrary to expectations, have
• 5:38
  Speaker 1: returned faster than Western economies to a stable path and
• 5:42
  Speaker 1: have turned into the main engines of the global economy.
• 5:47
  Speaker 1: From Zakaria's point of view, this difference shows that the
• 5:50
  Speaker 1: global economy is no longer dependent only on the United
• 5:52
  Speaker 1: States and Europe, and new centers of economic power are
• 5:56
  Speaker 1: taking shape.
• 5:59
  Speaker 2: This change is.
• 6:00
  Speaker 1: The main element of the explanation of this book. The
• 6:05
  Speaker 1: first phase is the creation.
• 6:09
  Speaker 2: Of others.
• 6:10
  Speaker 1: What is going on in the world today, more than
• 6:11
  Speaker 1: the story of America's decline, is the story of the
• 6:14
  Speaker 1: creation of others. The world in the past 500 years
• 6:17
  Speaker 1: has experienced only three major places of power. The beginning
• 6:22
  Speaker 1: with the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution, the center of
• 6:26
  Speaker 1: power has been moved from the east to the west. Second,
• 6:30
  Speaker 1: after the world wars, the United States took over Europe
• 6:33
  Speaker 1: and turned into the power of the armed regime of
• 6:35
  Speaker 1: the Middle East. Now, the third world war has begun,
• 6:39
  Speaker 1: during which the non-Western countries are causing more damage to
• 6:43
  Speaker 1: global wealth, influence and development. To see this change, it
• 6:46
  Speaker 1: is enough to look at the world map. The highest towers,
• 6:54
  Speaker 1: the largest shops, the largest construction sites, modern workshops, investment
• 7:00
  Speaker 1: funds and many other major projects are no longer only
• 7:03
  Speaker 1: in the United States and Western Europe. Shanghai, Singapore, Dubai,
• 7:09
  Speaker 1: Mumbai and Sao Paulo have been turned into new centers
• 7:14
  Speaker 1: of trade, capital, production and innovation. The cities that were
• 7:20
  Speaker 1: in the middle of the global economy a few decades
• 7:23
  Speaker 1: ago are now in the middle of global developments. This
• 7:26
  Speaker 1: difference is not limited to just a few cities or countries.
• 7:32
  Speaker 1: Hundreds of millions of people in Asia have been excluded
• 7:35
  Speaker 1: from poverty. The middle class has quickly found a short-lived expansion. Universities,
• 7:40
  Speaker 1: companies and development centers have risen in new and emerging countries.
• 7:44
  Speaker 2: And countries that used to be.
• 7:49
  Speaker 1: They used to be experts in finance and technology, but
• 7:51
  Speaker 1: today they have turned into financial experts in clothes and science.
• 7:55
  Speaker 1: For this reason, the global economy is slowly moving from
• 7:59
  Speaker 1: the West to.
• 8:00
  Speaker 2: Other parts of the world.
• 8:01
  Speaker 1: The important point is that this change is not the
• 8:04
  Speaker 1: result of the global system's success, but rather the achievement
• 8:08
  Speaker 1: of the success of the global market economy system which
• 8:20
  Speaker 1: the United States had as its main target after.
• 8:25
  Speaker 2: World War II.
• 8:26
  Speaker 1: The expansion of trade, investment, transfer of technology and open
• 8:30
  Speaker 1: markets provided opportunities that many Asian countries and other new
• 8:33
  Speaker 1: economies took advantage of for their economic development. In other words,
• 8:38
  Speaker 1: the United States built a system that later provided the
• 8:41
  Speaker 1: land of power to others. However, the emergence of others
• 8:51
  Speaker 1: does not mean the collapse of.
• 8:53
  Speaker 2: The United States.
• 8:54
  Speaker 1: The United States, in many key areas, has been taken
• 8:56
  Speaker 1: from higher universities and scientific researches to innovation, technology, financial
• 9:02
  Speaker 1: markets and the attraction of global talents. The main difference
• 9:07
  Speaker 1: is that the United States is no longer just a
• 9:09
  Speaker 1: big player in the scene and must act in a
• 9:11
  Speaker 1: world where the power of most players has been explained.
• 9:19
  Speaker 1: This period is a picture of the world before the reader,
• 9:22
  Speaker 1: a world in which the sky of politics and economy
• 9:27
  Speaker 1: is no longer just a star. America is also one
• 9:31
  Speaker 1: of the most important powers in the world, but it
• 9:33
  Speaker 1: is no longer the only determining power. The main message
• 9:37
  Speaker 1: is that the most important turn of the 21st century
• 9:40
  Speaker 1: is not the fall of America, but the end of
• 9:43
  Speaker 1: the collapse of power and the rise of others. The
• 9:45
  Speaker 1: second period Don't listen to the news. Suppose in the
• 9:52
  Speaker 1: beginning of 2000, you wanted to predict the future of
• 9:54
  Speaker 1: the world economy. He also told you that the United
• 10:01
  Speaker 1: States is experiencing the largest terrorist attack in its history.
• 10:04
  Speaker 1: It is invading Afghanistan and Iraq. Iran and North Korea
• 10:10
  Speaker 1: are expanding their nuclear programs. Russia is advancing a more
• 10:13
  Speaker 1: aggressive policy. And the environment is getting more and more
• 10:17
  Speaker 1: unstable every day. Almost everyone received the result of such
• 10:24
  Speaker 1: a prediction that the world economy will enter a deep decline.
• 10:33
  Speaker 1: But it is not like that. And the reality is
• 10:34
  Speaker 1: the opposite. Between the years 2000 and 2007, the world
• 10:36
  Speaker 1: economy experienced one of the most powerful periods of its rise.
• 10:40
  Speaker 1: The world's production, international trade, and capital growth have increased
• 10:44
  Speaker 1: rapidly and millions of people in the developing countries have
• 10:47
  Speaker 1: become poor.
• 10:47
  Speaker 2: This trend only stopped in 2008.
• 10:48
  Speaker 1: It is not because of war or terrorism, but because
• 10:52
  Speaker 1: of the financial crisis that started from the heart of
• 10:54
  Speaker 1: the American banking system and spread all over the world.
• 11:08
  Speaker 1: This is the same great paradox of our age. The
• 11:10
  Speaker 1: front page of newspapers is full of news of war,
• 11:14
  Speaker 1: terrorism and terror. But at the same time, the global
• 11:18
  Speaker 1: economy is on another path. The markets, more than showing
• 11:21
  Speaker 1: political titles, are focusing on economic trends, investment and prosperity.
• 11:24
  Speaker 1: For this reason, at the same time, with the Iraq
• 11:27
  Speaker 1: war and the withdrawal of Israel and Hezbollah in 2006,
• 11:37
  Speaker 1: Turkey's economy was rising rapidly.
• 11:40
  Speaker 2: Arab countries like the Gulf of.
• 11:42
  Speaker 1: Persia had started huge and long-term projects and Dubai and
• 11:46
  Speaker 1: Abu Dhabi had turned into major construction sites. This belief
• 11:49
  Speaker 1: is not true that today's world is more ugly than
• 11:54
  Speaker 1: ever and full of war and bloodshed. The scientific research
• 11:56
  Speaker 1: shows that after the end of the Cold War, the
• 12:00
  Speaker 1: number of wars in the middle of countries and many
• 12:07
  Speaker 1: of the organization's interventions have decreased. What makes us feel
• 12:10
  Speaker 1: insecure are the 24-hour news networks that communicate the negative
• 12:14
  Speaker 1: news to the rest of the world at any moment.
• 12:18
  Speaker 1: As a result, the world is more dangerous than it
• 12:21
  Speaker 1: has ever been, even if it has had a decrease
• 12:24
  Speaker 1: in the number of cases. After this political turmoil, a
• 12:33
  Speaker 1: powerful force is in the process of changing the world.
• 12:36
  Speaker 1: The expansion of free trade, international investment, production of global chains,
• 12:42
  Speaker 1: the advance of technology and the revolution of relations, these
• 12:47
  Speaker 1: forces have greatly contributed to the economy of countries that
• 12:51
  Speaker 1: many of the political trends are no longer able to
• 12:54
  Speaker 1: stop the global economic growth. Of course, the 2008 financial
• 13:03
  Speaker 1: crisis showed that the global economy is in danger. The
• 13:06
  Speaker 1: biggest threat this time was not from the battlefield, but
• 13:11
  Speaker 1: from within the US financial system and almost all countries.
• 13:13
  Speaker 1: This period reminds us that to understand the world, we
• 13:18
  Speaker 1: should not be trapped in the hot titles of news networks, televisions, media,
• 13:23
  Speaker 1: and Russian news.
• 13:23
  Speaker 2: Media usually report incidents. but they make history a long time.
• 13:31
  Speaker 1: If we want to see the future correctly, we must
• 13:34
  Speaker 1: pay attention to the calm but deep changes in the economy, technology,
• 13:39
  Speaker 1: trade and globalization, because these small and loud forces determine
• 13:44
  Speaker 1: the future of the world more than wars and news
• 13:48
  Speaker 1: of the day.
• 13:48
  Speaker 2: The third phase is the non-Western world.
• 13:57
  Speaker 1: In the year 1405 AD, when Europe was still at
• 13:59
  Speaker 1: the beginning of the age of discoveries, the Chinese sea,
• 14:03
  Speaker 1: Zheng He, became the main port of India in human history.
• 14:08
  Speaker 1: It had 317 ships and about 28,000 sailors and sailors.
• 14:11
  Speaker 1: While nearly 90 years later, Christoph Coulomb moved with only
• 14:15
  Speaker 1: 4 ships and about 150 people to the American port.
• 14:28
  Speaker 1: The largest Jenghe boats were more than four times the
• 14:32
  Speaker 1: length of the Santa Maria Colombo boats and were the
• 14:36
  Speaker 1: most advanced shipbuilding techniques of its time. At the beginning
• 14:40
  Speaker 1: of the 15th century, there was no comparison in terms
• 14:44
  Speaker 1: of marine technology with China.
• 14:45
  Speaker 2: But this comparison did not continue.
• 14:52
  Speaker 1: The Ming Empire stopped the sea voyages, took the big
• 14:56
  Speaker 1: ships from the middle and limited its relationship with the
• 15:01
  Speaker 1: world or the closed ports. At the same time, European
• 15:05
  Speaker 1: countries have taken a completely different path. Discovery, trade, competition
• 15:12
  Speaker 1: and innovation. As a result of these two historical choices,
• 15:16
  Speaker 1: a few centuries later, The Westernization and the return of
• 15:22
  Speaker 1: a large part of the non-Western world.
• 15:24
  Speaker 2: Including China.
• 15:26
  Speaker 1: This narration shows that the Westernization did not result in salvation,
• 15:31
  Speaker 1: culture or personal privileges, but as a result of the
• 15:33
  Speaker 1: institutions of work, political resistance, scientific revolution, investment, free trade
• 15:39
  Speaker 1: and readiness to accept poverty. Therefore, if the same situation
• 15:45
  Speaker 1: takes shape in today's America, that is, the event that
• 15:48
  Speaker 1: took place in China, the rise in power will be
• 15:52
  Speaker 1: natural for others, not exceptional. On the same basis, what
• 15:55
  Speaker 1: takes place in the world today is not westernization, but modernization.
• 15:59
  Speaker 1: Countries such as China, India, Brazil, Turkey, Indonesia and some
• 16:03
  Speaker 1: Persian Gulf countries They accepted the economy of the market, technology,
• 16:16
  Speaker 1: new education and modern management. But they preserved their language, culture.
• 16:22
  Speaker 2: Religion and historical identity.
• 16:24
  Speaker 1: Modernity is not necessarily to become American or European. I
• 16:28
  Speaker 1: would like to say this in parentheses that Zakaria has
• 16:32
  Speaker 1: used the word Persian Gulf in various places of his book.
• 16:35
  Speaker 1: We return to the text. We can see the signs
• 16:44
  Speaker 1: of this change all over the world. Shanghai, Singapore, Dubai,
• 16:48
  Speaker 1: Bombay and Sao Paulo are not just consumers of technology
• 16:52
  Speaker 1: and Western capital. Rather, they have turned into centers of production, investment,
• 16:56
  Speaker 1: innovation and education. Large non-Western companies are competing in global markets.
• 17:00
  Speaker 1: Asian universities have higher academic positions. and the mainstream class
• 17:10
  Speaker 1: in new economies is expanding at unprecedented speed. This change
• 17:13
  Speaker 1: is not only economic, but it has also changed the
• 17:17
  Speaker 1: self-confidence of culture. If in the past, the main source
• 17:20
  Speaker 1: of culture, media, and global warming moved from the West
• 17:24
  Speaker 1: to other parts of the world, today many non-Western countries
• 17:28
  Speaker 1: have turned into important producers of film, music, media, art,
• 17:32
  Speaker 1: and lifestyle. The world has not become more diverse but
• 17:42
  Speaker 1: more diverse and more diverse. Many of the Western politicians
• 17:46
  Speaker 1: and thinkers still see the world as the mental map
• 17:50
  Speaker 1: of the 20th century, saying that all important decisions will
• 17:53
  Speaker 1: be made in Washington, London and Paris. But the centers
• 17:57
  Speaker 1: of power, capital, production and innovation have now spread to
• 18:02
  Speaker 1: different parts of the world, and understanding this place by
• 18:06
  Speaker 1: place is necessary.
• 18:07
  Speaker 2: To know the politics and economy of the 21st century.
• 18:09
  Speaker 1: This period results in the fact that the most important
• 18:13
  Speaker 1: transformation of the present age is not only the rise
• 18:17
  Speaker 1: of the economy of the non-Western countries, but the return
• 18:21
  Speaker 1: of those who were in a position that was several
• 18:24
  Speaker 1: hundred years ago in the history of the world.
• 18:25
  Speaker 2: The future world is a world with many power centers.
• 18:32
  Speaker 1: A world where modernity is no longer just a western
• 18:35
  Speaker 1: image and every individual describes it with its own culture
• 18:38
  Speaker 1: and identity. 4.
• 18:39
  Speaker 2: China is the rival of the.
• 18:40
  Speaker 1: United States For many Americans, China has always been the
• 18:45
  Speaker 1: land of great numbers. A country with more than 1
• 18:49
  Speaker 1: billion people, which was poor and poor for decades, but
• 18:52
  Speaker 1: in a short time turned into one of the greatest
• 18:54
  Speaker 1: economic powers.
• 18:55
  Speaker 2: In the world.
• 19:02
  Speaker 1: In the same way, China has turned into the most
• 19:04
  Speaker 1: important economic and geopolitical story of the present age. Until
• 19:08
  Speaker 1: the end of 1970, few people imagined a different future
• 19:11
  Speaker 1: for China. Mao's cultural revolution had severely damaged the economy,
• 19:16
  Speaker 1: education and infrastructure of the country and had a negative
• 19:19
  Speaker 1: ideology on economic realities. The end of 1978 was the
• 19:30
  Speaker 1: beginning of the reformation of Deng Xiaoping.
• 19:35
  Speaker 2: Deng, with the exception of Mao's.
• 19:38
  Speaker 1: Ideological assertiveness and the use of a practical Kurdish expression
• 19:44
  Speaker 1: that turned.
• 19:44
  Speaker 2: Into a symbol of this transformation.
• 19:47
  Speaker 1: It is not important whether the globe is black or white,
• 19:50
  Speaker 1: if it is a good globe, that is, it is
• 19:52
  Speaker 1: more important to get rid of ideological bias. From then on,
• 19:57
  Speaker 1: he turned his economy into the world, attracted foreign capital
• 20:00
  Speaker 1: and technology, and started one of the greatest economic expeditions
• 20:06
  Speaker 1: in history. The result of this change was one of
• 20:11
  Speaker 1: the largest economic events in human history. China's economy rose
• 20:14
  Speaker 1: by about 9% in the last three decades, which means
• 20:18
  Speaker 1: that the economy doubled almost every eight years. Hundreds of
• 20:20
  Speaker 1: millions of people have been expelled from poverty and the
• 20:23
  Speaker 1: people's income has increased rapidly. China's factories have been turned
• 20:27
  Speaker 1: into the world's production engine. To understand the extent of
• 20:41
  Speaker 1: this change, it is enough to know that a country
• 20:44
  Speaker 1: that produced only a few hundred coolers in 1978, produced
• 20:46
  Speaker 1: less than 10 million coolers in a year less than
• 20:49
  Speaker 1: three decades later. Today, China is the largest producer in
• 20:53
  Speaker 1: the world, and in products such as electricity, lithium batteries,
• 20:57
  Speaker 1: solar panels, batteries, and many of the world's top industrial assets.
• 21:07
  Speaker 1: The Shanghai Peninsula, which was once a collection of agricultural lands,
• 21:12
  Speaker 1: has been turned into one of the largest financial and
• 21:16
  Speaker 1: commercial centers in the world for a short time.
• 21:19
  Speaker 2: This success was not only the result of China's internal policies.
• 21:28
  Speaker 1: Globalization, foreign investment, transfer of technology and access to global
• 21:34
  Speaker 1: markets also had a defining role in this field. In fact,
• 21:38
  Speaker 1: China took over from the same global economy system that
• 21:42
  Speaker 1: the United States had a fundamental role in after World
• 21:44
  Speaker 1: War II. For this reason, China's rise, more than being
• 21:48
  Speaker 1: a product of competition with the global system, is a
• 21:53
  Speaker 1: result of a conscious development of this system.
• 21:58
  Speaker 2: Of course, this path is not without challenges.
• 22:01
  Speaker 1: Although the Chinese economy is more involved in the global economy,
• 22:06
  Speaker 1: the demands of the society are also increasing. The Chinese
• 22:10
  Speaker 1: middle class is growing, inequalities are coming more to the attention,
• 22:14
  Speaker 1: and people are waiting for more participation and welfare. On
• 22:16
  Speaker 1: the other hand, the government, in order to preserve the
• 22:21
  Speaker 1: internal balance, relies more on nationalism, historical pride and national unity.
• 22:27
  Speaker 1: One of the most important challenges of the Chinese leaders
• 22:31
  Speaker 1: is to maintain the balance between these two national and
• 22:34
  Speaker 1: global trends. An economy that becomes more global every day
• 22:37
  Speaker 1: and a policy that emphasizes national identity for the sake
• 22:41
  Speaker 1: of stability.
• 22:42
  Speaker 2: Zakaria, unlike many analysts.
• 22:45
  Speaker 1: Does not know the main goal of China is to
• 22:47
  Speaker 1: unify the international system. because the success of China lies
• 22:55
  Speaker 1: in this existing structure. The superiority of the Pekin leaders
• 22:59
  Speaker 1: so far has been the preservation of economic growth, internal
• 23:04
  Speaker 1: stability and the increase in global inflation. China has tried
• 23:07
  Speaker 1: to restore its position in this international system, because a
• 23:11
  Speaker 1: large part of its economic success is due to this system.
• 23:15
  Speaker 1: At the same time, the more power China acquires, the
• 23:20
  Speaker 1: more sensitive the competition with the United States becomes. The
• 23:24
  Speaker 1: future of the world order has so much to do
• 23:26
  Speaker 1: with the fact that these two powers can manage the
• 23:29
  Speaker 1: competition and do not allow differences to be directly or
• 23:32
  Speaker 1: indirectly changed. This period results in the fact that the
• 23:36
  Speaker 1: story of China is not only the story of the
• 23:40
  Speaker 1: rise of a country, but the example of the progress
• 23:44
  Speaker 1: of power in the 21st century.
• 23:45
  Speaker 2: However, the.
• 23:48
  Speaker 1: Message of the book is not that China will soon
• 23:51
  Speaker 1: take over America. If China is an example of rapid
• 24:23
  Speaker 1: development in the face of a centralized and authoritarian government,
• 24:27
  Speaker 1: India is a different example. A country that wants to
• 24:31
  Speaker 1: promote economic growth in the context of the largest democracy
• 24:34
  Speaker 1: in the world and a society that promotes nationality and
• 24:40
  Speaker 1: religion with hundreds of languages. The history of the century
• 24:44
  Speaker 1: begins with the personal experience of the writer, Farid Zakaria.
• 24:47
  Speaker 1: In late 1982, When he left India to continue his education,
• 24:52
  Speaker 1: the economy of this country was under the supervision of
• 24:55
  Speaker 1: government officials, and the bureaucracy was in a difficult position.
• 25:01
  Speaker 1: The economy was rising at a very rapid rate, which
• 25:04
  Speaker 1: took about 57 years to double the income of the
• 25:07
  Speaker 1: upper class. The situation was that the economists called it
• 25:12
  Speaker 1: the rise of Hinduism. In those years, many of the
• 25:17
  Speaker 1: talented young people, including Farid Zakaria, saw their future not
• 25:21
  Speaker 1: in India, but in immigration from India.
• 25:24
  Speaker 2: The turning point was the economic reforms of 1991.
• 25:28
  Speaker 1: The government gradually reduced the limitations, increased the economy on
• 25:33
  Speaker 1: trade and foreign investment, and created more space for private
• 25:37
  Speaker 1: sector activities. The result was that the rate of economic
• 25:46
  Speaker 1: growth in India reached about 6 to 8 percent, so
• 25:49
  Speaker 1: that the level of life of the people improved by
• 25:51
  Speaker 1: a few times faster, and the income of the population
• 25:53
  Speaker 1: increased by two times in less than 12 years instead
• 25:55
  Speaker 1: of 57 years. Although this speed has not yet reached
• 25:59
  Speaker 1: the Chinese feet, but for a democratic country with such
• 26:02
  Speaker 1: a community and diversity, a historical change is coming. At
• 26:14
  Speaker 1: the same time, India's rise does not give a clear
• 26:16
  Speaker 1: picture of this country. Poverty, insufficient infrastructure, lack of electricity,
• 26:22
  Speaker 1: general education, administrative corruption and widespread bureaucracy are also the
• 26:28
  Speaker 1: main elements of India's development. One of the images in
• 26:31
  Speaker 1: the book is that the Indian advanced software companies were
• 26:34
  Speaker 1: sometimes helpless to continue their activities, to supply electricity to their.
• 26:44
  Speaker 2: Needs with personal generators.
• 26:48
  Speaker 1: The society was moving forward quickly, but the government was
• 26:51
  Speaker 1: mostly behind the society. This conflict shows one of the
• 26:55
  Speaker 1: most important differences between India and China. In China, a
• 27:00
  Speaker 1: powerful and centralized government is the main engine of development,
• 27:03
  Speaker 1: and the society must compete with its government programs. But
• 27:07
  Speaker 1: in India, The society is richer than the government. Workers,
• 27:14
  Speaker 1: private companies and millions of specialized forces are promoting the economy,
• 27:18
  Speaker 1: even when the government is doing a lot of unprofitable work.
• 27:22
  Speaker 1: And for this reason, many of India's economic successes are
• 27:27
  Speaker 1: not due to the government's unprofitability, but due to its weaknesses.
• 27:36
  Speaker 1: The comparison between India and China is also one of
• 27:39
  Speaker 1: the most attractive parts of this century. China has a
• 27:43
  Speaker 1: lot of speed in building large roads, bridges, factories and
• 27:45
  Speaker 1: implementing huge projects. But India has other advantages. Independent legal system,
• 27:53
  Speaker 1: freer media, competitive elections, broad access to English language and
• 27:58
  Speaker 1: deeper connection with the economy, universities.
• 28:02
  Speaker 2: And Western companies.
• 28:05
  Speaker 1: These peculiarities have made the cooperation of this country with
• 28:08
  Speaker 1: the United States easier and more natural. In the continuation
• 28:12
  Speaker 1: of the relations between India and the United States as
• 28:15
  Speaker 1: one of the most important geopolitical developments of the 21st century,
• 28:20
  Speaker 1: two countries that during the Cold War were mostly in
• 28:24
  Speaker 1: two levels of global balance, have now become very close
• 28:27
  Speaker 1: to each other in many of the economic, technological and roadways.
• 28:34
  Speaker 1: The presence of millions of Indians has been educated and
• 28:36
  Speaker 1: has successfully created a human and scientific bridge between the
• 28:40
  Speaker 1: two countries in the United States, which none of the
• 28:43
  Speaker 1: other new powers have ever been able to overcome. This
• 28:48
  Speaker 1: period finally shows that the path of power-grabbing in countries
• 28:51
  Speaker 1: is not the same. China has risen with political intelligence
• 28:55
  Speaker 1: and concentration and India with resistance, national freedom and civil
• 28:59
  Speaker 1: society pride. If China is the most important opponent of
• 29:04
  Speaker 1: the United States, India can be its most important partner
• 29:07
  Speaker 1: for a long time. A country that will not be
• 29:09
  Speaker 1: betrayed by China or the United States in the future,
• 29:12
  Speaker 1: but with the continuation of reforms and liberation of the
• 29:16
  Speaker 1: great responsibilities of its society.
• 29:22
  Speaker 2: Sixth season, the power of the United.
• 29:25
  Speaker 1: States After the release of the power of China and India,
• 29:30
  Speaker 1: it is the turn of the United States itself. The
• 29:32
  Speaker 1: book addresses this fundamental question. Does the United States follow
• 29:36
  Speaker 1: the same path that the British Empire followed before? the
• 29:40
  Speaker 1: greatest power in the world and it was known that
• 29:43
  Speaker 1: the sun never set in the British Empire. But only
• 29:45
  Speaker 1: a few decades later, it gave its place to the
• 29:47
  Speaker 1: United States. which is very much in line with the
• 29:57
  Speaker 1: experience of Britain, the United States will also take the
• 30:01
  Speaker 1: same path. But Zakaria reaches a different conclusion. According to him,
• 30:06
  Speaker 1: the comparison between the United States and Britain in the
• 30:11
  Speaker 1: middle of the 20th century is misleading. In that period,
• 30:16
  Speaker 1: although Britain was still very much in the mind of
• 30:19
  Speaker 1: the world's first power, but in fact, he had given
• 30:22
  Speaker 1: up the ability to compete economically and financially with the
• 30:25
  Speaker 1: United States. Zakaria, in order to show this reality, points
• 30:28
  Speaker 1: to the Yalta Conference with the presence of the United States,
• 30:32
  Speaker 1: the Council and Britain, and writes that in that session,
• 30:35
  Speaker 1: in fact, two major powers were present, the United States
• 30:39
  Speaker 1: and the Council, in addition to Churchill. Churchill was more
• 30:44
  Speaker 1: present because of his personality, experience and political skills alongside
• 30:48
  Speaker 1: Roosevelt and Stalin. Not because Britain had the same power
• 30:54
  Speaker 1: as them. But today's situation in the United States is different.
• 31:00
  Speaker 1: The United States is also the largest economy in the
• 31:03
  Speaker 1: world and in the most important areas of the future,
• 31:06
  Speaker 1: it has gained from advanced and advanced technologies to softwares,
• 31:11
  Speaker 1: new technologies and excellent training, it has preserved its position
• 31:14
  Speaker 1: of development. The problem of Britain was the development of
• 31:18
  Speaker 1: the power of Britain itself. But the issue of today's
• 31:21
  Speaker 1: America is not the rise of the power of America,
• 31:23
  Speaker 1: but the increase of the power of others and the
• 31:26
  Speaker 1: rise of India, China and other countries. To show this superiority,
• 31:31
  Speaker 1: the book points to a collection of evidences. America, with
• 31:35
  Speaker 1: only 5% of the world's population, is also an eye-catcher
• 31:38
  Speaker 1: of the production of science, research, investment in companies and technology,
• 31:49
  Speaker 1: and the leading companies in the world.
• 31:51
  Speaker 2: Most of the world's leading.
• 31:53
  Speaker 1: Universities, the largest research centers, and many of the companies
• 31:56
  Speaker 1: that create future technologies are in this country. This has
• 32:00
  Speaker 1: caused the United States to be the world's main technology engine.
• 32:02
  Speaker 1: One of the most important powers of the United States
• 32:06
  Speaker 1: is its ability to attract world powers. Every year, hundreds
• 32:18
  Speaker 1: of thousands of scientists, engineers, and engineers come from different
• 32:21
  Speaker 1: countries in the United States.
• 32:22
  Speaker 2: Many of them, after the end.
• 32:24
  Speaker 1: Of their education, establish and stay in new companies. They
• 32:28
  Speaker 1: create new technologies and help the American economy to grow.
• 32:32
  Speaker 1: Some of the major companies of American technology were founded
• 32:36
  Speaker 1: by immigrants or immigrants' children. Human capital that no country
• 32:48
  Speaker 1: can easily recover. On the other hand, the experience of
• 32:50
  Speaker 1: the wars of Afghanistan and Iraq showed that military superiority
• 32:56
  Speaker 1: is not enough to keep the world leader alone. Zakaria
• 32:58
  Speaker 1: reminds us that the United States will spend a total
• 33:01
  Speaker 1: of tens of thousands of dollars for its armed forces
• 33:05
  Speaker 1: in the next ten countries, and its military budget is
• 33:14
  Speaker 1: more than the total budget of all the major powers
• 33:17
  Speaker 1: of the world. This country has hundreds of military bases
• 33:22
  Speaker 1: in different parts of the world and has the ability
• 33:25
  Speaker 1: to carry out operations at any point in the world.
• 33:30
  Speaker 1: Despite all this, this unrivaled military power could not achieve
• 33:33
  Speaker 1: the political goals of the United States in.
• 33:36
  Speaker 2: Iraq and Afghanistan.
• 33:38
  Speaker 1: In today's world, economic power The technology, universities, culture, international
• 33:43
  Speaker 1: legitimacy and the ability to create conflict are sometimes more
• 33:48
  Speaker 1: profound and more powerful than the military power. Of the
• 33:52
  Speaker 1: other advantages of the United States, the ability to reform
• 33:57
  Speaker 1: and rebuild itself. This country has repeatedly faced great ups
• 34:00
  Speaker 1: and downs throughout history, from the great downfall of 1930
• 34:02
  Speaker 1: to the recent economic and financial ups and downs. Every time,
• 34:09
  Speaker 1: with the intervention of such organizations, the competitive economy, freedom
• 34:13
  Speaker 1: of thought and the culture of its innovation has been
• 34:15
  Speaker 1: built with new conditions.
• 34:17
  Speaker 2: This innovation is one.
• 34:18
  Speaker 1: Of the most important reasons for the improvement and power
• 34:24
  Speaker 1: of the United States.
• 34:24
  Speaker 2: With all of these, there is no permanent improvement.
• 34:28
  Speaker 1: If the United States, in its education, infrastructure, development, The
• 34:35
  Speaker 1: policy of immigration, financial and financial management to be a
• 34:39
  Speaker 1: double-edged sword, gradually removes the most important competencies of its opponent.
• 34:43
  Speaker 1: The biggest threat to the United States is not from
• 34:46
  Speaker 1: the outside, but from the inside. From defeat in solving
• 34:49
  Speaker 1: internal and impossible problems in being organized with the new
• 34:52
  Speaker 1: realities of the world. This phase finally shows that the
• 34:54
  Speaker 1: power of the United States more than it is based
• 35:02
  Speaker 1: on its army or economic capacity, on the network of
• 35:04
  Speaker 1: advanced universities, immigration, employment, employment institutions, and the ability to reform.
• 35:12
  Speaker 1: The future of the United States, more than the power
• 35:15
  Speaker 1: of China or other new economies, determines the quality of
• 35:19
  Speaker 1: the decisions that the Americans make in their country. If
• 35:28
  Speaker 1: this ability is preserved for reform and integration, America is
• 35:33
  Speaker 1: also one of the most influential powers in the 21st century.
• 35:37
  Speaker 1: Seventh Season America in the New World Order The last
• 35:43
  Speaker 1: season begins with adventures that seem unimportant at first glance.
• 35:49
  Speaker 1: In 2002, Spain and Morocco, on the small island, just
• 35:57
  Speaker 1: a few hectares of land called Perkhil or Jafari Island,
• 36:02
  Speaker 1: to easily reach the military base.
• 36:06
  Speaker 2: But Bahrain, not with a.
• 36:07
  Speaker 1: Military base, but with a few phone calls from Colin Powell,
• 36:12
  Speaker 1: the US Secretary of State, came to an end. These
• 36:16
  Speaker 1: events show that in today's world, sometimes trust and diplomacy
• 36:22
  Speaker 1: are more influential than military power. Zakaria also says that yes,
• 36:26
  Speaker 1: the most powerful country in the world is the United States.
• 36:29
  Speaker 1: But the United States cannot solve the only global issues
• 36:33
  Speaker 1: like during the Cold War. Terrorism, expansion of nuclear weapons,
• 36:36
  Speaker 1: financial upsets, regional changes, refugees, The cyber security is a
• 36:51
  Speaker 1: problem and without the cooperation of other powers, it is
• 36:53
  Speaker 1: not manageable. The first recommendation of the book is that
• 36:56
  Speaker 1: the U.S. should differentiate between life and different issues. The
• 37:00
  Speaker 1: entry of all the world's giants at the same time
• 37:03
  Speaker 1: affects the interests of every country. A great power must
• 37:13
  Speaker 1: know where to directly enter into action and where to
• 37:15
  Speaker 1: divide responsibility with others. America itself is the largest user
• 37:19
  Speaker 1: of a system that has taken shape after World War
• 37:24
  Speaker 1: II on the basis of free trade, international organizations and
• 37:29
  Speaker 1: joint powers. If the United States ignores these rules or
• 37:37
  Speaker 1: considers different standards for itself and others, it will gradually
• 37:42
  Speaker 1: lose its trust and influence. Those days, Zakaria's intention was
• 37:46
  Speaker 1: to prevent the entry of conspiracies such as the Iraq attack,
• 37:48
  Speaker 1: which had no cost for the United States. The book,
• 37:51
  Speaker 1: after Bismarck's diplomacy, presents a few-level world.
• 38:02
  Speaker 2: Bismarck hopes to have.
• 38:04
  Speaker 1: Acceptable relations with all the great powers of Europe so
• 38:09
  Speaker 1: that there is no conflict with Germany. In the 21st century,
• 38:13
  Speaker 1: in a world where power centers are increasing, the United
• 38:18
  Speaker 1: States also needs more than ever to create conflict and
• 38:20
  Speaker 1: maintain balanced relations, not to divide the world.
• 38:24
  Speaker 2: Into friends and enemies, as George Bush said.
• 38:27
  Speaker 1: Another important point is that There is not a single
• 38:31
  Speaker 1: version for all the trends. Sometimes the national organization is
• 38:36
  Speaker 1: more suitable, sometimes NATO, sometimes Group 20, sometimes a temporary
• 38:42
  Speaker 1: conflict from several countries related to that topic. The new
• 38:46
  Speaker 1: world needs a sustainable construction, not a fixed solution.
• 38:50
  Speaker 2: For solving all issues.
• 38:54
  Speaker 1: The experience of Iraq and Afghanistan shows that the use
• 38:58
  Speaker 1: of force and victory in the battlefield does not necessarily
• 39:02
  Speaker 1: lead to political success. Diplomacy, trade, investment, intelligence cooperation, cultural
• 39:09
  Speaker 1: influence and confidence in many aspects have a more lasting
• 39:14
  Speaker 1: effect than the military force. In the 21st century, the
• 39:18
  Speaker 1: country is more successful to be able to use the
• 39:20
  Speaker 1: power of hard and soft in a smart way. The
• 39:22
  Speaker 1: most important challenge of the United States is not to
• 39:25
  Speaker 1: compete with the power of China or other countries, but
• 39:29
  Speaker 1: to learn.
• 39:30
  Speaker 2: How to be a leader in a world that is
• 39:31
  Speaker 2: no longer one-sided.
• 39:31
  Speaker 1: The future of the American leadership is not due to
• 39:34
  Speaker 1: the number of aircraft carriers or the military budget, but
• 39:39
  Speaker 1: to its ability to gain the trust of others, It
• 39:49
  Speaker 1: is the same answer that the book emphasizes and repeats
• 39:52
  Speaker 1: from the beginning to the end.
• 39:54
  Speaker 2: The world is becoming post-American.
• 39:55
  Speaker 1: But there can still be a world in which America,
• 39:59
  Speaker 1: if it establishes itself under fresh conditions, to preserve its
• 40:18
  Speaker 1: own moral role.
• 40:19
  Speaker 2: And now, the criticism about the book, The World After America.
• 40:25
  Speaker 2: I will list three criticisms.
• 40:28
  Speaker 1: The first criticism is that the title of the book
• 40:32
  Speaker 1: is misleading. The title, The World After America, or Post-American World,
• 40:39
  Speaker 1: makes many readers think that the book is about the
• 40:41
  Speaker 1: collapse or the end of the power of America, Now,
• 40:48
  Speaker 1: considering the recent war and oppression of America and Israel
• 40:51
  Speaker 1: against Iran, the decline of America may be more important
• 40:55
  Speaker 1: for the Iranian people.
• 40:56
  Speaker 2: While the main message of.
• 40:59
  Speaker 1: The book is exactly the opposite, Zakaria repeatedly asserts that
• 41:03
  Speaker 1: the issue of the book is not the decline of America,
• 41:08
  Speaker 1: but the invasion of others and the expansion of the
• 41:10
  Speaker 1: most powerful in the world. So, it might have been
• 41:17
  Speaker 1: better if the title of the book was America and
• 41:21
  Speaker 1: the Rise of the Rest. The second point is about
• 41:27
  Speaker 1: the future of China. Economists like Michael Pettis believe that
• 41:32
  Speaker 1: This book has reduced the problems of China's economic structure,
• 41:36
  Speaker 1: including heavy debts, the rise of the community, the decline
• 41:40
  Speaker 1: of the housing market and the dependence on investment. These
• 41:43
  Speaker 1: are the problems that have caused the rise of China's
• 41:46
  Speaker 1: economy in recent years. Now, in the past, when the
• 41:49
  Speaker 1: book was published, many of these problems were not yet solved.
• 41:58
  Speaker 1: and China experienced an economic rise of nearly 10%. In
• 42:02
  Speaker 1: this case, the main argument of the book is also
• 42:06
  Speaker 1: the fact that China has become one of the most
• 42:09
  Speaker 1: important powers in the world and the understanding of the
• 42:12
  Speaker 1: world order without knowing China's role is not possible.
• 42:14
  Speaker 2: Third, the lack of bringing back nationality.
• 42:23
  Speaker 1: Some analysts believe that Zakaria has brought less of a
• 42:27
  Speaker 1: nationalist and power policy return than it actually is. For example,
• 42:31
  Speaker 1: the emergence of Donald Trump with the first American slogan,
• 42:37
  Speaker 1: the return of conservative policies, the power of right-wing movements
• 42:42
  Speaker 1: in Europe, Brexit against Britain, The war between Ukraine and
• 42:51
  Speaker 1: the US and China shows that nationalism and geopolitics are
• 42:56
  Speaker 1: also one of the most important forces that shape the
• 42:58
  Speaker 1: international system. In return, these changes modify some of the
• 43:03
  Speaker 1: book's perspectives, but do not erase its main idea. Even
• 43:08
  Speaker 1: in the midst of these conflicts, China, India, Turkey, Brazil
• 43:14
  Speaker 1: and the Gulf of France and other new economies compared
• 43:18
  Speaker 1: to two decades ago, they have found a lot of
• 43:21
  Speaker 1: influence in the global economy and politics. The same trend
• 43:25
  Speaker 1: that the book reminds us of as the beginning.
• 43:30
  Speaker 2: Of others.
• 43:31
  Speaker 1: The last word. Thank you for being with us until
• 43:35
  Speaker 1: the end of this journey. If you found this book useful,
• 43:37
  Speaker 1: please share it.
• 43:39
  Speaker 2: With your friends.
• 43:45
  Speaker 1: Likewise, if you have the opportunity, read the full text
• 43:48
  Speaker 1: of the book, because Farid Zakaria's book is full of
• 43:52
  Speaker 1: meaningful articles, historical comparisons and interesting details that make us
• 43:58
  Speaker 1: not only read the news, but also pay attention to
• 44:02
  Speaker 1: the global trends. This book presents a complete picture of
• 44:06
  Speaker 1: the path, but the details and details of the book
• 44:09
  Speaker 1: are only seen in the main text.
• 44:15
  Speaker 2: We should read books and learn from human experience.
• 44:18
  Speaker 1: People who learn from the past and want to start
• 44:21
  Speaker 1: from scratch and start over again are doomed to repeat
• 44:23
  Speaker 1: the history and the heavy costs of repeating the mistakes
• 44:26
  Speaker 1: of the past. The creation of any part of the story,
• 44:29
  Speaker 1: from reading and investigation to writing, writing, editing, publishing and publishing,
• 44:45
  Speaker 1: Dastekam requires a week of hard work.
• 44:47
  Speaker 2: With this, all.
• 44:48
  Speaker 1: The contents of Chekideh Mandegar are available and are still available.
• 44:56
  Speaker 1: But being available does not mean being without a budget.
• 45:00
  Speaker 1: Our budget is only provided by your personal support and will.
• 45:05
  Speaker 2: Be used for development.
• 45:07
  Speaker 1: If you find these books useful and want this light
• 45:11
  Speaker 1: to remain bright, You can support Dav Talabane with monthly
• 45:16
  Speaker 1: payment of any amount from us. This organized partnership is
• 45:22
  Speaker 1: the most important support for this journey. The link to
• 45:26
  Speaker 1: support Dav Talabane is in the description of the channel.
• 45:29
  Speaker 1: Just click on the link and you will find the
• 45:33
  Speaker 1: bank card number and the payment center in your hand.
• 45:38
  Speaker 1: Maybe the support of a person is small, but these
• 45:41
  Speaker 1: small supports are also caused by Chekideh Mandegar to be
• 45:47
  Speaker 1: with you every week with a new book. Chekideh Mandegar
• 45:53
  Speaker 1: is on Telegram, Baleh, Eta, Rubika, YouTube and at the
• 45:59
  Speaker 1: address of AdSign Esfandiar Khudai in your hand.
• 46:03
  Speaker 2: In Spotify, Castbox, Apple Podcasts and.
• 46:07
  Speaker 1: Other platforms, you can find enough of the name of
• 46:10
  Speaker 1: the author. Before I say goodbye, if you enjoyed this book,
• 46:16
  Speaker 1: we recommend the book about China written by Henry Kissinger,
• 46:20
  Speaker 1: the most famous foreign minister of America. It is a
• 46:22
  Speaker 1: story of a diplomat who traveled to China more than
• 46:25
  Speaker 1: 50 times, and met with four leaders of this country.
• 46:33
  Speaker 1: This book shows how to understand the logic of China's relationship,
• 46:38
  Speaker 1: which leads to the most important power relationship in the
• 46:42
  Speaker 1: 21st century, that is, the relationship between China and the
• 46:46
  Speaker 1: United States. A relationship that has been influenced by the
• 46:50
  Speaker 1: future of.
• 46:52
  Speaker 2: The economy and the world's politics, and especially by our
• 46:56
  Speaker 2: people of Iran.
• 46:56
  Speaker 1: The summary of the book about China is, Thank you
• 47:00
  Speaker 1: and goodbye.