Latest / Daniel and Kelly’s Extraordinary Universe / Listener Questions 2.0

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Listener Questions 2.0 · Daniel and Kelly’s Extraordinary Universe

• 0:07
  Speaker 1: Hey, or hey. You know how we end most of
• 0:09
  Speaker 1: our podcast episodes by asking people to submit questions? Yeah,
• 0:13
  Speaker 1: people actually submit questions. Yeah? Do you know that a
• 0:16
  Speaker 1: lot of people actually right in? And how how are
• 0:19
  Speaker 1: the questions? Oh? My god? The questions are awesome. They
• 0:22
  Speaker 1: reflect like people's real desire to understand things about the universe. Well,
• 0:27
  Speaker 1: you read all of them, you know. I'll admit I
• 0:30
  Speaker 1: love the questions so much that I actually read and
• 0:32
  Speaker 1: answer all of them. But some of the questions are
• 0:37
  Speaker 1: so fun, and I think other people probably share the
• 0:39
  Speaker 1: same questions that I'll ask those people to record themselves
• 0:43
  Speaker 1: asking the question and send it in so we can
• 0:45
  Speaker 1: do a whole podcast episode just about some listener questions.
• 0:48
  Speaker 1: So somebody could write asking why they couldn't understand this episode,
• 0:53
  Speaker 1: not if we do a good job explaining it. What's that?
• 0:56
  Speaker 1: What kind of question would you have? Daniel viewer? A listener?
• 0:59
  Speaker 1: If I was sit into my own podcast, I would
• 1:01
  Speaker 1: be like, who is that guy with my voice? And
• 1:03
  Speaker 1: how did he get a podcast? What question would you ask?
• 1:07
  Speaker 1: I would probably ask, how do we get more people
• 1:09
  Speaker 1: to listen to this podcast? Hey, I'm je and I'm Daniel,
• 1:32
  Speaker 1: and welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the
• 1:35
  Speaker 1: Universe or more accurvely, Today, Daniel and Jorge answer questions
• 1:40
  Speaker 1: about the universe that's right or explain the Universe inside
• 1:44
  Speaker 1: your mind that's right. Every week, twice a week, we
• 1:47
  Speaker 1: are beaming information and explanations about the incredible mystery that
• 1:53
  Speaker 1: at the universe straight through your ears and into your brain,
• 1:56
  Speaker 1: and we try to make it fun. We try to
• 1:58
  Speaker 1: make it engaging. We try to make sure that you
• 2:00
  Speaker 1: can actually understand what we're talking about. We don't want
• 2:03
  Speaker 1: to impress you with fancy words. We want to impress
• 2:05
  Speaker 1: you with the incredible majesty and wonder that is this
• 2:09
  Speaker 1: universe we find ourselves in. Yeah, and sometimes you know,
• 2:12
  Speaker 1: we don't get all the information out there are some
• 2:14
  Speaker 1: people don't quite understand everything that we covered and we
• 2:18
  Speaker 1: were able to cover in the podcast, and so people
• 2:20
  Speaker 1: still have questions. Yeah, Or sometimes we'll explain one thing
• 2:23
  Speaker 1: and it inspires another question, makes somebody wonder what about
• 2:27
  Speaker 1: this or what about that? And often I think Jorge
• 2:30
  Speaker 1: does an amazing job of anticipating those questions. A lot
• 2:33
  Speaker 1: of people have written in saying Jorge asks the questions
• 2:36
  Speaker 1: I have in my mind. So kudos to you, Jorge
• 2:38
  Speaker 1: or the great follow ups and for asking the right questions.
• 2:42
  Speaker 1: But that feels like it feels like a backhanded compliment. No,
• 2:45
  Speaker 1: it's not a backhand at all. It's a great compliment.
• 2:48
  Speaker 1: You're a good science communicator. You understand what is clear
• 2:51
  Speaker 1: and what is not um But sometimes there's a question
• 2:54
  Speaker 1: rattling around in somebody's head that they just really need
• 2:57
  Speaker 1: an answer to, and so they write in and ask us. Yeah,
• 2:59
  Speaker 1: so today on the podcast will be answering listener questions.
• 3:08
  Speaker 1: That means questions from people like you. If you're listening
• 3:11
  Speaker 1: to this and you have questions, you could hear your
• 3:14
  Speaker 1: own voice next time right to us at questions at
• 3:16
  Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge dot com with your questions about the
• 3:20
  Speaker 1: universe or life or whatever is going on around you.
• 3:24
  Speaker 1: Or you can also reach out to us on Twitter, Instagram,
• 3:27
  Speaker 1: or Facebook. Right, you check all of those, right, Daniel,
• 3:30
  Speaker 1: I do. I respond to Twitter questions and Facebook questions
• 3:34
  Speaker 1: and all that kind of stuff. So, yeah, engage with us.
• 3:36
  Speaker 1: We're eager to hear from you. Yeah, you can ask
• 3:38
  Speaker 1: us about the universe, about how rude we are, how
• 3:43
  Speaker 1: engaging we are to each other, what our favorite fruit
• 3:46
  Speaker 1: is everybody knows. Nobody has a question about what your
• 3:49
  Speaker 1: favorite fruit is for her right now? Everybody knows it's papaya,
• 3:52
  Speaker 1: is clearly. Um, I feel like I don't know you, Daniel.
• 3:57
  Speaker 1: I feel like you don't know me. I think I
• 3:59
  Speaker 1: think bananas are clearly your favorite fruit. But I wonder, like,
• 4:01
  Speaker 1: is that the favorite fruit to say? I mean to eat? Sure,
• 4:04
  Speaker 1: but what about saying like, isn't papaya more fun word
• 4:07
  Speaker 1: than banana? More fun than banana? Yeah? Just fun about
• 4:12
  Speaker 1: the word papaya. I think you need to go out
• 4:14
  Speaker 1: into the street and ask people this question. No, here's
• 4:17
  Speaker 1: another question. What's your favorite fruit to draw? Like as
• 4:20
  Speaker 1: a cartoonists fun fruit to draw because papa is just
• 4:23
  Speaker 1: kind of a blob. I feel like if I say banana,
• 4:26
  Speaker 1: people are going to infer something from that that's a
• 4:31
  Speaker 1: dangerous Or if I say papaya, people might also infer
• 4:34
  Speaker 1: something from that. So let's just stay clear out of
• 4:37
  Speaker 1: cartooning plus fruits. Alright, alright, too bad. Well I'm still curious.
• 4:40
  Speaker 1: You can tell me offline later. Well, so today we're
• 4:46
  Speaker 1: gonna be answering four questions from all over the universe
• 4:50
  Speaker 1: or at least all over the planet Earth. That's right.
• 4:53
  Speaker 1: And so here's the first question. It comes from Alessandra
• 4:55
  Speaker 1: from Italy and he wants to know about how we
• 4:58
  Speaker 1: see so far in to space. Hi, guys, it's Alissando
• 5:03
  Speaker 1: from Italy. I really enjoy your podcast and encourious to
• 5:06
  Speaker 1: know how can we see so far through the space
• 5:09
  Speaker 1: without being hidden by thus nebula? Thank you and I
• 5:14
  Speaker 1: will enjoy your answer. Well, Alessandro certainly sounds Italian. He
• 5:18
  Speaker 1: didn't have to tell us where he was from. He um. Yeah,
• 5:23
  Speaker 1: he's a beautiful accent. It is the language of love
• 5:26
  Speaker 1: or is that French? Although I feel like Italian shouldn't
• 5:30
  Speaker 1: just be heard, it should be seen. Right, there's a
• 5:32
  Speaker 1: I'm sure there's some hand gestures that he couldn't capture
• 5:34
  Speaker 1: in that in that audio file. Save it for the
• 5:37
  Speaker 1: YouTube podcast. That's right, that's right. But it's a great question. Yeah,
• 5:42
  Speaker 1: it's an interesting question. How can we see so far
• 5:45
  Speaker 1: out through space without being obscured or blocked by nebula
• 5:51
  Speaker 1: and other clouds of dust and stuff that's out there.
• 5:54
  Speaker 1: How is it thevorable to see these stars are billions
• 5:57
  Speaker 1: and billions of light years away without anything blocking our view. Yeah, Like,
• 6:02
  Speaker 1: is it lucky that we can see so far? Is
• 6:04
  Speaker 1: the coincidence? You know? Is there some reason for it? Um?
• 6:08
  Speaker 1: I think first, let's just take a moment to appreciate
• 6:10
  Speaker 1: that view. You know, we say, like if you stand
• 6:13
  Speaker 1: on the top of the mountain and you can see
• 6:14
  Speaker 1: hundreds of miles, it seems like a great view. But
• 6:17
  Speaker 1: we don't often realize or consider the fact that the
• 6:20
  Speaker 1: view above our heads, the ones out into the night sky,
• 6:23
  Speaker 1: is the best view we will ever see. You know,
• 6:25
  Speaker 1: it's sort of it can give you vertigo just to
• 6:27
  Speaker 1: imagine that you're standing on the tip of a rock,
• 6:29
  Speaker 1: you know, that rock being Earth, and staring out billions
• 6:32
  Speaker 1: of miles across this ocean of space to these other
• 6:35
  Speaker 1: tiny little pin pricks. So it's really pretty incredible, not
• 6:39
  Speaker 1: just the space is vast, but that you can see
• 6:41
  Speaker 1: so far through it, right right, Yeah, Because like if
• 6:43
  Speaker 1: you stand up top mountain, you can't um see out
• 6:46
  Speaker 1: there forever. Right, Like, if you look at the next mountain,
• 6:48
  Speaker 1: it's going to look a little bit hazy, and if
• 6:50
  Speaker 1: you look at the mountain behind it, it's gonna look
• 6:52
  Speaker 1: even hazier. And so I think the question is how
• 6:55
  Speaker 1: is it that we can see with such crystal clarity
• 6:58
  Speaker 1: out there into space? And it's a great question, and
• 7:01
  Speaker 1: you know the answer is that mostly space is transparent, right,
• 7:05
  Speaker 1: transparent to light because what mostly what we're doing is
• 7:08
  Speaker 1: we're seeing with light, and so light can pass through
• 7:12
  Speaker 1: space without interacting, and that's what we mean by being transparent.
• 7:16
  Speaker 1: We mean that a particle like a photon, a piece
• 7:18
  Speaker 1: of light, can fly through it without being affected, without
• 7:21
  Speaker 1: being changed. So it's not that I mean there is
• 7:24
  Speaker 1: stuff out there. It's not like space is completely empty,
• 7:28
  Speaker 1: but you're saying that we can see really far because
• 7:31
  Speaker 1: the stuff that's there doesn't necessarily block the light. That's right, exactly.
• 7:35
  Speaker 1: Transparent doesn't mean non existent. Right, There is stuff out
• 7:39
  Speaker 1: there in space, but mostly the light can pass through it,
• 7:41
  Speaker 1: just the way the light can pass through the window
• 7:44
  Speaker 1: in your living room, right, mostly unaffected. Um, Now, the
• 7:47
  Speaker 1: window is not completely transparent, just like as you said,
• 7:49
  Speaker 1: the air is not completely transparent, but it's mostly transparent,
• 7:52
  Speaker 1: and so there can be stuff there. But as long
• 7:55
  Speaker 1: as the particles don't interact, then they fly through and
• 7:58
  Speaker 1: you can observe them on the other side basically unchanged. Okay,
• 8:01
  Speaker 1: So but what's out there in space that could be
• 8:03
  Speaker 1: blocking or a view, But isn't it. Yeah, and so
• 8:05
  Speaker 1: there actually are some things that block our view. Um.
• 8:08
  Speaker 1: So mostly spaces is empty, you know, from the point
• 8:10
  Speaker 1: of view of light, like, there's just nothing there. They're
• 8:13
  Speaker 1: little particles, um, But mostly it's empty. And the reason
• 8:16
  Speaker 1: that we can see light from other stars is that
• 8:18
  Speaker 1: there just isn't much stuff between us and them. But
• 8:21
  Speaker 1: sometimes that's not true. So for example, closer to the
• 8:24
  Speaker 1: center of the galaxy, there are these really big nebulas
• 8:27
  Speaker 1: of gas and dust, and we can't see through them
• 8:30
  Speaker 1: with normal light, the kind of visible light that we're
• 8:32
  Speaker 1: used to seeing with our eyes. And so, for example,
• 8:34
  Speaker 1: if you want to study the center of the galaxy,
• 8:36
  Speaker 1: you have to find other ways to do it because
• 8:38
  Speaker 1: you can't see it with visible light. Oh I see.
• 8:41
  Speaker 1: So the dust and gas out there do block our view,
• 8:45
  Speaker 1: but most of it is concentrated in certain spots, like
• 8:47
  Speaker 1: the center of galaxies. Yeah, exactly. And so if you
• 8:50
  Speaker 1: want to look out, you know, away from the center
• 8:52
  Speaker 1: of the galaxy to nearby stars, there's not a whole
• 8:54
  Speaker 1: lot between us and them. The thing that mostly blocks
• 8:57
  Speaker 1: your view is our atmosphere. Right, our atmosphere and fears
• 9:00
  Speaker 1: with light, and that's probably most of the stuff that's
• 9:02
  Speaker 1: going to do that. That's why we sometimes launch telescopes
• 9:05
  Speaker 1: into space so we can get a clear view of
• 9:08
  Speaker 1: what's coming at us from far far away. So if
• 9:11
  Speaker 1: the Earth just happened to be like like, if our
• 9:13
  Speaker 1: Solar system just happened to be inside of a nebula,
• 9:16
  Speaker 1: we would be totally blind to the outside universe. Yeah,
• 9:19
  Speaker 1: that's right. If we happen to be embedded inside a
• 9:21
  Speaker 1: gas cloud or dust cloud, absolutely, and remember our son
• 9:24
  Speaker 1: probably was born in a gas cloud or dust cloud.
• 9:27
  Speaker 1: Most of those places are stellar nurseries, those where stars
• 9:30
  Speaker 1: are born and eventually though, all that stuff coalesces, and
• 9:35
  Speaker 1: it doesn't just hang out of coalesces into stars and planets.
• 9:37
  Speaker 1: And that's you know, the ancient history of of our
• 9:40
  Speaker 1: Solar system. So we really are sort of lucky to
• 9:42
  Speaker 1: have such a good view, right because we could have
• 9:44
  Speaker 1: been born in like we are planet, could have been
• 9:46
  Speaker 1: in the in the middle of a coln of Los Angeles, right, Yeah,
• 9:53
  Speaker 1: we could be. But I think that most of the
• 9:55
  Speaker 1: time gravity will do its job and by the time
• 9:58
  Speaker 1: the planets are formed in life is evolved, etcetera. That
• 10:01
  Speaker 1: gravity will have done his job and cleared out that
• 10:03
  Speaker 1: space will pull it together into other objects, you know,
• 10:06
  Speaker 1: planets and stars or whatever. Oh, it concentrates all the gas. Yeah,
• 10:11
  Speaker 1: I see, it makes stars, which clears the view. Yeah.
• 10:14
  Speaker 1: And you know, it's no coincidence that the kind of
• 10:17
  Speaker 1: light that we can see, that our eyes can pick
• 10:19
  Speaker 1: up is also the kind of light that can pass
• 10:21
  Speaker 1: through space. Because that light comes from the Sun, it
• 10:24
  Speaker 1: has to pass through space to get to us, right,
• 10:27
  Speaker 1: and and then it has to survive the atmosphere. And
• 10:30
  Speaker 1: so the kind of light that we can that is
• 10:31
  Speaker 1: around on Earth is the kind of light that we've
• 10:34
  Speaker 1: evolved to see um. So obviously it can get here
• 10:37
  Speaker 1: from the Sun, and so it has to be able
• 10:39
  Speaker 1: to pass through space for us to see it. Right.
• 10:41
  Speaker 1: But what's kind of cool to is that just because
• 10:43
  Speaker 1: there is a gas or a nebula in front of us,
• 10:46
  Speaker 1: it doesn't mean that we can't see through it, because
• 10:48
  Speaker 1: if we other kinds of light do go through that
• 10:52
  Speaker 1: kind of stuff. That's right. When we say visible light,
• 10:55
  Speaker 1: we mean light of certain frequencies. You know, red, green, blue,
• 10:58
  Speaker 1: all those other colors that we can see. But light
• 11:00
  Speaker 1: has lots of other frequencies, right, You can wiggle more
• 11:03
  Speaker 1: quickly into the ultra violet, you can wiggle more slowly
• 11:05
  Speaker 1: down into the infrared, or really slowly down to the
• 11:09
  Speaker 1: radio waves. So we don't usually call those light, you know,
• 11:12
  Speaker 1: they call them radio waves or gamma rays or whatever,
• 11:14
  Speaker 1: depending on the frequency, but they really are just still
• 11:17
  Speaker 1: electromagnetic radiation. There are another form of light, and depending
• 11:21
  Speaker 1: on the wavelength, they have different properties. Some of them
• 11:24
  Speaker 1: can pass right through gas and dust. So for example,
• 11:28
  Speaker 1: radio waves, which are really long frequencies compared to visible light,
• 11:32
  Speaker 1: it can pass through gas and dust and we can
• 11:33
  Speaker 1: use that to see into the center of the galaxy. Yeah,
• 11:36
  Speaker 1: that's pretty cool. It's like having X ray vision exactly,
• 11:40
  Speaker 1: and we can actually use X rays also. X rays
• 11:43
  Speaker 1: do also pass through gas and dust. Now, some of
• 11:45
  Speaker 1: these things, like X rays, they won't penetrate our atmosphere,
• 11:48
  Speaker 1: So if you want to see that, you have to
• 11:50
  Speaker 1: have something really high in the atmosphere, like on a balloon,
• 11:53
  Speaker 1: or maybe even into space, like an X ray telescope
• 11:55
  Speaker 1: in space to see that. That's interesting, Huh. You have
• 11:58
  Speaker 1: to go up. You have to fly up like Superman
• 12:00
  Speaker 1: to have X ray vision, and these days we even
• 12:04
  Speaker 1: have other ways to see the universe that are not
• 12:06
  Speaker 1: just light, Like we can see the universe through neutrinos.
• 12:09
  Speaker 1: There's some weird stuff out there that just makes neutrinos,
• 12:12
  Speaker 1: and neutrinos passed through almost everything, so they're a really
• 12:15
  Speaker 1: good way to see really really far away. And then
• 12:18
  Speaker 1: recently we developed this ability to see gravitational waves. And
• 12:22
  Speaker 1: this is not even stuff, right. Gravitational waves are the
• 12:25
  Speaker 1: ripples in space itself, so they can pass through basically
• 12:28
  Speaker 1: everything matter. Yeah, all right, so that's the answer. The
• 12:31
  Speaker 1: answer is um. The question was how can we see
• 12:34
  Speaker 1: so far through space without being blocked by tabula and
• 12:37
  Speaker 1: other stuff? And the answer is that there isn't that
• 12:39
  Speaker 1: much stuff out there. Space is pretty empty and even
• 12:43
  Speaker 1: the stuff that's out there doesn't really block our view. Yeah,
• 12:46
  Speaker 1: and we have other ways to see through the stuff
• 12:47
  Speaker 1: that does block our view. And if we were blocked
• 12:50
  Speaker 1: by nebula and other stuff, eventually all of that stuff
• 12:54
  Speaker 1: would have turned into stars or moved around. Yeah. Just
• 12:57
  Speaker 1: wait a few billion years, you know, and the Vuele chain. Yeah, yeah,
• 13:01
  Speaker 1: just hang out, just hang up. You don't need to
• 13:04
  Speaker 1: graduate anytime soon, do you have a PhD VSIs. Just
• 13:07
  Speaker 1: wait if you bill, No big deal? All right, thank
• 13:11
  Speaker 1: you a Lisandre from Italy. That was a great question.
• 13:14
  Speaker 1: And before we go on, let's take a quick break.
• 13:29
  Speaker 1: All right. We're answering listener questions today and the next
• 13:32
  Speaker 1: question we have here is from Shelley from Australia, from
• 13:36
  Speaker 1: down Under and Shelly. Shelly asks a really awesome question
• 13:40
  Speaker 1: and a lot of people wanted the answer to. He's
• 13:42
  Speaker 1: questioning whether whether you have a real job or not, Daniel,
• 13:46
  Speaker 1: and I'm brave enough to play this question on the podcast.
• 13:49
  Speaker 1: Here we go, Hi, Daniel and Johey. I'm Shelly from Brisbane, Australia.
• 13:53
  Speaker 1: And what I would like to know is how does
• 13:55
  Speaker 1: physics actually work? How do you come up with the
• 13:58
  Speaker 1: theory and then create an experiment to test that theory?
• 14:01
  Speaker 1: What does the physicist to actually do every day? You
• 14:04
  Speaker 1: get up, you get your coffee, you gotta work, and
• 14:07
  Speaker 1: then what how do you go from a theory to
• 14:10
  Speaker 1: an experiment then to an explanation? And I love that question.
• 14:16
  Speaker 1: I love when she says and then what my question
• 14:20
  Speaker 1: is is she your wife, Daniel, or is she's sending
• 14:24
  Speaker 1: a question she wondering what you do all day? No,
• 14:26
  Speaker 1: but it's hilarious because that's what I do. I get up,
• 14:29
  Speaker 1: I drink coffee, and then I go to work and
• 14:31
  Speaker 1: then I go, Okay, now what do today? So that's
• 14:36
  Speaker 1: that's pretty much the answer. The question is the answer. No,
• 14:40
  Speaker 1: that's the two sides of academic freedom. You know, as
• 14:43
  Speaker 1: a professor, you basically get to do whatever you like.
• 14:45
  Speaker 1: On the other hand, nobody tells you what to do,
• 14:48
  Speaker 1: so you have to come up with stuff to do yourself. Right,
• 14:50
  Speaker 1: So every day you answer that question today what. Yeah,
• 14:55
  Speaker 1: it's a great question. It sort of goes to the
• 14:57
  Speaker 1: heart of you know, how is science done. I think
• 15:00
  Speaker 1: she's maybe wondering, like what's your day to day? Like like, um,
• 15:04
  Speaker 1: she probably knows that there is this general process, but
• 15:07
  Speaker 1: at any point, how do you decide what to do? Yeah,
• 15:09
  Speaker 1: so you know, day to day, of course, you get up,
• 15:11
  Speaker 1: you get your coffee. Then you started answering the three
• 15:13
  Speaker 1: emails that came in while CERN was awake in Geneva
• 15:17
  Speaker 1: nine time zones ahead and I was sleeping. And then
• 15:20
  Speaker 1: when you get through all that, you get to start
• 15:21
  Speaker 1: to think about it sort of the higher level science, right,
• 15:24
  Speaker 1: And she asked a question, you know, how do you
• 15:27
  Speaker 1: go from theory to experiment, Like how do you come
• 15:29
  Speaker 1: up with an experiment? And I think that's a really
• 15:32
  Speaker 1: interesting question because a lot of times that is the
• 15:34
  Speaker 1: way it works. Like a theorist comes up with an
• 15:37
  Speaker 1: idea saying like I think maybe there's this new particle,
• 15:40
  Speaker 1: or I think maybe there are black holes out there,
• 15:44
  Speaker 1: and then it's the job of the experimentalist to figure
• 15:46
  Speaker 1: out the answer, right, is that correct or not? Do
• 15:49
  Speaker 1: these things really exist or not? But there's sort of
• 15:52
  Speaker 1: a step before that, right where you I mean, um,
• 15:55
  Speaker 1: I mean you have to know what's going on in
• 15:57
  Speaker 1: the field. You can't just possit these things out of
• 15:59
  Speaker 1: the blue. You have to know. You have to read
• 16:01
  Speaker 1: what everyone else has done and what everyone else is doing,
• 16:04
  Speaker 1: and you kind of have to try to ask a
• 16:06
  Speaker 1: question nobody else's answered. Yeah, that's certainly true. Although um,
• 16:09
  Speaker 1: I got a lot of crackpot ideas from homegrown theorists
• 16:12
  Speaker 1: that haven't yet done that, you know, But um, yeah,
• 16:15
  Speaker 1: you want to come up with an idea, You want
• 16:17
  Speaker 1: to come up with an idea that's new. Like maybe
• 16:19
  Speaker 1: the difference between a professional physicist, um is that you
• 16:25
  Speaker 1: you spend your life on it, right, you you go
• 16:27
  Speaker 1: to conferences, you talk to people, you know what's going on. Yeah,
• 16:29
  Speaker 1: you definitely have to know how things are done and
• 16:31
  Speaker 1: you know what questions have an answered. In that perspective,
• 16:34
  Speaker 1: you can sort of think of science like a conversation.
• 16:36
  Speaker 1: You know, we're trying to figure out what is the universe?
• 16:38
  Speaker 1: How does it work? And you want to say something relevant,
• 16:41
  Speaker 1: and so you have to think of like, what is
• 16:43
  Speaker 1: the question at hand? What is it we're trying to
• 16:45
  Speaker 1: figure out right now? And how can I test it?
• 16:48
  Speaker 1: And um, that's the bit about being an experimentalist. I'm
• 16:51
  Speaker 1: an experimentalist. And you know what is the job actually involve, Well,
• 16:56
  Speaker 1: it involves coming up with a way to ask a
• 16:58
  Speaker 1: question of nature or that will reveal the answer. You know,
• 17:02
  Speaker 1: some theory says I think there's a new particle the
• 17:05
  Speaker 1: squiggly on. Well, then you can't just ask nature the
• 17:07
  Speaker 1: question does squiggly on exist or not? It's not like
• 17:10
  Speaker 1: nature some oracle right that just answers whatever question you want.
• 17:14
  Speaker 1: You have to trap it, you have to trick it,
• 17:15
  Speaker 1: you have to corner it. You have to come up
• 17:17
  Speaker 1: with an experiment. You can do something a physical thing
• 17:20
  Speaker 1: you can build that will tell you whether this thing exists,
• 17:24
  Speaker 1: because you know, if you do your experiment and the
• 17:26
  Speaker 1: data is this, then you know the answer is yes,
• 17:28
  Speaker 1: this is quiggly on. If you do the experiment and
• 17:30
  Speaker 1: the data comes out differently than you know, the answer
• 17:32
  Speaker 1: is not a squiggly on. But that's not trivial, right.
• 17:35
  Speaker 1: That requires some cleverness. You have to think about the
• 17:38
  Speaker 1: right way to sort of corner nature and make make
• 17:41
  Speaker 1: it tell you whether this thing exists by revealing the
• 17:43
  Speaker 1: answer in your experiment. And part of that is has
• 17:46
  Speaker 1: to do with the null hypothesis, Right, Like this idea
• 17:49
  Speaker 1: that where you, um, you sort of assume that this
• 17:52
  Speaker 1: quiggly on doesn't exist, and you run some experiments and
• 17:55
  Speaker 1: if you see something that clearly shows you that the
• 18:00
  Speaker 1: reuigly not existing is not quite likely, then that means
• 18:03
  Speaker 1: you how something Yeah, exactly, we need conclusive evidence. We
• 18:06
  Speaker 1: need to see data that couldn't have been produced if
• 18:08
  Speaker 1: the squigglyon didn't exist, Right, they could only be produced
• 18:11
  Speaker 1: if the squigglyon existed. We need something that's in that
• 18:14
  Speaker 1: sense unique, right, it has to be necessary and sufficient
• 18:17
  Speaker 1: um And so often what we do is in my
• 18:21
  Speaker 1: particular case, because I'm a particle physicist, is you know,
• 18:24
  Speaker 1: we're colliding protons together, and if we want to ask
• 18:27
  Speaker 1: the question does the squigglyon exist? And we think, well,
• 18:30
  Speaker 1: what would the squiggly on look like in our data?
• 18:32
  Speaker 1: How would it appear? You know, would it leaves splashes
• 18:35
  Speaker 1: of energy over here? Would it leave traces of its
• 18:37
  Speaker 1: motion over there? And then we sort of look for
• 18:40
  Speaker 1: those telltale signs. But then we have to think about
• 18:42
  Speaker 1: what else could look like that. Is there anything else
• 18:45
  Speaker 1: that could mimic it, anything else that could look like
• 18:47
  Speaker 1: this squiggly on but not actually be the squiggly on.
• 18:50
  Speaker 1: So a lot of the experimental work that I actually
• 18:52
  Speaker 1: do involves that kind of statistics, like figure out a
• 18:55
  Speaker 1: way to look for this thing in a way that
• 18:57
  Speaker 1: nothing else could mimic. And then but it also works
• 19:00
  Speaker 1: the other way around, like somebody maybe did an experiment
• 19:03
  Speaker 1: to look at something else and they found something weird
• 19:06
  Speaker 1: and said that doesn't fit the theory, and so then
• 19:08
  Speaker 1: theories have to come up with an explanation for the data. Yeah,
• 19:11
  Speaker 1: and in my view, this doesn't happen enough. And I
• 19:13
  Speaker 1: think a lot of people, especially in particle physics think
• 19:16
  Speaker 1: that it always starts theorist has an idea for a
• 19:18
  Speaker 1: new particle. Experimentalists just go check to see if that's true. Right,
• 19:22
  Speaker 1: And there's actually a really lively debate right now about
• 19:25
  Speaker 1: how do we do this in particle physics because the
• 19:28
  Speaker 1: theorists predicted, oh, supersymmetric particles will appear at the Large
• 19:32
  Speaker 1: Hadron Collider, and then we didn't find them. And I
• 19:34
  Speaker 1: thought some people think, oh, that's a failure. But I
• 19:37
  Speaker 1: think that experimentalists can be explorers. That we don't have
• 19:40
  Speaker 1: to just answer the question does this new particle exist?
• 19:43
  Speaker 1: We can go out and look for weird stuff. Right,
• 19:46
  Speaker 1: Let's just see what's out there, you know, the way
• 19:48
  Speaker 1: like when you landed on Mars. You don't ask the
• 19:51
  Speaker 1: question are there purple cats and dogs there? You just
• 19:54
  Speaker 1: walk around and look to see if there's some new
• 19:56
  Speaker 1: kind of life that will blow your mind. So, yeah,
• 19:59
  Speaker 1: you're absolutely right. Sometimes an experimentalist find something weird, something
• 20:03
  Speaker 1: that can't be explained with our current understanding, and it
• 20:06
  Speaker 1: forces us to come up with a new theory when
• 20:09
  Speaker 1: they can explain that. Yeah, and those those are the
• 20:11
  Speaker 1: greatest moments in science, if you ask me, Okay, cool,
• 20:14
  Speaker 1: it's okay, that's m hmm, okay cool. So that's what
• 20:17
  Speaker 1: you do. And then it's like eleven am. And then
• 20:20
  Speaker 1: then what do you do? Then it's time for my nap, right,
• 20:26
  Speaker 1: and then I do this awesome podcast with this cartoonist. Yeah,
• 20:30
  Speaker 1: I have no moral stand to criticize a lazy lifestyle
• 20:36
  Speaker 1: or work life. Um, but I think that's the kind
• 20:38
  Speaker 1: of the general answer is that you know, it's it's
• 20:41
  Speaker 1: like a it's a conversation, right, Like you're it's not
• 20:44
  Speaker 1: just you in a room trying to come up with
• 20:46
  Speaker 1: ideas and theories and experiments. It's like you're conferring with
• 20:50
  Speaker 1: other people. You're reading other people's work. You're you're trying to,
• 20:53
  Speaker 1: you know, come up get clues from other people's results
• 20:58
  Speaker 1: and things like that. Right, it's sort of a conversation
• 21:00
  Speaker 1: and and and it's a process. Yeah, And it has
• 21:04
  Speaker 1: to be a conversation because science is just people. Right.
• 21:07
  Speaker 1: If you do some science and nobody reads it, then
• 21:09
  Speaker 1: you haven't really pushed human understanding forward at all. Right,
• 21:12
  Speaker 1: So you have to do something people are interested in
• 21:15
  Speaker 1: so that they will listen and it will change sort
• 21:17
  Speaker 1: of the common understanding you'll move forward the wavefront of
• 21:20
  Speaker 1: human thought. Yeah, yeah, alright, Shelley from Australia. That's your answer, Um,
• 21:27
  Speaker 1: basically coffee, coffee, coffee, Yeah, exactly, all right. Our next
• 21:39
  Speaker 1: listener question comes from Alex from Connecticut. Here we go. Hey, guys,
• 21:45
  Speaker 1: this is Alex from Connecticut and I'm wondering if there's
• 21:48
  Speaker 1: anywhere in the universe where dark matter is not present? Thanks,
• 21:53
  Speaker 1: give up the good work. Alex sounds pretty excited about
• 21:56
  Speaker 1: his question. He has a great traitor voice. He should
• 21:59
  Speaker 1: do movie traders in a world where dark matter is
• 22:03
  Speaker 1: not present everywhere. Um. This is a great question because
• 22:08
  Speaker 1: we've talked about how dark matter, um is. There's much
• 22:11
  Speaker 1: more dark matter in the universe than normal matter. So
• 22:14
  Speaker 1: it's a very natural question to wonder, like, is it
• 22:16
  Speaker 1: feeling the universe is invisible? But is it everywhere? Yeah?
• 22:21
  Speaker 1: I mean there's not a little bit of dark matter
• 22:23
  Speaker 1: out there. There's five times more dark matter than like
• 22:26
  Speaker 1: all the stars and gas and clouds and planets out there, right, Yeah, exactly.
• 22:30
  Speaker 1: It's a huge amount, and so it's very natural to
• 22:32
  Speaker 1: ask where is it? And the answer to this question
• 22:35
  Speaker 1: is yes, there are lots of places in the universe
• 22:38
  Speaker 1: without dark matter, because it turns out that dark matter
• 22:41
  Speaker 1: and normal matter basically followed the same distributions. That is,
• 22:45
  Speaker 1: you can tell where the dark matter is just by
• 22:48
  Speaker 1: looking for the non dark matter. So who's following who,
• 22:51
  Speaker 1: who's the stalker, and who's the celebrity. It's um. You know,
• 22:56
  Speaker 1: it's something of a dance right there. We know about
• 22:58
  Speaker 1: dark matter only because if gravitational effect on stuff, right,
• 23:02
  Speaker 1: and so gravity um affects dark matter and normal matter,
• 23:06
  Speaker 1: and the two pull on each other, and so it's
• 23:08
  Speaker 1: something of a dance as they tug on each other,
• 23:10
  Speaker 1: and that's why they're linked together. That's why dark matter
• 23:13
  Speaker 1: and normal matter are in the same places, because they're
• 23:15
  Speaker 1: gravitationally attracted to each other. Now, because there's more dark
• 23:18
  Speaker 1: matter the normal matter, you could probably say the normal
• 23:21
  Speaker 1: matter is following the dark matter. So in fact, that's
• 23:24
  Speaker 1: the only way that dark matter can interact with our
• 23:26
  Speaker 1: matter right now we know of is gravity so far
• 23:29
  Speaker 1: that we know it's the only way you can interact
• 23:31
  Speaker 1: with our matter. It might have some interactions with itself
• 23:33
  Speaker 1: that we don't know about, but to interact with our
• 23:35
  Speaker 1: matter to see it to affect our you know, the
• 23:38
  Speaker 1: things that we can test and observe. Gravity is the
• 23:40
  Speaker 1: only way for us to probe that. And you know,
• 23:43
  Speaker 1: people really interestingly, people do simulations of the universe without
• 23:46
  Speaker 1: dark matter. They're like, what would have happened if there
• 23:48
  Speaker 1: wasn't dark matter? And things just don't coalesce as quickly.
• 23:53
  Speaker 1: You run the universe, but you run it without dark matter,
• 23:55
  Speaker 1: and yeah, get totally different results. Yeah, this is amazing, Right,
• 23:59
  Speaker 1: you can simulate whole universe. It's pretty incredible. And they ask,
• 24:02
  Speaker 1: you know, what would the universe look like under vary scenarios?
• 24:05
  Speaker 1: And that's really important because it helps them understand what
• 24:08
  Speaker 1: was the various fraction of things in the very beginning
• 24:11
  Speaker 1: and how sensitive um are we to that? Like? And
• 24:14
  Speaker 1: it was any configuration mostly going to give you galaxies
• 24:17
  Speaker 1: and stars and planets or is it really sensitive? And
• 24:19
  Speaker 1: it turns out that if you didn't have dark matter,
• 24:22
  Speaker 1: then it takes a lot longer for stuff to clump. Right.
• 24:24
  Speaker 1: The only reason we have stars and galaxies and planets
• 24:28
  Speaker 1: is because gravity has gathered this stuff together. It turns
• 24:30
  Speaker 1: out it's gotten a huge boost from all the dark
• 24:33
  Speaker 1: matter helping to pull it together, and without that dark
• 24:35
  Speaker 1: matter would take billions more years to get all this structure,
• 24:38
  Speaker 1: so we wouldn't even be around without the dark matter.
• 24:41
  Speaker 1: So pretty much dark matter follows normal matter and helps out. Yes,
• 24:44
  Speaker 1: But pretty much when you look out into the universe
• 24:46
  Speaker 1: and you let's see what for all the shiny stuff is,
• 24:48
  Speaker 1: like stars and planets and light, that's kind of pretty
• 24:52
  Speaker 1: much where dark matter is. Also roughly that's correct. But
• 24:56
  Speaker 1: if you look at the for example, of galaxy, there's
• 24:58
  Speaker 1: a huge block of dark matter are also at the
• 25:00
  Speaker 1: center of the galaxy. But then there's a we call
• 25:02
  Speaker 1: it a halo. It extends beyond where the visible galaxy is,
• 25:05
  Speaker 1: but mostly it's a blob centered at the visible galaxy,
• 25:08
  Speaker 1: right right. I think the question is like, you wouldn't see,
• 25:12
  Speaker 1: for example, like between here and a dromeda. You wouldn't
• 25:15
  Speaker 1: see a giant blob of dark matter just floating by itself,
• 25:19
  Speaker 1: would you? You might probably not, though, yeah, probably not.
• 25:22
  Speaker 1: But it's possible for dark matter normal matter to get separated,
• 25:25
  Speaker 1: like in the bullet cluster um. You know, some of
• 25:28
  Speaker 1: the dark matter and the normal matter got separated because
• 25:30
  Speaker 1: of big collision, and the normal matter interacts with itself
• 25:33
  Speaker 1: and the dark matter passes through as far as we know,
• 25:35
  Speaker 1: so there could be blobs of dark matter, but it's
• 25:37
  Speaker 1: not like it's evenly distributed, right, So there's lots of
• 25:40
  Speaker 1: places where we think there probably isn't any dark matter alright.
• 25:44
  Speaker 1: So the answer to Alex's question is yes, there are
• 25:49
  Speaker 1: probably many places in the universe without dark matter. Dark
• 25:53
  Speaker 1: matter clumps together in specific locations. That's exactly right. This
• 25:57
  Speaker 1: is one case we can give a very crisp answer. Yet.
• 26:02
  Speaker 1: That's the t L d R. Yes, Alex, Yes, cool.
• 26:06
  Speaker 1: Before we keep going, let's take a short break, all right,
• 26:22
  Speaker 1: and so our last question today comes to us all
• 26:24
  Speaker 1: the way from Iran. So far As from Iran has
• 26:28
  Speaker 1: a pretty interesting question about the shape of galaxies. Yeah,
• 26:32
  Speaker 1: here he is. Hi guys, my name is Fasm I'm
• 26:35
  Speaker 1: from Iran. After listening to your episodes about the galactic
• 26:39
  Speaker 1: collision and the gravity, I have a question to ask
• 26:44
  Speaker 1: why all the galaxies and solar systems in the universe
• 26:48
  Speaker 1: are disc shaped. I mean, if the gravity extends through
• 26:52
  Speaker 1: all the dimensions the same, why they are planar? Yeah,
• 26:58
  Speaker 1: this is a great question too. Write You look out
• 27:00
  Speaker 1: at the sky, you look at these galaxies, and you
• 27:02
  Speaker 1: look at the Solar system and they all seem to
• 27:04
  Speaker 1: be organized in these disks. Yeah, they look like flat
• 27:08
  Speaker 1: um blobs, right, not not like perfectly spherical blobs, but
• 27:12
  Speaker 1: like flat blobs, right, Yeah, exactly. They're they're mostly flat
• 27:16
  Speaker 1: um and they're not spherical. Yeah exactly. And so it's
• 27:19
  Speaker 1: a nevery natural question. It's a totally typical thing to
• 27:22
  Speaker 1: see out there in the universe. Like if you look
• 27:24
  Speaker 1: at all the models of of our solar system, they
• 27:26
  Speaker 1: look like hula hoops, right, one inside of the other.
• 27:29
  Speaker 1: Why why doesn't it look like um, you know, like
• 27:33
  Speaker 1: the model, the old model of the atom, where the
• 27:35
  Speaker 1: hula hoops are in all kinds of directions. Why are
• 27:38
  Speaker 1: where are the orbits of all the planets sort of
• 27:41
  Speaker 1: pretty much in the same plane or at the same level. Yeah, exactly.
• 27:45
  Speaker 1: It's a great question because you could imagine otherwise maybe
• 27:47
  Speaker 1: the plans would all be zigging zagging around in lots
• 27:50
  Speaker 1: of different directions, right, even if they each have their
• 27:52
  Speaker 1: own circle, they could be um, they could be all
• 27:56
  Speaker 1: sorts of different directions. Yeah. The short answer your question
• 27:59
  Speaker 1: is angular momentum, right that this is this is conserved quantity.
• 28:05
  Speaker 1: Is that something you just can't get rid of? If
• 28:07
  Speaker 1: an object, if a cluster objects, has angular momentum, it
• 28:10
  Speaker 1: just can't get rid of it. Um. Let's dig into
• 28:13
  Speaker 1: that just for a moment. Let's just think about momentum
• 28:16
  Speaker 1: at first. If you have like a rock in space
• 28:18
  Speaker 1: and you push it, then that rock is gonna go
• 28:20
  Speaker 1: on forever unless something stops it, right, if it runs
• 28:23
  Speaker 1: into something or whatever. Otherwise it will go on forever.
• 28:26
  Speaker 1: And that's because it has momentum. And in our universe,
• 28:28
  Speaker 1: momentum is conserved. Why is it conserved, We don't know,
• 28:31
  Speaker 1: but we know that it is, and so things keep
• 28:33
  Speaker 1: going if you push them. There's another kind of momentum
• 28:36
  Speaker 1: which is about spinning. It's called angular momentum. You start
• 28:39
  Speaker 1: something spinning, it will keep spinning right right, unless something
• 28:44
  Speaker 1: stops it. Right. And you're saying this applies to like
• 28:48
  Speaker 1: the Earth going around the Sun. That's spinning around the Sun,
• 28:51
  Speaker 1: and it's hard to not spin right like it's it's
• 28:54
  Speaker 1: hard to suddenly stop and go straight into the Sun. Yeah.
• 28:57
  Speaker 1: The only way for that happens for something from the
• 28:59
  Speaker 1: outside I had to come and like bang into the Earth,
• 29:02
  Speaker 1: and that could change. That could stop the Earth from
• 29:04
  Speaker 1: going around the Sun or stop the Earth from spinning.
• 29:06
  Speaker 1: If you want to stop your angle momentum, you need
• 29:08
  Speaker 1: to have something from the outside. But a closed system
• 29:11
  Speaker 1: like the Earth and the Sun or the galaxy or
• 29:13
  Speaker 1: whatever can't just stop spinning. That anglo momentum can't just disappear.
• 29:17
  Speaker 1: It has to has to be transferred somewhere or balanced
• 29:20
  Speaker 1: out by the opposite momentum somewhere else. Right, Like two
• 29:23
  Speaker 1: objects flying through space can stop if they're being into
• 29:25
  Speaker 1: each other. Right in the same way, two things spinning
• 29:28
  Speaker 1: opposite directions could both stop spinning if they touch in
• 29:31
  Speaker 1: their angular momentum cancels out right, and um, things kind
• 29:36
  Speaker 1: of have angular momentum because they didn't start from from breast,
• 29:41
  Speaker 1: you know. Like if you put two stones out in space,
• 29:43
  Speaker 1: they're just gonna and there's nothing else around them. The
• 29:46
  Speaker 1: two stones are just gonna fly straight into each other.
• 29:49
  Speaker 1: But if you they're going at different speeds and they're
• 29:51
  Speaker 1: going to start circling each other as they get closer
• 29:54
  Speaker 1: to the other, right exactly exactly, And so you can
• 29:57
  Speaker 1: imagine sort of the history of our soldiers is to
• 30:00
  Speaker 1: moral galaxy, depending what you're thinking about, and started as
• 30:03
  Speaker 1: a big cloud, right, a big chaotic cloud, everything shooting
• 30:05
  Speaker 1: in random directions, and it might feel like, well, everything
• 30:08
  Speaker 1: just sort of cancels itself out. But there's one place
• 30:11
  Speaker 1: where you can draw a line through it, and turns
• 30:13
  Speaker 1: out that everything is orbiting around that. Right. That's called
• 30:16
  Speaker 1: the center of rotation. And it's sort of like if
• 30:19
  Speaker 1: you're holding up a stick, right, there's one place that
• 30:22
  Speaker 1: balances the stick um where it will be pulled on
• 30:25
  Speaker 1: by gravity the same amount on both sides. The same
• 30:28
  Speaker 1: way you find this big cloud. There's some line you
• 30:31
  Speaker 1: can draw through it around which everything is rotating. Yeah,
• 30:34
  Speaker 1: and that's that's that point is where basically the center
• 30:36
  Speaker 1: of the galaxy or the center of the Solar system
• 30:39
  Speaker 1: is going to form right, yes, exactly, and so everything
• 30:43
  Speaker 1: is rotating around that, and then gravity does its thing.
• 30:46
  Speaker 1: It pulls things together as much as it can and
• 30:48
  Speaker 1: so um, but it can't shrink everything down too much
• 30:52
  Speaker 1: because it's spinning, right, and the spinning keeps it sort
• 30:54
  Speaker 1: of fluffed out, but only in the direction perpendicular to
• 30:58
  Speaker 1: that line, to that rotation sational axis. So along that
• 31:01
  Speaker 1: rotational access, gravity can switch things down as much as
• 31:04
  Speaker 1: it wants, right, there's nothing preventing it, but around that axis,
• 31:08
  Speaker 1: things have to keep spinning, and that spinning keeps them
• 31:12
  Speaker 1: from getting too close to the center. The same way,
• 31:14
  Speaker 1: like the reason that the Moon doesn't fall to the
• 31:17
  Speaker 1: Earth is because it has velocity, right, it's spinning around us,
• 31:20
  Speaker 1: and so angular momentum can't go away and has to
• 31:24
  Speaker 1: go somewhere, and it keeps the stuff from falling too
• 31:27
  Speaker 1: far into that central axis. So that's why everything becomes
• 31:30
  Speaker 1: a disk. Yeah, and that's kind of why all the
• 31:32
  Speaker 1: hula hoops sort of emerge, right, Like, like let's say, um,
• 31:36
  Speaker 1: the Earth is on a hula hoop orbit around the Sun, right,
• 31:40
  Speaker 1: so we're on a disc and in a circle there
• 31:43
  Speaker 1: on an oval and and like let's say that there
• 31:46
  Speaker 1: was another planet there was also going around the Sun,
• 31:48
  Speaker 1: but it was going in a totally different hula hoop,
• 31:50
  Speaker 1: like totally maybe perpendicular to ours. And I think the
• 31:54
  Speaker 1: idea is that, you know, the attraction between our planet
• 31:56
  Speaker 1: and that other planet, it's not going to make us
• 31:59
  Speaker 1: go closer to the Sun or or like destroy our orbit,
• 32:01
  Speaker 1: but it is going to make the hula hoops sort
• 32:03
  Speaker 1: of merge together, right, I think over a long period
• 32:06
  Speaker 1: of time, yet they would both come to orbit in
• 32:09
  Speaker 1: a in another plane that's sort of like the average
• 32:11
  Speaker 1: between the two, because the rotational center would be some
• 32:15
  Speaker 1: access that's perpendicular to that new plane. Yeah, this is
• 32:18
  Speaker 1: the kind of thing. It's it's easier to describe in
• 32:20
  Speaker 1: front of a chalkboard. We'll use the chalkboard of the mind.
• 32:25
  Speaker 1: That's that's kind of the idea, is that everyone at
• 32:28
  Speaker 1: the beginning, everyone's rotating and going in their own orbits,
• 32:31
  Speaker 1: but over time all these orbits sort of aligned with
• 32:35
  Speaker 1: each other. And so that's why galaxies and solar systems
• 32:37
  Speaker 1: they all look like flat discs. Yeah, exactly. The direction
• 32:41
  Speaker 1: perpendicular to that disc, things can pull together, and collisions
• 32:45
  Speaker 1: and attraction all that stuff helps balance it all out
• 32:48
  Speaker 1: and pull it together. But along that disc it can't
• 32:52
  Speaker 1: it can't get too close in because of anglo momentum.
• 32:54
  Speaker 1: He has to keep spinning, and that spinning keeps it
• 32:57
  Speaker 1: from falling in towards the center. Yeah, so like gravity
• 33:00
  Speaker 1: just squishes is in one direction, but it can't squish
• 33:03
  Speaker 1: in the other directions because that's where the spinning is happening. Yeah,
• 33:07
  Speaker 1: and his question was really interesting because he asked about
• 33:08
  Speaker 1: the dimensions, and you're right that gravity works in all
• 33:11
  Speaker 1: these dimensions, right, but because we have Anglo momentum and
• 33:15
  Speaker 1: anglermentum is to find along a plane two dimensions, it
• 33:18
  Speaker 1: makes it sort of asymmetric, right, that it doesn't get
• 33:20
  Speaker 1: treated the same way. One really fun exercise is to
• 33:23
  Speaker 1: think about, like, what would physics be like in four
• 33:26
  Speaker 1: dimensions or in five dimensions. That kind of can kind
• 33:28
  Speaker 1: of blow your mind. But if we had like a
• 33:30
  Speaker 1: four dimensional space, then you would actually have two different
• 33:34
  Speaker 1: axes of angular momentum that would be conserved, and so
• 33:37
  Speaker 1: things would look even crazier. Wow, what would you call that?
• 33:41
  Speaker 1: A blob? And this is why I'm not on the
• 33:44
  Speaker 1: physics naming committee. Alright, cool. So, the the idea is
• 33:48
  Speaker 1: that gravity does work in all directions, um, but it
• 33:51
  Speaker 1: has trouble bringing things together in the direction where they're spinning.
• 33:54
  Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. And so but it it can bring things
• 33:57
  Speaker 1: together in the direction they're not spinning, and so that's
• 34:00
  Speaker 1: why maybe things start out in as a big blob,
• 34:03
  Speaker 1: but then they eventually get squished down and they picked
• 34:05
  Speaker 1: kind of the average spin um direction. Yeah exactly. So
• 34:09
  Speaker 1: gravity is the great flattener of the universe, the great flatter,
• 34:14
  Speaker 1: the great squisher yeah, she just named squishy t. Yeah,
• 34:22
  Speaker 1: there you go. You got Newton, You've got Einstein, and
• 34:25
  Speaker 1: then you've got chamcham contribution to theory of gravity. Oh,
• 34:28
  Speaker 1: a better name. That's definitely definitely up there. And then
• 34:31
  Speaker 1: when I break into quantum physics will be the squishy Ton.
• 34:37
  Speaker 1: I'm gonna go devise an experiment to look for the
• 34:39
  Speaker 1: squishy ton. That's right, I'm gonna call it to squishy Ton,
• 34:42
  Speaker 1: and then go get some coffee and then I'm done. Boom,
• 34:45
  Speaker 1: there's my day and then what then? What? Alright? So
• 34:55
  Speaker 1: those were awesome questions. I love your questions. You might
• 34:59
  Speaker 1: think I'm gonna send him a question he's never going
• 35:01
  Speaker 1: to answer. I will surprise you. Send us a question,
• 35:04
  Speaker 1: you'll get an answer. You might even hear your voice
• 35:07
  Speaker 1: on this podcast eventually. Yeah. And if you're Daniel's wife
• 35:10
  Speaker 1: and have also a question about his lifestyle or habits,
• 35:14
  Speaker 1: just interrupt me anytime, anytime. He'll probably answer that question
• 35:20
  Speaker 1: without interrupting you. So um to night even work out
• 35:24
  Speaker 1: podcast with an audience of one. But thanks for joining
• 35:27
  Speaker 1: us once again and again. If you have questions, please
• 35:29
  Speaker 1: send it to us at Questions at Daniel and Jorge
• 35:32
  Speaker 1: and dot com. Thanks for listening and thanks for asking questions.
• 35:36
  Speaker 1: See you next time. If you still have a question
• 35:46
  Speaker 1: after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line.
• 35:49
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• 35:51
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• 35:55
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• 35:59
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