Latest / Made of Stars / Straight Outta Columbus

Transcript

Straight Outta Columbus · Made of Stars

• 0:00
  Speaker 1: Warning. The following podcast contains an entertaining look at astronomy, physics,
• 0:04
  Speaker 1: and space news throughout the known universe. Listeners have been
• 0:07
  Speaker 1: known to learn about astronomical phenomenon, the scientific method, and
• 0:10
  Speaker 1: expanded vocabulary to include terms like quasar asterism and uranus. Listen,
• 0:15
  Speaker 1: that's your own risk. Go ahead.
• 0:22
  Speaker 2: When made of stars, made them stars, madies. When made
• 0:30
  Speaker 2: of stars, you could be from high they would new Mexicomas.
• 0:39
  Speaker 2: We're all stars when.
• 0:54
  Speaker 3: We are made of stars. I'm Wes Carol, joined by
• 0:57
  Speaker 3: my good friend, doctor Sean Cruise and a executive director
• 1:00
  Speaker 3: at Columbus State University's Coca Cola Space Science Center. Hey Sean, Hey,
• 1:05
  Speaker 3: we's good to be here today. We have some Artemis
• 1:09
  Speaker 3: three news. There was a point when we thought Artemis
• 1:13
  Speaker 3: three was going to be a very different mission. It
• 1:16
  Speaker 3: is now changed, obviously, and we have talked over the
• 1:19
  Speaker 3: past month about the fact that these changes have come
• 1:23
  Speaker 3: and this is now another test mission of sorts. But
• 1:27
  Speaker 3: what we've been waiting to hear, and this is the
• 1:30
  Speaker 3: mission before the mission, because this is this is our
• 1:33
  Speaker 3: Artemis three. They're going to go up do some docking
• 1:37
  Speaker 3: tests and things, and it's not without complications though, especially
• 1:42
  Speaker 3: due to some recent news. And then Artemis four will
• 1:45
  Speaker 3: be the one where people are gonna be walking around
• 1:47
  Speaker 3: on the Moon again. So before they can do that,
• 1:50
  Speaker 3: they got to do this test mission and a crew
• 1:52
  Speaker 3: has now been announced, and we've got some updates maybe
• 1:55
  Speaker 3: on a little bit more on what's going on there.
• 1:58
  Speaker 3: And I love the fact that we have a again
• 2:00
  Speaker 3: quasi local connection, which is very cool. We got Frank
• 2:05
  Speaker 3: Rubio back in, gonna be suiting up again, so this
• 2:10
  Speaker 3: is pretty exciting stuff. And he just we talked about
• 2:13
  Speaker 3: this in the past when he was he was stranded
• 2:17
  Speaker 3: before the stranded people, right, he kind of made it
• 2:21
  Speaker 3: cool again.
• 2:22
  Speaker 4: He was actually stranded, but Frank Rubio.
• 2:25
  Speaker 3: I was going to a baseball game. One of Luke's
• 2:29
  Speaker 3: very good friends and I were they were going to
• 2:34
  Speaker 3: a game. I was riding up with the two of
• 2:37
  Speaker 3: them and then this kid's dad and we were headed
• 2:40
  Speaker 3: to a Braves game in Atlanta and we were just
• 2:43
  Speaker 3: talking and he says something about Frank Rubio and he's like, yeah,
• 2:46
  Speaker 3: he used to go to my church here in Columbus,
• 2:49
  Speaker 3: and I was like, wait, what, Wait a minute. The
• 2:52
  Speaker 3: guy that's kind of like having to extend his stay
• 2:56
  Speaker 3: on the International Space Station. He's like, yeah, he used
• 2:58
  Speaker 3: to go to our church. So yeah, he was in
• 3:00
  Speaker 3: Columbus for a while and he's headed back up. He
• 3:05
  Speaker 3: is now going to be part of the Artemis legacy.
• 3:10
  Speaker 4: Frank Rubio was a surgeon at Fort Benning while he
• 3:15
  Speaker 4: was serving in the United States Army, and after that
• 3:19
  Speaker 4: joined the astronaut program and had the famous mission that
• 3:23
  Speaker 4: Wes was just talking about where he flew up on
• 3:26
  Speaker 4: a Russian soy used and then that same very same
• 3:28
  Speaker 4: Russian soy use, while hanging out attached to the International
• 3:32
  Speaker 4: Space Station minding its own business, got pelted by a
• 3:36
  Speaker 4: micro meteorite and lost all of its coolant and turned
• 3:39
  Speaker 4: into a giant fountain of ice connected to the space station.
• 3:42
  Speaker 4: That was pretty interesting. But then see they didn't have
• 3:46
  Speaker 4: a ride home, so yeah, they were stranded up there,
• 3:52
  Speaker 4: is the point. And now eventually they flew a different
• 3:55
  Speaker 4: soy used capsule up there that they were able to
• 3:56
  Speaker 4: come back home, but not before Frank Rubio broke the
• 4:00
  Speaker 4: United States duration record for single flight in space at
• 4:04
  Speaker 4: over a year, three hundred and seventy some days that
• 4:08
  Speaker 4: he spent up there aboard the International Space station more
• 4:10
  Speaker 4: than three hundred and sixty five, so more than a year.
• 4:13
  Speaker 4: And as I recall, Frank wasn't exactly happy about all
• 4:17
  Speaker 4: of that and missed some kind of important life circumstances,
• 4:21
  Speaker 4: like I think it's a couple of his children connections
• 4:24
  Speaker 4: to the military academies anyway, So there was some things
• 4:28
  Speaker 4: that Frank missed out on because he had to stay
• 4:30
  Speaker 4: for over a year when he thought he was only
• 4:32
  Speaker 4: going to be up there for six months. But apparently
• 4:35
  Speaker 4: that didn't prevent him from joining the Artemis program to
• 4:38
  Speaker 4: go all the way to the Moon potentially, But it
• 4:41
  Speaker 4: looks like he won't be doing that now because right
• 4:45
  Speaker 4: now he's one of the Artemis three astronauts. And again,
• 4:48
  Speaker 4: as Wes mentioned, they've kind of changed them. So for
• 4:52
  Speaker 4: years we talked about Artemis three. That was the mission
• 4:55
  Speaker 4: where we were going to put footprints on the surface
• 4:58
  Speaker 4: of the Moon. Okay, So then Jared Isiacman came in
• 5:03
  Speaker 4: as the head of a NASA and evaluated the current
• 5:07
  Speaker 4: state of the Artists program and said, no, wait a minute,
• 5:10
  Speaker 4: we really have untested lunar landers, and why in the
• 5:14
  Speaker 4: world would we want to test those in lunar orbit
• 5:19
  Speaker 4: rather than just doing that right here in orbit around
• 5:22
  Speaker 4: our own planet. So then a decision was made to
• 5:27
  Speaker 4: shift the mission of the Artemis three expedition and make
• 5:33
  Speaker 4: that all about testing lunar landers in Earth orbit to
• 5:37
  Speaker 4: make sure they're safe. This is actually what I think,
• 5:40
  Speaker 4: I like to call this a good idea, right, this
• 5:43
  Speaker 4: is a good idea. Let's do that, right, Even the
• 5:46
  Speaker 4: Apollo missions did that same thing.
• 5:50
  Speaker 3: So in just in talking about this and part of
• 5:52
  Speaker 3: why I brought it up, and now you've brought it
• 5:54
  Speaker 3: up again. And I know you can't know for certain
• 5:58
  Speaker 3: these guys would probably we know that the astronauts that
• 6:01
  Speaker 3: are going to be part of his team, But I mean,
• 6:07
  Speaker 3: it's hard not to wonder if this might have been
• 6:11
  Speaker 3: I don't It wouldn't have been the exact crew that
• 6:12
  Speaker 3: would have walked, because obviously we've been told that there
• 6:16
  Speaker 3: will be a woman walking on the Moon when when
• 6:18
  Speaker 3: we go back, so this wouldn't have been the exact crew. However,
• 6:24
  Speaker 3: you kind of wonder if if this is a one shot,
• 6:29
  Speaker 3: one opportunity that Rubio would have had to go to
• 6:32
  Speaker 3: the Moon, and now it's not going to happen. I
• 6:34
  Speaker 3: just when I heard his name, I was excited that
• 6:36
  Speaker 3: he's part of this, and I know he'll be happy
• 6:38
  Speaker 3: to be part of the Artemis legacy.
• 6:41
  Speaker 4: I think they just announced this crew June ninth, so
• 6:47
  Speaker 4: it's not like anybody had been assigned to Artemis three.
• 6:50
  Speaker 4: So no one had been assigned to Artemist three, well,
• 6:53
  Speaker 4: whether that was the Artemist three that was going to
• 6:54
  Speaker 4: go to the Moon or this one. Right, So when
• 6:57
  Speaker 4: they defined the mission of what needed to be done
• 7:00
  Speaker 4: for this mission, they picked the people that had the
• 7:04
  Speaker 4: skills to carry out this mission. And so in some
• 7:08
  Speaker 4: of the NASA publications that I was reading, they talked
• 7:11
  Speaker 4: about how these four astronauts were picked for their skills
• 7:16
  Speaker 4: applicable to this exact mission, right, and including things like
• 7:21
  Speaker 4: having a lot of spaceflight experience and being able to
• 7:24
  Speaker 4: dock vehicles in orbit and things like that. Right, So
• 7:27
  Speaker 4: these people really were selected for what needed to be
• 7:31
  Speaker 4: done here. It also doesn't exclude them from later going
• 7:36
  Speaker 4: to the moon. Right, there's still Artemis astronauts, still an
• 7:39
  Speaker 4: Artemis program. You know, this is politics. We don't like
• 7:44
  Speaker 4: to talk about politics too much, but there's a lot
• 7:47
  Speaker 4: of noise out there about no females. Why are there
• 7:49
  Speaker 4: no females on this crew. Well, one could suggest, hey,
• 7:53
  Speaker 4: because there are no females on this crew, they're saving
• 7:55
  Speaker 4: the females in the Artemis program for maybe actually going
• 7:58
  Speaker 4: to the Moon, which in some pr sense feels like
• 8:02
  Speaker 4: a higher profile mission. I think this is very likely
• 8:05
  Speaker 4: true that all of these astronauts are selected on the
• 8:09
  Speaker 4: basis in part that they're willing to jump in and
• 8:13
  Speaker 4: play any role needed to be played to make the
• 8:16
  Speaker 4: whole set of missions, the whole program a success. And
• 8:21
  Speaker 4: so any role you get to play, you know, you're
• 8:25
  Speaker 4: playing an important role, a vital role. And so these people, yeah,
• 8:29
  Speaker 4: they're not scheduled on this flight to go to the Moon,
• 8:32
  Speaker 4: but they are selected to play a vital role in
• 8:35
  Speaker 4: getting humans back to the Moon, which basically can't do
• 8:38
  Speaker 4: that without doing this first. By the way, we haven't
• 8:41
  Speaker 4: said the names of the other flyers.
• 8:42
  Speaker 3: I was just going to say, we don't have a
• 8:44
  Speaker 3: woman in the crew, but we don't have a Canadian
• 8:46
  Speaker 3: this time either, but we do have an Italian.
• 8:49
  Speaker 4: Yeah, so Italy's right next to Canada, So so we
• 8:53
  Speaker 4: just chose the next country over, which is Italy.
• 8:56
  Speaker 3: It's an easy little hop.
• 9:00
  Speaker 4: Okay, if you're a first time listener of the podcast,
• 9:03
  Speaker 4: I say things like this for comedy value, not because
• 9:05
  Speaker 4: I don't know geography. So yeah, European Space Agency astronaut
• 9:10
  Speaker 4: Luca Parmitano, a colonel in the Italian Air Force and
• 9:14
  Speaker 4: a very famous International Space Station astronaut who's had all
• 9:19
  Speaker 4: kinds of adventures and experience and seems to be a
• 9:22
  Speaker 4: genuinely amazing guy, was picked as the pilot for this mission.
• 9:27
  Speaker 4: So there's some flying experience there, right, pilot for this
• 9:31
  Speaker 4: mission chosen for the skills is the important part, right.
• 9:35
  Speaker 4: The commander of the mission is also a flyer. It's
• 9:39
  Speaker 4: Randy Bresnik, who is a Marine Corps aviator and has
• 9:44
  Speaker 4: worked not only as an astronaut at NASA, already been
• 9:47
  Speaker 4: on some NASA missions, but has also worked in the
• 9:49
  Speaker 4: NASA Astronaut Office, which that's the group, the organization that
• 9:53
  Speaker 4: helped make some of these decisions about who gets selected.
• 9:56
  Speaker 4: And then of course our friend, not really our friend,
• 9:59
  Speaker 4: but we all of our friend, Frank Rubio. And then finally,
• 10:03
  Speaker 4: the last member of the team is Andre Douglas, who
• 10:06
  Speaker 4: will be a first time space flyer, but a has
• 10:09
  Speaker 4: been a service member in the Coastguard as well, as
• 10:13
  Speaker 4: he was a member of the Artemis two crew, he
• 10:17
  Speaker 4: was the backup member, right, so still part of the crew.
• 10:22
  Speaker 4: You have to have backup members as it turns out
• 10:24
  Speaker 4: too so, so even though he hasn't been to space yet,
• 10:27
  Speaker 4: Andre Douglas served as a member of the Artemists two
• 10:29
  Speaker 4: crew in case somebody got sick at the last minute,
• 10:32
  Speaker 4: he would have jumped in and filled that spot. Now
• 10:34
  Speaker 4: they have a backup crewman on this mission as well.
• 10:38
  Speaker 4: So the Artemis three backup crew member is Bob Hines,
• 10:42
  Speaker 4: and he would be he's training right along with the team,
• 10:46
  Speaker 4: so there's really a five member team training, so he's
• 10:48
  Speaker 4: learning all the same things that all the other ones
• 10:51
  Speaker 4: are learning. In case somebody gets sick at the last minute,
• 10:54
  Speaker 4: he's the fill in. He's the you know, the person
• 10:57
  Speaker 4: who will know enough to be able to step in
• 11:00
  Speaker 4: and fill in any of those roles in case an
• 11:03
  Speaker 4: illness or some kind of a family emergency or something
• 11:05
  Speaker 4: like that were to occur.
• 11:08
  Speaker 3: So again, this is going to be a test. They're
• 11:11
  Speaker 3: going to go up, they're going to be working with
• 11:13
  Speaker 3: a docking and things, so very much a technical kind
• 11:17
  Speaker 3: of mission, and it will serve also as a bit
• 11:21
  Speaker 3: of a filler to keep some of this excitement momentum
• 11:24
  Speaker 3: going before ultimately Artemis four.
• 11:27
  Speaker 4: Yeah, So there are a lot of things about the
• 11:30
  Speaker 4: Artemis three mission that are important, as you say that
• 11:33
  Speaker 4: right there, keeping the launch cadence up. We want to
• 11:36
  Speaker 4: launch SLS as often as we can so we understand
• 11:39
  Speaker 4: how that rocket behaves. We want to have as much
• 11:42
  Speaker 4: time on O Ryan as we can. This mission does
• 11:45
  Speaker 4: both of those things, it just does it in Earth orbit.
• 11:49
  Speaker 4: The other thing is there's going to be some other experiments.
• 11:52
  Speaker 4: They're actually taking some scientific payloads. They'll be studying Earth
• 11:56
  Speaker 4: atmosphere and doing some other kinds of work that are
• 12:00
  Speaker 4: scientific work while they're in orbit. So it's not just
• 12:03
  Speaker 4: a bunch of you know, like how does this hook
• 12:05
  Speaker 4: to that? And you know, as you said, it kind
• 12:08
  Speaker 4: of a mechanical or technical mission, but let's let's make
• 12:12
  Speaker 4: sure we understand that that is the most important part.
• 12:15
  Speaker 4: So the most important part of this mission is is
• 12:17
  Speaker 4: that technical aspect. Not only can we dock successfully the
• 12:23
  Speaker 4: Orion spacecraft to these lunar landers, but can the lunar
• 12:27
  Speaker 4: landers themselves launch successfully get to Earth orbit where the
• 12:32
  Speaker 4: docking can take place, and then how do they behave
• 12:36
  Speaker 4: how do they behave as a spacecraft actually an orbit
• 12:39
  Speaker 4: attached to another NASA vehicle. That's got to happen in
• 12:42
  Speaker 4: the orbit around the Moon. And so we'll be testing
• 12:45
  Speaker 4: that in orbit around the Earth first, because it's just
• 12:49
  Speaker 4: easier to get back home or to send up a
• 12:52
  Speaker 4: rescue mission or all those kinds of things if we're
• 12:54
  Speaker 4: in Earth orbit and something goes wrong, as opposed to
• 12:57
  Speaker 4: being all the way out at the distance of the
• 12:59
  Speaker 4: Moon something going wrong.
• 13:01
  Speaker 3: So these ISS veterans that will be part of this
• 13:04
  Speaker 3: mission will have to get used to a much smaller
• 13:07
  Speaker 3: vehicle to orbit the Earth.
• 13:08
  Speaker 2: Then.
• 13:09
  Speaker 4: Yeah, they were up there, you know, in an RV
• 13:12
  Speaker 4: in space before. Yeah, you know, this is kind of
• 13:14
  Speaker 4: like being in a Fiat or you know, I don't know,
• 13:18
  Speaker 4: maybe it's unfair to pick on Fiat, but I try
• 13:20
  Speaker 4: to pick on Fiat whenever I can.
• 13:22
  Speaker 3: Yeah.
• 13:23
  Speaker 4: I actually owned at one time a Ford Fiesta m hm.
• 13:27
  Speaker 4: So this would be like going from you know, a
• 13:29
  Speaker 4: giant Winnebago or some some brand of RV down to
• 13:33
  Speaker 4: my Ford Fiesta. So it's a much tighter space than
• 13:36
  Speaker 4: the ISS astronauts have had before.
• 13:38
  Speaker 3: How many times in that fiesta. Do you feel like
• 13:40
  Speaker 3: you were partying, like just driving it around? Did it
• 13:43
  Speaker 3: feel Did it feel like a fiesta?
• 13:44
  Speaker 4: Most times it was a non stop rolling party. I
• 13:47
  Speaker 4: had this car in high school and in my early
• 13:50
  Speaker 4: college days, so yeah, it was it was a rolling party.
• 13:53
  Speaker 4: I will tell you that I was driving along a
• 13:56
  Speaker 4: windy stretch of prairie in the Great State of Colorado,
• 13:59
  Speaker 4: and it was a windy day and I have my
• 14:01
  Speaker 4: left knee against the driver's side door and I could
• 14:04
  Speaker 4: feel the wind blowing the door it. I don't know
• 14:09
  Speaker 4: if the astronauts aboard the Orion spacecraft have that sensation,
• 14:12
  Speaker 4: but I did. In my Ford Fiesta.
• 14:15
  Speaker 3: I had a convertible truck that did not seal up properly,
• 14:19
  Speaker 3: so when it rained, I would often get wet. So,
• 14:21
  Speaker 3: you know, I mean, we're not really having a competition
• 14:24
  Speaker 3: here on it. But Jill likes to remind me that
• 14:26
  Speaker 3: I used to drive that and you know, it was
• 14:30
  Speaker 3: like an aquarium and they're sometimes driving around.
• 14:32
  Speaker 4: It's important to recollect back on these phases of life.
• 14:35
  Speaker 4: It is as we mature and as we get comfortable
• 14:39
  Speaker 4: and as we say huh, well, at least I'm not
• 14:41
  Speaker 4: doing that anymore. Right, it's kind of important.
• 14:43
  Speaker 3: It is, it is important. More made of stars right
• 14:47
  Speaker 3: after this, well, speaking of the ISS, we have an
• 15:11
  Speaker 3: ISS story today because and this has been like a thing.
• 15:16
  Speaker 3: It's not like a brand new like oh my gosh. Now, uh,
• 15:20
  Speaker 3: there's a leak involved because we were just talking about
• 15:23
  Speaker 3: the problems that they were having when when Frank Rubio
• 15:26
  Speaker 3: was stuck there. But leaking air, that's a bad thing
• 15:33
  Speaker 3: to leak. When it's a you know, habitat that people
• 15:36
  Speaker 3: have to live in. They need air.
• 15:38
  Speaker 4: Really don't want to leak air out of your pretty
• 15:41
  Speaker 4: much ever.
• 15:41
  Speaker 3: It's on that list of things you need to survive.
• 15:44
  Speaker 3: And you know, when you're in this Winnebago floating around
• 15:47
  Speaker 3: in space. Uh, you know, air is important for for
• 15:50
  Speaker 3: everyone involved. So they and we can say this kind
• 15:54
  Speaker 3: of like, oh, it's important all that, but no, they
• 15:56
  Speaker 3: they had to take some security measures in this.
• 15:59
  Speaker 4: There's some intentional aspects of this that make the story
• 16:03
  Speaker 4: kind of exciting. You know, if you're venting air on
• 16:06
  Speaker 4: purpose out of your spaceship, maybe that's okay. But if
• 16:10
  Speaker 4: it's just leaking, if you're using the word leak for
• 16:14
  Speaker 4: your air in a spaceship, that's always bad. That's pretty
• 16:20
  Speaker 4: much always bad thing.
• 16:21
  Speaker 3: How just for curiosity, how bad does taco night have
• 16:26
  Speaker 3: to be on the International Space Station before they have
• 16:28
  Speaker 3: to start venting air out of it? Because that's the
• 16:31
  Speaker 3: only reason I can think of to go, we got
• 16:33
  Speaker 3: to let some air out of this thing.
• 16:35
  Speaker 4: So there's taco Night. There's also certain other food items
• 16:38
  Speaker 4: that the astronauts themselves requested NASA please never send this
• 16:42
  Speaker 4: up again, and seafood gumbo apparently was one of those.
• 16:46
  Speaker 4: You can imagine like the connection there.
• 16:49
  Speaker 3: Yeah, I would think some of those Russian sausages might
• 16:52
  Speaker 3: might cause some complications at times, but you know, well, and.
• 16:55
  Speaker 4: That's the problem is that it's not it's a shared
• 16:58
  Speaker 4: air space. Yeah, so we don't have American air versus
• 17:02
  Speaker 4: Russian air. You just have air and everybody needs it
• 17:07
  Speaker 4: on both sides of the you know, it's like two
• 17:09
  Speaker 4: independent nations linked up up there, but everybody needs the
• 17:13
  Speaker 4: same air and so there's only one air up there
• 17:17
  Speaker 4: that they're sharing. And apparently the leak is in the
• 17:21
  Speaker 4: Russian zvez the service module. Now, if you just go
• 17:26
  Speaker 4: back and scan news stories, you'll realize reasonably quickly that
• 17:30
  Speaker 4: the ISS has been a little bit of a leaky
• 17:33
  Speaker 4: bus on more than one occasion, and some of those
• 17:37
  Speaker 4: occasions even got really kind of exciting. That looked like,
• 17:40
  Speaker 4: you know, drill holes were intentionally drilled in certain parts
• 17:43
  Speaker 4: of spaceships and made leaks. Anyway, well, we won't go
• 17:47
  Speaker 4: down that rabbit hole. But but the idea is that
• 17:49
  Speaker 4: it's not the first time, certainly that the ISS has
• 17:53
  Speaker 4: had air leaks. But now remember to make the Winnebago
• 17:57
  Speaker 4: analogy again. This is a thirty year old win a bagel, right,
• 18:02
  Speaker 4: This this thing's been up there a while a good
• 18:06
  Speaker 4: amount of time, and it's it's an aging spacecraft. And sadly,
• 18:12
  Speaker 4: it looks like cracks are actually forming in the Vezda
• 18:17
  Speaker 4: module as well as possibly other places aboard the vehicle.
• 18:21
  Speaker 4: But but cracks in your spaceship that are big enough
• 18:25
  Speaker 4: to leak air, well that's not good. That's not good
• 18:30
  Speaker 4: at all. So so the Russian cosmonauts have been doing
• 18:32
  Speaker 4: an evaluation of these cracks and suggesting some repairs. And
• 18:36
  Speaker 4: it turns out that when you're repairing a cracked part
• 18:40
  Speaker 4: of your spaceship that may mean it's getting a bit
• 18:42
  Speaker 4: brittle and old. And you know, I don't know, if
• 18:45
  Speaker 4: you can dry rotten space. But there's you know, there's
• 18:47
  Speaker 4: some structural problems. And so when the when the Russian
• 18:52
  Speaker 4: crew came back and said, yeah, what we're gonna have
• 18:54
  Speaker 4: to do is we're gonna have to remove this bracket
• 18:56
  Speaker 4: because it's kind of in the way for us to
• 18:58
  Speaker 4: be able to fix the leak. NASA basically said, wait,
• 19:03
  Speaker 4: you're moving what, Well, it's a bracket. Well doesn't that
• 19:07
  Speaker 4: bracket actually support the structure of the vehicle. Well, yes,
• 19:12
  Speaker 4: but it should be safe to take it off. NASA said, no,
• 19:16
  Speaker 4: that may or may not be true. We don't know.
• 19:19
  Speaker 4: So if you're gonna perform that repair, we're going to
• 19:22
  Speaker 4: evac all of our NASA astronauts into the Dragons space
• 19:26
  Speaker 4: capsule and we're gonna have them wait there where there
• 19:30
  Speaker 4: can be purely American air inside that vehicle, sealed off
• 19:34
  Speaker 4: from the rest of the ISS ready to go home
• 19:37
  Speaker 4: if things go really bad. So, if you're gonna make
• 19:40
  Speaker 4: that repair, that's what we're gonna do with our astronauts.
• 19:43
  Speaker 4: And they actually did evact them last Friday morning. The
• 19:47
  Speaker 4: decision was made. They moved all of Crew twelve back
• 19:51
  Speaker 4: to their Dragon capsule. Now here's the problem. There's enough
• 19:55
  Speaker 4: seats for all the crew twelve people, but there's another
• 19:59
  Speaker 4: member of there, Chris Williams. Chris Williams, another astronaut, flew
• 20:04
  Speaker 4: up to space with the Russians, so he doesn't really
• 20:07
  Speaker 4: have a seat on that Dragon capsule, the crew twelve
• 20:09
  Speaker 4: Dragon capsule. But they just threw him in anyway. They
• 20:12
  Speaker 4: just said, no, just cram in there. Just get in that,
• 20:15
  Speaker 4: you know, crammed position beneath the seats, because if this
• 20:19
  Speaker 4: goes bad, we want to make sure you're in a
• 20:21
  Speaker 4: vehicle that we know we can return home safely. Also, Wes,
• 20:26
  Speaker 4: I don't know about you, but that all sounds like
• 20:28
  Speaker 4: uncomfortable collaboration, right, That doesn't sound anyway. So when that happened,
• 20:36
  Speaker 4: then the Russian Space Agency said, well, wait a minute,
• 20:40
  Speaker 4: perhaps we should work with our brethren at NASA and
• 20:43
  Speaker 4: maybe gather some more data on the leaks and the
• 20:47
  Speaker 4: proper repair methods before we go leaping into removing brackets
• 20:51
  Speaker 4: that structurally support the Vezda module, which is basically like
• 20:55
  Speaker 4: a tunnel to move back and forth between the two
• 20:59
  Speaker 4: components of space station. And so so why don't we
• 21:02
  Speaker 4: go ahead and gather some more data, and and so,
• 21:04
  Speaker 4: you know, a statement on the website that I was reading,
• 21:07
  Speaker 4: which is a story from Space Daily dot com said, quote,
• 21:11
  Speaker 4: NASA strongly supported the decision to collect more information before
• 21:15
  Speaker 4: moving ahead. Unquote, So there you're having. We're now kind
• 21:20
  Speaker 4: of in this paused phase where they're gathering more information.
• 21:24
  Speaker 4: They're trying to figure out the best way to move forward,
• 21:26
  Speaker 4: working with their NASA partners now and so normal operations
• 21:31
  Speaker 4: have resumed on the space station, but the space station's
• 21:35
  Speaker 4: losing you know, pounds of air at a time. So yeah,
• 21:41
  Speaker 4: it's it's something they definitely need to get fixed and
• 21:43
  Speaker 4: get taken care of.
• 21:46
  Speaker 3: I know this is asking a very technical question, but
• 21:50
  Speaker 3: it seems to me like losing pounds of air over
• 21:53
  Speaker 3: periods of time, like short periods of time, period of time,
• 21:59
  Speaker 3: how do they replace that? Like, how does that work?
• 22:03
  Speaker 3: They have to send up like balloons, what do they
• 22:05
  Speaker 3: got to do? How they got to refill that?
• 22:09
  Speaker 4: So fortunately, they think of these things ahead of time,
• 22:13
  Speaker 4: and they send up more air than they actually need
• 22:17
  Speaker 4: to pressurize properly the interior of the space station. So
• 22:21
  Speaker 4: there are tanks on the outside that are supplying the
• 22:24
  Speaker 4: extra air needed, and one can imagine. Oh, by the way,
• 22:28
  Speaker 4: the exact number is half a pound of pressure per day,
• 22:33
  Speaker 4: So that's three and a half pounds per week.
• 22:36
  Speaker 3: That doesn't seem like a lot here on earth.
• 22:39
  Speaker 4: Oh, I don't know, Man's it seems.
• 22:41
  Speaker 1: Like a lot.
• 22:42
  Speaker 3: It seems like a lot there half a pound of air.
• 22:47
  Speaker 4: Anyway. The point is they have reserve tanks and they're
• 22:51
  Speaker 4: repressurizing the interior. However, those reserve tanks are finite to
• 22:55
  Speaker 4: your point, and so you just don't want to be
• 22:59
  Speaker 4: leaking this is a larger than normal leak or a
• 23:02
  Speaker 4: larger than previous leak. You don't want to be leaking
• 23:05
  Speaker 4: pounds of air per week off into space in a
• 23:08
  Speaker 4: non controlled way for any kind of length of time.
• 23:13
  Speaker 4: So they do need to go ahead and execute the
• 23:16
  Speaker 4: maneuvers to fix it. They probably need to send up
• 23:18
  Speaker 4: some new air tanks at some point. All of these
• 23:22
  Speaker 4: things need to happen.
• 23:23
  Speaker 3: You know, because you can't just fill the whole thing
• 23:25
  Speaker 3: up with fix a flat. You know, that's not gonna help.
• 23:28
  Speaker 3: Those people have to be in there flex seal.
• 23:32
  Speaker 4: I was in flex seal in option.
• 23:34
  Speaker 3: That's right. I bet that would be an amazing flex
• 23:37
  Speaker 3: seal ad that would work. So we're gonna.
• 23:40
  Speaker 4: See the guy in the boat going, wait a minute,
• 23:42
  Speaker 4: have you tried our new and whatever that is product and.
• 23:47
  Speaker 3: Floating around outside, like, all right, let's spray this all
• 23:50
  Speaker 3: over the outside and see what we can do.
• 23:52
  Speaker 4: We drilled these holes intentionally into the International Space Station
• 23:57
  Speaker 4: so we could show you how flex seal or whatever you.
• 24:00
  Speaker 3: Know, screen door on a submarine deal yep, let's talk
• 24:05
  Speaker 3: about gravitational waves and like we're getting better at finding them,
• 24:11
  Speaker 3: and when you get better at finding something, then you
• 24:13
  Speaker 3: find more of them.
• 24:16
  Speaker 4: Did that count as a product endorsement? By the way, No,
• 24:19
  Speaker 4: I neither can confirm nor deny whether flex Seal would
• 24:23
  Speaker 4: fill holes in the International.
• 24:24
  Speaker 3: Space Listen, I'm gonna tell you this. You you can
• 24:27
  Speaker 3: dodge the endorsements if you want. I can indorse it, man,
• 24:31
  Speaker 3: I have. I have made flex Seal work for me.
• 24:35
  Speaker 3: There's no there's no there's no compensation for it. I'm
• 24:38
  Speaker 3: just telling you for a fact, flex Seal has has
• 24:42
  Speaker 3: done me well over the years and a number of scenarios.
• 24:45
  Speaker 3: So if only I had I was just thinking, if
• 24:48
  Speaker 3: only I had it when I had my truck, and
• 24:51
  Speaker 3: that was an option I might have been able to
• 24:53
  Speaker 3: keep some of the you know, fish out of the
• 24:56
  Speaker 3: floor of the truck that were swimming around in my aquarium.
• 25:00
  Speaker 3: But yeah, no it's not it's not technically an endorsement,
• 25:04
  Speaker 3: but I would happily endorse the folks at flex Seal.
• 25:07
  Speaker 3: I'm just saying they've done me well.
• 25:10
  Speaker 4: I don't think we get the full manifestos of everything
• 25:13
  Speaker 4: that's sent to space. Do you think they have some
• 25:15
  Speaker 4: flex Seal up.
• 25:16
  Speaker 3: There or some version of it. There may be a
• 25:19
  Speaker 3: NASA grade version of it. That's just a step and
• 25:22
  Speaker 3: I'd love to get my hands on that because I'm
• 25:24
  Speaker 3: telling you the stuff we have here on Earth, it's
• 25:30
  Speaker 3: been a lifesaver a couple of times for me.
• 25:32
  Speaker 4: Lined out of space age materials by engineers at NASA.
• 25:37
  Speaker 3: Can you imagine, So you know, I just you know,
• 25:41
  Speaker 3: every now and then, it's nice to have it around
• 25:43
  Speaker 3: when you need it, and it is come in handy
• 25:46
  Speaker 3: a few times.
• 25:48
  Speaker 4: So there's one hole you can't fill with flex seal,
• 25:50
  Speaker 4: and that's a black hole.
• 25:51
  Speaker 3: Here you go, well done.
• 25:53
  Speaker 4: There was a transition for you, right it is. I
• 25:54
  Speaker 4: love it, Thank you, Thank you all be here all
• 25:57
  Speaker 4: week anyway. So gravitational waves, friends, are not a form
• 26:02
  Speaker 4: of electromagnetic radiation. They're literally a ripple in the fabric
• 26:07
  Speaker 4: of space time. And it was only just a few
• 26:11
  Speaker 4: years ago that we, for the first time ever as humanity,
• 26:14
  Speaker 4: were able to detect these ripples through the fabric of
• 26:19
  Speaker 4: the space time continuum with an instrument called the interferometer
• 26:23
  Speaker 4: of Gravitational Wave Observatory. We know that better as LIGO. Okay,
• 26:29
  Speaker 4: so that's the setup. Here's the rest of the story.
• 26:33
  Speaker 4: Over the years, the astronomers have gotten better at using
• 26:37
  Speaker 4: not only the LIGO instrument here in the United States,
• 26:41
  Speaker 4: but also a similar kind of instrument called VIRGO, which
• 26:45
  Speaker 4: is an Italian gravitational wave interferometer, and then something called
• 26:49
  Speaker 4: the KAGRA the Commioki gravitational wave detector in Japan. Now,
• 26:56
  Speaker 4: if you have a multi instrument approach like this, you
• 27:00
  Speaker 4: can get better and better at detecting these ripples in
• 27:04
  Speaker 4: the fabric of space time. But a question might be,
• 27:06
  Speaker 4: wait a minute, what makes these ripples in the fabric
• 27:09
  Speaker 4: of what kind of an event is so powerful? They
• 27:13
  Speaker 4: can actually pluck the fabric of space time in a
• 27:17
  Speaker 4: way that a ripple a wave will travel across the
• 27:20
  Speaker 4: Cosmos and arrive here at the planet Earth in enough
• 27:24
  Speaker 4: intensity that we can measure it. I'm very glad you
• 27:27
  Speaker 4: asked that question.
• 27:29
  Speaker 3: I was just it was in the chamber. I was
• 27:31
  Speaker 3: ready to say it. You just took the words out
• 27:34
  Speaker 3: of my mouth.
• 27:35
  Speaker 4: So the answer is black holes merging black two big
• 27:40
  Speaker 4: black holes running into each other is enough of an
• 27:44
  Speaker 4: event that it can cause an energetic enough phenomenon that's
• 27:50
  Speaker 4: a gravitational phenomenon that it can cause these waves to
• 27:54
  Speaker 4: travel in such a way that we can measure them.
• 27:56
  Speaker 4: And now that we have multiple of these instruments online,
• 28:00
  Speaker 4: now that we've been collecting data for a long time,
• 28:03
  Speaker 4: astronomers are just getting better at being able to detect
• 28:06
  Speaker 4: these gravitational wave signals, which is helping us to learn
• 28:10
  Speaker 4: more and more about the actual black holes that form
• 28:13
  Speaker 4: them in the first place. So we've just had a
• 28:16
  Speaker 4: new study come out with astronomers capturing signals between April
• 28:20
  Speaker 4: twenty twenty four and January of twenty twenty five using
• 28:23
  Speaker 4: this three instrument technique that we just chatted about, and
• 28:28
  Speaker 4: they are finding more and more black holes. There's been
• 28:31
  Speaker 4: kind of a surge in gravitational wave detections due to
• 28:35
  Speaker 4: merging black holes. So Daniel Williams from the University of
• 28:39
  Speaker 4: Glasgow in the UK says it this way. Quote, we're
• 28:43
  Speaker 4: now detecting so many of these signals that we're not
• 28:46
  Speaker 4: just learning about individual collisions. It's the astronomical equivalent of
• 28:51
  Speaker 4: uncovering an ancient civilization. The quote goes on to say
• 28:57
  Speaker 4: the new results are like finding a previously undiscovered horde,
• 29:01
  Speaker 4: revealing not just individual lives, but the structure of an
• 29:05
  Speaker 4: entire lost world. Unquote from Daniel Williams, University of Glasgow.
• 29:11
  Speaker 4: First of all, if you can speak like that, if
• 29:13
  Speaker 4: you can come up with those kinds of terms of phrase,
• 29:18
  Speaker 4: you should be quoted in these kinds of publications. By
• 29:20
  Speaker 4: the way, this is from a story in Sky in
• 29:21
  Speaker 4: Telescope magazine, we had of another quote from another individual
• 29:26
  Speaker 4: named Ian Harry. Ian Harry works at the University of
• 29:29
  Speaker 4: Portsmouth and he says this about these gems of hidden
• 29:34
  Speaker 4: data in these signals. Quote, there is a fraction of
• 29:38
  Speaker 4: binary black hole systems where at least one of the
• 29:41
  Speaker 4: black hole appears to have formed from a previous merger
• 29:46
  Speaker 4: of two smaller black holes, as opposed to being formed
• 29:50
  Speaker 4: directly from the first merger of a supernova. So this
• 29:54
  Speaker 4: kind of object is called a second generation black hole unquote.
• 30:00
  Speaker 4: And so the interesting thing is they're able to tell
• 30:05
  Speaker 4: based on the masses that they can calculate from the
• 30:08
  Speaker 4: gravitational waves for the black holes that collided. And also
• 30:12
  Speaker 4: they're unusual and sometimes even backwards or retrograde spin that
• 30:18
  Speaker 4: these objects have collided in the past. Where do they
• 30:22
  Speaker 4: get the data to sort all that out? That data
• 30:25
  Speaker 4: is embedded in these newly detected gravitational waves coming into
• 30:30
  Speaker 4: the planet Earth. That is a new technology that's barely
• 30:35
  Speaker 4: a decade old. So this is really something amazing that
• 30:40
  Speaker 4: we're able to tell about the history and distribution and
• 30:45
  Speaker 4: life cycle of black holes based on gathering data from space,
• 30:50
  Speaker 4: not from electromagnetic radiation or light, but now from gravitational
• 30:54
  Speaker 4: waves in the first for the first time in human history,
• 30:58
  Speaker 4: which is pretty pretty spectacular.
• 30:59
  Speaker 3: More made of stars. Right after this, they have found
• 31:25
  Speaker 3: a meteorite in the Sahara Desert, and I guess there's
• 31:30
  Speaker 3: evidence that this could be a marsized planet from you know,
• 31:36
  Speaker 3: the beginning of our time, at least in the Solar System.
• 31:40
  Speaker 3: So yeah, what's the story on this meteorite and how
• 31:43
  Speaker 3: do they know how big it could have been when
• 31:48
  Speaker 3: it was still a planet.
• 31:50
  Speaker 4: So there are many rocks from space that fall to
• 31:55
  Speaker 4: Earth and get recovered. We know these as meteorites, and
• 32:00
  Speaker 4: a vast majority of them are perfectly happy and well
• 32:03
  Speaker 4: adjusted in their life. But a few of them are
• 32:06
  Speaker 4: actually angrites. So we have to talk about the angrites.
• 32:12
  Speaker 4: I think you find them mostly on social media, these angrates.
• 32:17
  Speaker 3: I have my angrite moments. I can tell.
• 32:19
  Speaker 4: You, Okay, there.
• 32:21
  Speaker 3: I get the more I seem to have them.
• 32:25
  Speaker 4: Well, apparently, in addition to the social media angrites, there
• 32:29
  Speaker 4: are also a geological classification known as an angrite, and
• 32:34
  Speaker 4: an angrit in the geological classification is an extremely rare
• 32:37
  Speaker 4: type of meteorite that has certain characteristics. It happens to
• 32:43
  Speaker 4: be very silica poor. In other words, it does not
• 32:48
  Speaker 4: have a high silica content, and it means that the
• 32:52
  Speaker 4: lack of this silica or silica silicon dioxide, which comprises
• 32:58
  Speaker 4: the majority of raw on both the surface of the
• 33:01
  Speaker 4: Earth and the surface of Mars, means that it probably
• 33:04
  Speaker 4: didn't come from the surface of another planet. So where
• 33:08
  Speaker 4: did this angrite come from? Well, a brand new analysis
• 33:14
  Speaker 4: of a meteorite called NWA twelve seven seventy four. And
• 33:22
  Speaker 4: by the way, before we go on, let's just say
• 33:24
  Speaker 4: NWA stands for Northwest Africa.
• 33:29
  Speaker 3: Not the hip hop group, not the hip hop group
• 33:32
  Speaker 3: that was different.
• 33:34
  Speaker 4: And also not just any place in Northwest Africa, but
• 33:39
  Speaker 4: the Sahara Desert itself. So this object was discovered in
• 33:45
  Speaker 4: the in twenty nineteen in the Sahara Desert.
• 33:48
  Speaker 3: Straight out of Compton, NWA.
• 33:52
  Speaker 4: And so in the right hand sector of one of
• 33:55
  Speaker 4: the faces of this meteorite, it has, by the way,
• 34:00
  Speaker 4: before I go on, not tied to anything West. Just said,
• 34:03
  Speaker 4: the meteorite happens to be very black in color. It's
• 34:07
  Speaker 4: a very dark surface structure, which a lot of meteorites
• 34:12
  Speaker 4: are actually but it embedded in that very dark structure
• 34:15
  Speaker 4: is a bright green gemstone known as olivine. And so
• 34:23
  Speaker 4: there is an olivine inclusion in this angrate meteorite discovered
• 34:30
  Speaker 4: in the Sahara Desert back in twenty nineteen. And now
• 34:34
  Speaker 4: a new piece of research from the University of Colorado,
• 34:37
  Speaker 4: Boulder has discovered something very important about the overall structure
• 34:43
  Speaker 4: of this meteorite. First of all, First of all, the
• 34:48
  Speaker 4: pressure necessary to form this particular rock had to be
• 34:54
  Speaker 4: at seventeen point five kilobars of pressure. Now, okay, that's
• 34:58
  Speaker 4: not a number that everybody knows what that means. But
• 35:02
  Speaker 4: understand this. There's a lot of pressure at the bottom
• 35:07
  Speaker 4: of the ocean in the Marianas Trench, that's about one
• 35:12
  Speaker 4: kill a bar. So at the deepest place in Earth's
• 35:18
  Speaker 4: ocean it's only about one kill a bar of pressure.
• 35:22
  Speaker 4: This is seventeen times that, and so this is extraordinarily
• 35:28
  Speaker 4: more pressure than we have basically anywhere in the crust
• 35:32
  Speaker 4: of the Earth. So not only did this rock have
• 35:38
  Speaker 4: to be processed in that very high pressure, that then
• 35:41
  Speaker 4: tells us that it had to be a fairly large
• 35:44
  Speaker 4: planet whose gravity can even generate that kind of pressure
• 35:48
  Speaker 4: in order to crush the minerals that they see down
• 35:52
  Speaker 4: into these states where we understand that it was a
• 35:54
  Speaker 4: high pressure event, like for instance, maybe in the upper
• 35:59
  Speaker 4: man of the planet. Mars could be a place. Now
• 36:03
  Speaker 4: this we're not saying it came from Mars, but we're
• 36:05
  Speaker 4: saying it came from something the size of Mars. Okay,
• 36:11
  Speaker 4: But then also the crystals have this pattern of being
• 36:15
  Speaker 4: very sharp and not subjected to those high pressures for
• 36:20
  Speaker 4: a long period of time. So the crystallization must have
• 36:23
  Speaker 4: happened at relatively shallow depths, something less than two hundred kilometers,
• 36:29
  Speaker 4: which means basically in the crust of a big planet
• 36:34
  Speaker 4: the size of Mars. And so that means that this
• 36:38
  Speaker 4: had to have some kind of a rapid ascent in
• 36:40
  Speaker 4: its lifetime, coming from a lower depth volcanically probably brought
• 36:45
  Speaker 4: up to the higher layers in the stratification of this
• 36:49
  Speaker 4: former planet, and then after all of this complicated lifetime,
• 36:54
  Speaker 4: that's when it falls on northwest Africa. So it's amazing
• 36:57
  Speaker 4: what geologists and mineral sciences can figure out about the
• 37:02
  Speaker 4: history of a rock based on many of these kinds
• 37:06
  Speaker 4: of tests and analyzes. But we know that this particular
• 37:13
  Speaker 4: angrite meteorite had that kind of a history. It was
• 37:16
  Speaker 4: part of the early Solar System. It was embedded in
• 37:19
  Speaker 4: a much larger object, not an asteroid, but something the
• 37:22
  Speaker 4: size of Mars. That object had to be destroyed so
• 37:26
  Speaker 4: this rock could be liberated back out to space, and
• 37:29
  Speaker 4: then it fell to Earth some unknown period of time later,
• 37:33
  Speaker 4: a long time later, right, And so this tells us
• 37:37
  Speaker 4: a lot about a lost world from the dawn of
• 37:41
  Speaker 4: our Solar System. One more piece of evidence that planets,
• 37:47
  Speaker 4: or we might call them protoplanets the size of Mars
• 37:50
  Speaker 4: were out there in some large abundance and got obliterated
• 37:54
  Speaker 4: in the processes that formed the planets that we see today. Right,
• 37:58
  Speaker 4: So that's the amazing part. We can tell all of
• 38:01
  Speaker 4: that from the analysis of this rare ang Right media
• 38:05
  Speaker 4: write a really interesting story on Universe today dot com.
• 38:10
  Speaker 3: So we're in the summer months, summer phase of Columbus
• 38:14
  Speaker 3: State University's Coca Cola Space Science Center, which means a
• 38:17
  Speaker 3: few things. You still have people coming in and out,
• 38:22
  Speaker 3: but it may be a little bit more opportunity to
• 38:24
  Speaker 3: kind of spread out when you're inside enjoying the air
• 38:26
  Speaker 3: conditioning and checking things out.
• 38:29
  Speaker 4: So if you've had one of those visits with your
• 38:31
  Speaker 4: kids where you came down and there was a gigantic
• 38:33
  Speaker 4: school group in our gallery and they seem to be
• 38:36
  Speaker 4: having most of the fun, hopefully we pulled you aside
• 38:40
  Speaker 4: and took you on a special tour of our observatory
• 38:42
  Speaker 4: or did something fun like that with you. But I
• 38:44
  Speaker 4: will tell you that that happens a lot more doing
• 38:46
  Speaker 4: in the school year. It happens a lot less during
• 38:49
  Speaker 4: the summertime. And so this, as Wes just mentioned, a
• 38:53
  Speaker 4: very good time on your calendar year to come down
• 38:56
  Speaker 4: and visit the Space Science Center in the months of
• 38:59
  Speaker 4: June and July, in between the school groups coming in,
• 39:02
  Speaker 4: I will tell you that we are ready for you friends.
• 39:05
  Speaker 4: Come down and see us. Come check out all the
• 39:07
  Speaker 4: new exhibits and gadgetry we have going on in Space
• 39:10
  Speaker 4: Sign Center. We have newly upgrade, upgraded flight simulators, we
• 39:14
  Speaker 4: have newly upgraded Mars rovers. We have, of course, our
• 39:17
  Speaker 4: Space Shuttle Odyssey. We have a brand new show in
• 39:19
  Speaker 4: our theater called Dinosaurs Survival Story. Come down and check
• 39:23
  Speaker 4: out all of these things in the summer months. If
• 39:25
  Speaker 4: you want to know about the pay structure and hours
• 39:28
  Speaker 4: of operation of the Space Science Center, I would highly
• 39:31
  Speaker 4: encourage you to visit our website. Go to www dot
• 39:34
  Speaker 4: cc s SC dot org. Charlie Charlie SamSam Charlie dot org.
• 39:40
  Speaker 3: Sean and I thank you for listening, and we'll do
• 39:41
  Speaker 3: this again next week. Overhead Door Company of Columbus has
• 39:52
  Speaker 3: all of your garage door needs covered residential and commercial
• 39:55
  Speaker 3: service and repairs. If you need a new garage door,
• 39:58
  Speaker 3: you're just looking to up greater repair your current door
• 40:02
  Speaker 3: overhead Door Company of Columbus has you covered. Plus they've
• 40:05
  Speaker 3: got your emergency repairs or service covered as well. Seven
• 40:09
  Speaker 3: oh six three five eight forty five hundred seven oh
• 40:12
  Speaker 3: six three five eight forty five hundred O dccolumbus dot
• 40:16
  Speaker 3: com