Latest / Comic History of the United States / National Geographic Magazine Vol. 09 - 07. July 1898-National Geographic Society

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National Geographic Magazine Vol. 09 - 07. July 1898-National Geographic Society · Comic History of the United States

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  Speaker 1: Section one of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine, July
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  Speaker 1: eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
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  Speaker 1: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
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  Speaker 1: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Larry Wilson.
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  Speaker 1: American Geographic Education by W. J. McGee, Vice President of
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  Speaker 1: the National Geographic Society. The capital of the Nation gives
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  Speaker 1: greeedys to the National Education Association. The American Republic, more
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  Speaker 1: than any other nation, owes character to knowledge diffused among
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  Speaker 1: its people, and in no other nation is the diffusion
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  Speaker 1: of knowledge so broad and general. This diffusion of knowledge
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  Speaker 1: involves education and the development and maintenance of educational institutions.
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  Speaker 1: In accordance with the plan of government by the people,
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  Speaker 1: of the people, and for the people. Our educational facilities
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  Speaker 1: are brought within reach of every citizen, our educational methods
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  Speaker 1: updated to the needs of the masses. Some governments strive
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  Speaker 1: to build intellectual structures from the top downward, only to
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  Speaker 1: find their lower bricks on a foundation of sand. Our
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  Speaker 1: system is founded on the rock of popular education, and
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  Speaker 1: the upper portions on the structure are left free. Therein
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  Speaker 1: lies a fundamental distinction the diametrically opposed nature of monarchic
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  Speaker 1: policy and republican policy in educational matters. Under the republican system,
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  Speaker 1: the twig is bent, the youthful mind is started to write.
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  Speaker 1: Thenceforth it grows and strengthened spontaneously, and in good time
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  Speaker 1: gives strength to the republic. Other nations cramp thought and
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  Speaker 1: enslaved minds by proquestrian systems based on the knowledge of
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  Speaker 1: previous generations, while our nation plants the seeds of knowledge
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  Speaker 1: to be supported by its fruits, and so rises constantly
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  Speaker 1: to higher and higher planes with a rapidity unprecedented in history.
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  Speaker 1: Our state does not so much shape education as our
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  Speaker 1: education shapes the state. Yet the interest of the state
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  Speaker 1: in the progress of education is not diminished, but only
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  Speaker 1: increased by this national policy. And so the national capital
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  Speaker 1: welcomes the educators of the nation more warmly than the
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  Speaker 1: wise men of any other nation would be welcomed in
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  Speaker 1: their capital. And the welcome is only the warmer still,
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  Speaker 1: because the organization of educators is voluntary and spontaneous, the
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  Speaker 1: national capital is not without educational facilities and agencies. As
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  Speaker 1: the nation grew, inquiries concerning resources and the conditions of
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  Speaker 1: material development became necessary, and offices of inquiry were created.
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  Speaker 1: Several of these offices have grown into bureaus and departments
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  Speaker 1: constantly worked not only in increasing but also in diffusing knowledge.
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  Speaker 1: That is, they have become educational institutions of the highest order.
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  Speaker 1: As the offices grew, experts and makers of knowledge were assembled,
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  Speaker 1: until the national capital became a center of practical learning.
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  Speaker 1: In time, the experts voluntarily met for mutual benefit and
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  Speaker 1: grouped themselves in unofficial organizations, which now stand in the
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  Speaker 1: front rank of learned societies of the world. The official
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  Speaker 1: bureaus and unofficial societies are one in purpose, and that
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  Speaker 1: the highest within human reach the increase and diffusion of
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  Speaker 1: knowledge for human weal. The unprecedented growth of our national
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  Speaker 1: institutions of practical learning has been due to several causes,
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  Speaker 1: but especially to two. The freedom and spontaneity of knowledge
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  Speaker 1: under republican conditions, and the vast, extent and varied resources
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  Speaker 1: of the national domain. Particularly influential has been our national bigness.
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  Speaker 1: In the first place, geographic ideas are daily developed through
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  Speaker 1: that current news, which is one of the features of
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  Speaker 1: American life. In the second place, engineers and surveyors have
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  Speaker 1: found full scope for their talents and have come to
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  Speaker 1: lead the world in railway lane bridge building and the
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  Speaker 1: invention of innumerable attendant devices. Then the resources of our
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  Speaker 1: rocks have stimulated geologists, and the science has advanced with
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  Speaker 1: such giant strides that today the geology of the world
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  Speaker 1: is shaped in America. At the same time, our broad
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  Speaker 1: territory is so conditioned with respect to continental features and
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  Speaker 1: sources of aqueous vapor, that our meteorologists have been inspired
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  Speaker 1: to lead the world in weather science. So too, our
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  Speaker 1: ethnologists and anthropologists have profited by the unequal opportunities found
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  Speaker 1: in the assemblage of people and in the range of
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  Speaker 1: alter grades from savagery to enlightenment, which it is theirs
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  Speaker 1: alone to survey, and have reconstructed the science of man
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  Speaker 1: on a higher plane than is known abroad. Thus America
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  Speaker 1: has outstripped the rest of the world in scientific development,
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  Speaker 1: especially during the last quarter century. And while the progress
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  Speaker 1: has gone forward at equal rate in every part of
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  Speaker 1: the land. Its center is the national capital, where the
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  Speaker 1: federal offices and several of the scientific societies are located,
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  Speaker 1: and the assembling of our educators in our capital city
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  Speaker 1: is a fitting conjunction which must benefit both. The largest
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  Speaker 1: learned body domiciled in the Capital City is the National
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  Speaker 1: Geographic Society. Although the major portion of its members are
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  Speaker 1: residents of the District of Columbia, it has a membership
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  Speaker 1: distributed over all the states and territories, especially in the
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  Speaker 1: leading educational institutions. The express function of the society is
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  Speaker 1: the u the increase and diffusion of geographic knowledge. These
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  Speaker 1: inns are attained by means of public meetings for the
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  Speaker 1: presentation of discussion and communications, by the publication of a magazine,
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  Speaker 1: and in other appropriate ways. It is, in the best
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  Speaker 1: sense of the term an educational institution, and the success
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  Speaker 1: of its work is attested by its unprecedentedly rapid growth
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  Speaker 1: in membership and influence. The National Geographic Society is among
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  Speaker 1: the institutions of the National Capital. Striving to render the
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  Speaker 1: meeting of the National Education Association agreeable and profitable. It
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  Speaker 1: has secured the cooperation of the scientific bureaus in the
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  Speaker 1: preparation of an exhibit illustrating the work of the Federal
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  Speaker 1: government in knowledge making and indicating the educational facilities of
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  Speaker 1: the Capital. This exhibit is installed in the Central High
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  Speaker 1: School building and will be in immediate charge of custodians
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  Speaker 1: able to explain the maps, apparatus, and other objects exhibited,
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  Speaker 1: and to describe the work of the bureaus. It has
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  Speaker 1: arranged a field meeting in the interests of the Association,
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  Speaker 1: at which the methods and purposes of the Society will
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  Speaker 1: be illustrated by addresses on phases of geography by the
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  Speaker 1: leading living specialists. It has devoted a special number of
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  Speaker 1: the National Geographic Magazine to the Association and provided for
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  Speaker 1: its sale to members at a fraction of the customary price. Finally,
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  Speaker 1: it was one of the institutions of the National Capital
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  Speaker 1: to cordially invite the educators of the country to Washington.
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  Speaker 1: Its officers and members are serving on local committees and
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  Speaker 1: contributing in other ways to the convention, and it stands
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  Speaker 1: second to no institution in welcoming the educators of America
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  Speaker 1: to the fair city by the Potomac, which has become
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  Speaker 1: the world's center of enlightenment.
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  Speaker 2: Section one, Section two of the National Geographic Magazine, volume nine,
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  Speaker 2: July eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All
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  Speaker 2: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
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  Speaker 2: or to volunteer. Please visit liprivox dot org. Recording by
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  Speaker 2: AVAI in December twenty twenty. Origin of the physical features
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  Speaker 2: of the United States by G. K. Gilbert, United States
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  Speaker 2: Geological Survey, fifteen years ago. On September morning, I stood
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  Speaker 2: on a housetop in Zuni, waiting for the rising of
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  Speaker 2: the sun. On other housetops here and there were other
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  Speaker 2: watchers sitting or standing, with their faces toward the east.
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  Speaker 2: And close at my side stood a venerable priest of
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  Speaker 2: the Sun, oblivious of all else, and gazing intently on
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  Speaker 2: the spot where the sun should appear. From his neck
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  Speaker 2: hung a small bag containing sacred meal. When the first
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  Speaker 2: streak of light appeared above the eastern mesa, his lips
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  Speaker 2: began to move, and he repeated, slowly and with low voice,
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  Speaker 2: an invocation to the sun. Then, taking from the bag
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  Speaker 2: a small offering of the consecrated flower, he breathed upon
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  Speaker 2: it and cast it toward the east. Cushing, who became
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  Speaker 2: a Zuni Indian that he might learn their lore, tells
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  Speaker 2: us that this sunrise ritual contains archaic words of which
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  Speaker 2: few modern Zunis know the meaning. Words related to the
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  Speaker 2: modern Zuni tongue as Norman French to modern English, and
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  Speaker 2: showing that the Zuni sun worship began in remote times,
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  Speaker 2: far beyond the possibility of historical determination. The Zunese reverence
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  Speaker 2: for the Sun god is shared by many savage tribes
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  Speaker 2: and belongs to the early history of many civilized peoples.
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  Speaker 2: In later stages of culture, it is succeeded by the
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  Speaker 2: worship of animals or the personified powers of nature and
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  Speaker 2: of personified mental power, so that with civilized man the
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  Speaker 2: old sun worship has disappeared, but there is a new
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  Speaker 2: Sun worship, introduced and fostered by science, For science has
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  Speaker 2: discovered in the Sun a creator of wonderful versatility and power.
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  Speaker 2: Geographers worship also another nature god, the inner Earth or
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  Speaker 2: the underground, a creator also and co worker with the Sun.
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  Speaker 2: These two gods of physical geography were known to the
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  Speaker 2: Greeks as Helios and Hades, to the Romance as a
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  Speaker 2: Hollow and Pluto. In later centuries, Apollo, as the stimulator
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  Speaker 2: of life, developed into the god of culture, but to
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  Speaker 2: early tradition, he is the Sun, a nature god coordinate
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  Speaker 2: with Pluto. The underground. Geology has long recognized Pluto, but
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  Speaker 2: has made him coordinate with the sea god Neptune, naming
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  Speaker 2: her rocks in two great groups, the Plutonic and Neptunian.
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  Speaker 2: Neptune has placed also in the pantheon of geography, but
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  Speaker 2: only as a vassal of the Mightia Apollo. Apollo gives
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  Speaker 2: to the earth's light, heat, frost, storm and rivers, and
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  Speaker 2: is daily the creator of motion and life. Pluto is
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  Speaker 2: an unknown god, hidden and mysterious. The Greeks named him Hades,
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  Speaker 2: the unseen. His only attribute of which we are altogether sure,
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  Speaker 2: is heat. Imagination pictures him in various ways, but imaginations differ,
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  Speaker 2: and their conflicting sketches need not claim our attention today.
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  Speaker 2: He made the continent and is never tired of remaking it.
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  Speaker 2: But for him, the globular Earth would be enveloped in
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  Speaker 2: an endless ocean, and life would be far different from
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  Speaker 2: the life we know. By ridging the outer rind of
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  Speaker 2: the earth, he created the land and set a limit
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  Speaker 2: to the sea. And from age to age he swells
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  Speaker 2: broadland tracts upwards, or draws them downward, so that the
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  Speaker 2: outlines of sea and land are ever changing. Crushing the
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  Speaker 2: rock together here and there, he forces up mountain ridges,
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  Speaker 2: fusing it, he pours outlineas that congeal and build up
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  Speaker 2: other mountains. Apollo dips up water from the sea and
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  Speaker 2: sprinkles it on the rock to moisten and soften it.
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  Speaker 2: By alternate heating and chilling, he cracks it into bits,
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  Speaker 2: and by a complex chemistry which, despite our studies, still
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  Speaker 2: seems magical, he changes it to fine soil in which
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  Speaker 2: plants may grow and in which the husbandman may delve.
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  Speaker 2: Lifting more water from the sea, he pours it broadly
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  Speaker 2: on the land to make rills and rivers, which wash
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  Speaker 2: the soil away, spreading it in the hollows and building plains.
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  Speaker 2: This scouring cuts the uplands into hills, but eventually they
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  Speaker 2: two are worn down, so that the plain is the
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  Speaker 2: end and aim of the water work, preparing for the plow,
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  Speaker 2: the yield soil and level surface, which makes its labors
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  Speaker 2: light and showering the fields with fertilizing moisture. He is
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  Speaker 2: the beneficent patron of agriculture. The mountains of Pluto, lifted
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  Speaker 2: to the region of clouds, intercept and engender storms, and
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  Speaker 2: are the perennial sources of streams, rugged with gorges and crags,
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  Speaker 2: and scantily clothed with soil. They extend no welcome to
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  Speaker 2: the farmer, but instead they harbor of forest growth, storing
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  Speaker 2: timber and fuel, and in some lands their huge banks
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  Speaker 2: of winter snow are reservoirs for the water of irrigation.
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  Speaker 2: Pluto and Apollos separate the earth stuff into kinds. If
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  Speaker 2: all the minerals of the land were mingled in one
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  Speaker 2: complex but homogeneous subse stance, the problem of civilization would
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  Speaker 2: be a problem of separation and would be chemical. But
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  Speaker 2: the gods have classified and arranged, sorting the more abundant
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  Speaker 2: materials into broad layers and gathering the rarer into crevices
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  Speaker 2: and pockets, and so the problem of civilization is a
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  Speaker 2: problem of exploration and discovery, or a problem of geographic distribution.
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  Speaker 2: Pluto sorts by creating a slow circulation of water. As
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  Speaker 2: far as mines and borings have penetrated the earth, the
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  Speaker 2: pores of the rocks are full of water, and the
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  Speaker 2: downward limit of this saturation is unknown. The upper rocks
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  Speaker 2: are comparatively cool, the lower rocks are hot, and the
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  Speaker 2: contrast sets the water in motion. The upper water dense
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  Speaker 2: because cold tends downward. The underwater, expanded and made lighter
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  Speaker 2: by heat, is forced upward, and though motion is exceedingly slow,
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  Speaker 2: there is a continuous circulation. The chemistry of the upper
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  Speaker 2: water is different from the chemistry of the lower. Each
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  Speaker 2: can dissolve certain substances, but the substances are not the same.
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  Speaker 2: The properties of water change as heat and pressure increase,
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  Speaker 2: and again as heat and pressure decrease. So the slow
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  Speaker 2: moving water picks up certain substances in one region and
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  Speaker 2: in another deposits them so as to receive other substances,
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  Speaker 2: and in this way it sorts out many of the
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  Speaker 2: rarer things. Gathering together or concentrating oors of gold, silver, platinum, mercury, lead, sink, copper,
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  Speaker 2: and iron apollo sorts by the free circulation of water
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  Speaker 2: at the surface. The soil that is washed away from
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  Speaker 2: mountains and uplands and spread by the streams in lowlands
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  Speaker 2: and submerged plains is not deposited in one promiscuous mass,
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  Speaker 2: but is classified according to kinds marl in one place,
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  Speaker 2: clay in another, and sand in another, and in time
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  Speaker 2: these become limestone, shale, and sandstone. The tissues of plants
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  Speaker 2: are gathered in swamps and changed to peat, then buried
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  Speaker 2: on the shale and sandstone, and finally transformed to coal.
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  Speaker 2: The tissues of plants and animals, intimately mingled with mud
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  Speaker 2: that changes underground to shales, are slowly distilled in after
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  Speaker 2: ages to fill rock reservoirs with oil and gas. In
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  Speaker 2: other places, and by other special processes, iron, salt, gypsum,
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  Speaker 2: and phosphates are separated, and where plutonic stores of the
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  Speaker 2: metals are ravaged by storm and stream, the gold is
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  Speaker 2: separated by its weight and gathered in the river gravels.
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  Speaker 2: The origin of the features of all lands having been
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  Speaker 2: thus briefly sketched, we may now consider in a broad
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  Speaker 2: way the physical characters of the United States, And for
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  Speaker 2: this purpose it is convenient to divide the country into
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  Speaker 2: a few broad provinces. Parallel to the Atlantic Coast is
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  Speaker 2: the Appalachian mountain Belt, running northeastward from Alabama to New England.
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  Speaker 2: East of it lies the Atlantic Plain. West of it,
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  Speaker 2: the Central Plain, consisting largely of the Valley of the Mississippi,
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  Speaker 2: stretches to the base of the Rocky Mountains. Thence to
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  Speaker 2: the Pacific Coast is a mountainous province known to geographers
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  Speaker 2: as the Cordilleras a fifth province. The province of the
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  Speaker 2: Lakes overlaps the northern portions of the other four and
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  Speaker 2: reaches from ocean to ocean along our Canadian border. The
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  Speaker 2: Cordilleran province, comprising the western third of our country, is
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  Speaker 2: characterized by mountain ranges. The dominant trend is with the
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  Speaker 2: meridian swerving in some districts toward the southeast and in
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  Speaker 2: others toward the southwest, And in each district there is
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  Speaker 2: a general parallelism. The ranges at definitely plutonic, each one
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  Speaker 2: having been caused by a distinct local uplift. But they
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  Speaker 2: are not altogether independent, for there is much evidence of
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  Speaker 2: system in their arrangement. Not only are neighboring ranges approximately parallel,
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  Speaker 2: but they are evenly spaced, so that in crossing the
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  Speaker 2: system one finds a regular alternation of ridge and valley
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  Speaker 2: through extensive districts. The alluvial waste from the erosion and
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  Speaker 2: sculpture of the ranges is gathered in the intervening valleys,
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  Speaker 2: making of each one a shallow basin or a gently
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  Speaker 2: concave plain, where roads may run at will here and there.
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  Speaker 2: Some of the lower ranges are almost buried by the
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  Speaker 2: alluvial filling, so that their summits project as craggy islands
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  Speaker 2: above a sea of rock waste. Elsewhere, and especially where
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  Speaker 2: the mountains are highest, the intervening valleys are drained by
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  Speaker 2: vigorous rivers, which carry off the waste and prevent the
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  Speaker 2: building of extensive plains. In one important district, uplift has
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  Speaker 2: not completed its work of mountain making, and the land
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  Speaker 2: forms a system of plateaus of various heights through which
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  Speaker 2: the Colorado and its tributaries have carved their wonderful system
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  Speaker 2: of canyons. Volcanoes also have made extensive contributions to the topography,
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  Speaker 2: building many great cones and a multitude of cratered hills,
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  Speaker 2: and adding voluminous beds of lava to the alluvial strata
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  Speaker 2: of the valleys. In the extreme northwest, the rainfall is
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  Speaker 2: exceptionally abundant, causing a forest growth luxuriant and dense that
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  Speaker 2: the farmer cannot afford the labor of its subjugation as
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  Speaker 2: the purchase price to nature for his land. Much of
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  Speaker 2: this district also is too rugged for the plow, so
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  Speaker 2: that it constitutes a great natural forest reserve, needing only
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  Speaker 2: protection from fire to insure a perpetual supply of timber.
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  Speaker 2: In the remainder of the province, the rain tribute is scant,
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  Speaker 2: falling far short of the farmer's needs, so that crops
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  Speaker 2: must be irrigated. The downfall is greater on mountains than
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  Speaker 2: on valleys, and about their cool summits. The winter snow
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  Speaker 2: lingers through spring and summer, doling out water to mountain streams,
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  Speaker 2: which may be utilized for the irrigation of valley lands.
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  Speaker 2: But the acres which can thus be nourished are only
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  Speaker 2: a small share of those whose smooth surface invites the plow,
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  Speaker 2: and the valleys as a whole belong to the herdsmen
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  Speaker 2: rather than the husbandman. Their grasses are scant, but this
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  Speaker 2: fault is half compensated by their immense extent, and they
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  Speaker 2: must be counted as a valuable resource, an important reserve
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  Speaker 2: of grazing land that can never be monopolized by agriculture.
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  Speaker 2: On the higher plateaus and in the recesses of the
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  Speaker 2: mountains are tracts and patches of forests, many of which
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  Speaker 2: are protected against haasty consumption by inaccessibility, and these supplement
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  Speaker 2: the great reserve of the extreme northwest. In the mountains
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  Speaker 2: also are plutonic stores of the precious and other metals,
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  Speaker 2: and a score of valleys hold apollonic magazines of coal.
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  Speaker 2: Mountain streams, in addition to their tribute to agriculture, afford
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  Speaker 2: power to the manufacturer. Untamed and fickle, subject to enormous
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  Speaker 2: floods and irregular routes, their control is not easy, but
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  Speaker 2: if they shall ever be subdued and harnessed, there is
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  Speaker 2: hardly a limit to the tasks they may perform. The
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  Speaker 2: central plain, comprising half of all the land, has been
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  Speaker 2: shaped by apollonic forces. The geologist tells us of many uplifts, dislocations,
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  Speaker 2: and flexures of the crust, but all these have been
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  Speaker 2: reduced to approximate evenness by the cooperative work of rain, frost,
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  Speaker 2: and rivers. Where hollows were made, they have been filled.
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  Speaker 2: Where hills and mountains had grown, they have been pared away,
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  Speaker 2: so that only their roots, with a few low stumps, remain.
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  Speaker 2: In types of detail, there is much variety, and there
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  Speaker 2: are many rugged tracts, but the characterizing feature is evenness,
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  Speaker 2: and agriculture is the great industry for which the province
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  Speaker 2: is naturally destined. On this broad fact, however, climate imposes
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  Speaker 2: an important qualification. Over most of the province, the spring
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  Speaker 2: and summer rains suffice for the farmer's need, disappointing him
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  Speaker 2: only by an occasional drought. But in a western belt
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  Speaker 2: following the base of the Rocky Mountains and including much
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  Speaker 2: of the sub province known as the Great Plains, the
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  Speaker 2: rainfall is so scant that agriculture must depend on irrigation,
• 25:54
  Speaker 2: just as in the Cordilleras. Here again, grazing may flourish
• 26:00
  Speaker 2: without need to compete with agriculture for possession of the land,
• 26:05
  Speaker 2: and the domain of the herdsman is thus naturally set
• 26:09
  Speaker 2: Apart of the rarer mineral resources, the central Plain has
• 26:15
  Speaker 2: greatest wealth in coal, which underlies broad tracts and is
• 26:20
  Speaker 2: easily mined. It is rich also in iron, both plutonic
• 26:26
  Speaker 2: and apollonic, and has abundant salt and gypsum throughout its
• 26:32
  Speaker 2: broad extent. Wagon roads and railroads are easily constructed, and
• 26:37
  Speaker 2: its grain for export finds cheap water Transportation from interior
• 26:43
  Speaker 2: districts to the sea by way of the Mississippi and
• 26:47
  Speaker 2: the Saint Lawrence. The mountains of the Appalachian Province were
• 26:53
  Speaker 2: formed by the cooperation of Pluto and Apollo long ago,
• 26:58
  Speaker 2: the crustal rocks were crowded together in a great system
• 27:02
  Speaker 2: of wrinkles, the crests of which were then wholly pared away,
• 27:07
  Speaker 2: so that the Central and Atlantic plains were joined in one.
• 27:13
  Speaker 2: Then came other disturbances along the folded belt, but without
• 27:18
  Speaker 2: new folding, the plain was locally lifted into a long
• 27:22
  Speaker 2: plateau with gentle slopes on either side, and from this
• 27:27
  Speaker 2: plateau the mountains have been carved through the remnants of
• 27:32
  Speaker 2: the old truncated folds ran long outcrops of various and
• 27:36
  Speaker 2: diverse rocks, trending northeast and southwest, and these rocks have
• 27:43
  Speaker 2: been wasted unequally by the eroding waters where there were
• 27:48
  Speaker 2: soluble limestones or weak shales, the stream's open valleys where
• 27:54
  Speaker 2: there were resistant sandstones or quartzides, mountain ridges were left,
• 28:00
  Speaker 2: and so the Appalachian Ranges are a complex cameo of
• 28:04
  Speaker 2: nature's carving. The broader valleys were smooth in the carving
• 28:09
  Speaker 2: and prepared for agriculture, the mountains left rough and reserved
• 28:14
  Speaker 2: for forest. The region is rich in iron, both apollonic
• 28:20
  Speaker 2: and plutonic, and peculiarly rich in what may be called
• 28:25
  Speaker 2: plutonic coal, coal made indeed by apollonic processes, but converted
• 28:32
  Speaker 2: to rich anthracite by plutonic heat. Water power is abundant, and,
• 28:39
  Speaker 2: though less magnificent in its possibilities than the power associated
• 28:44
  Speaker 2: with the loftier cordilleras, of greater present value, because more tractable,
• 28:51
  Speaker 2: and because associated with tillable plains that are qualified by
• 28:56
  Speaker 2: climate for the primary industry of agricolure. The Atlantic plane
• 29:03
  Speaker 2: resembles the Central in that both cutting and filling have
• 29:08
  Speaker 2: contributed to its formation, but the constructive factor is here
• 29:13
  Speaker 2: more important. While the Appalachian folds were being reduced, part
• 29:19
  Speaker 2: of the waste went eastward, burying the Atlantic margin of
• 29:23
  Speaker 2: the continent and extending its seaward. Later, when the Appalachian
• 29:29
  Speaker 2: Cameo was carved, the accumulation of waste was continued, and
• 29:35
  Speaker 2: so the eastern part of the Atlantic belt is what
• 29:39
  Speaker 2: geographers call a constructional plane. But there is another part,
• 29:45
  Speaker 2: lying close to the mountains, which shared in the appalach
• 29:49
  Speaker 2: uplift and also in the appalach carving, and was finally
• 29:54
  Speaker 2: reduced so nearly to sea level that it constitutes an
• 29:58
  Speaker 2: inseparable part of the Atlantic province. It consists of ancient
• 30:04
  Speaker 2: rocks graded down nearly to a uniform level, and is
• 30:08
  Speaker 2: classed by geographers as a destructional or eroded plain. As
• 30:14
  Speaker 2: Pluto raises and lowers the land, the ocean is caused
• 30:19
  Speaker 2: to alternately recede and advance, and this low lying plain
• 30:24
  Speaker 2: is peculiarly susceptible to its encroachment. In our day. The
• 30:30
  Speaker 2: fourth part of it is submerged, so that its actual
• 30:34
  Speaker 2: limit as a physical feature lies many miles beyond the coast,
• 30:40
  Speaker 2: where there is an abrupt change from shallow soundings to
• 30:44
  Speaker 2: abyssal depths. The land of the Atlantic Plain is shaped
• 30:49
  Speaker 2: for agriculture, and much of it is cultivated, but there
• 30:54
  Speaker 2: are broad tracts of soil too poor to compete with
• 30:58
  Speaker 2: the fertile land of the Scent Plain and utilized only
• 31:02
  Speaker 2: for timber and other forest products. Water powers afforded by
• 31:08
  Speaker 2: the moderate fall of large streams have great value by
• 31:13
  Speaker 2: reason of their proximity to tide water and consequent facilities
• 31:19
  Speaker 2: for cheap transportation of the raw materials and the products
• 31:24
  Speaker 2: of manufacture. The Lake province, overlapping all other provinces from
• 31:31
  Speaker 2: the north, is a marginal overflow of Canadian topography and
• 31:36
  Speaker 2: resulted from the great prehistoric invasion of our land by
• 31:41
  Speaker 2: Canadian ice. The colossal ice sheets of the Eastern and
• 31:47
  Speaker 2: Central British provinces and the contemporary glaciers of the northern
• 31:52
  Speaker 2: Cordilleran Mountains remodeled the topography of all the provinces, carving
• 31:59
  Speaker 2: the valley into new shapes and heaping the debris in
• 32:03
  Speaker 2: irregular mounds and ridges of peculiar type. When the ice
• 32:09
  Speaker 2: was melted and rains fell again upon the land, the
• 32:13
  Speaker 2: streams could neither find nor follow their old courses, and
• 32:18
  Speaker 2: the waters were compelled to fill many a hollow before
• 32:22
  Speaker 2: they could flow away at all. So, while the old
• 32:26
  Speaker 2: types of mountains and plains remained as broad features characterizing
• 32:32
  Speaker 2: the several provinces, there was added the feature of obstructed drainage,
• 32:38
  Speaker 2: marked by a multiplicity of lakes. Of these are the
• 32:43
  Speaker 2: lakes and ponds of New England and New York, the
• 32:46
  Speaker 2: Great Laurentian Lakes and their host of associated lakelets, the
• 32:52
  Speaker 2: Mountain lakes of Idaho and Montana, and the curious linear
• 32:56
  Speaker 2: lakes of northern Washington. The distribution of ores was not affected,
• 33:03
  Speaker 2: though facility of discovery and exploitation was locally modified, being
• 33:09
  Speaker 2: partly impaired and partly improved. The surface conditions bearing on
• 33:15
  Speaker 2: agriculture were greatly changed. Large tracts denuded of soil were
• 33:21
  Speaker 2: relegated to the growth of timber, others were made hilly
• 33:26
  Speaker 2: by the heaping of drift, and yet others were smoothed
• 33:30
  Speaker 2: by sedimentation in the beds of temporary lakes. The new
• 33:36
  Speaker 2: soils have a special quality as compared to those resulting
• 33:41
  Speaker 2: from the decay of rocks. For rock decay involves leaching
• 33:46
  Speaker 2: and the loss of soluble minerals. The ice meal ground
• 33:51
  Speaker 2: together unleached samples of many rocks and deposited them with
• 33:56
  Speaker 2: little sorting, so that the glacial soils are off often
• 34:00
  Speaker 2: rich in minerals which elsewhere need to be artificially supplied.
• 34:07
  Speaker 2: The confusion of drainage has yielded results as important in
• 34:11
  Speaker 2: their way as those from the traditionary confusion of tongues
• 34:15
  Speaker 2: at Babel. For the disconcerted streams having their descent arrested
• 34:21
  Speaker 2: by basins and lakes, are compelled elsewhere to tumble down rapidly,
• 34:27
  Speaker 2: making convenient water powers. And these water powers have special
• 34:33
  Speaker 2: value because the associated lakes unnatural reservoirs, protecting them from
• 34:39
  Speaker 2: flood and drought. As the greater lakes are also natural
• 34:44
  Speaker 2: avenues for commerce, the province of the lakes, associating water
• 34:50
  Speaker 2: power with commercial facility, is the natural home of manufacture.
• 34:57
  Speaker 2: The physical characters which, after mineral resources and climate, have
• 35:03
  Speaker 2: greatest influence on industrial activities are internal routes for commerce
• 35:10
  Speaker 2: and maritim harbors. In their relation to external routes, the
• 35:15
  Speaker 2: lines followed by pioneer settlement, as well as those to
• 35:19
  Speaker 2: which internal transportation ultimately adjusts itself, are greatly influenced by
• 35:26
  Speaker 2: topographic configuration. Continuous mountain ranges acting as barriers, and low
• 35:32
  Speaker 2: passes through ranges serving as avenues. Long lines of navigable
• 35:39
  Speaker 2: water also have their influence, and for districts whose most
• 35:43
  Speaker 2: practical product is so abundant as to yield a surplus
• 35:48
  Speaker 2: for exportation, facility of transportation means progress in population and wealth.
• 35:56
  Speaker 2: The consideration of these conditions is attractive, but as they
• 36:01
  Speaker 2: affect various localities unequally, their discussion may properly be left
• 36:07
  Speaker 2: for the lecturers who are to speak of more limited districts. Harbors, however,
• 36:14
  Speaker 2: though their local quality has local value, are of primary
• 36:19
  Speaker 2: importance to the country as a whole, and may be
• 36:22
  Speaker 2: considered to day. They are naturally formed in many ways,
• 36:28
  Speaker 2: but only the principal types need be mentioned. Wherever a
• 36:33
  Speaker 2: river reaches the sea, the continuous contour of the coast
• 36:37
  Speaker 2: is broken, and there would be a natural harbor but
• 36:41
  Speaker 2: for the opposition of the waves. The outflowing river endeavors
• 36:46
  Speaker 2: to scour a channel through which ships may enter. The waves,
• 36:51
  Speaker 2: buffeting the coast and drifting sand and gravel to and
• 36:55
  Speaker 2: fro endeavor to clog the riverway with submerged bars, making
• 37:01
  Speaker 2: the water too shoal for shipping. Over small rivers, the
• 37:06
  Speaker 2: waves are victorious, and unless engineers cooperated with the rivers,
• 37:11
  Speaker 2: the entranceways are sealed. Large rivers overpower the waves and
• 37:17
  Speaker 2: clear their channels faster than the waves can clog them.
• 37:22
  Speaker 2: Only one of our rivers, the Mississippi, has proved competent
• 37:27
  Speaker 2: to maintain its channel to the sea, but that affords
• 37:31
  Speaker 2: a harbor of peculiar value in that it is connected
• 37:35
  Speaker 2: with the system of inland navigation hundreds of miles in extent.
• 37:42
  Speaker 2: The fjord harbors associated with prehistoric ice fields are an
• 37:47
  Speaker 2: important group The ice descends to the shores of both oceans,
• 37:53
  Speaker 2: and by its remodeling of the surface left steep slopes
• 37:58
  Speaker 2: with a tortuous contour, creating a great abundance of deep harbors.
• 38:04
  Speaker 2: New England at the east and Washington at the west
• 38:08
  Speaker 2: are thus endowed, and their maritime commerce requires neither piers
• 38:13
  Speaker 2: nor dredges to maintain its natural channels. Natural harbors of
• 38:20
  Speaker 2: a third class are connected with vertical movements of the land.
• 38:25
  Speaker 2: When the margin of the continent is lifted, the coast line,
• 38:30
  Speaker 2: following a slope new risen from the sea is a
• 38:33
  Speaker 2: simple contour on an even plain, and there are no harbors.
• 38:38
  Speaker 2: But when the land is depressed, the sea water enters
• 38:42
  Speaker 2: each valley of the coastal plain, making a bay. Then
• 38:47
  Speaker 2: the waves, driving sand and other land waste along the coast,
• 38:53
  Speaker 2: build a spit across the mouth of each bay, converting
• 38:57
  Speaker 2: it into a sheltered harbor, whose entrance is scoured four
• 39:01
  Speaker 2: times a day by the incoming and outgoing tide. Into
• 39:07
  Speaker 2: the estuaries thus formed, the streams build deltas, gradually filling
• 39:13
  Speaker 2: and obliterating them, But so long as subsistence continues, they
• 39:18
  Speaker 2: remain open and available for commerce. It is our good
• 39:24
  Speaker 2: fortune that nearly the whole of our coast, both Atlantic
• 39:28
  Speaker 2: and Pacific, is now subsiding, so that estuaries are numerous,
• 39:34
  Speaker 2: and the maintenance of serviceable harbors requires only moderate aid
• 39:39
  Speaker 2: from the engineer. The bays and sounds of San Francisco, Galveston, Mobile, Tampa, Savannah, Charleston, Wilmington, Pamlico, Chesapeake,
• 39:53
  Speaker 2: and Delaware are of this type, and the Hudson Estuary,
• 39:58
  Speaker 2: which is also Afford, carries tide water one hundred and
• 40:02
  Speaker 2: fifty miles from the coast. Climatically, the United States lies
• 40:10
  Speaker 2: within the zone of variable winds. Instead of being swept
• 40:14
  Speaker 2: by continuous trade winds or periodic monsoons, it is traversed
• 40:20
  Speaker 2: at short but irregular intervals by the broad her worlds
• 40:25
  Speaker 2: called cyclones, which bring with them rapid alternations of warmth
• 40:31
  Speaker 2: and coolness, sunshine and rain, breeze and calm, and the
• 40:37
  Speaker 2: direction of the wind is continually shifting. In other words,
• 40:42
  Speaker 2: we are endowed with weather instead of mere climatic monotony.
• 40:49
  Speaker 2: In all parts of our land, there is so much
• 40:52
  Speaker 2: of winter that man must provide himself with clothing, shelter,
• 40:57
  Speaker 2: and fuel natural fruits to be had, for the plucking
• 41:02
  Speaker 2: will not sustain him, and he is compelled to earn
• 41:05
  Speaker 2: his food. Thus nature forces him to labor and to contrive,
• 41:11
  Speaker 2: and his physical and intellectual faculties are developed like the
• 41:17
  Speaker 2: athlete's muscle, by exercise from variety of configuration, of mineral
• 41:24
  Speaker 2: resources and of climate flow, varied and complementary industries. Agriculture
• 41:32
  Speaker 2: flourishes in the Atlantic and Central Provinces, on the Morainic
• 41:37
  Speaker 2: hills and lacustrine plains of the Lake District, and with
• 41:43
  Speaker 2: irrigation in intervals of the Cordilleras. Its products range from
• 41:49
  Speaker 2: the hardy apple to the frost chunning banana. Along the
• 41:54
  Speaker 2: western borders of the Central Plain and in Cordilleran valleys,
• 41:59
  Speaker 2: the herdsmen intends his bands of horses, kine and sheep
• 42:04
  Speaker 2: in the humid northwest. In the recesses of the mountains
• 42:09
  Speaker 2: and on tracts of inferior or scanty soil. Are forests
• 42:14
  Speaker 2: for the lumberman. In mountains and roots of mountains are
• 42:19
  Speaker 2: oars for the miner, and from the hills he draws
• 42:22
  Speaker 2: fossil fuels. Manufacture finds natural power in waterfall, coal and gas,
• 42:31
  Speaker 2: and the way of commerce is made easy by the
• 42:33
  Speaker 2: harbors of the coast. Thus, Pluto and Apollo have prepared
• 42:39
  Speaker 2: the land for that diversity of product and industry which
• 42:44
  Speaker 2: gives national independence, and have provided a commercial facility which
• 42:50
  Speaker 2: joins us to the brotherhood of Nations. End of section two.
• 43:02
  Speaker 3: Section three of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine, July
• 43:07
  Speaker 3: eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 43:13
  Speaker 3: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 43:16
  Speaker 3: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by devent Tatlow.
• 43:23
  Speaker 3: Geographic development of the District of Columbia by W. J. McGee.
• 43:28
  Speaker 3: The District of Columbia lies on the boundary between two
• 43:32
  Speaker 3: great natural districts or provinces, the Piedmont Plateau and the
• 43:37
  Speaker 3: Coastal Plain. The Piedmont Province is a low plateau composed
• 43:42
  Speaker 3: of ancient crystalline rocks, extending westward to the Blue Ridge
• 43:47
  Speaker 3: and stretching far northeastward and southeastward. This plateau is trenched
• 43:52
  Speaker 3: by the Potomac and other rivers and their tributaries, and
• 43:56
  Speaker 3: its surface has been carved into hill and vale Rod divide,
• 44:00
  Speaker 3: a narrow valley by the action of running water. During
• 44:05
  Speaker 3: the ages past, it was a high plateau or mountain range,
• 44:09
  Speaker 3: which was first canyoned and afterward carried away by the
• 44:12
  Speaker 3: Potomac and neighboring rivers of the eastern United States. The
• 44:17
  Speaker 3: coastal Province is a broad lowland made up of sedimentary formations.
• 44:22
  Speaker 3: It extends from the capital to the coast and thence
• 44:26
  Speaker 3: as a shallow sea bottom for over one hundred miles
• 44:29
  Speaker 3: into the Atlantic, ending in a steep slope towards the
• 44:33
  Speaker 3: ocean depths, and it stretches northward to New York and
• 44:37
  Speaker 3: southward to the limits of the continent. Thus, the coastal
• 44:41
  Speaker 3: plain is about half land and half sea bottom. Through
• 44:45
  Speaker 3: the land portion, broad estuaries pass bearing the waters of
• 44:49
  Speaker 3: the Potomac and other rivers to the sea, and in
• 44:53
  Speaker 3: the bottoms of the estuaries and in the sea bottoms beyond,
• 44:57
  Speaker 3: certain channels have been revealed by sounds. The history of
• 45:02
  Speaker 3: the development of the region may be read from the
• 45:05
  Speaker 3: land forms of the two provinces and from the sedimentary
• 45:09
  Speaker 3: formations or deposits of the coastal plain. Definitions the student
• 45:14
  Speaker 3: of geographic development takes note of one processes or agencies
• 45:19
  Speaker 3: and two products The chief agency concerned in making this
• 45:24
  Speaker 3: region is water, and the chief processes are A erosion
• 45:29
  Speaker 3: and b transportation by running water, together with c deposition
• 45:34
  Speaker 3: of the transported material in slack water, or in more
• 45:38
  Speaker 3: general terms, degradation and subsequent aggradation. When a considerable area
• 45:44
  Speaker 3: of earth crust rises in such a manner as to
• 45:47
  Speaker 3: transform smooth sea bottom to dry land, certain changes are
• 45:51
  Speaker 3: wrought to the surface. When the rains fall, a part
• 45:55
  Speaker 3: of the water lies long on the level surface and
• 45:58
  Speaker 3: forms marshes. Here and there rivulets form and flow down
• 46:03
  Speaker 3: the gentle slopes toward the sea. The rivulets cut rills,
• 46:07
  Speaker 3: and as the waters gather strength with increased volume, dig gullies. Eventually,
• 46:13
  Speaker 3: the rills unite in streamlets and brooks, and the gullies
• 46:17
  Speaker 3: expand into ravines and valleys, and in time streams and
• 46:21
  Speaker 3: rivers are formed, each flowing into a gorge or valley
• 46:25
  Speaker 3: of its own making. In this way, the surface of
• 46:29
  Speaker 3: the uplifted sea bottom is carved into valley systems, and
• 46:33
  Speaker 3: the forms of the valleys determine the forms of the
• 46:36
  Speaker 3: hills and divides by which they are bounded. It is
• 46:40
  Speaker 3: in this way that the lands of the earth are sculptured,
• 46:43
  Speaker 3: and the sculpture of running water produces a characteristic topography.
• 46:49
  Speaker 3: The earth matter cut out of the rills, gullies, ravines
• 46:52
  Speaker 3: and valleys is transported by the running water into the
• 46:56
  Speaker 3: adjacent lake or sea, where it is dropped swept here
• 47:00
  Speaker 3: and there by the waves, and eventually built into sheets
• 47:03
  Speaker 3: of sediment or formations. So long as land and sea
• 47:08
  Speaker 3: maintain their relative position, the sediments are accumulated continuously and
• 47:13
  Speaker 3: constitute a single formation. But if the earth crust rises
• 47:17
  Speaker 3: or sinks, the formation changes. If the earth crust rises,
• 47:22
  Speaker 3: the ocean withdraws and sea bottom is converted into land
• 47:26
  Speaker 3: to be sculptured into land forms. If it sinks, the
• 47:30
  Speaker 3: ocean advances and sediments are laid down over the land
• 47:33
  Speaker 3: forms sculptured by the running waters, and in unconformity is produced. Thus,
• 47:40
  Speaker 3: in regions like the Coastal Province, there are two important
• 47:44
  Speaker 3: classes of products A landforms and B formations, and the
• 47:49
  Speaker 3: unconformities separating the formations are old land surfaces. The development
• 47:55
  Speaker 3: of the region is recorded in landforms, formations, and unconformity
• 48:00
  Speaker 3: produced in this way. The land forms above the mouth
• 48:04
  Speaker 3: of Rock Creek Potomac River flows in a steep, bluffed
• 48:08
  Speaker 3: gorge cut sharply in the Piedmont plateau. Rock Creek, too,
• 48:13
  Speaker 3: occupies a narrow and rugged valley cut in a plain,
• 48:17
  Speaker 3: a plain so definite that the eye catches its continuity
• 48:21
  Speaker 3: and fails to note the valley, save when near its brink.
• 48:25
  Speaker 3: The lesser tributaries of the Potomac and of Rock Creek
• 48:29
  Speaker 3: flow in narrower valleys, gorges, and ravines, each proportionate to
• 48:34
  Speaker 3: the length and strength of its stream. Thus, the western
• 48:38
  Speaker 3: part of the district is a land of sharp cut
• 48:41
  Speaker 3: gorges and ravines, with rugged hills between, while toward the
• 48:46
  Speaker 3: main divides, the waterways diminish in depth and the surface
• 48:50
  Speaker 3: becomes a gently undulating plateau. And it is evident that
• 48:55
  Speaker 3: each channel, great and small, was carved by the great
• 48:58
  Speaker 3: or small stream now occups pyeing it. It is evident
• 49:02
  Speaker 3: too that the channels are deep, because this part of
• 49:05
  Speaker 3: the land stands high above the level of the tide.
• 49:09
  Speaker 3: And after a little study of the steepness of the
• 49:12
  Speaker 3: valley sides, it is evident also that the period of
• 49:16
  Speaker 3: valley cutting was not very long, for the steep slope
• 49:20
  Speaker 3: is a sign of rapid streamwork below Rock Creek, Potomac
• 49:25
  Speaker 3: River expands in a tidal estuary flanked by moderately steep
• 49:29
  Speaker 3: bluffs and lined with alluvium or river mud. Anacostia River
• 49:34
  Speaker 3: occupies a similar but smaller trough relatively broad and shallow
• 49:39
  Speaker 3: as that of the Potomac, and its bluffs rise to
• 49:42
  Speaker 3: a moderately uniformed plain in which the trough is excavated.
• 49:47
  Speaker 3: The lesser tributaries are estuaries toward their mouths, but flow
• 49:52
  Speaker 3: in steep sided gorges and ravines much like those of
• 49:55
  Speaker 3: the Piedmont, toward their sources, while the divides are broad,
• 50:00
  Speaker 3: flat plains in which the drainage systems are imperfectly developed. Thus,
• 50:05
  Speaker 3: the eastern portion of the district is a land of steep,
• 50:09
  Speaker 3: bluffed tidal estuaries narrowing above into gorges and ravines, with
• 50:14
  Speaker 3: ill drained expanses between them. The history recorded in these
• 50:19
  Speaker 3: land forms is a little more complex than that recorded
• 50:22
  Speaker 3: in the Piedmont. Since the valleys are proportionate in size
• 50:26
  Speaker 3: to their streams, it is evident that all were cut
• 50:29
  Speaker 3: by the streams now occupying them. Since the headwater ravines
• 50:34
  Speaker 3: do not unite in the broad divide plains, and since
• 50:37
  Speaker 3: the slopes are steep, it is evident that the land
• 50:40
  Speaker 3: has not stood above the ocean long enough to permit
• 50:43
  Speaker 3: the drainage systems to extend themselves over the entire surface.
• 50:48
  Speaker 3: And since the larger valleys are occupied by the tide
• 50:51
  Speaker 3: water and lined with alluvium, it is evident that the
• 50:55
  Speaker 3: land formerly stood higher than now and has since subsided
• 50:59
  Speaker 3: so far as to permit ocean water to drown the
• 51:02
  Speaker 3: larger river cut valleys. So the landforms of the district
• 51:06
  Speaker 3: tell of certain agencies and movements concerned in the development
• 51:11
  Speaker 3: of the district. The formations Washington is located in a
• 51:15
  Speaker 3: triangular amphitheater opening southward through its southern angle. This amphitheater
• 51:21
  Speaker 3: is lined with a peculiar deposit not found over the
• 51:24
  Speaker 3: higher bounding hills. It is composed of brown loam or
• 51:28
  Speaker 3: clay mixed with sand, gravel, and boulders. This is the
• 51:33
  Speaker 3: Columbia formation. It is generally coarser and finer above the
• 51:38
  Speaker 3: upper portion being used as brick clay, and in general
• 51:41
  Speaker 3: it is coarser toward the gateway in the wall of
• 51:44
  Speaker 3: the amphitheater, through which the potomac enters in the western
• 51:48
  Speaker 3: part of the city and finer in the eastern and
• 51:51
  Speaker 3: southern portions of the Amphitheater. On comparing this deposit with
• 51:55
  Speaker 3: the alluvium dredged out of the river bottom, there is
• 51:58
  Speaker 3: found so close samilarity as to warrant the conclusion that
• 52:02
  Speaker 3: both were produced by the same agency. That, just as
• 52:06
  Speaker 3: the river is depositing the alluvium at the present time,
• 52:10
  Speaker 3: especially during the spring freshests, so the Columbia formation was
• 52:15
  Speaker 3: deposited by the river during freshets of past ages. This
• 52:19
  Speaker 3: conclusion involves the supposition that during the Columbia period, the
• 52:23
  Speaker 3: land stood lower than now, so that the Potomac Estuary
• 52:27
  Speaker 3: occupied the entire Amphitheater. Comparison of the alluvium with the
• 52:31
  Speaker 3: Columbia deposits reveals certain minor differences in the deposits, notably
• 52:37
  Speaker 3: a larger proportion of brown loam and a larger number
• 52:41
  Speaker 3: and size of boulders in the ancient one. And these
• 52:45
  Speaker 3: differences suggest that during the Columbia period the climate was
• 52:49
  Speaker 3: colder than now, the boulder bearing ice flows larger, and
• 52:53
  Speaker 3: the thaw freshets more destructive to soil than at present.
• 52:58
  Speaker 3: These features suffice to correlate the Columbia Formation with the
• 53:02
  Speaker 3: glacial deposits of northern United States. Thus, the Columbia Formation
• 53:08
  Speaker 3: records definitely a period during which the land stood lower
• 53:11
  Speaker 3: than now and the sea encroached further, and when the
• 53:15
  Speaker 3: climate was colder than now. Detailed study of the formation
• 53:19
  Speaker 3: indicates that there were two great epochs of depression of
• 53:22
  Speaker 3: the land, separated by a stage of elevation, the submergence
• 53:27
  Speaker 3: during the earlier period being much the greater. The earlier
• 53:31
  Speaker 3: Columbia deposits are found over the lower hills and uplands
• 53:35
  Speaker 3: flanking the Washington Amphitheater up to two hundred feet above tide,
• 53:40
  Speaker 3: the later Columbia mantles Capitol Hill, and other portions of
• 53:44
  Speaker 3: the Amphitheater up to one hundred feet above tide. The
• 53:48
  Speaker 3: distribution of the Columbia deposits is such as to indicate
• 53:51
  Speaker 3: that the great estuaries of Potomac and Anacostia Rivers, and
• 53:55
  Speaker 3: the narrower rock bound gorge of the Potomac from Great
• 53:59
  Speaker 3: Falls to its source, were carved out in nearly their
• 54:02
  Speaker 3: present form before the Columbia period. Thus, these great geographic
• 54:07
  Speaker 3: features record a pre Columbia period during which the land
• 54:11
  Speaker 3: stood far above its present level, so that the ocean
• 54:14
  Speaker 3: retreated far beyond the present shoreline, probably to the Great
• 54:19
  Speaker 3: Submarine Scarp one hundred miles offshore. This period was one
• 54:23
  Speaker 3: of great importance in the development of the district, though
• 54:27
  Speaker 3: it has only recently been defined through the recognition of
• 54:31
  Speaker 3: principles discovered during researches in the district. At that time,
• 54:36
  Speaker 3: the entire coastal plain was land so far elevated that
• 54:40
  Speaker 3: rivers and brooks flowed swiftly across it and down its slopes,
• 54:44
  Speaker 3: producing characteristic land sculpture, a surface now represented in one
• 54:49
  Speaker 3: of the strongest unconformities in the coastal plain. On some
• 54:54
  Speaker 3: of the highest hills bounding the Washington Amphitheater, there is
• 54:57
  Speaker 3: found a deposit of red clay and well rounded pebbles
• 55:01
  Speaker 3: of quartz and quartzite, somewhat resembling the Columbia, but differing
• 55:06
  Speaker 3: in that the pebbles are harder and more worn, and
• 55:09
  Speaker 3: in that the deposit is more uniform and homogeneous. This
• 55:14
  Speaker 3: is the Lafayette Formation. Outcrops of the Lafayette are found
• 55:18
  Speaker 3: on good Hope Hill in the uplands about Soldiers Home,
• 55:22
  Speaker 3: and on the hills toward Tenley, and most of the
• 55:25
  Speaker 3: broad divides between the headwater ravines in the eastern part
• 55:29
  Speaker 3: of the district and still further eastward are floored with
• 55:32
  Speaker 3: the deposit. The structure of the deposit indicates that it
• 55:37
  Speaker 3: was arranged by waves and currents along the shore of
• 55:40
  Speaker 3: a shallow ocean stretching far northward and southward, and its
• 55:44
  Speaker 3: uniformity indicates that the deep valleys of the modern estuaries
• 55:48
  Speaker 3: did not exist, and that it was laid down on
• 55:51
  Speaker 3: smooth sea bottom a former smooth land surface before the
• 55:56
  Speaker 3: post Lafayette period of a high level. It is composed
• 56:00
  Speaker 3: of materials which are either decomposed and thus degraded chemically
• 56:04
  Speaker 3: the ground loan or of great chemic obduracy, the courts
• 56:07
  Speaker 3: and quartzite, and the simplest explanation of its composition is
• 56:12
  Speaker 3: that its materials were gathered by swiftly flowing streams over
• 56:16
  Speaker 3: a land which had long been subjected to the action
• 56:18
  Speaker 3: of a chemical rather than mechanical agencies, i e. Land
• 56:23
  Speaker 3: lying low for long periods, so that running water was
• 56:26
  Speaker 3: sluggish and impotent, while a decomposition of the rocks and
• 56:30
  Speaker 3: soils went on pace, so the Lafayette Formation tells of
• 56:36
  Speaker 3: a time when the land was low, so low that
• 56:39
  Speaker 3: the Atlantic encroached beyond the longitude of Washington. It tells too,
• 56:44
  Speaker 3: of a seaward tilting of the Piedmont, whereby the streams
• 56:48
  Speaker 3: were made swifter than before so as to tear up
• 56:51
  Speaker 3: the residuary soils and ancient courtz ledges. The distribution of
• 56:56
  Speaker 3: the Lafayette indicates that it was originally a continuous stretching
• 57:01
  Speaker 3: from the Piedmont far seaward and northward and southwards throughout
• 57:05
  Speaker 3: the coastal plain, but that during the subsequent period of
• 57:09
  Speaker 3: high level it was entirely cut away along the larger
• 57:13
  Speaker 3: and many of the smaller streams, so that it is
• 57:16
  Speaker 3: now represented only by a series of remnants on the
• 57:20
  Speaker 3: higher divides. Thus, the Lafayette Formation is a definite record
• 57:25
  Speaker 3: of a great subsidence and seaward tilting of the land,
• 57:29
  Speaker 3: and at the same time it records a previous geographic
• 57:32
  Speaker 3: condition during which its materials were prepared by chemic processes,
• 57:37
  Speaker 3: and a subsequent geographic condition during which most of its
• 57:41
  Speaker 3: volume was carried away by running waters. The combined record
• 57:46
  Speaker 3: of landforms and formations the margin of the Piedmont Plateau
• 57:50
  Speaker 3: reaching the district is a land of fairly smooth contour,
• 57:54
  Speaker 3: albeit trenched by gorges and ravines, and its rocks yield
• 57:59
  Speaker 3: red clays and courts fragments on decomposition, and these conditions
• 58:03
  Speaker 3: are in accord with the evidence of the Lafayette Formation.
• 58:07
  Speaker 3: Thus the period of the shaping of the plateau may
• 58:10
  Speaker 3: be correlated with the period closed by the deposition of
• 58:14
  Speaker 3: the Formation. The great gorges of the Potomac and Anacostia,
• 58:18
  Speaker 3: and of Rock Creek and other tributaries tell of a
• 58:21
  Speaker 3: period when the land stood high above its present level,
• 58:25
  Speaker 3: and this is in accord with the degradation of the
• 58:27
  Speaker 3: greater part of the Lafayette and permits correlation of the
• 58:31
  Speaker 3: landforms and the two provinces. The lining of the Washington
• 58:35
  Speaker 3: Amphitheater with Columbia deposits records the period when the land
• 58:39
  Speaker 3: stood low and when the climate was cold, and this
• 58:43
  Speaker 3: gives a date for the correlation of local geologic history
• 58:46
  Speaker 3: with general geologic history. Thus, the land forms and the formations,
• 58:51
  Speaker 3: when carefully studied and interpreted, yield a record of the
• 58:55
  Speaker 3: development of the district through the ages. The streams flow
• 58:58
  Speaker 3: down to the sea, the waves rolled along the shores.
• 59:02
  Speaker 3: Sediment was gathered here and deposited there. The earth crust
• 59:06
  Speaker 3: alternately heaved and sank. As time passed, Valleys were born
• 59:11
  Speaker 3: and hills were fashioned, and the face of the land
• 59:14
  Speaker 3: was transformed again and again. Each new geography was rocked
• 59:18
  Speaker 3: from the old, and each can be restored in mind
• 59:21
  Speaker 3: or in picture from the study of hill and rock,
• 59:25
  Speaker 3: and each stage in evolution was an important episode in
• 59:28
  Speaker 3: the geographic development of the District of Columbia. End of
• 59:32
  Speaker 3: section three. Recording by Devin Tatlow, Section four of the
• 59:43
  Speaker 3: National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine, July eighteen ninety eight. This
• 59:50
  Speaker 3: is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the
• 59:54
  Speaker 3: public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit
• 59:58
  Speaker 3: LibriVox dot org. Recording by Devon Tatlow, Washington, DC. The
• 1:00:05
  Speaker 3: Historical Development of the National Capital by Marcus Baker of
• 1:00:09
  Speaker 3: the US Geological Survey. Among all great capitals of the world,
• 1:00:15
  Speaker 3: the capital of the United States stands out unique in
• 1:00:19
  Speaker 3: its origin, development, and government. Washington has no counterpart. There
• 1:00:24
  Speaker 3: is but one Washington. That the national capital is Unlike
• 1:00:28
  Speaker 3: other cities in the United States, is matter of common
• 1:00:32
  Speaker 3: observation and remark its wide asphalt covered avenues, its shaded trees,
• 1:00:39
  Speaker 3: its parks, and public statues. These outward shows usually first
• 1:00:44
  Speaker 3: arrest attention, and excite comment. The roominess of the streets
• 1:00:50
  Speaker 3: and the leisurely air of those who use them are
• 1:00:53
  Speaker 3: also often remarked on by visiting strangers. The smoothness and
• 1:00:58
  Speaker 3: spaciousness of the highway seem to be a perpetual source
• 1:01:02
  Speaker 3: of delight, while the want of commercial bustle and rush
• 1:01:06
  Speaker 3: and turmoil in the streets is to many a visitor
• 1:01:10
  Speaker 3: visible evidence of the laziness and indifference engendered by the
• 1:01:14
  Speaker 3: public service. Whether this judgment be wise or otherwise, it
• 1:01:20
  Speaker 3: is not for those judged to determine. Yet we know
• 1:01:24
  Speaker 3: that though first impressions are prone to last, it is
• 1:01:27
  Speaker 3: not because of their accuracy. And from judgments we often
• 1:01:31
  Speaker 3: learn more of the quality of the judge than of
• 1:01:34
  Speaker 3: that concerning which he pronounces judgment. Most of our large
• 1:01:39
  Speaker 3: cities are given over to manufacturers and commerce. The energy
• 1:01:44
  Speaker 3: of the citizens is given to making things, to transporting them,
• 1:01:48
  Speaker 3: to buying and to selling. Business activity and prosperity to
• 1:01:53
  Speaker 3: the resident of such cities means crowded and noisy streets
• 1:01:58
  Speaker 3: filled with endless streams of men, women, and traffic horses,
• 1:02:02
  Speaker 3: trolley cars, cobblestones, policemen, streetfekirs, big wagons, little wagons, automobiles
• 1:02:10
  Speaker 3: with fake extras of yellow journals shouted above all the
• 1:02:14
  Speaker 3: din To those whose lives are spent in such surroundings,
• 1:02:18
  Speaker 3: Washington seems dull and stupid. Washington is now nearly a
• 1:02:23
  Speaker 3: century old, and having been first occupied as the seat
• 1:02:26
  Speaker 3: of government in eighteen hundred. It was on June fifteenth
• 1:02:30
  Speaker 3: of that year that the public offices were first opened,
• 1:02:34
  Speaker 3: and on November twenty second following that Congress for the
• 1:02:37
  Speaker 3: first time met in Washington. At the close of the Revolution,
• 1:02:42
  Speaker 3: when Congress was in session in Philadelphia, it will be
• 1:02:45
  Speaker 3: remembered some of the unpaid soldiers grew impatient at the
• 1:02:50
  Speaker 3: delay in settling their accounts. To hasten the settlement and
• 1:02:55
  Speaker 3: stimulate what they deemed a dawdling and lazy, deliberative Congress
• 1:02:59
  Speaker 3: to action, these soldiers made a threatening demonstration about the
• 1:03:04
  Speaker 3: old State House, where Congress was then in session. Just
• 1:03:08
  Speaker 3: as the present war with Spain has suddenly and profoundly
• 1:03:12
  Speaker 3: affected the thinking, the outlook and the points of view
• 1:03:16
  Speaker 3: of all who think so this little demonstration to hasten
• 1:03:20
  Speaker 3: the payment of money do taught Congress the Act Pupil,
• 1:03:24
  Speaker 3: a lesson which the teacher, a mutinous soldiery, neither knew
• 1:03:28
  Speaker 3: nor dreamed of. Our forefathers had chafed under the presence
• 1:03:33
  Speaker 3: and support of an army maintained against the citizens, at
• 1:03:37
  Speaker 3: the cost of the citizens, and in the interest of
• 1:03:41
  Speaker 3: the sovereign. When their own citizen soldiery grew numerous, a
• 1:03:46
  Speaker 3: new view suddenly appeared, and with it a new danger.
• 1:03:51
  Speaker 3: Out of this new view, and from this real or
• 1:03:54
  Speaker 3: supposed menace, came the decision thoughtfully and resolutely taken that
• 1:03:59
  Speaker 3: this seat of government of the United States must be
• 1:04:03
  Speaker 3: where only the United States have exclusive jurisdiction and control.
• 1:04:09
  Speaker 3: This new created state, this then small star in the
• 1:04:13
  Speaker 3: galaxy of nations, was designed to be, and its founders
• 1:04:17
  Speaker 3: believed it was to become a great nation. So believing,
• 1:04:22
  Speaker 3: they deliberated and determined that it should have a permanent
• 1:04:25
  Speaker 3: home of its own, where its laws could be made, interpreted,
• 1:04:30
  Speaker 3: and executed without improper interferences or influence of any kind
• 1:04:35
  Speaker 3: or from any source. The conclusion was to select a
• 1:04:38
  Speaker 3: tract and build a permanent home as the seat of government.
• 1:04:43
  Speaker 3: Most capitals have been established or have grown up in
• 1:04:46
  Speaker 3: towns or cities already existing. Not so the city of Washington.
• 1:04:52
  Speaker 3: When in April seventeen eighty nine President Washington first entered
• 1:04:56
  Speaker 3: upon his high office, there was no city of war Washington.
• 1:05:01
  Speaker 3: Yet there was to be a federal city. The Constitution,
• 1:05:05
  Speaker 3: framed and signed in seventeen eighty seven, provided that Congress
• 1:05:09
  Speaker 3: might quote exercise exclusive legislation over such district not exceeding
• 1:05:16
  Speaker 3: ten miles square, as may by session of particular States
• 1:05:20
  Speaker 3: and acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government
• 1:05:24
  Speaker 3: of the United States under this authority, Congress, by a
• 1:05:29
  Speaker 3: law enacted on January sixteenth, seventeen ninety and amended July
• 1:05:35
  Speaker 3: sixteenth the following selected the present locality on the banks
• 1:05:39
  Speaker 3: of the Potomac. Down to twenty five years ago, there
• 1:05:44
  Speaker 3: was talk from time to time of moving the capital
• 1:05:47
  Speaker 3: to a more central location. These discussers rarely or never, however,
• 1:05:53
  Speaker 3: gave evidence of any acquaintance with the labor involved or
• 1:05:56
  Speaker 3: the traditions of the compromise which resulted in the selection
• 1:06:01
  Speaker 3: of the present site. Whoever will take the trouble to
• 1:06:04
  Speaker 3: learn what it cost to do. This will be either
• 1:06:08
  Speaker 3: a very bold or a very foolish man to hope
• 1:06:12
  Speaker 3: or expect that a removal of the capitol is possible.
• 1:06:17
  Speaker 3: The original grant by Virginia and Maryland, accepted by Congress
• 1:06:22
  Speaker 3: in seventeen ninety as the permanent seat of government, consisted
• 1:06:26
  Speaker 3: of a tract one hundred square miles lying on both
• 1:06:30
  Speaker 3: sides of the Potomac River. Under the direction of three
• 1:06:33
  Speaker 3: commissioners appointed by Washington, this tract was surveyed by Major
• 1:06:38
  Speaker 3: Andrew Ellicott in seventeen ninety one. The boundary was traversed, chained,
• 1:06:44
  Speaker 3: and cleared of timber, and a topographic map prepared of
• 1:06:47
  Speaker 3: the one hundred square miles comprised within these boundary lines.
• 1:06:52
  Speaker 3: As the survey approached completion in the autumn of seventeen
• 1:06:56
  Speaker 3: ninety one, Ellicott asked the commissioners for the title or
• 1:07:00
  Speaker 3: name to go on the map, whereupon the commissioners formerly
• 1:07:03
  Speaker 3: passed on the matter, they answered, the City of Washington
• 1:07:08
  Speaker 3: in the territory of Columbia. Thus the city of Washington,
• 1:07:13
  Speaker 3: as it's an airy nothing but with a local habitation
• 1:07:16
  Speaker 3: in the territory of Columbia. Now received a name. This
• 1:07:21
  Speaker 3: was seventeen ninety one, yet it took time to get
• 1:07:25
  Speaker 3: the names into use. The imaginary city continued to be
• 1:07:30
  Speaker 3: referred to, chiefly as a jest, under the old descriptive
• 1:07:34
  Speaker 3: phrase federal City. When in seventeen ninety two the boundary
• 1:07:40
  Speaker 3: monuments were set along the Maryland part of the district
• 1:07:43
  Speaker 3: boundary line, the word Maryland was cut upon that side
• 1:07:47
  Speaker 3: of each stone which faced Maryland. But upon the side
• 1:07:51
  Speaker 3: which faced what we now call the District of Columbia,
• 1:07:56
  Speaker 3: the word Columbia does not appear. Instead of it, there appears,
• 1:08:00
  Speaker 3: in clear, large and deep cut letters, the words jurisdiction
• 1:08:06
  Speaker 3: of the United States. Obviously, this fact, rather than a name,
• 1:08:12
  Speaker 3: was uppermost in the minds of the commissioners in seventeen
• 1:08:16
  Speaker 3: ninety one, and this fact is still unique in the
• 1:08:19
  Speaker 3: history of all capitals. Congress legislates for the District of
• 1:08:24
  Speaker 3: Columbia absolutely, and thus we have for the national capital
• 1:08:29
  Speaker 3: this curious anomaly. It is legislated for, taxed, managed, controlled,
• 1:08:36
  Speaker 3: and governed by the United voices of all the voters
• 1:08:41
  Speaker 3: of the United States except its own. The citizens of
• 1:08:46
  Speaker 3: Washington itself are the only ones in the United States
• 1:08:50
  Speaker 3: who are by law deprived of all voice as to
• 1:08:54
  Speaker 3: the management or control of Washington affairs, and what seems
• 1:09:00
  Speaker 3: stranger still, these strange Washingtonians are well content with this
• 1:09:05
  Speaker 3: hard fate, and would, it is believed, refuse to change
• 1:09:09
  Speaker 3: it even if they had the power. Washington, it must
• 1:09:13
  Speaker 3: be remembered, differs from other cities because it was intended
• 1:09:18
  Speaker 3: to be different. Its site, when choice was made, is
• 1:09:22
  Speaker 3: described as a wilderness, and for more than half a
• 1:09:26
  Speaker 3: century did not cease to be ridiculed as such, and
• 1:09:30
  Speaker 3: the plan of the city was completely drawn out on
• 1:09:33
  Speaker 3: paper and marked out on the ground before any buildings appeared,
• 1:09:38
  Speaker 3: just as happens with modern boom towns, but with this difference.
• 1:09:44
  Speaker 3: In the boom town the real estate speculation is the
• 1:09:47
  Speaker 3: main motive in the founding of the nation's capital. It
• 1:09:51
  Speaker 3: was only an incident, and an incident which Jefferson strove
• 1:09:55
  Speaker 3: to minimize by letting out either none or misleading information
• 1:10:00
  Speaker 3: as to plans for public buildings and appropriations, as tracks
• 1:10:05
  Speaker 3: reserved for the general government were called. The plan for
• 1:10:09
  Speaker 3: the city was drawn up by a French engineer, Major
• 1:10:13
  Speaker 3: Pierre Charles Lafonte, and his plans were doubtlessly examined, criticized,
• 1:10:19
  Speaker 3: and approved by Washington. His original manuscript map, now faded
• 1:10:24
  Speaker 3: and worn, is in the War Department, in the custody
• 1:10:27
  Speaker 3: of the Chief of Engineers. Some ten years ago, this
• 1:10:32
  Speaker 3: now precious manuscript was taken to the Coast Survey Office,
• 1:10:36
  Speaker 3: where it was carefully traced, foot lethographed and published. Copies
• 1:10:42
  Speaker 3: of it are or were obtainable at the Coast Survey Office.
• 1:10:47
  Speaker 3: This map may be said to represent Washington in Embryo.
• 1:10:52
  Speaker 3: Great praise is due to the proud Lafrant for the
• 1:10:55
  Speaker 3: part he took in designing the city, but his zeal,
• 1:10:59
  Speaker 3: his pride, and his impetuosity soon brought a rupture. His
• 1:11:04
  Speaker 3: services were dispensed with, the pay tendered him was spurned
• 1:11:08
  Speaker 3: as unworthy of him. His remains rest in an unmarked
• 1:11:12
  Speaker 3: grave in private grounds in the northeastern suburbs of the city.
• 1:11:17
  Speaker 3: The relative credit due to LanFan and to Ellicots for
• 1:11:20
  Speaker 3: the part taken by each in designing and laying out
• 1:11:23
  Speaker 3: the city is still a mooted question, and the disagreement
• 1:11:28
  Speaker 3: as to this is doubtless the reason why today no
• 1:11:31
  Speaker 3: suitable public recognition of their services has ever been made.
• 1:11:36
  Speaker 3: The interval between seventeen ninety one and eighteen hundred was
• 1:11:41
  Speaker 3: spent in erecting public buildings, the President's House, the Congress House,
• 1:11:46
  Speaker 3: and others. In eighteen hundred, the government records were all
• 1:11:50
  Speaker 3: brought over from Philadelphia. On June fifteenth, the public offices
• 1:11:55
  Speaker 3: were first opened. Thus June fifteenth, nineteen hundred, will be
• 1:12:00
  Speaker 3: a suitable day for public holiday in Washington, for commemoration
• 1:12:04
  Speaker 3: and retrospect. Men still live in Washington whose father served
• 1:12:10
  Speaker 3: the United States in Philadelphia, and who followed that little
• 1:12:13
  Speaker 3: bunch of records the entire archives of the Republic to
• 1:12:17
  Speaker 3: the imaginary city in the real wilderness on the Potomac
• 1:12:21
  Speaker 3: nearly a century ago. According to the census of eighteen hundred,
• 1:12:27
  Speaker 3: the inhabitants of the city of Washington numbered three thousand,
• 1:12:32
  Speaker 3: two hundred and ten souls down to eighteen fifty year later,
• 1:12:36
  Speaker 3: Washington continued to be a great straggling village. It grew,
• 1:12:41
  Speaker 3: but it grew slowly. The foreign ambassador, whose assignment brought
• 1:12:45
  Speaker 3: him to Washington was prone to feel that he was banished.
• 1:12:49
  Speaker 3: No pavements, no water supply saved from pumps in wells
• 1:12:52
  Speaker 3: scattered here and there, no sewerage system, no street cars,
• 1:12:57
  Speaker 3: few schools, and poor, and this is magnificently great. Indeed,
• 1:13:03
  Speaker 3: Washington's greatness still existed chiefly in the imagination of its projectors.
• 1:13:09
  Speaker 3: No manufacturers brought workmen here. It was not a commercial center. Instead,
• 1:13:15
  Speaker 3: it might be likened to a great, straggling college town,
• 1:13:18
  Speaker 3: where all life is derived, either at first or second hand,
• 1:13:22
  Speaker 3: from the college. So here there grew up about the
• 1:13:27
  Speaker 3: government offices, boarding houses for the transients, and shopkeepers to
• 1:13:32
  Speaker 3: supply the boarding houses. The War of eighteen twelve had
• 1:13:35
  Speaker 3: made little impress on the capitol. The British troops occupied
• 1:13:39
  Speaker 3: the city for a few hours in August eighteen fourteen,
• 1:13:43
  Speaker 3: burned the White House, set fire to the capitol, and retired.
• 1:13:47
  Speaker 3: But the Civil War eighteen sixty one to eighteen sixty
• 1:13:50
  Speaker 3: five had a very different effect and made a lasting impress.
• 1:13:55
  Speaker 3: Washington for four years was one great military camp and hospital.
• 1:14:00
  Speaker 3: A cordon of earthworks, many miles in extent, surrounded the city.
• 1:14:05
  Speaker 3: Blue coats were everywhere, and the passing of endless trains
• 1:14:08
  Speaker 3: of bronzed veterans, of sick and wounded, of artillery, of
• 1:14:12
  Speaker 3: supplies was too common a sight to attract either notice
• 1:14:17
  Speaker 3: or comment. Into this camp. There came by railroad one evening,
• 1:14:23
  Speaker 3: missus Julia Ward Howe, long abominating slavery. She saw in
• 1:14:29
  Speaker 3: all this stern turmoil the fruition of the abolitionist's hope,
• 1:14:34
  Speaker 3: and that out of this war was to emerge in
• 1:14:36
  Speaker 3: freedom for black and white alike. From the car windows
• 1:14:40
  Speaker 3: could be seen the campfire stretching miles away. After making
• 1:14:44
  Speaker 3: a round of visits to various camps, the following day,
• 1:14:48
  Speaker 3: she returned to her hotel, her heart all on fire,
• 1:14:52
  Speaker 3: and there wrote that immortal battle Hymn of the Republic beginning.
• 1:14:57
  Speaker 3: Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of
• 1:14:59
  Speaker 3: the law. He is trampling out the vintage where the
• 1:15:03
  Speaker 3: grapes of wrath are stored. Recalling the circumstances under which
• 1:15:07
  Speaker 3: these lines were penned, we can better understand such a
• 1:15:11
  Speaker 3: line as this. I have seen him in the watchfires
• 1:15:16
  Speaker 3: of one hundred circling camps. But the war ended at last.
• 1:15:21
  Speaker 3: During even Pennsylvania Avenue, a street now as widely and
• 1:15:25
  Speaker 3: as favorably known as any in the world, was at
• 1:15:28
  Speaker 3: times a veritable mud hole, wherein artillery and wagon trains
• 1:15:33
  Speaker 3: sometimes stalled. The white locked and monument grounds ceased to
• 1:15:38
  Speaker 3: be used for slaughtering cattle for the army. The great
• 1:15:41
  Speaker 3: mule drawn wagons no longer went daily to the Capitol
• 1:15:45
  Speaker 3: for the tons of bread baked in little rooms under
• 1:15:48
  Speaker 3: its west steps. The churches no longer housed the war
• 1:15:52
  Speaker 3: mangled and disease stricken, and the war scars about the
• 1:15:56
  Speaker 3: city began quickly to heal. Sightliness of the half finished
• 1:16:02
  Speaker 3: dome of the Capitol faded with its completion. The tract
• 1:16:06
  Speaker 3: of neglected undergrowth and wild woods, with its surrounding dilapidated
• 1:16:11
  Speaker 3: picket fence, was transformed into the park, which now faces
• 1:16:15
  Speaker 3: the east front of the Capitol. The Washington Monument, which
• 1:16:19
  Speaker 3: all during and for years after the war stood as
• 1:16:22
  Speaker 3: an unsightly stump surmounted by wooden scaffolding, grew to a
• 1:16:27
  Speaker 3: stately shaft, a thing of beauty, and a debris and
• 1:16:31
  Speaker 3: litter which for twenty years or more had cumbered the
• 1:16:35
  Speaker 3: ground at its base, at last vanished. The old system
• 1:16:39
  Speaker 3: of schools gave way to the new, and in eighteen
• 1:16:42
  Speaker 3: seventy six Washington for the first time had a high school,
• 1:16:46
  Speaker 3: its Baptist College now Columbian University, with one thousand students
• 1:16:51
  Speaker 3: dates from eighteen twenty one, while the Jesuit College in
• 1:16:55
  Speaker 3: Georgetown is yet older. The unique character of washing Kington,
• 1:17:00
  Speaker 3: and if its attraction steadily grows little by little with
• 1:17:05
  Speaker 3: passing years, men and women so circumstanced that they may
• 1:17:09
  Speaker 3: live where they will select Washington for a home. The
• 1:17:14
  Speaker 3: opportunities it affords for much of all that makes life
• 1:17:17
  Speaker 3: attractive have been well expressed by one who has come
• 1:17:21
  Speaker 3: to abide here four years in Washington. To one who
• 1:17:25
  Speaker 3: will take what may be had for the taking much
• 1:17:28
  Speaker 3: less the asking is equivalent to a college education. End
• 1:17:33
  Speaker 3: of section four. Recording by Devin Tatma.
• 1:17:45
  Speaker 4: Section five of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine, July
• 1:17:50
  Speaker 4: eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 1:17:55
  Speaker 4: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 1:17:59
  Speaker 4: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Betty b.
• 1:18:05
  Speaker 4: Geographic Work of the General Government by Henry Gannett, United
• 1:18:11
  Speaker 4: States Geological Survey. The United States is engaged, through the
• 1:18:16
  Speaker 4: agency of a number of bureaus and departments, in extensive
• 1:18:20
  Speaker 4: geographic work, both within its own borders and in various
• 1:18:24
  Speaker 4: parts of the world. The results of this work are
• 1:18:27
  Speaker 4: embodied in maps, charts, and reports, which furnish a vast
• 1:18:31
  Speaker 4: amount of information. Indeed, these form the principal original source
• 1:18:36
  Speaker 4: of information regarding the geography of the United States in
• 1:18:40
  Speaker 4: all its aspects topographic, climatic, geologic, biologic, and industrial. Many
• 1:18:48
  Speaker 4: of these reports and maps are furnished free, while others
• 1:18:52
  Speaker 4: are under the law to be obtained only by purchase.
• 1:18:56
  Speaker 4: The following are the principal bureaus and departments which are
• 1:18:59
  Speaker 4: in aged in geographic work. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Hydrographic Office, U. S.
• 1:19:07
  Speaker 4: Navy Engineer Corps, U. S. Army Geological Survey, General Land Office,
• 1:19:14
  Speaker 4: Weather Bureau, Biological Survey, and other divisions of the Department
• 1:19:19
  Speaker 4: of Agriculture, Smithsonian Institution and its dependencies, Fish Commission, Lighthouse Board,
• 1:19:26
  Speaker 4: Bureau of American Republic's Intercontinental Railway Commission, Geological Survey. The
• 1:19:34
  Speaker 4: Geological Survey is charged by law with the examination of
• 1:19:38
  Speaker 4: the geological structure, the mineral resources, and with the classification
• 1:19:43
  Speaker 4: of the public lands of the United States. It was
• 1:19:46
  Speaker 4: organized in eighteen seventy nine upon the discontinuance of the Hayden,
• 1:19:52
  Speaker 4: Wheeler and Powell Surveys. Of the Rocky Mountain region. As
• 1:19:56
  Speaker 4: the successful prosecution of the work confine to it required
• 1:20:01
  Speaker 4: the possession of accurate topographic maps. The preparation of such
• 1:20:06
  Speaker 4: maps was commenced in eighteen eighty two, and a large
• 1:20:09
  Speaker 4: proportion of the appropriations for the survey have been devoted
• 1:20:13
  Speaker 4: to this work. The work of the survey, as at
• 1:20:17
  Speaker 4: present organized is as follows, the preparation of topographic maps,
• 1:20:22
  Speaker 4: the preparation of geologic maps, the technical and statistical study
• 1:20:27
  Speaker 4: of mineral resources, the study of the water resources of
• 1:20:31
  Speaker 4: the arid region, the examination of the forests of the west,
• 1:20:35
  Speaker 4: chemistry and paleontology as accessories to the geologic work. The
• 1:20:41
  Speaker 4: geological survey began in eighteen eighty two the construction of
• 1:20:46
  Speaker 4: a topographic map of the country. The work has now
• 1:20:49
  Speaker 4: been in progress sixteen years and about six hundred fifty
• 1:20:53
  Speaker 4: thousand square miles have been mapped. The areas shown on
• 1:20:57
  Speaker 4: these maps are scattered widely over the country and represent
• 1:21:00
  Speaker 4: a great variety of topographic features, and the map sheets
• 1:21:04
  Speaker 4: can be used to illustrate topographic forms. These maps differ
• 1:21:09
  Speaker 4: in scale, Some of them are on the scale of
• 1:21:12
  Speaker 4: one to sixty two thousand, five hundred which is very
• 1:21:16
  Speaker 4: nearly one mile to one inch. Another scale is one
• 1:21:20
  Speaker 4: to one hundred twenty five thousand, which is very nearly
• 1:21:23
  Speaker 4: two miles to one inch, and a third scale is
• 1:21:27
  Speaker 4: one to two hundred fifty thousand, or nearly four miles
• 1:21:31
  Speaker 4: to one inch sheets. For convenience, this map is published
• 1:21:36
  Speaker 4: in sheets of nearly uniform size, the portion of the
• 1:21:40
  Speaker 4: sheet covered by the mapping being usually seventeen and one
• 1:21:43
  Speaker 4: half inches in height, with a breadth ranging according to
• 1:21:47
  Speaker 4: latitude from twelve to one half to fifteen inches. Each
• 1:21:52
  Speaker 4: sheet on the scale one to two hundred fifty thousand
• 1:21:56
  Speaker 4: includes what is commonly called a square degree, an area
• 1:22:00
  Speaker 4: one degree in extent in each dimension, for instance, latitude
• 1:22:05
  Speaker 4: forty degrees to forty one degrees and longitude ninety degrees
• 1:22:10
  Speaker 4: to ninety one degrees. A sheet on the scale one
• 1:22:14
  Speaker 4: to one hundred twenty five thousand, which is of approximately
• 1:22:17
  Speaker 4: the same size, includes attractive country thirty minutes in latitude
• 1:22:23
  Speaker 4: by thirty minutes in longitude, or one fourth of a
• 1:22:26
  Speaker 4: square degree, and a sheet on the largest scale one
• 1:22:31
  Speaker 4: to sixty two thousand, five hundred includes an area fifteen
• 1:22:36
  Speaker 4: minutes in latitude by fifteen minutes in longitude or one
• 1:22:40
  Speaker 4: sixteenth of a square degree contents. This map shows features
• 1:22:46
  Speaker 4: which for convenience may be classed in three groups. These
• 1:22:52
  Speaker 4: water features including the sea, lakes, ponds, rivers and other
• 1:22:56
  Speaker 4: natural streams and canals and irrigation days, land features including mountains,
• 1:23:03
  Speaker 4: hills and valleys, and cultural features or the works of
• 1:23:07
  Speaker 4: man such as towns and cities, roads, railroads, boundaries, and
• 1:23:12
  Speaker 4: names water features. All water features are shown in blue,
• 1:23:17
  Speaker 4: the smaller streams and canals in full blue lines, and
• 1:23:20
  Speaker 4: the larger streams, lakes, and the sea by wavy blue lining.
• 1:23:25
  Speaker 4: Certain streams, however, flow only a part of the year,
• 1:23:29
  Speaker 4: being dry at other times, and such streams are shown
• 1:23:32
  Speaker 4: not by full lines but by dotted blue lines. Fresh
• 1:23:37
  Speaker 4: Water marshes and swamps are shown by broken horizontal lining
• 1:23:42
  Speaker 4: interspersed with tufts of blue. Salt water marshes are shown
• 1:23:46
  Speaker 4: simply by horizontal blue lining. Culture the works of man
• 1:23:51
  Speaker 4: are shown on the map in black, in which colour
• 1:23:54
  Speaker 4: also is printed. The lettering they are enumerated, and the
• 1:23:58
  Speaker 4: characters used to represent them are given in what is
• 1:24:02
  Speaker 4: called the legend at the side of the map. Land features.
• 1:24:06
  Speaker 4: The land features commonly called the relief include all the
• 1:24:10
  Speaker 4: variations of the surface, the alternation of mountain and valley,
• 1:24:15
  Speaker 4: plateau and canyon, hill and plain. These features are represented
• 1:24:19
  Speaker 4: by means of contour lines, or lines of equal elevation
• 1:24:24
  Speaker 4: above the level of the sea. The line of seacoast
• 1:24:27
  Speaker 4: itself is a contour line, the line at zero elevation.
• 1:24:32
  Speaker 4: The contour line at say twenty feet above sea level
• 1:24:36
  Speaker 4: is the line which would be the sea coast if
• 1:24:39
  Speaker 4: the sea were to rise or the land to sink
• 1:24:41
  Speaker 4: twenty feet, such a line would run back up the
• 1:24:45
  Speaker 4: valleys and forward around the points of hills and spurs.
• 1:24:49
  Speaker 4: On a gentle slope, this twenty foot contour line would
• 1:24:53
  Speaker 4: be far from the present sea level, while on a
• 1:24:56
  Speaker 4: steep slope it would be very close to it. So
• 1:24:59
  Speaker 4: a succession of these contour lines, one above another, with
• 1:25:03
  Speaker 4: equal vertical spaces between them, would, if they were far
• 1:25:07
  Speaker 4: apart on the map, indicate a gentle slope. If they
• 1:25:11
  Speaker 4: were close together a steep slope, and if they were
• 1:25:14
  Speaker 4: run into a single line, as if they were on
• 1:25:17
  Speaker 4: top of one another, they would indicate a cliff. The
• 1:25:20
  Speaker 4: contour lines of any region, when represented on a map,
• 1:25:24
  Speaker 4: show the elevation of any part of the map above
• 1:25:27
  Speaker 4: the sea. They also show the slopes of the ground
• 1:25:31
  Speaker 4: and the forms of the mountains, hills and valleys. In
• 1:25:34
  Speaker 4: short of all the relief features. These contour lines are
• 1:25:39
  Speaker 4: printed in brown. The geological work proper of the Survey
• 1:25:43
  Speaker 4: consists in a study of the rock formations and in
• 1:25:47
  Speaker 4: the mapping of their extent and form. The results are
• 1:25:50
  Speaker 4: published in annual reports, in monographs, and in geological folios.
• 1:25:56
  Speaker 4: The division of Hydrography in the Geological Survey has in
• 1:26:01
  Speaker 4: charge the examinations of the water resources of the United States,
• 1:26:05
  Speaker 4: both above and underground. Measurements are made of the amount
• 1:26:09
  Speaker 4: of water discharged by various rivers in different parts of
• 1:26:13
  Speaker 4: the United States, and from the facts thus obtained, computations
• 1:26:18
  Speaker 4: are had of the daily flow, thus giving the fluctuation
• 1:26:22
  Speaker 4: through periods of seasons and years. At the same time,
• 1:26:26
  Speaker 4: a careful study is carried on in certain localities of
• 1:26:30
  Speaker 4: the geologic structure, with special reference to the ability of
• 1:26:34
  Speaker 4: the rocks to receive and transmit water, and where practicable
• 1:26:39
  Speaker 4: maps are prepared showing the depth of the principal water
• 1:26:43
  Speaker 4: bearing strata, so that it is possible for any person
• 1:26:47
  Speaker 4: to form a fairly definite idea as to the probability
• 1:26:51
  Speaker 4: of obtaining supplies for various purposes. The economic bearing of
• 1:26:56
  Speaker 4: information of this character is readily recognized when consideration is
• 1:27:02
  Speaker 4: had of questions of development of water power, the supplying
• 1:27:06
  Speaker 4: of cities or country homes with water, or the extension
• 1:27:10
  Speaker 4: of agriculture through irrigation. In the West, where the farmer
• 1:27:15
  Speaker 4: must supply water artificially before a crop can be raised,
• 1:27:19
  Speaker 4: it is obvious that the supply must be ascertained before
• 1:27:23
  Speaker 4: a great extension of tilled land can be possible. We
• 1:27:27
  Speaker 4: know that the amount of water available in the arid
• 1:27:30
  Speaker 4: region is far less than the demands made upon it,
• 1:27:34
  Speaker 4: so much so that it may be said that all
• 1:27:36
  Speaker 4: land value depends upon the water supply. The United States
• 1:27:41
  Speaker 4: being the great landowner as before it the problem of
• 1:27:44
  Speaker 4: the reclamation of this vast extent of fertile country, and
• 1:27:49
  Speaker 4: each citizen, as part owner, is concerned in seeing that
• 1:27:53
  Speaker 4: the largest use is made of the water. The Forest
• 1:27:56
  Speaker 4: Division is engaged in making an examination of the forest
• 1:28:00
  Speaker 4: reserves in the West, with a view to learning the
• 1:28:03
  Speaker 4: amount of timber contained therein, the distribution of species, the
• 1:28:09
  Speaker 4: conditions of growth, and a large group of facts essential
• 1:28:13
  Speaker 4: for the proper management of these reserves. It is engaged
• 1:28:17
  Speaker 4: further in the collection of statistics for standing timber throughout
• 1:28:21
  Speaker 4: the West. The first report of this division will appear
• 1:28:25
  Speaker 4: as a part of the annual Report of the Survey
• 1:28:28
  Speaker 4: for the past year, and will be accompanied by a
• 1:28:31
  Speaker 4: portfolio of maps. The Division of Statistics collects the statistics
• 1:28:36
  Speaker 4: of production of metals and minerals and publishes the results
• 1:28:40
  Speaker 4: in an annual report. The publications of the Survey consist
• 1:28:45
  Speaker 4: of atlas sheets and other maps, geological folios, annual reports, bulletins,
• 1:28:52
  Speaker 4: and monographs. The atlas sheets are sold individually at five
• 1:28:56
  Speaker 4: cents or two dollars per hundred. Other maps are sold
• 1:29:00
  Speaker 4: at different prices depending upon their size. The annual reports
• 1:29:05
  Speaker 4: are free to applicants. The monographs and bulletins are, under
• 1:29:09
  Speaker 4: the law, sold at certain stated prices. Smithsonian Institution and
• 1:29:16
  Speaker 4: its dependencies. The Smithsonian Institution was created in eighteen forty
• 1:29:21
  Speaker 4: six under the provisions of a bequest by James Smithson,
• 1:29:26
  Speaker 4: and has since been maintained by use of the interest
• 1:29:29
  Speaker 4: on the sum originally bequeathed and the various additions made subsequently. Accordingly,
• 1:29:36
  Speaker 4: the work of the Institution is not conducted under the
• 1:29:40
  Speaker 4: auspices of the government, though the fund is administered by
• 1:29:43
  Speaker 4: a regency appointed by the government, and different lines of
• 1:29:47
  Speaker 4: scientific work undertaken by the government have been from time
• 1:29:52
  Speaker 4: to time conducted under the direction of the Institution. During
• 1:29:57
  Speaker 4: its earlier years, the Smithsonian Institution gave much attention to
• 1:30:01
  Speaker 4: the encouragement of geographic work, and began a series of
• 1:30:05
  Speaker 4: meteorolog observations, now continued in the Weather Bureau. It also
• 1:30:11
  Speaker 4: promoted geological work and aided in the establishment of the
• 1:30:15
  Speaker 4: Federal Geological Surveys. Throughout it has been the policy of
• 1:30:19
  Speaker 4: the Institution to initiate lines of scientific work of public importance,
• 1:30:25
  Speaker 4: to maintain them until their importance came to be recognized,
• 1:30:29
  Speaker 4: and then to transfer them to the general Government. In
• 1:30:33
  Speaker 4: carrying out this policy, the Institution has contributed in large
• 1:30:38
  Speaker 4: measure to the development of the scientific institutions of the
• 1:30:42
  Speaker 4: national capital. There are now three federal bureaus connected with
• 1:30:46
  Speaker 4: the Smithsonian Institution but maintained by federal appropriations, viz. The
• 1:30:53
  Speaker 4: United States National Museum, the National Zoological Park, and the
• 1:30:58
  Speaker 4: Bureau of American Ethnic The National Museum issues an annual
• 1:31:03
  Speaker 4: report and other publications relating to its work and the
• 1:31:07
  Speaker 4: collections made and displayed. While the Superintendent of the Zoological
• 1:31:12
  Speaker 4: Park issues an annual report in connection with that of
• 1:31:16
  Speaker 4: the institution, no surveys or extensive field researches are made
• 1:31:22
  Speaker 4: by these bureaus. The Bureau of American Ethnology is engaged
• 1:31:26
  Speaker 4: in researches relating to the American Indians, its operations extending
• 1:31:32
  Speaker 4: over the United States and other American territory, and the
• 1:31:36
  Speaker 4: distribution of the Aborigines being mapped from time to time.
• 1:31:41
  Speaker 4: It issues annual reports, which are well illustrated and commonly
• 1:31:46
  Speaker 4: accompanied by maps. These are distributed chiefly by Congress. The Census.
• 1:31:52
  Speaker 4: The Census Office is a temporary organization created for the
• 1:31:56
  Speaker 4: purpose of taking the decential census. The Census obtains statistics
• 1:32:02
  Speaker 4: regarding population, including age, sex, race, nativity, and in the
• 1:32:08
  Speaker 4: case of native born, the state of birth, and the
• 1:32:11
  Speaker 4: occupations of the people. It obtains statistics of illiteracy and education,
• 1:32:17
  Speaker 4: of mortality of the insane, deaf, dumb and blind, and
• 1:32:22
  Speaker 4: other social statistics. It obtains statistics of industries, including under
• 1:32:28
  Speaker 4: the head of agriculture, the number, size and value of farms,
• 1:32:32
  Speaker 4: the amount of cultivated land, the magnitude of all principal crops,
• 1:32:37
  Speaker 4: amount of livestock, et cetera. Under the head of manufactures,
• 1:32:41
  Speaker 4: the number of each kind of establishments, with their capital, material, used,
• 1:32:47
  Speaker 4: product and employees. Under the head of Mining, it obtains
• 1:32:51
  Speaker 4: statistics of the number of minds and their character and product.
• 1:32:55
  Speaker 4: Under the head of Transportation, it obtains statistics concerning the
• 1:33:00
  Speaker 4: operations of railroads, including street railroads, canals, and navigation coastwise
• 1:33:07
  Speaker 4: and on our lakes and rivers. The results are published
• 1:33:10
  Speaker 4: in a series of quarto volumes and are summarized in
• 1:33:14
  Speaker 4: a compendium and in an abstract. They are further summarized,
• 1:33:19
  Speaker 4: mainly in pictorial form, in a statistical atlas. All these
• 1:33:24
  Speaker 4: publications can be obtained on application to the Secretary of
• 1:33:28
  Speaker 4: the Interior Hydrographic Office. This is a branch of the
• 1:33:34
  Speaker 4: Navy Department and is in charge of a naval officer
• 1:33:37
  Speaker 4: known as the hydrographer. The function of this office is
• 1:33:41
  Speaker 4: to prepare from the best available sources and to publish
• 1:33:45
  Speaker 4: charts of foreign coasts for the use of our navy
• 1:33:49
  Speaker 4: and the merchant marine. Besides this work, the office is
• 1:33:53
  Speaker 4: engaged in a study of terrestrial magnetism and its distribution
• 1:33:58
  Speaker 4: over the Earth an aid to the navigator, and in
• 1:34:02
  Speaker 4: the study of marine meteorology and ocean currents. The Navy
• 1:34:07
  Speaker 4: has charted great extensive coast of barbarous nations, and the
• 1:34:11
  Speaker 4: results have been published by this office. It has also
• 1:34:15
  Speaker 4: made valuable contributions to our knowledge of the sea bottom,
• 1:34:19
  Speaker 4: particularly in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, by
• 1:34:24
  Speaker 4: deep sea soundings. The charts published by this office are
• 1:34:28
  Speaker 4: sold at prices differing with the size of the chart.
• 1:34:33
  Speaker 4: General Land Office. This office is charged with all matters
• 1:34:37
  Speaker 4: relating to the disposal of the public lands. In pursuance
• 1:34:41
  Speaker 4: of this duty, its first function is to subdivide these
• 1:34:45
  Speaker 4: lands into parcels suitable for sale or other mode of disposition.
• 1:34:50
  Speaker 4: The method of subdivision of the public lands has been
• 1:34:54
  Speaker 4: in its main features a consistent one from the beginning.
• 1:34:58
  Speaker 4: The land is divided by survey into townships six miles square,
• 1:35:04
  Speaker 4: and each of these into sections of one square mile.
• 1:35:08
  Speaker 4: These sections may be in turn subdivided. This work is
• 1:35:11
  Speaker 4: done in the main by contract at certain rates per
• 1:35:16
  Speaker 4: line or mile. The surveyors are required to prepare and
• 1:35:20
  Speaker 4: file maps or plats of the townships subdivided and thus
• 1:35:25
  Speaker 4: there has accumulated in the Land Office a vast body
• 1:35:29
  Speaker 4: of maps representing an area of over a million square miles.
• 1:35:34
  Speaker 4: These maps are upon the uniform scale of two inches
• 1:35:37
  Speaker 4: to one mile, but they are of varying degrees of excellence.
• 1:35:41
  Speaker 4: From these plats, the Land Office compiles and publishes state
• 1:35:46
  Speaker 4: maps at present upon a uniform scale of twelve miles
• 1:35:51
  Speaker 4: to an inch, and these maps form the basis of
• 1:35:54
  Speaker 4: most of the Alice maps in use. Besides this series,
• 1:35:58
  Speaker 4: the Land Office compiles the map of the entire United
• 1:36:02
  Speaker 4: States upon a scale of about forty miles to one inch.
• 1:36:07
  Speaker 4: The state maps can be obtained upon application to the
• 1:36:10
  Speaker 4: Commissioner of the General Land Office. The United States maps
• 1:36:15
  Speaker 4: are sold at a price of one dollar. Besides this
• 1:36:19
  Speaker 4: work of subdivision with the resulting maps, this Office superintends
• 1:36:24
  Speaker 4: the survey of the state and territorial boundaries. The Lighthouse Establishment.
• 1:36:30
  Speaker 4: The Lighthouse Establishment is in charge of the Lighthouse Board
• 1:36:34
  Speaker 4: under the Secretary of the Treasury. Its duties are to
• 1:36:38
  Speaker 4: maintain upon the coast, lake shores and navigable rivers a
• 1:36:43
  Speaker 4: system of lights and buoys for the guidance of mariners.
• 1:36:47
  Speaker 4: Coast and geodetic Survey. This organization was created by Congress
• 1:36:53
  Speaker 4: in eighteen oh seven, but little work was done under
• 1:36:56
  Speaker 4: this Act until eighteen thirty two. Since that time, the
• 1:37:00
  Speaker 4: Coast Survey has been in continuous operation. It is charged
• 1:37:05
  Speaker 4: with the survey of the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts
• 1:37:08
  Speaker 4: of the United States, including rivers to the head of tide,
• 1:37:12
  Speaker 4: water or ship navigation. It is carried on extensive deep
• 1:37:16
  Speaker 4: sea soundings, together with temperature and current observations, especially in
• 1:37:22
  Speaker 4: that part of the Atlantic traversed by the Gulf Stream.
• 1:37:26
  Speaker 4: It conducts also magnetic observations for the determination of the direction,
• 1:37:33
  Speaker 4: dip and force of the Earth's magnetism, and measures the
• 1:37:37
  Speaker 4: force of gravity by means of the pendulum. It is
• 1:37:40
  Speaker 4: carrying on accurate triangulation in the interior of the country,
• 1:37:45
  Speaker 4: having already completed a belt across the continent from east
• 1:37:49
  Speaker 4: to west, together with a large amount of similar work
• 1:37:53
  Speaker 4: done in aid of state surveys. In addition to this
• 1:37:56
  Speaker 4: triangulation in the interior lines of Act, accurate levels have
• 1:38:01
  Speaker 4: been run over many thousands of miles. The results of
• 1:38:05
  Speaker 4: this work are published in the form of charts of
• 1:38:08
  Speaker 4: the coast upon various scales. Upon some of which the
• 1:38:12
  Speaker 4: relief is represented by hatchers upon others by contours. These
• 1:38:18
  Speaker 4: charts are sold at prices differing with the size of
• 1:38:21
  Speaker 4: the chart. There are also published annual reports, in which
• 1:38:25
  Speaker 4: are contained papers upon geographic subjects pertaining to the work
• 1:38:30
  Speaker 4: of the Survey Corps of Engineers USA. The War Department
• 1:38:35
  Speaker 4: carries on a great variety of geographic work, mainly through
• 1:38:39
  Speaker 4: its core of Engineers. By this office has been executed
• 1:38:43
  Speaker 4: a complete survey of the shores of the Great Lakes
• 1:38:46
  Speaker 4: and of the Saint Lawrence. The charts resulting from the
• 1:38:49
  Speaker 4: survey are upon various scales, dependent upon the needs of navigators,
• 1:38:55
  Speaker 4: and are sold at prices differing with the size of
• 1:38:58
  Speaker 4: the chart. The Mississippi and Missouri River Commissions are in
• 1:39:02
  Speaker 4: the nature of advisory boards to the Chief of Engineers.
• 1:39:06
  Speaker 4: By the Mississippi River Commission, that river has been mapped
• 1:39:10
  Speaker 4: from its mouth far up into Illinois, and the results
• 1:39:13
  Speaker 4: published upon various scales, the largest being one to twenty
• 1:39:18
  Speaker 4: thousand in contours, another on a scale of one mile
• 1:39:22
  Speaker 4: to an inch, While the whole alluvial region of the
• 1:39:25
  Speaker 4: Mississippi from k Road to the Gulf has been issued
• 1:39:29
  Speaker 4: in one large map on a scale of four miles
• 1:39:32
  Speaker 4: to an inch in eight sheets. The Missouri River Commission
• 1:39:36
  Speaker 4: has mapped that river from its mouth to the three
• 1:39:39
  Speaker 4: Forks in Montana, publishing the maps upon various scales ranging
• 1:39:45
  Speaker 4: from one mile to an inch upward. The Engineer Corps
• 1:39:48
  Speaker 4: has mapped also the Ohio River from Pittsburgh to its
• 1:39:52
  Speaker 4: mouth the Arkansas, Red, White, and Yellowstone Rivers. Copies of
• 1:39:58
  Speaker 4: these maps can be obtained by apple to the Chief
• 1:40:01
  Speaker 4: of Engineers. To this organization has been entrusted also the
• 1:40:06
  Speaker 4: survey of parts of our international boundaries. Between eighteen sixty
• 1:40:11
  Speaker 4: seven and eighteen seventy eight, extensive surveys and explorations of
• 1:40:16
  Speaker 4: the West were made under Major George M. Wheeler. Of
• 1:40:20
  Speaker 4: many parts of the West. The maps prepared by this
• 1:40:23
  Speaker 4: organization are the only ones to be obtained. They were
• 1:40:26
  Speaker 4: published upon a scale of four and eight miles to
• 1:40:30
  Speaker 4: an inch in hatchers. These maps are now extremely scarce
• 1:40:34
  Speaker 4: and difficult to obtain. The Corps of Engineers is charged
• 1:40:38
  Speaker 4: with the improvement of harbors and rivers in aid of navigation,
• 1:40:43
  Speaker 4: and in pursuance of this work it is carried on
• 1:40:46
  Speaker 4: extensive surveys, but mainly of small areas. The resulting maps
• 1:40:51
  Speaker 4: are published in the annual reports of that office, which
• 1:40:54
  Speaker 4: can be obtained from the Chief of Engineers, Weather Bureau
• 1:40:59
  Speaker 4: and n other offices and divisions of the Department of Agriculture.
• 1:41:04
  Speaker 4: The primary function of the Weather Bureau is to predict
• 1:41:07
  Speaker 4: the weather. This work requires the constant maintenance of hundreds
• 1:41:12
  Speaker 4: of meteorological stations scattered over the country, at which continuous
• 1:41:17
  Speaker 4: observations of pressure, temperature, rainfall, humidity and winds are made,
• 1:41:24
  Speaker 4: thus furnishing the material for an exhaustive description of the
• 1:41:27
  Speaker 4: climatology of the country. It involves also an exhaustive study
• 1:41:33
  Speaker 4: of the science of meteorology. It includes also a close
• 1:41:37
  Speaker 4: watch of the great rivers for the purpose of predicting floods.
• 1:41:41
  Speaker 4: The publications of this office are voluminous. They consist of
• 1:41:46
  Speaker 4: a weather map published daily showing the climatic conditions prevailing
• 1:41:51
  Speaker 4: in all parts of the country on that morning, weekly
• 1:41:54
  Speaker 4: weather maps showing summaries of the conditions, a monthly weather review,
• 1:41:59
  Speaker 4: and air annual reports. In addition to these, bulletins are
• 1:42:03
  Speaker 4: published containing treatises on meteorologic and climatologic subjects, summaries of statistics, etc.
• 1:42:12
  Speaker 4: All these may be obtained on application to the Chief
• 1:42:15
  Speaker 4: of the Weather Bureau. Besides the Weather Bureau, the Department
• 1:42:19
  Speaker 4: of Agriculture contains a number of divisions and offices, much
• 1:42:24
  Speaker 4: of whose work is geographic. The Biological Survey, the divisions
• 1:42:29
  Speaker 4: of Forestry, Botany, agristology, etymology, and pomology are concerned in
• 1:42:36
  Speaker 4: great part with the distribution of life in the country,
• 1:42:39
  Speaker 4: and in so far their work is geographic. The Biological
• 1:42:43
  Speaker 4: Survey studies the geographic distribution of animals and plants, and
• 1:42:48
  Speaker 4: maps the natural life zones of the country. Besides investigating
• 1:42:53
  Speaker 4: the economic relations of birds and mammals. The Division of
• 1:42:57
  Speaker 4: Forestry is engaged in the study of silviculture and in
• 1:43:01
  Speaker 4: the management, protection, and utilization of our forests. The Division
• 1:43:06
  Speaker 4: of Agrostology investigates the natural history, geographic distribution, and uses
• 1:43:13
  Speaker 4: of grasses and other forage plants. The Division of Botany
• 1:43:17
  Speaker 4: investigates the purity and value of seeds, methods of controlling
• 1:43:22
  Speaker 4: the spread of weeds or preventing their introduction. It studies
• 1:43:26
  Speaker 4: the native plant resources of the country. The Division of
• 1:43:30
  Speaker 4: Etomology studies insects injurious to vegetation, their distribution and spread,
• 1:43:37
  Speaker 4: and the methods for reducing their ravages. The division of
• 1:43:41
  Speaker 4: pomology has to do with the culture of fruits. The
• 1:43:45
  Speaker 4: publications of this department are of three classes. First, serial publications, Second,
• 1:43:52
  Speaker 4: Scientific and technical reports. These two classes are issued in
• 1:43:56
  Speaker 4: limited editions and are not intended for general districts, being
• 1:44:01
  Speaker 4: particularly designed for libraries, institutions of learning, and scientific students. Third,
• 1:44:08
  Speaker 4: popular bulletins, which are issued in large editions and are
• 1:44:12
  Speaker 4: sent free to applicants. Lists of the publications are sent
• 1:44:16
  Speaker 4: on application.
• 1:44:18
  Speaker 3: Fish Commission.
• 1:44:20
  Speaker 4: This office was created for the purpose of maintaining and
• 1:44:23
  Speaker 4: increasing the supply of food fishes, both upon our shores
• 1:44:27
  Speaker 4: and in our rivers. As a necessary adjunct to this work,
• 1:44:32
  Speaker 4: exhaustive studies are being made of the life history of
• 1:44:35
  Speaker 4: fishes and of their distribution. The publications of the Fish
• 1:44:39
  Speaker 4: Commission consist of an annual report. Bureau of American Republics.
• 1:44:45
  Speaker 4: The function of this bureau is to obtain and publish
• 1:44:48
  Speaker 4: commercial information concerning the American Republics. Its publications consist of
• 1:44:54
  Speaker 4: handbooks of these countries, a monthly bulletin containing the latest
• 1:44:59
  Speaker 4: information regarding their resources and commerce, and a commercial directory.
• 1:45:06
  Speaker 4: Intercontinental Railway Commission. This commission was formed for the purpose
• 1:45:11
  Speaker 4: of examining the best routes for an intercontinental railway to
• 1:45:15
  Speaker 4: connect the United States with the republics of Central and
• 1:45:19
  Speaker 4: South America. Its work is completed, and reports and maps
• 1:45:23
  Speaker 4: will shortly be issued. End of Section five.
• 1:45:33
  Speaker 5: Section number six of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine,
• 1:45:40
  Speaker 5: July eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 1:45:45
  Speaker 5: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 1:45:51
  Speaker 5: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by
• 1:45:57
  Speaker 5: Lynda Marie Nielsen, Vancouver, BC. The Geologic Atlas of the
• 1:46:04
  Speaker 5: United States. In the course of his study of the
• 1:46:09
  Speaker 5: elements of greatness of nations, Buckle concluded that there are
• 1:46:15
  Speaker 5: three normal stages in national development, the stage of agriculture,
• 1:46:21
  Speaker 5: followed first by the stage of manufacture, and eventually by
• 1:46:26
  Speaker 5: the stage of foreign commerce. Buckle's conclusions were based on
• 1:46:31
  Speaker 5: the study of nations confined by territorial limits and so
• 1:46:36
  Speaker 5: situated as to derive support through commerce with other nations
• 1:46:42
  Speaker 5: of different resources and generally inferior intelligence and industry. Since
• 1:46:50
  Speaker 5: Buckle's time, the population of the world has increased and
• 1:46:55
  Speaker 5: spread far beyond his realization, and new factors have been
• 1:47:01
  Speaker 5: introduced in the problems of statecraft. This is particularly true
• 1:47:08
  Speaker 5: of the First Republic of America, which controls a vast
• 1:47:13
  Speaker 5: territory and possesses within itself nearly every necessary resource. By
• 1:47:21
  Speaker 5: reason of the new conditions, the actual history of this
• 1:47:27
  Speaker 5: republic has become a great object lesson in statecraft, and
• 1:47:32
  Speaker 5: the experience of the nation, built as it were, on
• 1:47:38
  Speaker 5: a new foundation, has wrought out conclusions of even weight
• 1:47:45
  Speaker 5: tier significance than those of Buckle. One of these conclusions
• 1:47:50
  Speaker 5: is that the nation desiring to progress well in the
• 1:47:55
  Speaker 5: race for success must have within itself the territory requisite
• 1:48:01
  Speaker 5: for agriculture, the resources for manufacture, and the vexilities for
• 1:48:07
  Speaker 5: extended commerce, all growing up together, and all fostered by
• 1:48:13
  Speaker 5: a single people, united in interest and purpose. Another conclusion
• 1:48:18
  Speaker 5: wrought out by national history is related to those formulated
• 1:48:25
  Speaker 5: by Buckle. It is that national progress is assured by
• 1:48:32
  Speaker 5: increase in intelligent activity on the part of masses and
• 1:48:37
  Speaker 5: leaders alike. With the normal increase of population and of
• 1:48:42
  Speaker 5: national intelligence, the economic problems and the means of meeting
• 1:48:48
  Speaker 5: them gradually change. Intensive agriculture makes two blades of grass
• 1:48:54
  Speaker 5: grow where one grew beflore and converts coarse vegetables tissue
• 1:49:00
  Speaker 5: into richer animal food. Wholesale manufacture diversifies industries and abundant
• 1:49:09
  Speaker 5: commerce at once differentiates the individuals and welds their interests
• 1:49:15
  Speaker 5: into perfect solidarity. As agriculture grows intensive through more intelligent cultivation,
• 1:49:24
  Speaker 5: so all industries are made intensive by pressure of need
• 1:49:29
  Speaker 5: and reaction of intelligence, and current thought adjusts itself to
• 1:49:36
  Speaker 5: constantly changing conditions. A significant expression of the national growth
• 1:49:42
  Speaker 5: of the United States is found in the development of
• 1:49:46
  Speaker 5: geographic problems and results. In earlier decades, the geographic work
• 1:49:53
  Speaker 5: was exploratory and bent toward the discovery and conquest of
• 1:49:59
  Speaker 5: unknown or little known territory. As time passed, more and
• 1:50:04
  Speaker 5: more attention was given to the resources of the newly
• 1:50:08
  Speaker 5: discovered valleys and plains, mountains and forests. And now that
• 1:50:14
  Speaker 5: the exploration of our territory is complete, the efforts of
• 1:50:20
  Speaker 5: the pioneers are devoted to discovery of new resources. This
• 1:50:26
  Speaker 5: change and purpose, albeit gradual, cannot be too strongly impressed.
• 1:50:32
  Speaker 5: The earlier work was a real and largely limited to
• 1:50:37
  Speaker 5: the surveys of the land. The present work has a
• 1:50:41
  Speaker 5: vertical element, reaching toward the resources of the rocks below
• 1:50:47
  Speaker 5: in the powers of the air and vapor above. The
• 1:50:51
  Speaker 5: earlier studies related to materials, the present investigations relate to
• 1:50:58
  Speaker 5: natural powers potentialities. In brief, the one sought to subjugate matter,
• 1:51:07
  Speaker 5: the other seeks to make conquests of force. Various instrumentalities
• 1:51:13
  Speaker 5: of national character have contributed toward this transformation in beneficient activity,
• 1:51:22
  Speaker 5: but none have contributed more, especially during the last dozen years,
• 1:51:28
  Speaker 5: than the US Geological Survey. During the earlier years of
• 1:51:33
  Speaker 5: its existence, the Geological Survey devoted chief attention to topographic
• 1:51:40
  Speaker 5: surveying and mapping. The maps being designed for subsequent use
• 1:51:46
  Speaker 5: by the geologists and the bureau came to be known
• 1:51:50
  Speaker 5: favorably throughout the country and the world by reason of
• 1:51:55
  Speaker 5: the extent and excellence of the topographic map. During this period,
• 1:52:02
  Speaker 5: a core of geologists were employed in researches designed partly
• 1:52:08
  Speaker 5: for the development of a system of classification adapted to
• 1:52:13
  Speaker 5: the subsequent geologic mapping. The two branches of the work
• 1:52:18
  Speaker 5: were judiciously coordinated by Director Powell, so that when the
• 1:52:24
  Speaker 5: topographic surveys were sufficiently advanced in different districts, the geologists
• 1:52:31
  Speaker 5: were provided with adequate classific systems and were able to
• 1:52:36
  Speaker 5: proceed at once to effective geologic work, and this coordination
• 1:52:43
  Speaker 5: has been continued by Director Walcott with the normal increase
• 1:52:48
  Speaker 5: in production of geologic maps. The plan of publication adopted
• 1:52:54
  Speaker 5: by the Survey Marx and Epoch in the history of
• 1:52:59
  Speaker 5: practical sciencecientific work. For it is designed to bring the
• 1:53:04
  Speaker 5: results of the most advanced scientific research within the reach
• 1:53:09
  Speaker 5: of every citizen of the nation, and within the mental
• 1:53:13
  Speaker 5: grasp of every graduate from the public schools of America.
• 1:53:19
  Speaker 5: The plan represents, more fully than any hitherto devised in
• 1:53:25
  Speaker 5: any country, the idea of distributing, broadcast among the people
• 1:53:32
  Speaker 5: the rich boon of scientific knowledge. Only a generation ago,
• 1:53:39
  Speaker 5: several of the world's intellectual leaders occupied themselves most laudably
• 1:53:45
  Speaker 5: in teaching the beneficence of science and its freedom from mystery. Today,
• 1:53:51
  Speaker 5: the teaching has become an object lesson through the geologic
• 1:53:57
  Speaker 5: atlas of the United States. An example, it may not
• 1:54:02
  Speaker 5: be inviduous to say the finest example to date of
• 1:54:08
  Speaker 5: the at this folios issued by the Survey is the
• 1:54:14
  Speaker 5: Poblo folio by G. K. Gilbert. Footnote Department of the
• 1:54:21
  Speaker 5: Interior United States Geological Survey. Charles D. Walcott Director Geologic
• 1:54:29
  Speaker 5: Atlas of the United States Publo Folio Colorado, index map,
• 1:54:37
  Speaker 5: list of sheets, et cetera, Washington, d C. Engraved and
• 1:54:42
  Speaker 5: printed by the US Geological Survey Bailey White, Editor of
• 1:54:48
  Speaker 5: Geologic Maps, S. J. Gouble, Chief Engraver, eighteen ninety seven
• 1:54:55
  Speaker 5: and footnote. Like the rest of the series, it is
• 1:55:00
  Speaker 5: a thin folio twenty one in three quarters by eighteen
• 1:55:04
  Speaker 5: and a half inches, bound in a moderately stiff Manila paper.
• 1:55:10
  Speaker 5: The first cover page bears an index map showing the
• 1:55:15
  Speaker 5: position of the area represented and also of other published
• 1:55:20
  Speaker 5: folios with respect to considerable adjacent territory, while the second
• 1:55:27
  Speaker 5: and third cover pages contain an elementary explanation setting forth
• 1:55:34
  Speaker 5: in simple language the principles and methods of topographic mapping
• 1:55:39
  Speaker 5: and the classification and conventions used in the geologic mapping.
• 1:55:45
  Speaker 5: This text is general, equally applicable to all atlas folios,
• 1:55:51
  Speaker 5: and signed by the Director. Like most of the other examples,
• 1:55:56
  Speaker 5: the folio proper comprises one a preliminary descriptive text, followed
• 1:56:03
  Speaker 5: by two a topographic atlas sheet representing the quadrangle or
• 1:56:10
  Speaker 5: track to which the folio is devoted. Three a geologic
• 1:56:16
  Speaker 5: map of the same tract. Four an economic map of
• 1:56:21
  Speaker 5: the tract showing the distribution and indicating the value of
• 1:56:26
  Speaker 5: the important resources. Five a sheet of sections exhibiting the
• 1:56:33
  Speaker 5: structure of the tract, and six special supplementary illustrations. In
• 1:56:41
  Speaker 5: this instance, the special illustrations comprise a lithographic reproduction of
• 1:56:48
  Speaker 5: a model showing the deformation of the tract during a
• 1:56:54
  Speaker 5: particular epoch. B A map showing the distribution and n
• 1:57:00
  Speaker 5: depth of rhatic water within reach of artesian and pumping wells.
• 1:57:07
  Speaker 5: See A series of colmoner sections showing in detail the
• 1:57:13
  Speaker 5: structure and thickness of the beds, and d illustrations of
• 1:57:20
  Speaker 5: typical fossils and rock structures. Like other folios of the series,
• 1:57:26
  Speaker 5: of which this is number thirty six, the work is
• 1:57:31
  Speaker 5: distributed to certain libraries and other depositories, and is sold
• 1:57:36
  Speaker 5: on application to the director of the survey verse fifty cents.
• 1:57:42
  Speaker 5: The description of the publo quadrangle forming the authorital text
• 1:57:49
  Speaker 5: of this folio is especially noteworthy as representing the work
• 1:57:54
  Speaker 5: of one of the foremost geologists of the world in
• 1:57:58
  Speaker 5: a peculiarly instructive geologic province. It begins with an introduction
• 1:58:05
  Speaker 5: in which the terminology is explained. This is followed by
• 1:58:10
  Speaker 5: a summary account of the geography, including climate and vegetation, agriculture, etc.
• 1:58:19
  Speaker 5: Next follows an account of the general geology, including a
• 1:58:24
  Speaker 5: history of physical changes, set forth verbally and geographically. In
• 1:58:30
  Speaker 5: this division of the work, the characteristics of the formations
• 1:58:35
  Speaker 5: are described, the sources of materials are considered, the subsequent
• 1:58:41
  Speaker 5: alterations recorded in texture and structure are investigated, and the
• 1:58:47
  Speaker 5: great orogenic and eperiogenic movements that produce the majestic rocky
• 1:58:55
  Speaker 5: mountains and especially the broad planes at their base are interpreted.
• 1:59:02
  Speaker 4: I e.
• 1:59:03
  Speaker 5: The phenomena are treated both locally and comparatively, and in
• 1:59:08
  Speaker 5: remarkably luminous and attractive fashion. The formations range from recent
• 1:59:14
  Speaker 5: alluvium through earlier plaisticne Neocene, Cretaceous, Guratrean, carboniferous and Silurian
• 1:59:27
  Speaker 5: to the archaean nucleus exposed in the ranges, and there
• 1:59:33
  Speaker 5: were several periods of deformation, the movements of which have
• 1:59:38
  Speaker 5: been analyzed and clearly set forth. In describing the formations
• 1:59:44
  Speaker 5: and discussing the deformations, full recognition is given to the
• 1:59:49
  Speaker 5: principles of geomorphy and to homogenic correlation, and the history
• 1:59:57
  Speaker 5: of the tract is thereby may clear and definite. There
• 2:00:02
  Speaker 5: is a final chapter on economic geology, in which the resources,
• 2:00:07
  Speaker 5: including freadic water, are fully described. This synopsis merely indicates
• 2:00:15
  Speaker 5: the scope of a notable publication. It does not and
• 2:00:20
  Speaker 5: cannot give any adequate idea of the high scientific and
• 2:00:24
  Speaker 5: educational value of a great work, which can be properly
• 2:00:29
  Speaker 5: appreciated only after examination. It is not too much to
• 2:00:35
  Speaker 5: say that this at Lisfolio by itself would in the
• 2:00:39
  Speaker 5: hands of a competent teacher, serve as a complete introduction
• 2:00:45
  Speaker 5: to geology, by means of which any pupil might gain
• 2:00:50
  Speaker 5: an elementary knowledge of the science, or that in the
• 2:00:54
  Speaker 5: hands of a competent teacher, or indeed of an intelligent
• 2:00:59
  Speaker 5: student without a teacher, within the tract described, the work
• 2:01:04
  Speaker 5: would be more serviceable than any manual or textbook of
• 2:01:09
  Speaker 5: geology ever written. The publication of these atlas folios representing
• 2:01:16
  Speaker 5: particular tracts in all parts of the country is bound
• 2:01:20
  Speaker 5: to revolutionize geologic teaching quickly, completely and permanently.
• 2:01:28
  Speaker 3: W J M.
• 2:01:30
  Speaker 5: At the annual meeting of the Royal Geographical Society held
• 2:01:35
  Speaker 5: recently in London, the Founder's Medal of the Society was
• 2:01:40
  Speaker 5: conferred on Doctors Finn Headin for his explorations in Central Asia,
• 2:01:47
  Speaker 5: and the Patron's Medal on Lieutenant Robert E. Peiri us
• 2:01:53
  Speaker 5: N for his work in Greenland. In of section recording
• 2:02:01
  Speaker 5: by Linda Marie Nielsen, Vancouver, BC.
• 2:02:10
  Speaker 6: Section seven of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine, July
• 2:02:18
  Speaker 6: eighteen ninety eight. This is a liveryvox recording. All liveryvox
• 2:02:23
  Speaker 6: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 2:02:26
  Speaker 6: to volunteer, please visit liveryvox dot org. The Topographic Atlas
• 2:02:32
  Speaker 6: of the United States by W. J. McGee. In eighteen
• 2:02:39
  Speaker 6: eighty two, the United States Geological Survey began the construction
• 2:02:44
  Speaker 6: of a topographic map of the country. The work has
• 2:02:48
  Speaker 6: now been in progress fourteen years and about six hundred
• 2:02:52
  Speaker 6: thousand square miles have been mapped. The areas shown on
• 2:02:57
  Speaker 6: these maps are scattered widely over the country and represent
• 2:03:01
  Speaker 6: a great variety of topographic features, and the map sheets,
• 2:03:06
  Speaker 6: with the aid of descriptive text, can be used to
• 2:03:09
  Speaker 6: illustrate topographic forms. This led the director to propose the
• 2:03:15
  Speaker 6: publication of an educational series of folios for use wherever
• 2:03:20
  Speaker 6: geography is taught in high schools. Academies and colleges. Authority
• 2:03:26
  Speaker 6: for their publication and sale was granted by Congress with
• 2:03:30
  Speaker 6: an Act to Prove March second, eighteen ninety five. The
• 2:03:34
  Speaker 6: first folio of the series presents, on ten maps, illustrations
• 2:03:39
  Speaker 6: of some of the simplest and most characteristic types of
• 2:03:43
  Speaker 6: topography to be found in those parts of the United
• 2:03:47
  Speaker 6: States which have thus far been mapped. Succeeding folios will
• 2:03:52
  Speaker 6: illustrate more complex forms. So Henry Gannett, geographer of the
• 2:03:58
  Speaker 6: United States Geological Survey, introduces and illustrated treaties in folio
• 2:04:04
  Speaker 6: form on the landforms of the United States. When geographic
• 2:04:11
  Speaker 6: exploration brought to the knowledge of men the unparalleled Grand
• 2:04:15
  Speaker 6: Canyon of the Colorado and the picturesque Platau Country adjacent,
• 2:04:21
  Speaker 6: the way was prepared for the discovery of new principles
• 2:04:24
  Speaker 6: in geographic developments. In good time, Powell descended the Canyon,
• 2:04:30
  Speaker 6: and he and his collaborators surveyed the Platau Country, and
• 2:04:35
  Speaker 6: as the work progressed, the base level of erosion was recognized.
• 2:04:40
  Speaker 6: The idea quickly took root and grew into one of
• 2:04:44
  Speaker 6: the fundamental principles of earth science, spreading eastward into provinces
• 2:04:49
  Speaker 6: already reconnoitered or surveyed. It was found to afford a
• 2:04:54
  Speaker 6: new means of interpreting Earth history, and thereafter the later
• 2:04:58
  Speaker 6: stages of the geograph development of the continents were read
• 2:05:02
  Speaker 6: from landforms as well as from fossil plants and animals.
• 2:05:08
  Speaker 6: The principle was applied in southeastern United States, where the
• 2:05:12
  Speaker 6: important episodes in continental history are clearly recorded in the
• 2:05:16
  Speaker 6: plateaus and canyons of the Piedmont region, and where the
• 2:05:21
  Speaker 6: minor movements are recorded in unconformities separating the deposits of
• 2:05:26
  Speaker 6: the coastal plain. It was applied most successfully in New
• 2:05:31
  Speaker 6: England and elsewhere by Professor Davis, who reads Earth history
• 2:05:36
  Speaker 6: from topographic maps. Within a dozen years the principle had
• 2:05:40
  Speaker 6: been widely recognized among investigators and has given birth to
• 2:05:45
  Speaker 6: a science geomorphology, or the new geology. Thus far, this
• 2:05:52
  Speaker 6: line of learning has mainly been confined to a limited
• 2:05:56
  Speaker 6: number of original investigators and teachers in high grade educational institutions,
• 2:06:02
  Speaker 6: and has lain beyond the reach of the general school
• 2:06:05
  Speaker 6: and the citizen. But now mister Gannett's treaties, issued by
• 2:06:10
  Speaker 6: a public office, brings this distinctively American advance in science
• 2:06:15
  Speaker 6: within reach of the American public. The atlas comprises ten maps,
• 2:06:21
  Speaker 6: of which the first three are devoted to the now
• 2:06:24
  Speaker 6: well known stages in topographic development, youth, maturity, and old age.
• 2:06:30
  Speaker 6: The fourth illustrates a rejuvenated region typifying the Piedmont Plateau.
• 2:06:36
  Speaker 6: The fifth map represents a young volcanic mountain, its subject
• 2:06:40
  Speaker 6: being our magnificent volcanic cone, Mount Shasta. Moraines and drumlins
• 2:06:47
  Speaker 6: representing characteristic phases of ice work are shown on the
• 2:06:51
  Speaker 6: sixth and seventh sheets, and a fjord coast with its
• 2:06:55
  Speaker 6: picturesque record of icework half drowned in ocean forms the
• 2:07:00
  Speaker 6: subject of the ninth sheet. The two remaining sheets illustrate
• 2:07:04
  Speaker 6: river floodplains and a barrier beach coast. The text includes
• 2:07:10
  Speaker 6: an exposition of the conventions used in topographic mapping, and
• 2:07:14
  Speaker 6: a full description of each of the sheets with a
• 2:07:17
  Speaker 6: fuller interpretation of its features as records of geographic development.
• 2:07:23
  Speaker 6: The issue of this folio marks an epoch in geographic teaching. Hitherto,
• 2:07:28
  Speaker 6: teachers have been limited in their work to glittering generalities
• 2:07:33
  Speaker 6: in the books, or to the maze of little understood
• 2:07:36
  Speaker 6: realities in their sight. Now comes a series of American illustrations,
• 2:07:41
  Speaker 6: shown in such detail that any teacher may correlate the
• 2:07:45
  Speaker 6: features with those of his own landscape. And these are
• 2:07:48
  Speaker 6: interpreted by the hand of a master so clearly that
• 2:07:52
  Speaker 6: even the average pupil cannot fail to read or write.
• 2:07:57
  Speaker 6: The Atlas. Folio may be obtained at the non criminal
• 2:08:00
  Speaker 6: price of twenty five cents on application to the Director
• 2:08:04
  Speaker 6: of the Geological Survey W. J. M end of section seven.
• 2:08:12
  Speaker 6: Recording by Alan Mapstone, end of the National Geographic Magazine,
• 2:08:19
  Speaker 6: Volume nine, July eighteen ninety eight.