Latest / Edith Wharton Works Collection / Monthly supplement of the penny magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, issue 21 - Charles Knight

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Monthly supplement of the penny magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, issue 21 - Charles Knight · Edith Wharton Works Collection

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  Speaker 1: Section one of the Monthly Supplement of the Penny Magazine
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  Speaker 1: of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, issue
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  Speaker 1: twenty one. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings
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  Speaker 1: are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer,
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  Speaker 1: please visit LibriVox dot org. Read by Larry Wilson. Monthly
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  Speaker 1: Supplement of the Penny Magazine of the Society for the
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  Speaker 1: Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Issue twenty one, by Charles Knight.
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  Speaker 1: Hungerford Market, an Act was obtained in eighteen thirty incorporating
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  Speaker 1: a company of proprietors for the re establishment of Hungerford Market.
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  Speaker 1: The site of the old market has been purchased, together
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  Speaker 1: with the surrounding houses, those in Hungerford Street and some
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  Speaker 1: few in the Strand, in order to ensure a proper
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  Speaker 1: frontage and secure a convenient access to that thoroughfare. Many
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  Speaker 1: of these buildings are pulled down. The architect of the
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  Speaker 1: new market is mister C. Fowler. The front to the
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  Speaker 1: river is completed externally and forms a very elegant structure
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  Speaker 1: as represented in the above view. The basement of the
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  Speaker 1: center next the river constitutes the Fish Market. The wings
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  Speaker 1: are intended for taverns, connected by a colonnade with a
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  Speaker 1: terrace which occupies the entire front from the fish market.
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  Speaker 1: The ascent is by a spacious flight of steps in
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  Speaker 1: the center externally, and two staircases within at the extremities
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  Speaker 1: of the portico, which is separated from the hall by
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  Speaker 1: a screen of arches. The hall, exclusive of the porticoes,
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  Speaker 1: is one hundred fifty seven feet long by one hundred
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  Speaker 1: twenty three feet wide, consisting of a nave and two aisles,
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  Speaker 1: beside ranges of shops against the side walls with galleries
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  Speaker 1: over These galleries are approached by four staircases. At the extremities,
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  Speaker 1: the floor of the hall will be occupied by ranges
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  Speaker 1: of stands for casual business, with convenient avenues between them.
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  Speaker 1: The galleries will be appropriated for the sale of such
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  Speaker 1: articles as require a neat display, and will be disposed
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  Speaker 1: somewhat in the manner of a bazaar, with a range
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  Speaker 1: of counters, et cetera, and a walk in front. The
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  Speaker 1: roof of the nave or center compartment of the building,
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  Speaker 1: being raised above the other parts by a tier of
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  Speaker 1: open arches, ensues an ample supply of light and air.
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  Speaker 1: The roofs of the aisles are likewise open in the center,
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  Speaker 1: in order still further to secure that important object. Underneath
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  Speaker 1: the whole of the hall is a range of arched
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  Speaker 1: cellars or vaults, having approaches in various directions. The upper
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  Speaker 1: court correspond nearly to the lower court or fish market,
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  Speaker 1: but at the level of a story above it. The
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  Speaker 1: colonnades are here combined with shops and dwellings for resident
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  Speaker 1: shop keepers. The columns, stairs, pavement, and parts of the
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  Speaker 1: front of this important building are of granite. We subjor
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  Speaker 1: joined the measurements of the different divisions of the market.
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  Speaker 1: The width of the upper and lower areas is that
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  Speaker 1: of the uncovered spaces. That of the great hall is
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  Speaker 1: the total width. Upper area length one hundred forty feet
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  Speaker 1: zero inches with sixty nine feet the Great Hall length
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  Speaker 1: one hundred fifty seven feet zero inches with one hundred
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  Speaker 1: twenty three feet. Lower area length one hundred thirty feet
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  Speaker 1: zero inches with sixty three feet. The two colonnades connecting
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  Speaker 1: the divisions and leading to the gallery staircases each length
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  Speaker 1: eleven feet six inches. Total width of building riverfront one
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  Speaker 1: hundred twenty six feet. Total length of building from river
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  Speaker 1: to hungover Street, four hundred seventy five feet six inches
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  Speaker 1: end of Section one.
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  Speaker 2: Section two. A Monthly Supplement of the Penny Magazine of
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  Speaker 2: the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Issue twenty one.
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  Speaker 2: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
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  Speaker 2: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
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  Speaker 2: visit LibriVox dot org. Monthly Supplement of the Penny Magazine
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  Speaker 2: of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Issue
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  Speaker 2: twenty one, by Charles Knight. The Village Poorhouse by a
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  Speaker 2: country curate, Smith, Elder and Company, eighteen thirty two. This
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  Speaker 2: little volume claims our attention by the high poetical talent
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  Speaker 2: it displays. It professes moreover, to describe the actual state
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  Speaker 2: of feeling amongst the poor, or the laboring body in
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  Speaker 2: os England, that class of society to whose wants and
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  Speaker 2: improvements are humble labors are mainly directed. The author thus
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  Speaker 2: beautifully opens his subject. Our village has a pleasant look,
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  Speaker 2: a happy look, as air was seen. Right through the
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  Speaker 2: valley flows a brook which winds in many a flowery
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  Speaker 2: nook and freshens all the green on either side so
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  Speaker 2: clear and white. A row of cottages you see, and
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  Speaker 2: Jessamine is clustered, or the humble trellis of each door
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  Speaker 2: then left to clamber free and shake its blossoms far
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  Speaker 2: and wide, or all the whitewashed cottage's side, as dying
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  Speaker 2: evenings sinks away, the old church tower, erect in gray,
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  Speaker 2: catches far up the parting light, and half grows wholly
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  Speaker 2: to the sight. But from this description of the village itself,
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  Speaker 2: the author passes to its inhabitants, and then would prove
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  Speaker 2: to us that this external beauty is but a veil
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  Speaker 2: to cover what is in reality a more disgusting place
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  Speaker 2: than a charnel house. For within the village, he says,
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  Speaker 2: there is nothing but tyranny and slavery, pampered luxury on
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  Speaker 2: the part of the view, and the most abject poverty
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  Speaker 2: on the part of the many. There is not one family,
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  Speaker 2: he would show, in those happy circumstances below wealth, but
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  Speaker 2: above poverty and dependence, there is not a single industrious,
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  Speaker 2: contented laborer. All here is misery, the most degrading, unrelieved suffering,
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  Speaker 2: and unrepented crime among the poor. From the rich view,
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  Speaker 2: there is not to be drawn a single gleam of
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  Speaker 2: commiseration or charity to break the horrid gloom, where all
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  Speaker 2: the plagues of Egypt busy at once on the devoted place.
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  Speaker 2: The village could not be sold loth some as it
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  Speaker 2: is here represented. We are fully prepared to admit the
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  Speaker 2: existence of evils among the laboring classes of this country.
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  Speaker 2: But we are sure that the state of things represented
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  Speaker 2: in this poem has no more foundation in truth than
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  Speaker 2: those poetical pictures of rural life, which are authored justly
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  Speaker 2: enough pronounces to be only poetical. Has the country curate
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  Speaker 2: seen anything of the condition of the peasantry in other countries?
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  Speaker 2: If not, let him ask those who have, and they
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  Speaker 2: will assure him that it is nearly everywhere inferior to
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  Speaker 2: that of the peasantry of England. We do not say
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  Speaker 2: this from any overweening national pride, or from any desire
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  Speaker 2: to make the people idly contented with their state as
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  Speaker 2: it is and indifferent to future improvement. No, we would
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  Speaker 2: say to the peasantry, as to every other class, keep
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  Speaker 2: your eye is ever open to your rights, strive to
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  Speaker 2: make what is indifferent good, what is good better, and
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  Speaker 2: persevere in that moral and intellectual improvement which can alone
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  Speaker 2: render you sensible of your rights and fit you for
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  Speaker 2: their enjoyment. You are not now what you were a
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  Speaker 2: century or two ago, because you are better informed and
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  Speaker 2: more civilized than then, and a century hence your condition
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  Speaker 2: will be so much the better, as you will be
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  Speaker 2: more civilized than now. We would rescue the wealthier body
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  Speaker 2: from the insane jealousy and hatred which the verses of
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  Speaker 2: the country curate have a direct tendency to excite against them.
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  Speaker 2: In the breasts of the poor, we would hint at
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  Speaker 2: the exertions now pretty generally made by that body to
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  Speaker 2: promote the welfare and instruction of the laboring classes, with
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  Speaker 2: which their own welfare is closely linked. But still we
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  Speaker 2: would not have the poor depend entirely on what the
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  Speaker 2: witch may bestow upon them or assist them in obtaining.
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  Speaker 2: We would have the peasant or the artisan work out
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  Speaker 2: his own mental improvement, and then, most assuredly will he
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  Speaker 2: find his moral dignity elevated and his comforts increased. And
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  Speaker 2: of Section.
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  Speaker 3: Two, Section three of Monthly Supplement of the Penny Magazine
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  Speaker 3: of the Society for the Diffusion of Youthful Knowledge, Issue
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  Speaker 3: twenty one. This is a LibriVox recording All LibriVox recordings
• 9:43
  Speaker 3: are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer,
• 9:47
  Speaker 3: please visit LibriVox dot org. Monthly supplement of the Penny
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  Speaker 3: Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Youthful Knowledge,
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  Speaker 3: Issue twenty one by Charles Knight. Health and Longevity The
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  Speaker 3: Effects of Arts, trades and professions, and of civil states
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  Speaker 3: and Habits of Living on Health and Longevity by C. Turner,
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  Speaker 3: thacra Esquire, second edition, Longman, eighteen thirty two. The author
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  Speaker 3: of this book is a medical practitioner at Leeds, and
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  Speaker 3: the object of his work, than which there can be
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  Speaker 3: none more important, is to exhibit, in most cases from
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  Speaker 3: personal observation, the influence of particular occupations on the health
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  Speaker 3: of the individuals pursuing them, and on the duration of
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  Speaker 3: their lives. His general impression is that the employments of
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  Speaker 3: large manufacturing towns such as Leeds, Manchester, Birmingham and Sheffield
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  Speaker 3: are decidedly unfavorable to health and consequently to happiness. And
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  Speaker 3: he says, with regard to the town in which he lives, quote,
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  Speaker 3: every day we see sacrificed to the artificial state of
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  Speaker 3: society one and sometimes two victims whom the destinies of
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  Speaker 3: names nature would have spared, doubtless continued in laborious occupation
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  Speaker 3: in crowded rooms is not favorable to health. But on
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  Speaker 3: the other hand, it should be considered that these very employments,
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  Speaker 3: by increasing the comforts of the great mass of consumers,
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  Speaker 3: have a direct tendency to secure the general health of
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  Speaker 3: the community. And if the term destinies of nature is
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  Speaker 3: to be taken to apply to man in an uncivilized state,
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  Speaker 3: it is perfectly certain that the artisan who pursues his
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  Speaker 3: calling under the most unfavorable circumstances is far better off
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  Speaker 3: in his physical condition and therefore in his capacity for
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  Speaker 3: long life, than the poor dweller in the forests of
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  Speaker 3: America or the wilds of Africa, whose supply of food
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  Speaker 3: and clothing is wholly dependent upon chance, and who is
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  Speaker 3: entirely without medical aid and sickness. It is a well
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  Speaker 3: known fact that in this country a century ago, the
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  Speaker 3: average mortality in a year was one in thirty. It
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  Speaker 3: is now one in sixty. That is, where one person
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  Speaker 3: a year dies now two died a century ago, as
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  Speaker 3: compared with the gross amount of the population. When it
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  Speaker 3: is considered therefore, how large a number of our countrymen
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  Speaker 3: are employed in manufactures. It would seem that upon the
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  Speaker 3: whole manufacturing employments are not so unfavorable to health as
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  Speaker 3: might at first be imagined. An attentive examination of mister
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  Speaker 3: Sacra's book will show that even in the most apparently
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  Speaker 3: unwholesome employments, there is a wonderful compensation in the power
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  Speaker 3: of habit And it is beyond all doubt that cleanliness, temperance,
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  Speaker 3: and that habitual cheerfulness, which leads the spirit to triumph
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  Speaker 3: over the most adverse circumstances, will enable those who would
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  Speaker 3: appear necessarily the most unfortunate to pass through life with
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  Speaker 3: comparative happiness and comfort. Still, it is very important to
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  Speaker 3: examine what occupations have the most unfavorable influence on health,
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  Speaker 3: not with the view of making those who follow them
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  Speaker 3: dissatisfied with their condition, but for the purpose of suggesting
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  Speaker 3: every preventative and remedial measure within the range of human knowledge,
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  Speaker 3: to the attention of the capitalist, whose first duty is
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  Speaker 3: to provide for the happiness of those around him, and
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  Speaker 3: above all, to show the working man himself how much
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  Speaker 3: he has it in his own power to mitigate the
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  Speaker 3: evils which he cannot altogether avoid In this point of view,
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  Speaker 3: mister Thacker's book deserves the most serious consideration of all classes.
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  Speaker 3: It is most satisfactory to know, upon mister Thackra's authority,
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  Speaker 3: that in many of our occupations the injurious agents might
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  Speaker 3: be immediately removed or diminished for the convenience of his inquiry.
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  Speaker 3: The writer before us divides society into five great classes,
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  Speaker 3: that is, one operatives, two dealers, three master manufacturers and merchants,
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  Speaker 3: four men independent of business and labor, five professional men.
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  Speaker 3: The first section of operatives he subdivides into one those
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  Speaker 3: whose employments are chiefly in the open air, two those
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  Speaker 3: whose employments are carried on in an atmosphere confined and impure,
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  Speaker 3: three those whose employments produced dust, odor, or gaseous exhalations.
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  Speaker 3: Four those whose employments injure or annoy by acting on
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  Speaker 3: the skin, five those whose employments expose them to wet
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  Speaker 3: and steam. Six those who are exposed to a high
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  Speaker 3: temperature or great variations of temperature. When we state that
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  Speaker 3: in these six subdivisions of the great class of operatives,
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  Speaker 3: mister Thacra describes the peculiar effects of about two hundred
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  Speaker 3: different employments, it must be evident that we cannot attempt
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  Speaker 3: even to enumerate the occupations whose influence upon health is
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  Speaker 3: here noticed. To show, however, the interesting mode in which
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  Speaker 3: the inquiry is, for the most part conducted, we will
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  Speaker 3: subjoin an abridged extract descriptive of the condition of the
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  Speaker 3: grinders and machine makers of Sheffield. Doctor Knight, in the
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  Speaker 3: North of England Medical Journal states that the fork grinders
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  Speaker 3: who use a dry grindstone die at the ages of
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  Speaker 3: twenty eight or thirty two, while the table knife grinders
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  Speaker 3: who work on whetstones survived to between forty and fifty.
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  Speaker 3: Doctor K's paper very properly alludes to the combination of
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  Speaker 3: injurious agents and circumstances. It is not merely the pernicious employment,
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  Speaker 3: but the want of sieve and ventilation in the apartments
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  Speaker 3: where the men now work, the want moreover of that
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  Speaker 3: exercise in the open air which they formerly took in
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  Speaker 3: going to work and returning from it, And finally the
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  Speaker 3: intemperance which results from their congregation, and still more from
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  Speaker 3: their desperation of life. It appears that in eighteen twenty
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  Speaker 3: two quote, out of two thousand, five hundred grinders, there
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  Speaker 3: were not thirty five who had arrived at the age
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  Speaker 3: of fifty, and perhaps not double that number who had
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  Speaker 3: reached the age of forty five. And out of more
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  Speaker 3: than eighty fort grinders exclusive of boys, it was reported
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  Speaker 3: that there was not a single individual thirty six years
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  Speaker 3: old end quote. The symptoms of the grinder's disease are
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  Speaker 3: those of slow but certainly fatal consumption. The remedies judiciously
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  Speaker 3: recommended by doctor Knight are first dusting the machinery before
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  Speaker 3: the work commences. Second, great reduction in the time of labor. Third,
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  Speaker 3: use of whetstones as much as possible. Fourth, large flues
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  Speaker 3: to be laid on the floor for ventilation and currents
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  Speaker 3: of air to be forced through them by the machines. Fifth,
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  Speaker 3: fork grinding to be confined to criminals. Quote draw Filing
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  Speaker 3: cast iron is a very injurious occupation. The dust is
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  Speaker 3: much more abundant and the metallic particles much more minute
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  Speaker 3: than in the filing of wrought iron. The particles rise
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  Speaker 3: so copiously as to blacken the mouth and nose. The
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  Speaker 3: men first feel the annoyance in the nostrils. The lining
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  Speaker 3: membrane discharges copiously for some time, and then becomes preternaturally dry.
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  Speaker 3: Besides the dust, there are some very bright scales called kisk,
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  Speaker 3: very visible though scarcely tangible, which rise from the castings
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  Speaker 3: as these are taken out of the molder's boxes, and
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  Speaker 3: considerably irritate the air tube. But these scales produce much
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  Speaker 3: less frequent annoyance than the particles detached by the file.
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  Speaker 3: Notwithstanding the dust of the employ, respiration is not promptly impeded.
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  Speaker 3: Of ten men whom I examined with reference to this point,
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  Speaker 3: but one had difficulty breathing as a primary symptom. The
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  Speaker 3: subsequent symptoms are determined chiefly by intemperance and the constitutional
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  Speaker 3: disposition to consumption. The machine makers earn high wages, and
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  Speaker 3: many consequently are addicted to liquor. In all the breathing
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  Speaker 3: becomes in a few years more affected by exertion, but
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  Speaker 3: in the intemperate it is most affected. The morning cough
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  Speaker 3: is attended with wretchings. Disorder of the liver and of
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  Speaker 3: other organs of digestion becomes established, and at length pulmonary
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  Speaker 3: consumption closes the list of symptoms. Scarcely a filer can
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  Speaker 3: be found in health. Few bear the employ even modified
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  Speaker 3: as it is by frequent changes of material. For twenty
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  Speaker 3: five years. Only one instance have I been able to
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  Speaker 3: find of a working filer exceeding the age of fifty.
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  Speaker 3: What can be done to prevent this lamentable waste of life?
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  Speaker 3: Magnetic mouthpieces, which attract the particles of iron inhaled in
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  Speaker 3: respiration and thus greatly dems danish the quantity which would
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  Speaker 3: enter the heir to, were many years ago introduced in
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  Speaker 3: Sheffield and ought Air. This to be more extensively tried,
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  Speaker 3: but there is a strange apathy both among the men
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  Speaker 3: and the masters. End If the working classes, in the
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  Speaker 3: ordinary acceptation of the term, have abundant evils in their employments,
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  Speaker 3: those who would appear to be placed under happier circumstances
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  Speaker 3: are not exempt from those corroding cares and unnatural excitements
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  Speaker 3: which injure health and destroy life as speedily as crowded
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  Speaker 3: rooms and extreme heat or cold. Let us take mister
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  Speaker 3: Thacra's description of the class of shopkeepers quote they are
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  Speaker 3: generally temperate in their diet. They injure health not by
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  Speaker 3: direct attacks, not by the introduction of injurious agents, but
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  Speaker 3: by withholding the pablem of life. A due supply of
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  Speaker 3: that pure fluid, which Nature designed as food for the constitution.
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  Speaker 3: Be it remembered that man subsists upon the air more
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  Speaker 3: than upon his meat and drink. Numerous instances might be
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  Speaker 3: adduced of persons existing for months and years on a
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  Speaker 3: very scanty supply of aliment. But it is notorious that
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  Speaker 3: no one can exist for an hour without a copious
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  Speaker 3: supply of air. The atmosphere which shopkeepers breathe is contaminated
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  Speaker 3: and adulterated, air, with its vital principles so diminished that
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  Speaker 3: it cannot fully decarbonize the blood nor fully excite the
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  Speaker 3: nervous system. Hence, shopkeepers are pale, dyspeptic, and subject to
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  Speaker 3: affections of the head. They often drag on a sickly existence,
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  Speaker 3: die before the proper end of human life, and leave
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  Speaker 3: a progeny like themselves end quote. The merchant and the
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  Speaker 3: manufacturer is probably not more fortunate, though he may appear
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  Speaker 3: to have greater command of worldly comforts. Quote. The causes
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  Speaker 3: of disease, Anxiety of mind is one of the most
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  Speaker 3: frequent and important. When we walk the streets of large
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  Speaker 3: commercial towns, we can scarcely fail to remark the hurried
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  Speaker 3: gait and careworn features of the well dressed passengers. Some
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  Speaker 3: young men, indeed, we may see with countenances possessing natural
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  Speaker 3: cheerfulness and color, But these appearances rarely survive the age
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  Speaker 3: of manhood. Cuvier closes an eloquent description of animal existence
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  Speaker 3: and change with the conclusion that life is a state
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  Speaker 3: of force. What he would urge in a physical view,
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  Speaker 3: we may more strongly urge in a moral Civilization has
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  Speaker 3: changed our character of mind as well as of body.
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  Speaker 3: We live in a state of unnatural excitement. Unnatural because
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  Speaker 3: it is partial, irregular, and excessive. Our muscles waste for
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  Speaker 3: want of action. Our nervous system is worn out by
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  Speaker 3: excess of action. Vital energy is drawn from the operations
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  Speaker 3: for which nature designed it and devoted to operations which
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  Speaker 3: nature never contemplated. If we cannot adopt the doctrine of
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  Speaker 3: a foreign philosopher that a thinking man is a depraved animal,
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  Speaker 3: we may, without hesitation, affirm that inordinate application of mind,
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  Speaker 3: the cares anxieties and disappointments of commercial life greatly impair
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  Speaker 3: the physical powers. End quote. Let us see if the
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  Speaker 3: idle man of independent fortune is placed under more favorable
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  Speaker 3: circumstances for the enjoyment of existence.
• 22:40
  Speaker 4: Quote.
• 22:41
  Speaker 3: A man supplied with food and comforts, without labor and care,
• 22:45
  Speaker 3: has constantly full opportunity of attending to health. But man
• 22:50
  Speaker 3: is a social animal. The Creator has ordained that no
• 22:53
  Speaker 3: individual shall live to himself and live in happiness. A
• 22:58
  Speaker 3: man without an object, like a tree without a leading shoot,
• 23:02
  Speaker 3: he has not the vigor of his fellows. His strength
• 23:05
  Speaker 3: is either dissipated in irregular pursuits or decays from listlessness.
• 23:11
  Speaker 3: In professions and trades, the nervous system is often exhausted
• 23:15
  Speaker 3: by excessive application. Here as frequently it declines from the
• 23:20
  Speaker 3: want of exertion. Need I add that the vices which
• 23:24
  Speaker 3: result from the want of employment undermine the constitution and
• 23:29
  Speaker 3: shorten life end. Mister Thacra has stated in many instances
• 23:35
  Speaker 3: the modes which he conceives applicable to the mitigation or
• 23:38
  Speaker 3: removal of the evils of particular employments. It is of
• 23:42
  Speaker 3: course not within our province to follow him in these details,
• 23:46
  Speaker 3: But throughout his work he notices also those habits which
• 23:50
  Speaker 3: are best calculated to preserve man in health in every situation.
• 23:55
  Speaker 3: These best remedies, which are in great degree within the
• 23:59
  Speaker 3: reach of us, all may be comprised in the words temperance, cleanliness,
• 24:04
  Speaker 3: exercise in the open air, and cheerful relaxation. It should
• 24:09
  Speaker 3: be the aim of every working man to employ these
• 24:12
  Speaker 3: remedies for any evils of his occupation, as far as
• 24:16
  Speaker 3: he can himself. It is the duty of every employer,
• 24:20
  Speaker 3: as much as in him lies, so to regulate his
• 24:23
  Speaker 3: periods of labor, that no artisan shall be unable from
• 24:27
  Speaker 3: want of time, to take his evening walk in the
• 24:30
  Speaker 3: fresh fields, to cultivate his little garden, or to afford
• 24:34
  Speaker 3: an hour to that improvement of his mind, which will
• 24:38
  Speaker 3: invigorate and refresh his body by the cheapest and the
• 24:42
  Speaker 3: purest of all pleasures. End of Section three, read by
• 24:47
  Speaker 3: Deborah Beach Giordano.
• 24:55
  Speaker 5: Section four of Monthly Supplement of the Penny Magazine of
• 24:59
  Speaker 5: the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Issue twenty one.
• 25:05
  Speaker 5: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
• 25:10
  Speaker 5: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
• 25:14
  Speaker 5: visit LibriVox dot org. Read by Staceum. Monthly Supplement of
• 25:20
  Speaker 5: the Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of
• 25:24
  Speaker 5: Useful Knowledge, Issue twenty one, by Charles Knight, George the
• 25:29
  Speaker 5: fourth Gate, Hyde Park Corner. This fine gate, which was
• 25:34
  Speaker 5: completed about five years since after a design by mister
• 25:37
  Speaker 5: Decimus Burton, was originally intended for a private entrance to
• 25:42
  Speaker 5: the new Palace. Within the last few months it has
• 25:45
  Speaker 5: been devoted to a purpose of more general utility, the
• 25:49
  Speaker 5: road from Constitution Hill having been turned so as to
• 25:53
  Speaker 5: allow access through the gate to those carriages which have
• 25:56
  Speaker 5: the privilege of passing through the park, and also to
• 26:00
  Speaker 5: foot passengers. A new lodge has recently been erected in
• 26:03
  Speaker 5: James Street, opening to the road connecting Pimlico with Great
• 26:07
  Speaker 5: George Street, Westminster, and this road is free to horsemen
• 26:12
  Speaker 5: and private carriages without distinction. End of section four.
• 26:22
  Speaker 4: Section five of Monthly Supplement of the Penny Magazine of
• 26:27
  Speaker 4: the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Issue twenty one.
• 26:32
  Speaker 4: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
• 26:35
  Speaker 4: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
• 26:40
  Speaker 4: visit libervox dot org. Monthly Supplement of the Penny Magazine
• 26:45
  Speaker 4: of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Issue
• 26:49
  Speaker 4: twenty one, by Charles Knight, The Liverpool docks. We are enabled,
• 26:57
  Speaker 4: after many experiments, to present readers with the plan of
• 27:01
  Speaker 4: the Liverpool Docks executed by a new process, namely by
• 27:06
  Speaker 4: a union of lines cut upon wood and a movable type.
• 27:12
  Speaker 4: The completion of our wishes in this respect will enable
• 27:15
  Speaker 4: us to illustrate any subject of geography or topography by
• 27:20
  Speaker 4: map and plans executed with more precision than we could
• 27:24
  Speaker 4: have attained by any other means. We subjoined to this
• 27:28
  Speaker 4: plan a short account of these extraordinary public works which
• 27:33
  Speaker 4: the growing commerce of Liverpool has created. The town of
• 27:37
  Speaker 4: Liverpool was originally a small fishing village till Henry the
• 27:42
  Speaker 4: Second in eleven seventy two first used its port as
• 27:46
  Speaker 4: a station for the embarkation of troops to Ireland. This circumstance,
• 27:51
  Speaker 4: with the gradually increasing commerce consequent on, the connection ever
• 27:55
  Speaker 4: since maintained between the two countries, and the excellence of
• 27:59
  Speaker 4: its port, doubtlessly laid the foundation of the present magnitude
• 28:04
  Speaker 4: and prosperity. Yet its growth for a long period was slow,
• 28:08
  Speaker 4: and even at time seemed to retrograde. In fifteen seventy one,
• 28:13
  Speaker 4: the inhabitants of the poor, decayed town of Liverpool petitioned
• 28:18
  Speaker 4: Queen Elizabeth to be relieved from a subsidy imposed on them,
• 28:23
  Speaker 4: and in sixteen thirty, while Bristol was assessed at one
• 28:27
  Speaker 4: thousand pounds for ship money by Charles the First, Liverpool
• 28:31
  Speaker 4: was rated at only twenty pounds. The first grade increase
• 28:35
  Speaker 4: which took place to the importance of Liverpool appears to
• 28:39
  Speaker 4: have been shortly after the commencement of the war with
• 28:42
  Speaker 4: France in seventeen seventy eight, in the first year of
• 28:45
  Speaker 4: which one hundred and twenty privateers manned by eight thousand,
• 28:49
  Speaker 4: seven hundred and fifty seamen issued from this port. Since
• 28:54
  Speaker 4: that period, its increase has been constant and wonderfully rapid. Population,
• 29:00
  Speaker 4: which in eighteen oh one was seventy seven thousand, six
• 29:04
  Speaker 4: hundred fifty three in eighteen thirty one amounted to one
• 29:08
  Speaker 4: hundred sixty five thousand, one hundred seventy five. In the
• 29:12
  Speaker 4: year ending June eighteen thirty, the number of vessels entered
• 29:17
  Speaker 4: inwards and outwards amounted to eleven thousand, two hundred fourteen,
• 29:22
  Speaker 4: of which the tonnage was one million, four hundred eleven thousand,
• 29:25
  Speaker 4: nine hundred four and their customed duties three million, one
• 29:30
  Speaker 4: hundred twenty three thousand, seven hundred fifty eight pound eight
• 29:34
  Speaker 4: shilling ten to narrow. To provide facilities for this immense traffic,
• 29:41
  Speaker 4: great exertions have been made, and vast expense incurred in
• 29:45
  Speaker 4: the construction of docks and the erection of warehouses. The
• 29:50
  Speaker 4: plan we have given shows their position, and the following
• 29:53
  Speaker 4: account extracted from Lewis's Topographical Dictionary of England, a valuable
• 29:59
  Speaker 4: work recently completed in four quarto volumes, afford such information
• 30:04
  Speaker 4: as may render the plan perfectly intelligible for the security
• 30:10
  Speaker 4: of the shipping in the port, and for a greater
• 30:13
  Speaker 4: facility of loading and unloading merchandise. An immense range of
• 30:17
  Speaker 4: docks and warehouses, extending nearly two miles along the eastern
• 30:21
  Speaker 4: bank of the river the Mersey, has been constructed on
• 30:25
  Speaker 4: a state of unparalleled magnificence, in forming one of those
• 30:30
  Speaker 4: characteristics of commercial greatness in which this town is unrivaled.
• 30:35
  Speaker 4: The docks are of three kinds, the wet docks, the
• 30:38
  Speaker 4: dry docks, and the graving docks. The wet docks are
• 30:42
  Speaker 4: chiefly for ships of great burden employed in the foreign trade,
• 30:46
  Speaker 4: and which float in them at all states of the tide,
• 30:50
  Speaker 4: the water being retained by gates. The dry docks, so
• 30:55
  Speaker 4: called because they are left dry when the tide is out,
• 30:58
  Speaker 4: are chiefly appropriate to coasting vessels, and the graving docks,
• 31:04
  Speaker 4: which admit or exclude the water at pleasure, are adapted
• 31:08
  Speaker 4: to the repair of ships, during which they are kept dry,
• 31:13
  Speaker 4: and when completed, are floated out by emitting the tide.
• 31:17
  Speaker 4: The old dock, which was the first of the kind
• 31:20
  Speaker 4: constructed in England, and for making which an Act of
• 31:24
  Speaker 4: Parliament was obtained in seventeen oh eight, is not now
• 31:27
  Speaker 4: in use, its sight having been appropriated to the erection
• 31:31
  Speaker 4: of a new custom house and other offices connected with
• 31:35
  Speaker 4: the trade of the port. The dry dock, which is
• 31:38
  Speaker 4: about to be converted into a wet dock, was constructed
• 31:42
  Speaker 4: under the authority of Enact passed in the eleventh of
• 31:45
  Speaker 4: George the Second, and is chiefly occupied by sloops from
• 31:50
  Speaker 4: the north coast, which import corn, provisions and slate, and
• 31:55
  Speaker 4: convey back the produce of the West Indies, the Mediterranean,
• 31:59
  Speaker 4: Portugal and in Baltic It has a quay five hundred
• 32:03
  Speaker 4: yards in length and has communication with three graving docks.
• 32:07
  Speaker 4: It has been considerably enlarged and many of the buildings
• 32:11
  Speaker 4: surrounding it have been taken down with the view of
• 32:14
  Speaker 4: obtaining more quay room. The salt house dock, so named
• 32:19
  Speaker 4: from some salt works formerly contiguous to it, was constructed
• 32:24
  Speaker 4: about the same time as a dry dock. The upper
• 32:26
  Speaker 4: part of it chiefly for ships that are laid up,
• 32:30
  Speaker 4: and the lower part for vessels in the levant Irish
• 32:33
  Speaker 4: and coasting trades. The quoy is seven hundred and fifty
• 32:37
  Speaker 4: nine yards in extent and is provided with convenient warehouses
• 32:42
  Speaker 4: with our caves for foot passengers on the east side
• 32:45
  Speaker 4: and extensive sheds on the west side. Between this stock
• 32:49
  Speaker 4: and the river are some shipbuilding yards, which the corporation
• 32:53
  Speaker 4: intend to convert into docks for their craft employed in
• 32:56
  Speaker 4: the inland trade. Georgia's stock was constructed in the second
• 33:01
  Speaker 4: of George the Third at an expense of twenty one
• 33:05
  Speaker 4: thousand pound. It was originally two hundred and forty six
• 33:09
  Speaker 4: yards in length and one hundred yards in breadth, with
• 33:12
  Speaker 4: a quay of seven hundred yards in extent, but it
• 33:16
  Speaker 4: has been enlarged and the quay is now one thousand
• 33:19
  Speaker 4: and one yards in length. On the east side is
• 33:22
  Speaker 4: a range of extensive warehouses in front of which is
• 33:25
  Speaker 4: an arcade for foot passengers, and on the west side
• 33:30
  Speaker 4: are sheds for protecting the merchandise from the weather. In
• 33:34
  Speaker 4: the north and south ends of the dock are handsome
• 33:36
  Speaker 4: cast iron bridges, and our parade is continued westward for
• 33:41
  Speaker 4: considerable distance into the river. This dock has a communication
• 33:46
  Speaker 4: with the two preceding docks, and also with the Prince's
• 33:49
  Speaker 4: Dock by basins which preclude the necessity of returning into
• 33:53
  Speaker 4: the river. The King's Dock, constructed in the twenty fifth
• 33:58
  Speaker 4: of George the third, is two two hundred and seventy
• 34:01
  Speaker 4: yards in length and ninety six in breadth, and is
• 34:04
  Speaker 4: appropriated to vessels from Virginia and other parts laden with tobacco,
• 34:10
  Speaker 4: which article is exclusively landed here. The new tobacco warehouses
• 34:15
  Speaker 4: extend the whole length of the quay on the west side,
• 34:18
  Speaker 4: and are five hundred and seventy five feet in length
• 34:21
  Speaker 4: and two hundred and thirty nine in depth. The old
• 34:25
  Speaker 4: warehouses on the opposite side, which were appropriated to that purpose,
• 34:29
  Speaker 4: have been converted into sheds for the security of merchandise.
• 34:33
  Speaker 4: Ships from the Baltic freighted with timber and naval stores
• 34:37
  Speaker 4: discharge our cargoes on the quay. Across the entrance is
• 34:41
  Speaker 4: a handsome swivel bridge of cast iron. This dock has
• 34:45
  Speaker 4: a communication on the south with a dry dock and
• 34:48
  Speaker 4: two graving docks. The Queen's Dock, constructed at the same time,
• 34:53
  Speaker 4: is four hundred and seventy yards long and two hundred
• 34:56
  Speaker 4: and twenty seven and a half in breadth with the
• 35:00
  Speaker 4: spacious quay, and is chiefly occupied by vessels freighted with
• 35:04
  Speaker 4: timber and by those employed in the Dutch and Baltic trades.
• 35:09
  Speaker 4: At the south end it communicates with a basin of
• 35:13
  Speaker 4: considerable extent called the Brunswick Half Tide Dock, which is
• 35:18
  Speaker 4: also connected with the Brunswick Dry Basin. On the south
• 35:22
  Speaker 4: of the half Tiede Dock, a new dock of larger
• 35:25
  Speaker 4: dimensions than any of the preceding for vessels laden with
• 35:28
  Speaker 4: timber is in progress, to be called the Brunswick Dock,
• 35:33
  Speaker 4: with a basin to the south of it, and patent
• 35:36
  Speaker 4: ships for the repairing of vessels, which will probably terminate
• 35:40
  Speaker 4: the range of docks at the southern extremity. The Prince's Dock,
• 35:45
  Speaker 4: constructed under an act passed in the fifty first of
• 35:48
  Speaker 4: George the Third was opened with great pomp on the
• 35:51
  Speaker 4: day of the coronation of his Late Majesty George the Fourth.
• 35:56
  Speaker 4: It is five hundred yards in length and one hundred
• 35:59
  Speaker 4: and six in bread. At the north end is a
• 36:02
  Speaker 4: spacious basin belonging to it, and at the south end
• 36:05
  Speaker 4: it communicates with the basin of Georgia's dock. The quays
• 36:10
  Speaker 4: are spacious and there are sheds for the protection of
• 36:13
  Speaker 4: goods from the weather. Along the west side, near the
• 36:16
  Speaker 4: river is a beautiful marine parade seven hundred and fifty
• 36:20
  Speaker 4: yards long and eleven wide, defended by a stone paraphet wall,
• 36:25
  Speaker 4: from which is a delightful view of the river and
• 36:28
  Speaker 4: the shipping. At convenient intervals, there are three flights of
• 36:32
  Speaker 4: steps leading down to the river, where boats are in
• 36:35
  Speaker 4: constant attendance. To the north of the basin belonging to
• 36:40
  Speaker 4: the stock, four spacious wet docks and a large graving
• 36:44
  Speaker 4: dock which ladder is to be fitted up with Patent
• 36:48
  Speaker 4: slips are at present in a state of rapid progress,
• 36:52
  Speaker 4: and when completed, will probably terminate the range of docks.
• 36:56
  Speaker 4: On the north side of the town. The dukes between
• 37:01
  Speaker 4: Salt House and The Kingsdock is a small dock belonging
• 37:05
  Speaker 4: to the trustees of the Lake Duke of Bridgewater, for
• 37:08
  Speaker 4: the use of his flats with commodious warehouses. The several
• 37:13
  Speaker 4: carriers by water have also convenient basins on the river
• 37:17
  Speaker 4: for the use of their barges with quakes for loading
• 37:21
  Speaker 4: and unloading their goods, and the Mersey and Irwell Navigation
• 37:25
  Speaker 4: Company have a small dock called the Manchester Dock, for
• 37:29
  Speaker 4: the flats employed in that extensive trade, and for the
• 37:32
  Speaker 4: transport to this town of the production of Cheshire and
• 37:36
  Speaker 4: the adjoining counties. The whole range of the docks, when
• 37:40
  Speaker 4: the northern and southern editions are completed, will be two
• 37:44
  Speaker 4: miles and eight hundred and twenty yards in length. Spacious
• 37:48
  Speaker 4: as they are, they are still considered inadequate to the
• 37:50
  Speaker 4: increasing commerce of the port, and measures are in contemplation
• 37:55
  Speaker 4: for their further extension. The sums expended in the fort
• 38:00
  Speaker 4: formation of these docks amount to more than two millions sterling.
• 38:04
  Speaker 4: For clearing them from the accumulation of silt brought in
• 38:07
  Speaker 4: by the tide, a dredging machine worked by a steam
• 38:11
  Speaker 4: engine of ten horse power is in constant operation, by
• 38:15
  Speaker 4: which fifty tons per hour are raised into barges and
• 38:19
  Speaker 4: deposited where it may be washed away by the current
• 38:22
  Speaker 4: of the river. To this we are enable to add
• 38:26
  Speaker 4: from an official paper the following table showing the area
• 38:30
  Speaker 4: of water and the quantity of quayspace of these splendid docks.
• 38:35
  Speaker 4: Area of water in square yards, quay space in lineal yards,
• 38:42
  Speaker 4: Dry basins, Princess Basin twenty nine hundred nine square yards,
• 38:49
  Speaker 4: five hundred nine linear yards, Secum Basin oney eight hundred
• 38:55
  Speaker 4: five square yards, one hundred eighty eight lineal yards, George's
• 39:02
  Speaker 4: Basin sixteen thousand, three hundred seventy two square yards, four
• 39:06
  Speaker 4: hundred and fifty five lineal yards. George's Ferry Basin one thousand,
• 39:11
  Speaker 4: three hundred forty four squareyards, one hundred sixty linear yards,
• 39:17
  Speaker 4: Old doc Gut seven thousand, seven hundred thirty seven square yards,
• 39:22
  Speaker 4: four hundred forty seven lineal yards, Queen's Basin twenty four thousand,
• 39:28
  Speaker 4: three hundred ninety one square yards, six hundred one linear yards,
• 39:34
  Speaker 4: Brunswick Basin twenty three thousand, six hundred twenty two square
• 39:38
  Speaker 4: yards five hundred seventy two linear yards. South Ferry Basin
• 39:44
  Speaker 4: two thousand, nine hundred and twenty seven square yards two
• 39:47
  Speaker 4: hundred five linear yards. Wet docks, Princess Dock with its
• 39:54
  Speaker 4: two locks fifty seven thousand, one hundred twenty nine square
• 39:59
  Speaker 4: yards one thousand, six hundred thirteen linear yards, Georgia Stock
• 40:04
  Speaker 4: with its two passages twenty six thousand, seven hundred ninety
• 40:09
  Speaker 4: three and one half square yards one thousand one linear yards.
• 40:15
  Speaker 4: Dry Dock has altered nineteen thousand, ninety five square yards,
• 40:21
  Speaker 4: five hundred linear yards. Salt House stock with its passage
• 40:26
  Speaker 4: twenty three thousand, twenty five square yards, seven hundred and
• 40:30
  Speaker 4: fifty nine lineal yards, King Stock with its passage thirty
• 40:35
  Speaker 4: seven thousand, seven hundred seventy six square yards eight hundred
• 40:39
  Speaker 4: seventy five linear yards, Queen Stock with its two passages
• 40:45
  Speaker 4: fifty one thousand, five hundred one and one half square
• 40:48
  Speaker 4: yards one thousand, two hundred and fifty five linear yards.
• 40:53
  Speaker 4: Half Tied Dock with its passage thirteen thousand, one hundred
• 40:58
  Speaker 4: eighty five and one half square yards, four hundred ninety
• 41:01
  Speaker 4: seven linear yards. New North Works Number one dock with
• 41:08
  Speaker 4: number one lock and half of passage thirty thousand, seven
• 41:12
  Speaker 4: hundred sixty four and one half square yards one thy
• 41:15
  Speaker 4: twelve linear yards. Number two dock with entrance lock and
• 41:20
  Speaker 4: half of two passages twenty nine thousand, eighty five and
• 41:25
  Speaker 4: one half square yards, eight hundred thirty nine linear yards.
• 41:29
  Speaker 4: Number three dock with number two lock and half of
• 41:32
  Speaker 4: passage thirty three thousand, six hundred forty two and one
• 41:36
  Speaker 4: half square yards, one thousand and fifty linear yards. Number
• 41:42
  Speaker 4: four dock with its lock twenty nine thousand, three hundred
• 41:45
  Speaker 4: thirteen square yards, nine hundred fourteen linear yards, half tied
• 41:51
  Speaker 4: basin seventeen thousand, six hundred five square yards, five hundred
• 41:56
  Speaker 4: eighty six linear yards. New South Docks Brunswick Dock with
• 42:03
  Speaker 4: its passage sixty eight hundred and twenty four square yards,
• 42:07
  Speaker 4: one thousand, ninety two linear yards, half tied basin nine
• 42:13
  Speaker 4: two hundred and forty five square yards, four hundred eighty
• 42:16
  Speaker 4: three linear yards. This forms a total of dock room
• 42:21
  Speaker 4: of one hundred and eleven acres, and their quay spase
• 42:24
  Speaker 4: extends to the length of eight miles within a few yards.
• 42:29
  Speaker 4: The whole length of the river wall is two miles
• 42:32
  Speaker 4: eight hundred and twenty yards exclusive of the openings. End
• 42:37
  Speaker 4: of section five read by Bryz Cryes, Ohio, Section six
• 42:48
  Speaker 4: of Monthly Supplement of the Penny Magazine of the Society
• 42:52
  Speaker 4: for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Issue twenty one. This
• 42:56
  Speaker 4: is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the
• 43:00
  Speaker 4: public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit
• 43:05
  Speaker 4: LibriVox dot org. Monthly Supplement of the Penny Magazine of
• 43:10
  Speaker 4: the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Issue twenty one,
• 43:15
  Speaker 4: by Charles Knight. Felix Neff, A Memoir of Felix Neff,
• 43:22
  Speaker 4: Pastor of the High Alps, by William Stephen gilly M,
• 43:26
  Speaker 4: a Prebendary of Durham Irvington, eighteen thirty two. This is
• 43:33
  Speaker 4: a volume which no one can read without improvement. It
• 43:36
  Speaker 4: contains a history of a young Protestant clergyman, Felix Neff,
• 43:41
  Speaker 4: who devoted his life to the duty of preaching the
• 43:44
  Speaker 4: Divine Word to the scattered inhabitants of the dreary regions
• 43:48
  Speaker 4: called the High Alps of France footnote one, and who,
• 43:54
  Speaker 4: in the discharge of this sacred trust, felt that he
• 43:57
  Speaker 4: was advancing his principal object while he was improving the
• 44:01
  Speaker 4: physical condition of these poor people and leading them to
• 44:05
  Speaker 4: the acquirement of general knowledge. The difficulties which this wise
• 44:10
  Speaker 4: and pious man encountered could only have been overcome by
• 44:13
  Speaker 4: the most ardent zeal. The labors which he underwent and
• 44:18
  Speaker 4: the privations which he sustained ruined his health and consigned
• 44:23
  Speaker 4: him prematurely to the grave. But his career, though sure,
• 44:27
  Speaker 4: was one of permanent usefulness to the mountaineers in whose
• 44:31
  Speaker 4: service he perished, and he has left behind him a
• 44:35
  Speaker 4: new example of how much one man may accomplish for
• 44:38
  Speaker 4: the benefit of his fellow creatures, who goes forward in
• 44:41
  Speaker 4: a good work with singleness of purpose, regardless of any
• 44:45
  Speaker 4: other reward but the approbation of his own conscience. Neff
• 44:51
  Speaker 4: was not a man in whom book learning constituted the
• 44:54
  Speaker 4: only knowledge. He received a tolerable education from the pastor
• 44:58
  Speaker 4: of the village near ji Neva in which he was born,
• 45:02
  Speaker 4: and the contemplative and devout qualities of his mind were
• 45:06
  Speaker 4: called forth by the grand and beautiful scenery by which
• 45:09
  Speaker 4: he was surrounded in his boyhood. But he had a
• 45:13
  Speaker 4: strong love for what was practically useful, and he therefore
• 45:17
  Speaker 4: learnt the trade of a nursery gardener. He had a
• 45:20
  Speaker 4: stronger passion for romantic adventure, and he entered as a
• 45:24
  Speaker 4: private soldier in the service of Geneva in eighteen fifteen.
• 45:29
  Speaker 4: At sixteen, when he was a gardener, he published a
• 45:32
  Speaker 4: valuable little treatise on the culture of trees, and within
• 45:36
  Speaker 4: two years after he became a soldier, at the age
• 45:39
  Speaker 4: of seventeen, he was promoted to be sergeant of artillery
• 45:43
  Speaker 4: in consequence of his theoretical and practical knowledge of mathematics.
• 45:49
  Speaker 4: His anxious desire, however, was to be a teacher of religion,
• 45:53
  Speaker 4: and he at length quitted the army to devote himself
• 45:56
  Speaker 4: to the studies which would be necessary previous to his
• 45:59
  Speaker 4: OrderIn nation as their minister. He first assumed the functions
• 46:04
  Speaker 4: of what is called a pastor catechist, and was ultimately
• 46:09
  Speaker 4: called to the vocation for which he was so anxious
• 46:12
  Speaker 4: by one of those independent congregations of England whose ministers
• 46:17
  Speaker 4: are received in their Protestant churches. Of France never adopted
• 46:22
  Speaker 4: the resolution to be ordained in London for the satisfaction
• 46:26
  Speaker 4: of some religious scruples. This ceremony took place in a
• 46:30
  Speaker 4: chapel in the Poultry in eighteen twenty three, and within
• 46:34
  Speaker 4: six months after he was appointed authorized pastor of the
• 46:38
  Speaker 4: Department of the High Alps. The form an estimate of
• 46:42
  Speaker 4: the labors which such an appointment involved, it may be
• 46:46
  Speaker 4: sufficient to mention that, in order to visit his various flocks,
• 46:51
  Speaker 4: the pastor had to travel from his fixed residence twelve
• 46:55
  Speaker 4: miles in a western direction, sixty in an eastern twenty
• 47:00
  Speaker 4: and thirty three in the northern, and that neft steadily
• 47:04
  Speaker 4: persevered in all seasons in passing on foot from one
• 47:08
  Speaker 4: district to another, climbing mountains covered with snow, forcing a
• 47:13
  Speaker 4: way through valleys choked up by the masses of rocks
• 47:16
  Speaker 4: that were hurled down by the winter's storm, partaking of
• 47:20
  Speaker 4: the coarse fare and imperfect shelter of the peasant's hut,
• 47:24
  Speaker 4: and never allowing himself any repose or relaxation, because the
• 47:28
  Speaker 4: ignorance of the poor people who were entrusted to his
• 47:32
  Speaker 4: charge was so great that nothing but incessant activity on
• 47:36
  Speaker 4: his part could surmount its evils. Mister Gilly had justly observed,
• 47:42
  Speaker 4: speaking in his character of an English churchman, it is
• 47:45
  Speaker 4: well that we should see how hard some of our
• 47:48
  Speaker 4: brethren work, and how hard they live, and that we
• 47:51
  Speaker 4: should discover to our humiliation that it is not always
• 47:55
  Speaker 4: where there is the greatest company of preachers, that the
• 47:59
  Speaker 4: word takes deepen route. The course of Neff's life and
• 48:03
  Speaker 4: the affection which he inspired will be better understood from
• 48:07
  Speaker 4: the following extract. When his arrival was expected in certain
• 48:12
  Speaker 4: hamlets whose rotation to be visited was supposed to be
• 48:16
  Speaker 4: coming round, it was beautiful to see the cottages send
• 48:20
  Speaker 4: forth their inhabitants to watch the coming of the beloved minister.
• 48:25
  Speaker 4: Come take your dinner with us, Let me prepare your supper.
• 48:29
  Speaker 4: Permit me to give up my bed for you, were
• 48:32
  Speaker 4: re echoed from many a voice. And though there is
• 48:36
  Speaker 4: nothing in the repast which denoted a feast day, yet
• 48:39
  Speaker 4: never was FESTI all observed with greater rejoicing than by
• 48:43
  Speaker 4: those whose rye, bread and pottage were shared with the
• 48:47
  Speaker 4: pastor Nef. Sometimes, when the old people of one cabin
• 48:51
  Speaker 4: were standing at their doors and straining their eyes to
• 48:54
  Speaker 4: catch the first view of their guide to heaven, the
• 48:57
  Speaker 4: youngsters of another were perched on the summit of a
• 49:00
  Speaker 4: rock and stealing a prospect which would afford them an
• 49:04
  Speaker 4: earlier sight of him and give them the opportunity of
• 49:08
  Speaker 4: offering the first invitation. It was on these occasions that
• 49:12
  Speaker 4: he obtained a perfect knowledge of the people, questioning them
• 49:16
  Speaker 4: about such of their domestic concerns as he might be
• 49:19
  Speaker 4: supposed to take an interest in, as well as about
• 49:23
  Speaker 4: their spiritual condition, and finding where he could be useful
• 49:26
  Speaker 4: both as a secular adviser and a religious counselor Could
• 49:31
  Speaker 4: all the children read, did they understand what they read?
• 49:35
  Speaker 4: Did they offer up morning and evening prayers? Had they
• 49:39
  Speaker 4: any wants that he could relieve any doubts? That he
• 49:42
  Speaker 4: could remove any afflictions, wherein he could be a comforter.
• 49:48
  Speaker 4: It was thus that he was the father of his
• 49:50
  Speaker 4: flock and master of their affections and their opinions. And
• 49:54
  Speaker 4: when the seniors asked for his blessing, and the children
• 49:57
  Speaker 4: took hold of his hands or his knee ease, he
• 50:00
  Speaker 4: felt all the fatigue of his long journeys pass away
• 50:04
  Speaker 4: and became recruited with new strength. But for the high
• 50:08
  Speaker 4: and holy feelings which sustained him, it is impossible that
• 50:12
  Speaker 4: he could have borne up against the numerous toils and exposures,
• 50:17
  Speaker 4: even for the few months in which he thus put
• 50:20
  Speaker 4: his constitution to the trial. Neither rugged paths, nor the
• 50:24
  Speaker 4: inclement weather of these Alps, which would change suddenly from
• 50:28
  Speaker 4: sunshine to rain, and from rain to sleet, and from
• 50:32
  Speaker 4: sleet to snow, nor snow deep underfoot and obscuring the view,
• 50:37
  Speaker 4: and dangers lay thick on his road. Nothing of this
• 50:40
  Speaker 4: sort deterred him from setting out, with his staff in
• 50:44
  Speaker 4: his hand and his wallet on his back, when he
• 50:47
  Speaker 4: imagined that the duty summoned him. I have been assured
• 50:51
  Speaker 4: by those who have received him into their homes at
• 50:54
  Speaker 4: such times that he has come in chilly, wet and
• 50:58
  Speaker 4: fatigued or exhausted by heat and sudden transitions from excess
• 51:02
  Speaker 4: of heat to piercing cold, and that after sitting down
• 51:06
  Speaker 4: a few minutes, his elastic spirits would seem to renovate
• 51:10
  Speaker 4: his sinking frame, and he would enter into discourse with
• 51:14
  Speaker 4: all the menial vigor of one who was neither weary
• 51:17
  Speaker 4: nor languid. When he was not resident at the presbytery,
• 51:22
  Speaker 4: he was the guest of some peasant who found him
• 51:25
  Speaker 4: willing to live as he lived, and to make a
• 51:28
  Speaker 4: scanty meal of soup magra, often without salt or bread,
• 51:32
  Speaker 4: and to retire to rest in the same apartment where
• 51:36
  Speaker 4: a numerous family were crowded together amidst all the inconveniences
• 51:40
  Speaker 4: of a dirty and smoky hovel. We have already stated
• 51:46
  Speaker 4: that the benevolent Pastor of the High Alps was intent
• 51:49
  Speaker 4: upon improving the condition of his people as to physical comfort.
• 51:54
  Speaker 4: At the same time he proclaimed to them the hopes
• 51:57
  Speaker 4: and consolations of religion. See how he set about this work.
• 52:03
  Speaker 4: His first attempt was to impart an idea of domestic convenience.
• 52:08
  Speaker 4: Chimneys and windows to their hobbles were luxuries to which
• 52:11
  Speaker 4: few of them had aspired till he showed them how
• 52:15
  Speaker 4: easy it was to make a passage for the smoke,
• 52:18
  Speaker 4: and admittance for the light and air. He next convinced
• 52:22
  Speaker 4: them that warmth might be obtained more healthily than by
• 52:25
  Speaker 4: pigging together for six or seven months in stables from
• 52:29
  Speaker 4: which the muck of the cattle was removed, but once
• 52:31
  Speaker 4: during the year. For their coarse and unwholesome food. He
• 52:35
  Speaker 4: had indeed no substitute, because the sterility of the soil
• 52:40
  Speaker 4: produced no other. But he pointed out a mode of
• 52:43
  Speaker 4: tillage by which they increased the quantity, and, in cases
• 52:47
  Speaker 4: of illness, when they had no conception of applying the
• 52:51
  Speaker 4: simplest remedies. He pointed out the comfort which a sick
• 52:54
  Speaker 4: person may derive from light and warm soups and other
• 52:58
  Speaker 4: soothing assistance. So ignorant were they of what was hurtful
• 53:03
  Speaker 4: or beneficial in acute disorders, that wine and brandy were
• 53:07
  Speaker 4: no unusual prescriptions in the height of a raging fever.
• 53:12
  Speaker 4: Strange enough, and still more characteristic of savage life. The
• 53:16
  Speaker 4: women till Neft taught the men better manners. Were treated
• 53:20
  Speaker 4: with so much disregard that they never sat at table
• 53:24
  Speaker 4: with their husbands or brothers, but stood behind them and
• 53:27
  Speaker 4: received morsels from their hands with obeisance and profound reverence.
• 53:33
  Speaker 4: He taught the people of the valley how to irrigate
• 53:36
  Speaker 4: their lands so as to increase the crop of grass,
• 53:40
  Speaker 4: which is exceedingly small. He found the utmost difficulty in
• 53:44
  Speaker 4: explaining to his hearers that the water might be made
• 53:47
  Speaker 4: to rise and fall, and might be damned up and
• 53:50
  Speaker 4: distributed accordingly as it might be required for use. The
• 53:54
  Speaker 4: labor and expense appeared to them in superbowl difficulties. In
• 53:59
  Speaker 4: spite of their prejudices, he accomplished his object, working with
• 54:03
  Speaker 4: the people as a common laborer in applying the knowledge
• 54:07
  Speaker 4: as an engineer for their exclusive advantage. By thus teaching
• 54:12
  Speaker 4: them how to double their crops, he saved them from
• 54:15
  Speaker 4: some of their most severe privations. He taught them also
• 54:20
  Speaker 4: how to cultivate the potato with advantage. But he did
• 54:23
  Speaker 4: even more than this. He incited the people to build
• 54:27
  Speaker 4: a schoolhouse in one of the districts where knowledge was
• 54:30
  Speaker 4: most wanted, and that proper teachers might be spread throughout
• 54:34
  Speaker 4: these regions so shut off from the ordinary means of education.
• 54:39
  Speaker 4: He persuaded a number of young persons to assemble together,
• 54:43
  Speaker 4: one or two from each community during the most dreary
• 54:46
  Speaker 4: of the winter months, when they could not labor in
• 54:49
  Speaker 4: the fields, and during that time to work hard with
• 54:52
  Speaker 4: him in the attainment of that knowledge, which they were
• 54:56
  Speaker 4: afterwards to spread amongst their uninstructed friends and neighbors. The
• 55:01
  Speaker 4: perseverance of these young people was worthy of their zealous pastor.
• 55:06
  Speaker 4: To accomplish this good work perfectly, he obtained the assistance
• 55:10
  Speaker 4: of a studious young friend who was preparing himself for
• 55:13
  Speaker 4: a great public school. Neft's own account of his progress
• 55:18
  Speaker 4: as a schoolmaster is so interesting that we are sure
• 55:21
  Speaker 4: our readers will not complain of its length. The short
• 55:26
  Speaker 4: space of time which we had before us rendered every
• 55:29
  Speaker 4: moment precious. We divided the day into three parts. The
• 55:34
  Speaker 4: first was from sunrise to eleven o'clock when we breakfasted,
• 55:39
  Speaker 4: the second from noon to sunset when we supped, the
• 55:42
  Speaker 4: third from supper till ten or eleven o'clock at night,
• 55:46
  Speaker 4: making in all fourteen or fifteen hours of study. In
• 55:49
  Speaker 4: the twenty four we devoted much of the time to
• 55:53
  Speaker 4: lessons in reading, which the wretched manner in which they
• 55:57
  Speaker 4: had been taught, their detestable accent and strange tone of
• 56:02
  Speaker 4: voice tender the most necessary but tiresome duty. The grammar, too,
• 56:08
  Speaker 4: of which not one of them had the least idea,
• 56:11
  Speaker 4: occupied much of our time. People who have been brought
• 56:14
  Speaker 4: up in towns can have no conception of the difficulty
• 56:18
  Speaker 4: which mountaineers and rustics, whose ideas are confined to those
• 56:22
  Speaker 4: objects only to which they have been familiarized find in
• 56:26
  Speaker 4: learning this branch of science. There is scarcely any way
• 56:30
  Speaker 4: of conveying the meaning of it to them. All the
• 56:34
  Speaker 4: usual terms and definitions, and the means which they are
• 56:37
  Speaker 4: commonly employed in schools are utterly unintelligible here. But the
• 56:43
  Speaker 4: curious and novel devices which must be employed have disadvantage
• 56:48
  Speaker 4: that they exercise their understanding and help to form their judgment.
• 56:54
  Speaker 4: Dictation was one of the methods to which I had recourse.
• 56:58
  Speaker 4: Without it, they would have made no progress in grammar orthography.
• 57:03
  Speaker 4: But they wrote so miserably and slowly that this constitute
• 57:07
  Speaker 4: a great portion of valuable time. Observing that they were
• 57:11
  Speaker 4: ignorant of the signification of a great number of French
• 57:14
  Speaker 4: words of constant use and recurrence, I made a selection
• 57:19
  Speaker 4: from the vocabulary, and I set them to write down
• 57:22
  Speaker 4: in little copy books words which were in most frequent use.
• 57:27
  Speaker 4: But the explanations contained in the dictionary were not enough,
• 57:31
  Speaker 4: and I was obliged to rack my brain for new
• 57:34
  Speaker 4: and brief definitions which they could understand, and to make
• 57:38
  Speaker 4: them transcribe these. Arithmetic was another branch of knowledge which
• 57:43
  Speaker 4: required many a weary hour. Geography was considered a matter
• 57:49
  Speaker 4: of recreation after dinner, and they poured over the maps
• 57:52
  Speaker 4: with a feeling of delight and amusement, which was quite
• 57:56
  Speaker 4: new to them. I also busied myself in giving them
• 57:59
  Speaker 4: some notions of the sphere and of the form and
• 58:03
  Speaker 4: motion of the earth, of the seasons, and the climates
• 58:07
  Speaker 4: and of the heavenly bodies. Everything of this sort was
• 58:11
  Speaker 4: as perfectly novel to them as it would have been
• 58:13
  Speaker 4: to the islanders of O Tahiti. And even the elementary books,
• 58:19
  Speaker 4: which are usually put into the hands of children, were
• 58:22
  Speaker 4: at first as unintelligible as the most abstruse treatises on mathematics.
• 58:28
  Speaker 4: I was consequently forced to use the simplest and plainest
• 58:32
  Speaker 4: modes of demonstration, but these amused and instructed them at
• 58:36
  Speaker 4: the same time. A ball made of a box tree
• 58:40
  Speaker 4: with a hole through it, and moving on an axle,
• 58:43
  Speaker 4: and on which I had traced the principal circles, some
• 58:47
  Speaker 4: large potatoes hollowed out a candle, and sometimes the skulls
• 58:52
  Speaker 4: of my scholars served for the instruments by which I
• 58:55
  Speaker 4: illustrated the movement of the heavenly bodies and of the
• 58:59
  Speaker 4: earth it's proceeding from one step to another. I printed
• 59:04
  Speaker 4: out the situation of different countries on the chart of
• 59:07
  Speaker 4: the world and in separate maps, and took pains to
• 59:11
  Speaker 4: give some slight idea as we went on of the characteristics, religion, customs,
• 59:18
  Speaker 4: and history of each nation. These details fixed topics of
• 59:22
  Speaker 4: moment in their recollection. Up to this time I had
• 59:26
  Speaker 4: been astonished by the little interest they took Christian minded
• 59:31
  Speaker 4: as they were, in the subject of Christian missions. But
• 59:35
  Speaker 4: when they began to have some idea of geography, I
• 59:38
  Speaker 4: discovered that their former ignorance of this science, and of
• 59:42
  Speaker 4: the very existence of many foreign nations and distant quarters
• 59:45
  Speaker 4: of the globe, was a cause of such indifference. But
• 59:50
  Speaker 4: as soon as they began to learn who the people
• 59:52
  Speaker 4: are who required to have the Gospel preach to them,
• 59:56
  Speaker 4: and in what part of the globe they dwell, they
• 59:58
  Speaker 4: felt the same concern learned for the circulation of the
• 1:00:01
  Speaker 4: Gospel that other Christians entertained. These new acquirements, in fact,
• 1:00:08
  Speaker 4: enlarged their spirit, made new creatures of them, and seemed
• 1:00:12
  Speaker 4: to triple their very existence. In the end, I advanced
• 1:00:16
  Speaker 4: so far as to give some lectures in geometry, and
• 1:00:20
  Speaker 4: this too produced a happy moral development. Lessons in music
• 1:00:25
  Speaker 4: formed part of our evening employment, in these, being, like geography,
• 1:00:29
  Speaker 4: a sort of amusement, they were regularly succeeded by grave
• 1:00:34
  Speaker 4: and edifying reading, and by such reflection as I took
• 1:00:38
  Speaker 4: care to suggest for their improvement. The unremitting labors of
• 1:00:43
  Speaker 4: Neff destroyed his health, and he was at length obliged
• 1:00:47
  Speaker 4: to quit the inclement district in which he had accomplished
• 1:00:50
  Speaker 4: so much good. He lingered for some time in a
• 1:00:53
  Speaker 4: state of great debility, and died at Geneva on the
• 1:00:56
  Speaker 4: twelfth April eighteen twenty nine. We cannot better conclude this
• 1:01:02
  Speaker 4: brief and imperfect notice of a truly valuable and delightful
• 1:01:05
  Speaker 4: book than by the following observations of its author on
• 1:01:09
  Speaker 4: the character of the admirable individual whose noble labors he
• 1:01:14
  Speaker 4: has recommended to the imitation not only of every Christian minister,
• 1:01:19
  Speaker 4: but of everyone, however humble, who feels a desire to
• 1:01:23
  Speaker 4: advance his own real happiness and that of his fellow creatures.
• 1:01:28
  Speaker 4: It was his anxiety to build up the Christians on
• 1:01:31
  Speaker 4: a foundation where self dependents, vain glory, and imaginary mirror
• 1:01:36
  Speaker 4: were to have no place whatever. And yet every act
• 1:01:40
  Speaker 4: of his ministry proved that he set a just value
• 1:01:43
  Speaker 4: on knowledge and attainments. It was his labor of love
• 1:01:47
  Speaker 4: to show that whenever any additions made to our stock
• 1:01:51
  Speaker 4: of knowledge, we not only gain something in the way
• 1:01:54
  Speaker 4: of enjoyment, but are laying up a store for the
• 1:01:57
  Speaker 4: improvement of our moral and religious feeling, and of our
• 1:02:01
  Speaker 4: general habits of industry. The spiritual advancement of his flock
• 1:02:06
  Speaker 4: was a great end and object of all his toils.
• 1:02:09
  Speaker 4: But no man ever took a warmer interest in the
• 1:02:12
  Speaker 4: temporal comforts of those about him, and this he evinced
• 1:02:17
  Speaker 4: by instructing them in the management of their fields and gardens,
• 1:02:21
  Speaker 4: in the construction of their cottages, and in employing all
• 1:02:25
  Speaker 4: his own acquirements in philosophy and science for the enrichment
• 1:02:29
  Speaker 4: of their condition. He so condescended the things of low
• 1:02:33
  Speaker 4: estate as to become a teacher of abc, not only
• 1:02:38
  Speaker 4: to ignorant infancy, but to the dull and impliant capacities
• 1:02:43
  Speaker 4: of adults. Beginning with the most tiresome rudiments, he proceeded upwards,
• 1:02:49
  Speaker 4: leading on his scholars methodically, kindly, and patiently, until he
• 1:02:54
  Speaker 4: had made them proficient in reading, writing, and arithmetic, and
• 1:02:58
  Speaker 4: could lead them into the pleasanter paths of music, geography, history,
• 1:03:03
  Speaker 4: and astronomy. His mind was too enlarged to fear that
• 1:03:07
  Speaker 4: he should be teaching his peasant boys too much. It
• 1:03:11
  Speaker 4: was his aim to show what a variety of enjoyments
• 1:03:13
  Speaker 4: may be extracted out of knowledge, and that even the
• 1:03:17
  Speaker 4: shepherd and goatherd of the mountain side will be all
• 1:03:20
  Speaker 4: the happier and better for every piece of solid information
• 1:03:24
  Speaker 4: that he can acquire. Footnote one. The High Alps were
• 1:03:30
  Speaker 4: originally peopled by Christians who fled to these sterile and
• 1:03:34
  Speaker 4: gloomy mountains and valleys to escape persecution for their religious opinions.
• 1:03:39
  Speaker 4: They were a hiding place for centuries and of section
• 1:03:44
  Speaker 4: six read by Bryce chrys Ohio.
• 1:03:53
  Speaker 6: Section seven a monthly supplement of the Penny Magazine the
• 1:03:57
  Speaker 6: Society for the Diffusion of Knowledge, issue twenty one. This
• 1:04:04
  Speaker 6: is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the
• 1:04:08
  Speaker 6: public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit
• 1:04:15
  Speaker 6: LibriVox dot org. Monthly Supplement of the Penny Magazine of
• 1:04:21
  Speaker 6: the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, issue twenty one,
• 1:04:27
  Speaker 6: where Charles Knight. Section seven a statute to the memory
• 1:04:36
  Speaker 6: of Major Cartwright has lately been erected by public subscription
• 1:04:41
  Speaker 6: in Verton Crescent, with the venerable Reformer for many years resided.
• 1:04:47
  Speaker 6: It is of bronze and was executed by mister Clark,
• 1:04:53
  Speaker 6: Late of Birmingham. End of section seven read by B.
• 1:04:59
  Speaker 6: Hale February twenty twenty six. And a monthly supplement of
• 1:05:05
  Speaker 6: the Penny Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of
• 1:05:09
  Speaker 6: Useful Knowledge issu twenty one by Charles Knight