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Historic ISS Medical Evacuation: Crew Returns Safely + Missing Galaxies & Mars Crisis · Space News Today

• 0:00
  Hey there, space enthusiasts. Welcome to
• 0:03
  Astronomy Daily, your source for the
• 0:05
  latest news from the cosmos. I'm Anna.
• 0:08
  >> And I'm Avery. We've got another packed
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  show today with some fascinating stories
• 0:12
  from both near and far. Anna, what are
• 0:15
  we covering?
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  >> Well, Avery, we're starting close to
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  home with some breaking news from the
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  International Space Station. Four
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  astronauts just completed the first ever
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  medical evacuation from the ISS and
• 0:26
  splashed down safely back on Earth.
• 0:29
  That's quite significant. We'll also be
• 0:31
  diving into a cosmic mystery about
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  missing galaxies, getting an update on
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  NASA's troubled Maven spacecraft
• 0:38
  orbiting Mars, and exploring some
• 0:40
  surprising findings about how viruses
• 0:43
  behave in microgravity. Plus, we'll
• 0:46
  discuss two newly discovered exoplanets
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  that are challenging how we think about
• 0:50
  habitable zones. And we'll wrap up with
• 0:52
  an absolutely stunning new radio image
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  of the Milky Way that's revealing hidden
• 0:57
  structures we've never seen before.
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  >> Lots to get through, so let's jump right
• 1:02
  in.
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  >> All right, Avery, let's start with our
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  top story. Four International Space
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  Station crew members successfully
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  splashed down in the Pacific Ocean off
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  the coast of San Diego early this
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  morning, marking a historic first for
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  the orbital laboratory. Yeah, this was
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  the ISS's first ever medical evacuation
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  in its 26 years of continuous operation.
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  The crew members included American
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  astronauts Mike Frink and Zena Cardman,
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  Russian cosminaut Ole Platonov and
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  Japanese astronaut Kimya Yui. The
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  capsule touched down at 12:41 Eastern
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  time after spending 5 months in space.
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  Now, NASA has been pretty tight- lipped
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  about the specific medical issue that
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  prompted this early return, which is
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  understandable given privacy concerns,
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  >> right? What they have said is that the
• 1:51
  affected crew member was and continues
• 1:53
  to be in stable condition. Mike Fank,
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  who was the pilot for SpaceX Crew 11,
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  posted on social media earlier this
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  week, reassuring everyone that the crew
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  is okay and that this was a deliberate
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  decision to allow proper medical
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  evaluations on the ground where full
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  diagnostic capabilities exist.
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  >> That makes sense. James Pulk, NASA's
• 2:13
  chief health and medical officer,
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  mentioned there was a lingering risk and
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  uncertainty about the diagnosis that led
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  to the decision to bring the crew back
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  earlier than originally scheduled. They
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  were supposed to stay until midFebruary.
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  >> It's worth noting that three other crew
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  members remained on the ISS. American
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  astronaut Chris Williams and Russian
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  cosminauts Sergey Kutzvkov and Sergey
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  Mikosev arrived at the station in
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  November aboard a Russian Soyu
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  spacecraft. So, station operations
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  continue normally.
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  >> This really highlights the importance of
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  having trained medical protocols in
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  place. The evacuated crew members had
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  been trained to handle unexpected
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  medical situations. And according to
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  senior NASA official Amit Chhatria, they
• 2:56
  handled everything extremely well.
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  >> Absolutely. And this serves as a good
• 3:00
  reminder that despite all the incredible
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  engineering and planning that goes into
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  space flight, we're still dealing with
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  human bodies in an extreme environment.
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  Things can and do happen.
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  >> Well, we're glad everyone is safe and
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  receiving the care they need back on
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  Earth.
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  >> All right, Anna. Our next story takes us
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  much further out into space and much
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  further back in time. For years,
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  astronomers have assumed that if they
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  looked hard enough into the deep cosmos,
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  they'd find an almost infinite supply of
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  tiny, dim galaxies hiding in the
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  darkness.
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  >> Right? The prevailing theory has been
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  that the smaller the galaxy, the more of
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  them there should be. It's kind of like
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  a pyramid where you have a few massive
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  galaxies at the top and exponentially
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  more small ones as you go down.
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  >> Exactly. But a new study led by Exu Hang
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  Ma from the University of Wisconsin is
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  challenging that assumption. Using data
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  from the James Webb Space Telescope's
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  Uncover program, the team looked through
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  a massive galaxy cluster called Abel
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  2744, which acts as a natural
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  gravitational lens.
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  >> Oh, that's clever. The gravity from this
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  cluster literally warps spaceime and
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  acts like a cosmic magnifying glass.
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  Right.
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  >> Precisely. It bends and brightens light
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  from more distant objects, allowing us
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  to see galaxies from the epoch of
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  reionization roughly 12 to 13 billion
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  years ago. This was a transformative era
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  when the first stars and galaxies were
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  flooding the universe with ultraviolet
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  light.
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  >> So, what did they find that was so
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  surprising?
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  >> Well, when researchers count galaxies of
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  different brightnesses, they normally
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  use what's called a luminosity function.
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  It's basically a cosmic bar chart
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  showing how many bright versus dim them
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  galaxies exist. And for study after
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  study, the chart kept going in one
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  direction. More small think galaxies
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  than bigger, brighter ones.
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  >> But that's not what they found this
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  time.
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  >> Nope. Instead of continuing to climb,
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  the numbers peaked and then started to
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  drop off. They're calling this faint end
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  suppression, which means that below a
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  certain brightness, the population of
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  galaxies actually starts to thin out.
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  >> So where did all these tiny galaxies go?
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  Did they just disappear?
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  >> In a sense, yes. The study suggests it's
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  a case of cosmic bullying in the early
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  universe. The intense radiation from the
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  first big stars could have heated up the
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  surrounding gas so much that small low
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  mass galaxies couldn't hold on to it.
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  Without gas, they couldn't form new
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  stars. And without stars, they stayed
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  dark, essentially becoming cosmic
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  ghosts.
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  >> That's fascinating, but it also creates
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  a problem, doesn't it? I thought these
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  tiny galaxies were supposed to be the
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  main drivers of reionization.
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  >> You're absolutely right. This finding
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  suggests we might need to rethink our
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  models. If these ultra faint galaxies
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  are missing, they can't be the ones
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  doing all the heavy lifting during
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  reionization. We might need to look at
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  slightly bigger, more established
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  galaxies to explain how the universe
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  became transparent.
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  >> This is why I love space science. Every
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  answer creates 10 new questions.
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  >> Couldn't agree more. And they'll need
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  more data from JWST and upcoming surveys
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  to see if this is a universal pattern or
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  just a quirk of this particular region
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  of space.
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  >> Okay, Avery, let's head to Mars now for
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  an update on NASA's MAVN spacecraft. And
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  unfortunately, it's not good news.
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  >> No, it's not. NASA officials are now
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  saying it's very unlikely they'll be
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  able to recover the Mars atmosphere and
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  volatile evolution orbiter, which has
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  been silent since December 6th.
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  >> Naven has been orbiting Mars since
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  September 2014, studying the planet's
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  upper atmosphere and how solar wind
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  strips it away. It's also served as a
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  crucial communications relay between
• 6:48
  Mars rovers and Earth.
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  >> Right. The spacecraft was supposed to
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  pass behind Mars as seen from Earth, a
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  routine occurrence. But when it emerged,
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  NASA's deep space network didn't observe
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  any signal. That was over a month ago
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  now.
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  >> And the telemetry they did manage to
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  recover from December 6th wasn't
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  encouraging, was it?
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  >> Not at all. Analysis of a brief fragment
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  of tracking data from a radio science
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  experiment indicated the spacecraft was
• 7:15
  tumbling and no longer in its planned
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  orbit. That's a really bad sign because
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  if the spacecraft is tumbling, its
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  antennas aren't pointing toward Earth,
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  which makes communication basically
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  impossible.
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  >> They even tried using the Curiosity
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  rover's camera to take pictures of Maven
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  as it passed overhead, assuming it was
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  still in its expected orbit, but they
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  didn't detect it.
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  >> Yeah. On December 16th and 20th. The
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  fact that they couldn't spot it suggests
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  its orbit has indeed changed
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  significantly. Luis Proctctor, director
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  of NASA's planetary science division,
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  said it plainly during a meeting earlier
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  this week. We will start looking again,
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  but at this point, it's looking very
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  unlikely that we are going to be able to
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  recover the spacecraft.
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  >> The timing has been particularly
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  challenging, too, hasn't it?
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  >> Absolutely. Mars went into solar
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  conjunction on December 29th, which is
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  when Mars and Earth are on opposite
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  sides of the sun. During this period,
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  the sun interferes with radio
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  communications. So NASA paused all
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  communications with Mars missions. That
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  blackout period just ended on January
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  16th, so they can resume attempts. But
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  the outlook is grim.
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  >> The good news is that Maven isn't the
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  only communications relay at Mars.
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  Right.
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  >> That's correct. Proctor mentioned that
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  other orbiters like Mars Reconnaissance
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  Orbiter and Mars Odyssey can pick up the
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  slack. She said Maven was not a major
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  part of the Mars relay network and
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  they're taking steps to ensure they can
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  still retrieve data from rovers on the
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  surface.
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  >> Still, it's sad to potentially lose a
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  spacecraft that's been so productive for
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  over a decade.
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  >> Definitely. Maven has made
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  groundbreaking discoveries about Mars'
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  atmospheric loss and even observed an
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  interstellar object called 3IATLS
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  late last year. Its contributions to
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  planetary science have been immense. Our
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  next story is taking us back to the
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  International Space Station, but this
• 9:06
  time we're looking at some much smaller
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  inhabitants, bacteria, and the viruses
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  that infect them. Oh, this is
• 9:12
  fascinating research. A new study from
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  the University of Wisconsin Madison used
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  E.coli bacteria and the virus called
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  bacterial phagee T7 to study how
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  microgravity affects the evolutionary
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  relationship between viruses and their
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  hosts. though they sent bacteria and
• 9:30
  viruses to space.
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  >> Exactly. They prepared parallel sets of
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  E.coli cultures infected with T7. One
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  set stayed on Earth as a control and the
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  other went to the ISS to experience
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  microgravity. Then they compared what
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  happened to both groups.
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  >> And I'm guessing things didn't play out
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  the same way in both environments.
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  >> You guessed right. The analysis showed
• 9:52
  that T7 infection still occurred on the
• 9:54
  ISS, but it only proceeded after an
• 9:57
  initial delay. So, spaceflight appears
• 10:00
  to slow down the early stages of virus
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  host encounters without completely
• 10:04
  blocking infection.
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  >> That's interesting on its own, but I
• 10:08
  imagine they dug deeper.
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  >> They did. They performed whole genome
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  sequencing and found that both the
• 10:13
  viruses and bacteria accumulated
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  distinctive patterns of mutations in
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  space compared to their counterparts on
• 10:20
  Earth. The viruses evolved specific
• 10:22
  changes that appear to improve their
• 10:24
  ability to bind to and infect bacterial
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  cells.
• 10:27
  >> And what about the bacteria? Were they
• 10:29
  just sitting drugs?
• 10:30
  >> Not at all. The space flown E.coli coli
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  populations acquired mutations that may
• 10:35
  strengthen their defenses against virus
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  attack and enhance their chances of
• 10:39
  surviving in near weightless conditions.
• 10:41
  It's like they were engaged in an
• 10:43
  evolutionary arms race, but the rules of
• 10:45
  the race were different in space.
• 10:47
  >> So microgravity is actually changing how
• 10:50
  evolution works.
• 10:52
  >> In a sense, yes. The study shows that
• 10:54
  space flight not only changes the
• 10:56
  physiology of microbes but also the
• 10:59
  physical environment in which viruses
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  and bacteria encounter each other. This
• 11:03
  alters the rules of their evolutionary
• 11:05
  interaction.
• 11:06
  >> Okay, but beyond the pure science
• 11:08
  fascination, does this have any
• 11:10
  practical applications?
• 11:12
  >> Absolutely. Here's where it gets really
• 11:14
  cool. They conducted follow-up
• 11:16
  experiments on Earth and found that the
• 11:18
  microgravity associated mutations
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  actually increase the virus's activity
• 11:23
  against disease-causing E.coli strains
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  that normally resist T7 strains that are
• 11:29
  implicated in urinary tract infections
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  and are often drugresistant.
• 11:33
  >> So by studying viral evolution in space,
• 11:36
  we might actually discover new ways to
• 11:38
  fight antibioticresistant bacteria here
• 11:41
  on Earth. That's exactly what the
• 11:43
  researchers are suggesting. According to
• 11:45
  the authors, these space adapted viruses
• 11:47
  can be harnessed to engineer improved
• 11:49
  bacterial phages for use in human health
• 11:52
  applications.
• 11:53
  >> That's incredible. The International
• 11:55
  Space Station continues to prove its
• 11:57
  worth as a unique research platform.
• 11:59
  >> We'll do for a little while yet.
• 12:01
  >> All right, Avery. Let's travel to some
• 12:04
  distant star systems. Now, astronomers
• 12:07
  have discovered two new exoplanets that
• 12:09
  are prompting scientists to rethink how
• 12:12
  we define habitable zones.
• 12:14
  >> Yeah, this is really interesting work.
• 12:16
  The research introduces the concept of a
• 12:19
  temperate zone, which is broader than
• 12:21
  the traditional habitable zone we
• 12:22
  usually talk about.
• 12:24
  >> Can you explain the difference? I think
• 12:26
  a lot of people assume habitable zone
• 12:28
  and temperate mean the same thing.
• 12:30
  >> Good question. The traditional habitable
• 12:33
  zone is pretty narrowly defined. It's
• 12:35
  the distance range from a star where
• 12:37
  liquid water could exist on a planet's
• 12:39
  surface. But this new research led by
• 12:42
  Madison Scott from the University of
• 12:43
  Birmingham and Georgina Dansfield from
• 12:46
  the University of Oxford expands that to
• 12:48
  include what they call the tempered
• 12:50
  zone.
• 12:51
  >> And how is that defined? The tempered
• 12:54
  zone is defined by something called
• 12:56
  insulation flux, which describes the
• 12:58
  amount of solar energy reaching a
• 13:00
  planet's surface. They're using a range
• 13:02
  between about 136 watts per square meter
• 13:05
  and 6,85
• 13:07
  watts per square meter. Earth receives
• 13:10
  about 1,361
• 13:12
  watts per square meter, just for
• 13:14
  reference.
• 13:15
  >> So, it's much broader than the
• 13:16
  conservative habitable zone.
• 13:18
  >> Exactly. The point is to identify
• 13:20
  planets that receive moderate levels of
• 13:23
  stellar radiation. They might not be
• 13:25
  perfect for life as we know it, but
• 13:27
  they're worth studying because as our
• 13:29
  understanding of habitability evolves,
• 13:31
  some of these planets might turn out to
• 13:33
  be more interesting than we initially
• 13:34
  thought.
• 13:35
  >> So, what are these two new planets?
• 13:37
  >> The first is to 6716b,
• 13:41
  which is roughly Earth-sized between
• 13:43
  0.91 and 1.05 Earth radially
• 13:48
  rocky. The second is TOI7384b,
• 13:52
  which is a sub Neptune measuring about
• 13:54
  3.37 to 3.77 Earth radi. This one
• 13:59
  probably has a rocky core with a thick
• 14:01
  hydrogen and helium envelope.
• 14:03
  >> And they're both orbiting red dwarf
• 14:06
  stars.
• 14:07
  >> Correct. They're orbiting what are
• 14:08
  called mid to late type Mdorfs, which
• 14:11
  are small, dim, cool stars. These types
• 14:14
  of stars are really important for this
• 14:15
  kind of research because temperate
• 14:17
  planets orbiting them are much more
• 14:19
  likely to transit in front of their
• 14:21
  stars from our point of view, making
• 14:23
  them easier to detect and study.
• 14:25
  >> So, the goal is to build up a catalog of
• 14:27
  planets that we can actually study in
• 14:30
  detail.
• 14:31
  >> Exactly. TOI6716b
• 14:34
  has a predicted transmission
• 14:35
  spectroscopy metric similar to the
• 14:37
  famous Trappist one planets, which makes
• 14:40
  it a good candidate for JWST
• 14:42
  observations. if it has retained its
• 14:44
  atmosphere. The researchers conclude
• 14:46
  that these discoveries show the power of
• 14:48
  combining test data with groundbased
• 14:50
  observations to build a catalog of
• 14:52
  temperate planets for atmospheric
• 14:54
  studies in the coming decade.
• 14:56
  >> It's exciting to think we're moving
• 14:58
  beyond just counting exoplanets to
• 15:00
  actually being able to study their
• 15:02
  atmospheres in detail.
• 15:04
  >> And for our final story today, we're
• 15:06
  coming back home to our own galaxy.
• 15:08
  Astronomers in Australia have just
• 15:10
  released the most detailed low-frequency
• 15:12
  radio image of the Milky Way ever
• 15:14
  produced.
• 15:15
  >> This image is absolutely stunning. It
• 15:18
  was captured by the Merchesen Wildfield
• 15:20
  Telescope in Western Australia and
• 15:22
  reveals thousands of structures across
• 15:25
  the galaxy's southern sky that we've
• 15:27
  never seen in this kind of detail
• 15:29
  before.
• 15:30
  >> And the numbers behind this are pretty
• 15:32
  impressive. It took over 1 million CPU
• 15:34
  hours to process the data which was
• 15:36
  collected across 141 nights between 2013
• 15:40
  and 2020.
• 15:41
  >> And this isn't just a prettier version
• 15:43
  of something we already had, right? This
• 15:46
  is genuinely new science.
• 15:48
  >> Absolutely. According to the
• 15:50
  International Center for Radio Astronomy
• 15:52
  Research, this updated release from the
• 15:54
  Gleam X survey delivers twice the
• 15:57
  resolution and 10 times the sensitivity
• 15:59
  of earlier efforts. Plus, it covers
• 16:02
  twice as much of the sky.
• 16:03
  >> What kinds of things can we see in this
• 16:05
  image?
• 16:06
  >> Well, Sylvia Monttovani, a PhD student
• 16:09
  at Curtain University who led the
• 16:11
  project, explains you can clearly
• 16:13
  identify remnants of exploded stars
• 16:15
  represented by large red circles in the
• 16:18
  image. The smaller blue regions indicate
• 16:20
  stellar nurseries where new stars are
• 16:23
  actively forming.
• 16:24
  >> So, it's showing us both the birth and
• 16:27
  death of stars.
• 16:28
  >> Exactly. One of the major focuses of
• 16:31
  this survey is finding supernova
• 16:33
  remnants which are notoriously difficult
• 16:35
  to spot in the cluttered background of
• 16:36
  the Milky Way. Hundreds are already
• 16:39
  cataloged, but astronomers believe
• 16:41
  thousands more still hidden. With this
• 16:43
  new level of resolution, those cosmic
• 16:46
  scars from ancient stellar explosions
• 16:48
  are easier to identify.
• 16:50
  >> The image also helps with pulsar
• 16:52
  studies, doesn't it?
• 16:53
  >> Yes. Measuring pulsar brightness across
• 16:55
  different radio bands could improve our
• 16:58
  understanding of how these spinning
• 16:59
  neutron stars function and where they
• 17:01
  live in the galaxy. The survey has
• 17:04
  cataloged over 98,000 radio sources in
• 17:07
  total.
• 17:08
  >> That's an incredible number. And I read
• 17:10
  that this is setting the stage for an
• 17:12
  even more powerful telescope.
• 17:14
  >> Right. The Merchesen Wildfield Array
• 17:16
  will eventually be surpassed by the SKA
• 17:18
  Low Array, which is currently under
• 17:20
  construction in the same region of
• 17:22
  Western Australia. Once the SKA
• 17:24
  observatory is operational, it'll
• 17:26
  deliver even sharper and deeper views of
• 17:28
  the universe.
• 17:29
  >> But for now, we have this remarkable
• 17:32
  foundation. Associate Professor Natasha
• 17:34
  Hurley Walker, who leads the Gleam X
• 17:36
  survey, called this an exciting
• 17:38
  milestone in astronomy since no
• 17:41
  frequency radio image of the entire
• 17:43
  southern galactic plane has been
• 17:45
  published before.
• 17:46
  >> And it's not just about the Milky Way.
• 17:48
  The catalog includes distant galaxies as
• 17:50
  well. So, it's a dense, glowing map of
• 17:53
  our cosmic neighborhood that future
• 17:55
  generations of astronomers will use,
• 17:57
  refine, and expand upon.
• 17:59
  >> Well, that wraps up today's episode of
• 18:01
  Astronomy Daily. We covered quite a bit
• 18:03
  of ground today. From the first medical
• 18:05
  evacuation from the ISS to missing dwarf
• 18:08
  galaxies, a troubled Mars orbiter,
• 18:11
  viruses evolving in space, newly
• 18:13
  discovered exoplanets, and a spectacular
• 18:16
  new view of our home galaxy. It really
• 18:18
  shows the incredible breath of space
• 18:20
  science happening right now. Whether
• 18:22
  it's 300 m above our heads on the ISS,
• 18:25
  millions of miles away at Mars, or
• 18:27
  billions of light years away in the
• 18:29
  early universe, there's always something
• 18:31
  new to discover.
• 18:32
  >> Thanks so much for joining us today. If
• 18:35
  you enjoyed the show, please subscribe
• 18:36
  and leave us a review. It really helps
• 18:38
  other space enthusiasts find us.
• 18:41
  >> And if you have any questions or topics
• 18:42
  you'd like us to cover, reach out to us
• 18:44
  on social media. You'll find us on all
• 18:46
  the major platforms. Just search for
• 18:48
  Astro Daily Pod. We love hearing from
• 18:51
  our listeners.
• 18:52
  >> Until next time, keep looking up. Clear
• 18:54
  skies, everyone.
• 19:07
  Stories told.