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How the Framingham Heart Study Works · Stuff You Should Know

0:00
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Speaker 1: for all of your information and ticket needs. Welcome to
0:43
Speaker 1: Stuff you Should Know from how Stuff Works dot com. Hey,
0:52
Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's Charles W.
0:56
Speaker 1: Chuck Bryant, There's guest producer Noel all of Nature, Wild
1:01
Speaker 1: and Free. This is where you long to be. Stuff
1:04
Speaker 1: you should know. So let's go ahead and admit that
1:07
Speaker 1: we just did a rare retake of like the first
1:11
Speaker 1: four minutes of the show. Yeah, and I still reused
1:14
Speaker 1: the Madonna lyric joke. That's fine, but we have to
1:17
Speaker 1: recreate the rest of the previous four minutes. No, I
1:20
Speaker 1: don't think so. I think we should just kind of
1:21
Speaker 1: let it flow. I was just I was saying to myself,
1:24
Speaker 1: By God, that Madonna jokes getting in there. All right, Well,
1:27
Speaker 1: maybe just a quick recap. Noel's dressed up and looks great.
1:30
Speaker 1: He's it's because he's a snappy dresser. Uh. We mispronounced
1:34
Speaker 1: words in the UK and got laughed at. And now
1:38
Speaker 1: we're talking about the Framing Him heart Study. That's right,
1:42
Speaker 1: which we h. I don't know what podcast it was on,
1:44
Speaker 1: but years ago we called it the Farmington hard Study. Um,
1:48
Speaker 1: every time we said it, we said Farmington's did we really? Yeah,
1:53
Speaker 1: you don't remember that. No, I mean that definitely sounds
1:56
Speaker 1: like us, but I don't remember it. Yeah. Yeah, that's
1:58
Speaker 1: why I made that joke when you first came in
2:00
Speaker 1: about the Farmington Heart Study. Okay, yeah, we said it
2:04
Speaker 1: was years ago. It was one of our earlier couple
2:06
Speaker 1: of years and we said the Farmingtons Hearts Study probably
2:11
Speaker 1: twelve times. Yeah. Back in the day, the standards used
2:14
Speaker 1: to be its head lower. Yeah, because we were low
2:17
Speaker 1: hanging Fruit podcast. It was us Zyberglass was Ricky Gervais
2:22
Speaker 1: and Jesse Thorn, and then Adam Curry was out there
2:25
Speaker 1: somewhere and probably Adam Corolla. Sure, yeah no, but no
2:30
Speaker 1: one else we had. There were eight podcasts. That was it.
2:33
Speaker 1: That was all you had to choose from, So you
2:35
Speaker 1: better like at least one of them. Do you know
2:36
Speaker 1: how many there are? Now? I just saw today? Uh no,
2:40
Speaker 1: do you like you have an actual number? Well, I
2:42
Speaker 1: mean it's a it's an even number, so it's probably
2:45
Speaker 1: not exact. But the latest hot pod newsletter said that
2:49
Speaker 1: there are roughly three podcasts. Oh my god, that's nuts.
2:55
Speaker 1: I know, man alive. That's pretty impressive, and probably only
2:59
Speaker 1: like five of those are good. Well, we we went
3:03
Speaker 1: from that was mean, we went from eight to three
3:08
Speaker 1: fifty thousand and how many years? Ten? We're still hanging strong,
3:12
Speaker 1: we are. That's great. That's what happens when you say
3:15
Speaker 1: things like Farmington ten twelve times. He's long gone. Yeah,
3:22
Speaker 1: he pronounced everything perfectly like guys washed up now yea,
3:27
Speaker 1: So the reason we're talking about framing him, which, by
3:30
Speaker 1: the way, yeah, yeah, it's gonna be tough to say
3:34
Speaker 1: it the same way every time, but it's framing Ham
3:39
Speaker 1: is the city of Massachusetts. I don't get the Framingham
3:43
Speaker 1: as opposed to framing him Yeah, ok, yeah, the h
3:47
Speaker 1: is a hard age or soft aged like, Whereas if
3:52
Speaker 1: this were in Scotland they would just say you're right,
3:57
Speaker 1: which is again why we were laughed at Manchester that
4:01
Speaker 1: it's Germany sorry, right, which is landlocked. So again we're
4:08
Speaker 1: talking about Framingham, Massachusetts, a very small town these days.
4:13
Speaker 1: In two thousand and seventeen, I think the census, well
4:16
Speaker 1: that the population estimate was something like seventy residents, not
4:20
Speaker 1: a not a huge town. I think that qualifies as
4:23
Speaker 1: a small, dinky town. Still. Yeah, but it's a suburb
4:26
Speaker 1: of Boston, which is a huge metropolis. Sure it is, um,
4:31
Speaker 1: but it is aside from being a suburb of Boston,
4:34
Speaker 1: it is in its own right, uh, an internationally renowned
4:39
Speaker 1: tiny town. Not because it's like a place where the
4:43
Speaker 1: circus used to hang out during the winter, or because um,
4:47
Speaker 1: they have some amazing kind of fudge. Right, Farmingham, Massachusetts
4:53
Speaker 1: is on the map because that town back in the day,
4:57
Speaker 1: actually two times over that town. Just I did that
5:00
Speaker 1: they were going to present themselves as as test subjects,
5:07
Speaker 1: study participants, for some of the most important studies ever
5:12
Speaker 1: carried out in the history of medicine. Yeah. What one
5:15
Speaker 1: of the largest and certainly most influential longitudinal studies ever
5:21
Speaker 1: performed in medicine. Yeah, it's called the Farming hum Or
5:24
Speaker 1: farming Ham Heart Study, the Framingham Oh my god, was
5:29
Speaker 1: that an accident? Yes, Oh boy, The Framing hum Heart Study. Yeah,
5:35
Speaker 1: which you know, we've we've had challenges, as has the
5:39
Speaker 1: medical community in research community throughout study history, of being
5:44
Speaker 1: frustrated with like bad studies and poor sample sizes. This
5:48
Speaker 1: one is really set the standard. Yeah, it's it's the
5:52
Speaker 1: gold standard for anything that has anything to do is
5:54
Speaker 1: studying cardiovascular disease. And as we'll see it basically is
5:59
Speaker 1: everything we you and I, just Joe Schmo walking around
6:02
Speaker 1: on the street know about cardiovascular disease basically came out
6:06
Speaker 1: of this study. Um. And even before that, there was
6:10
Speaker 1: another study that the town participated in that helped lick tuberculosis,
6:15
Speaker 1: which was which was appropriate because you know, framing framing him. Yeah,
6:21
Speaker 1: I got it right. Is in Massachusetts, which is part
6:24
Speaker 1: of New England, which was part of the vampire panic area, which,
6:27
Speaker 1: as you remember, was the result of tuberculosis. So it's
6:31
Speaker 1: it was appropriate that that little town contributed to humanity
6:35
Speaker 1: in that way as well. Yes, so should we hop
6:38
Speaker 1: in the way back machine? Oh yes, all right, let's
6:40
Speaker 1: set the dial. Let's load up the flux capacitor with
6:45
Speaker 1: Miller heavy beer and banana peals. Miller heavy. Yeah that's
6:50
Speaker 1: what he used, nice, I think so, yeah, okay, that's
6:57
Speaker 1: that's at the end with the more modern version right
7:00
Speaker 1: right of the Dolorean. Yeah. I think he used some
7:03
Speaker 1: sort of plasma waist incenterator. Yeah. Uh so, let's let's
7:10
Speaker 1: set the dials for um, the World War two era.
7:14
Speaker 1: We're not gonna be super specific here, No, sometimes we
7:23
Speaker 1: rolled the dice in the way back machine. Let's see
7:25
Speaker 1: what happened. Just say, spit us out anytime in the
7:28
Speaker 1: nineteen forties, not in Europe or the South Pacific, that's right.
7:32
Speaker 1: So in the nineteen UM here was a scene in
7:36
Speaker 1: the USA, and I guess all over the world is
7:38
Speaker 1: we did not know a lot about and all this
7:41
Speaker 1: stuff seems so second nature now and like duh about
7:45
Speaker 1: heart disease, But we didn't know a lot about heart
7:48
Speaker 1: disease back then, and it was sort of just accepted
7:52
Speaker 1: that once you reach a certain age, like, yeah, your
7:55
Speaker 1: heart just may take you out. Nothing we can do
7:57
Speaker 1: about it. Might as well not research it. And there's
8:00
Speaker 1: certainly no preventative medicines for your to ensure that health. No,
8:05
Speaker 1: certainly not like they could try to treat it or whatever.
8:08
Speaker 1: But most of the time, once you came down with UM,
8:11
Speaker 1: one of the cardiovascular diseases, you UM, you were a goner.
8:16
Speaker 1: YEA of us deaths we're due to CBD, right, And
8:24
Speaker 1: so there was a confounding factor that led to this
8:27
Speaker 1: huge increase. There are actually two of them. One is
8:31
Speaker 1: as far as percentages go. The cardiovascular disease deaths lurched
8:37
Speaker 1: forward in the mid early mid twentieth century because what
8:42
Speaker 1: used to be the big killers, which were infectious diseases
8:45
Speaker 1: which we now consider highly treatable. They used to kill everybody, right,
8:50
Speaker 1: And as we started to treat them thanks to the
8:52
Speaker 1: discovery and use of penicillin and antibiotics, those things fell
8:56
Speaker 1: into the background and and by by extend mention or
9:00
Speaker 1: by proxy, cardiovascular disease was basically bear naked out there
9:08
Speaker 1: statistics wise. Suddenly something that was just kind of like
9:11
Speaker 1: a secondary problem was now that the leading cause of
9:14
Speaker 1: death in the United States and in the West. I believe, yeah,
9:17
Speaker 1: because I guess people were living routinely, living into their
9:21
Speaker 1: fifties and sixties, maybe for the first time, I don't know, Yeah,
9:26
Speaker 1: and they were saying, my god, I'm so glad I
9:28
Speaker 1: get these extra couple of decades of eating raw steak
9:31
Speaker 1: and smoking cigarettes at the dinner table. Grass. That is
9:36
Speaker 1: so nasty. It's a it's a true story, though. I
9:39
Speaker 1: saw my grandpa do it with my own eyes, smoke
9:42
Speaker 1: at the table. Now. Actually, my grandpa was one of
9:45
Speaker 1: the He went the other way. He was like like
9:48
Speaker 1: subscriber number three to Prevention magazine and yeah, into like
9:52
Speaker 1: coffee animas and all sorts of weird st He was
9:55
Speaker 1: big time healthy guy. Is that what led your dad
9:58
Speaker 1: to become the herbal Elviots? I think that that had
10:01
Speaker 1: some had to have had something to do with it,
10:04
Speaker 1: for sure. Luckily my dad didn't carry on the family
10:08
Speaker 1: tradition of coffee animos down to me. So um alright,
10:12
Speaker 1: So by of death or cardiovascular everyone's dying now from
10:18
Speaker 1: their heart because they're living longer because they're not dying
10:20
Speaker 1: of TV and their thirties and forties and then the
10:23
Speaker 1: second big thing that happened that you teased was President Roosevelt.
10:28
Speaker 1: Uh started to get really he got cardiovascular disease. He
10:33
Speaker 1: started to get really high blood pressure. Uh. This was
10:36
Speaker 1: compounded by UM. Now we understand that stress and anxiety
10:40
Speaker 1: can compound these things, and he certainly had no shortage
10:43
Speaker 1: of that UM as president. And you know Winston Churchill
10:47
Speaker 1: of all people, when he says he seems to be
10:50
Speaker 1: a very tired man. If Winston Churchill was saying that,
10:54
Speaker 1: then you're in trouble. Yeah, because he wasn't the picture
10:56
Speaker 1: of health. No, he certainly wasn't. But apparently f D
11:00
Speaker 1: made him look like he was fresh as a daisy.
11:03
Speaker 1: So FDR had high blood pressure when he went into
11:06
Speaker 1: the White House to begin with. But by the time
11:10
Speaker 1: rolls around right after the Yalta UM conference where they
11:15
Speaker 1: divided Europe up between what Great Britain, the United States
11:19
Speaker 1: in UM, Russia the Soviet Union, right. Um. He died
11:25
Speaker 1: a couple of weeks after that, at age sixty three.
11:28
Speaker 1: He had a stroke from hypertension, which is another word
11:31
Speaker 1: for high blood pressure. And boy, oh boy, did he
11:35
Speaker 1: have high blood pressure like off the charts. Chuck, Yeah,
11:40
Speaker 1: three hundred, when when he died he had three hundred
11:43
Speaker 1: over one. One more time, three hundred over one. So
11:49
Speaker 1: I went and look that up. I'm like, even without
11:51
Speaker 1: looking it up, I know that's high, but how high
11:53
Speaker 1: is it? So? Ideal is between ninety over sixty and
11:58
Speaker 1: one over eighty. That's how deal blood pressure. Anything over
12:02
Speaker 1: one eighty over one twenty is what's called a hypertensive crisis.
12:07
Speaker 1: And the chart tells you to go to your doctor
12:09
Speaker 1: immediately for that if you have anything over one eight over.
12:14
Speaker 1: FDR had three over one. Yeah, and I mean his
12:18
Speaker 1: doctor said, I predict he's a very sick man. I
12:21
Speaker 1: predicted will be dead within a few months. And he
12:22
Speaker 1: was running the money, right Churchill's doctor. Yeah, FDR Zone
12:27
Speaker 1: doctor was like, here, take this digitalis You'll love that.
12:29
Speaker 1: Churchill's guy, Yeah, okay, yeah. At the y'all take conference.
12:33
Speaker 1: I guess he just travels with I would think, so,
12:36
Speaker 1: I thought, I mean, I would imagine all those guys
12:39
Speaker 1: would travel with their doctors, you know, just just for fun,
12:42
Speaker 1: like what kind of pills you got today? Yeah, and
12:44
Speaker 1: again I'm watching The Crown now. I talked about that
12:46
Speaker 1: in the TV h well, in the episode but when
12:49
Speaker 1: we talked about it and John listcal As Winston, Churchill
12:53
Speaker 1: is grow great. What he's awesome? When he and FDR
12:58
Speaker 1: like half two part ways after the y'all to conference,
13:01
Speaker 1: does he punch FDR in the face and say O,
13:03
Speaker 1: FDR hasn't actually he hasn't been in it. Okay, well
13:07
Speaker 1: look for that scene coming up. Yeah, but it's crazy.
13:09
Speaker 1: Churchill's all over the place. He had the Gary Oldman
13:11
Speaker 1: movie and then there were dual Churchill movies. Brian Cox
13:15
Speaker 1: was on another one. Oh, he's in it's quality. He's great,
13:18
Speaker 1: although his Hannibal lecture was it was fine until Anthony
13:23
Speaker 1: Hopkins got his hands on that role. Yeah. The rare
13:26
Speaker 1: case where the second actor totally owns the role usually
13:31
Speaker 1: like the first actor. Will you know, just probably by
13:34
Speaker 1: the fact that the first Although I liked Um, What's
13:38
Speaker 1: the to Live In Diane l A's guy's name who
13:41
Speaker 1: was the lead guy in Manhunter? William Peterson. Yeah, I
13:45
Speaker 1: liked William Peterson's character. That's a great movie more than
13:50
Speaker 1: Um Edward Norton's version. Oh, in Red Dragon, because Red
13:55
Speaker 1: Dragon and Manhunter they're based on the same book. Yeah, yeah,
13:57
Speaker 1: it's the same thing. Yeah, yeah, you're really right. William
14:01
Speaker 1: Peterson a way better than Edward Norton in that role,
14:03
Speaker 1: but Jodie Foster better than all of them, is closed, Yes, yeah,
14:06
Speaker 1: all of them put together. Man. I just watched the
14:09
Speaker 1: end of that again the other day, and oh, you're
14:11
Speaker 1: gonna appreciate this. Uh. Emily was in the other room, um,
14:16
Speaker 1: in the bathroom or something, I can't remember, and she
14:18
Speaker 1: didn't know what. I turned it on and I passed
14:20
Speaker 1: it right at the moment of the Penis Tuck Buffalo
14:25
Speaker 1: Bill when he had his arms out in the Jesus
14:28
Speaker 1: Christ post and Emily came in and just got in
14:30
Speaker 1: bed and looked up and was like, oh my god,
14:34
Speaker 1: what a great movie that was. Had everything, the perfect
14:37
Speaker 1: race Rain did everything, had Jodie Foster, Anthony Hopkins, and
14:42
Speaker 1: a Penis Tuck scene. We should probably take a break,
14:46
Speaker 1: all right, We're off the rails here, are you ready? Yes?
14:50
Speaker 1: Break starting now? Okay, Chuck. So we were talking about
15:23
Speaker 1: Penis tux right. FDR famously did that at the Yalta conference.
15:30
Speaker 1: Oh my god, so he you know the reason the
15:34
Speaker 1: reason FDR's death from hypertension really factors into the stories
15:37
Speaker 1: because it was extremely public, okay, And what FDR basically
15:43
Speaker 1: did without using these last words, he basically said he
15:48
Speaker 1: pointed at at modern medicine and said, I beseech you,
15:52
Speaker 1: and then keeled over right, So modern medicine was like,
15:56
Speaker 1: who us, we don't know what we're doing when it
15:58
Speaker 1: comes to cardiovascular disease ease. And shortly thereafter, the framing
16:04
Speaker 1: him heart study was born. No, you can almost coming.
16:09
Speaker 1: The framing of heart study was born because Harry Truman
16:13
Speaker 1: signed the National Heart Act, which is probably the thing
16:18
Speaker 1: that he's most famous for. Its president. Yeah, and that
16:21
Speaker 1: included and that included five thousand dollars in the form
16:25
Speaker 1: of a grant for this study for twenty years to
16:29
Speaker 1: cover twenty years for the study. And um, I think
16:32
Speaker 1: initially Public Health service physician Uh Gilson or Gilkin Metters
16:39
Speaker 1: uh said, it sounds like you messed that up, but
16:43
Speaker 1: you didn't. I think you hit it right on the head.
16:45
Speaker 1: Gilson Metters. It matters sounds like a weird you think
16:48
Speaker 1: it'd be meadows or something. It sounds like you're drunk
16:51
Speaker 1: and saying meadows. Uh. And this was the original quote,
16:55
Speaker 1: which is actually a pretty good mission statement for the study.
16:58
Speaker 1: Their mission was to study the express and of coronary
17:01
Speaker 1: artery disease and a normal or unselected population, and to
17:06
Speaker 1: determine the factors predisposing to the development of the disease
17:10
Speaker 1: through clinical and laboratory examined long term follow up. So
17:13
Speaker 1: there you have it. Not bad, it's got a clinical ring,
17:16
Speaker 1: it's got a it's concise. You can dance to it. Yeah, exactly.
17:21
Speaker 1: So this this framing Him heart study was a heart
17:25
Speaker 1: study before it was set in framing him. And they
17:28
Speaker 1: went to framing him for a number of reasons. One
17:31
Speaker 1: they said, well, this is a pretty pretty standard UM
17:34
Speaker 1: middle America, middle class UM community, at least of the
17:40
Speaker 1: kind that we pay attention to in this day and age, right,
17:43
Speaker 1: meaning it was almost entirely white people, which will see
17:46
Speaker 1: as a huge criticism of this study that UM the
17:49
Speaker 1: study directors over time have tried to work on. But um,
17:53
Speaker 1: they said, aside from the the the complete and almost
17:58
Speaker 1: complete and utter of UM diversity. Yes, in this study,
18:04
Speaker 1: it's a pretty good slice of America. It's a small town,
18:08
Speaker 1: most of the people their middle income. It's it's got
18:12
Speaker 1: a big enough population. At the time, this is the
18:14
Speaker 1: nineteen forties or something like twenty eight thousand people that
18:17
Speaker 1: we could get a pretty decent, like random sample of
18:20
Speaker 1: the population going. But the town itself is small enough.
18:23
Speaker 1: There's only like two hospitals and in time there would
18:26
Speaker 1: only be one hospital that we can actually easily keep
18:29
Speaker 1: track of the people in this town. And it's not
18:32
Speaker 1: too far from Boston University, which would win the contrast
18:35
Speaker 1: to UM carrying out the study on behalf of the
18:38
Speaker 1: National Heart Institute. Well, yeah, and they had also, like
18:42
Speaker 1: you said, earlier, proven that their game for this kind
18:45
Speaker 1: of thing by participating in that uh to what was
18:49
Speaker 1: called tuberculosis how down or something. Ye had a name.
18:53
Speaker 1: It did have a name. It was called the Framing
18:56
Speaker 1: Him Tuberculosis Demonstration. There would be like watch this, no,
19:02
Speaker 1: but it could be on a Saturday night. It was
19:05
Speaker 1: the hold Down. So that, yeah, the whole town had
19:08
Speaker 1: was not the whole town, but the town had gotten
19:10
Speaker 1: behind being UM test subjects or study participants for a
19:15
Speaker 1: whole other study about thirty years before the Heart study began.
19:20
Speaker 1: So they were already kind of like there. Their healthcare
19:23
Speaker 1: providers were already like aware that this stuff was going on.
19:27
Speaker 1: And at the time, apparently healthcare providers like your general practitioner.
19:31
Speaker 1: That was like the end all be all of your health.
19:35
Speaker 1: That person was meant to know everything about you and
19:38
Speaker 1: everything about disease and how to treat you. And that
19:42
Speaker 1: was that. There weren't any longitudinal studies, There wasn't any
19:45
Speaker 1: preventative medicine, There wasn't any national hard institute, there was
19:49
Speaker 1: nothing like that. It all came down to your general practitioner.
19:53
Speaker 1: So it was really important that the general practitioners and
19:56
Speaker 1: the healthcare providers in the town of Framing Them were
19:59
Speaker 1: on board this kind of thing, because they could very
20:02
Speaker 1: easily have seen this as encroaching on their turf, but
20:06
Speaker 1: they didn't. And I think the Framing Him study directors
20:09
Speaker 1: and the people who carried this actual study out deferred
20:13
Speaker 1: to the general practitioners in the town as far as
20:17
Speaker 1: like giving advice from the findings and and keeping up
20:21
Speaker 1: with the the like outside medical findings or even the
20:24
Speaker 1: stuff they were finding from the study. They didn't directly
20:27
Speaker 1: give it to the study participants. They gave it to
20:30
Speaker 1: their doctors, and then the doctors would tell the study
20:33
Speaker 1: parts participants, so they were kept in the loop. So
20:35
Speaker 1: there was a there was a a symbiotic relationship that
20:40
Speaker 1: was forged. Yeah. I thought that was interesting that they
20:42
Speaker 1: just kept the research like they weren't there to offer
20:45
Speaker 1: medical advice. They were literally just collecting research. But I
20:48
Speaker 1: do wonder if some of the times they would say, hey, uh,
20:53
Speaker 1: gp of Mr Donaldson, you really need to get him
20:58
Speaker 1: in like next week. Yeah, like really yeah, like he
21:03
Speaker 1: It's kind of like I guess how Churchill's doctor saw Roosevelt, right, Like,
21:09
Speaker 1: I know we're not supposed to give advice, but my
21:11
Speaker 1: advice to you is to call this guy up and say,
21:14
Speaker 1: maybe you should come in a little earlier than next spring, right,
21:17
Speaker 1: or go up your malpractice insurance. So we did say
21:22
Speaker 1: that it wasn't super ethnically diverse, which um didn't phase
21:28
Speaker 1: them too much at the time, And it really hit
21:29
Speaker 1: home to me just how like just how white probably
21:34
Speaker 1: every major study had been up until this point without
21:39
Speaker 1: even like thinking it was a problem, which is being like,
21:42
Speaker 1: I don't know, there's a great study. They're like, well,
21:44
Speaker 1: you know, he didn't include any black people, and they
21:47
Speaker 1: just it probably just didn't even occur to them at
21:49
Speaker 1: the time. I don't know if it didn't occur to him.
21:51
Speaker 1: I I think that it was mostly that's who their
21:57
Speaker 1: clientele was. I think that that's probably who was being
22:01
Speaker 1: studied because that's what America catered to at the time,
22:04
Speaker 1: or who America catered to, I should say at the time.
22:08
Speaker 1: I don't know that that much has changed these days, unfortunately,
22:11
Speaker 1: but I think it was vastly more pronounced back then.
22:15
Speaker 1: Well I think they I think they're way more inclusive
22:18
Speaker 1: now and and probably have to be to get research
22:21
Speaker 1: grants these days. I would think, oh, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah,
22:24
Speaker 1: for sure. No, I'm saying America as a whole being
22:27
Speaker 1: like catering to Yeah, hear you, But that did change
22:31
Speaker 1: in and framing him after World War Two. Apparently there
22:34
Speaker 1: was an influx of a more diverse population after the
22:37
Speaker 1: war at least, right, and I think by the Good
22:41
Speaker 1: Lord was that the nineties when they added the new cohort.
22:45
Speaker 1: Well we'll get to the cohorts, Okay, well, anyway, sure
22:48
Speaker 1: we'll spoiler alert. They added they made the study population
22:52
Speaker 1: more diverse. One thing that is in the credit of
22:55
Speaker 1: the study designers is that they included women at a
23:00
Speaker 1: about which was totally unheard of it's in any kind
23:04
Speaker 1: of medical study at the time. Because again, not only
23:07
Speaker 1: did they cater to almost exclusively white people in America
23:10
Speaker 1: at the time. They catered almost exclusively to white men
23:14
Speaker 1: at the time. Yeah, and I think also women. I
23:19
Speaker 1: think heart disease probably still has a stigma of like, yeah,
23:22
Speaker 1: men have heart disease, uh more than women do, right, Like,
23:28
Speaker 1: what are you a trucker lady? How do you have
23:29
Speaker 1: heart disease? Go back, go back home, get out of
23:33
Speaker 1: my doctor's office. Yeah, you dummy. Yeah, which is not
23:36
Speaker 1: the case, right, No. But the weird thing is is
23:40
Speaker 1: what they found from the study. Just overall, they found
23:44
Speaker 1: that the stuff that they've come up with, which we'll
23:47
Speaker 1: talk about in a second, is really good at predicting
23:50
Speaker 1: things for like white guys, for cardio vascular disease for
23:55
Speaker 1: white guys. But even though women were very um clearly
23:59
Speaker 1: represented in the study, they've actually found that the same
24:02
Speaker 1: predictors don't work for women. So it's kind of led
24:04
Speaker 1: to a separate study of women and how they suffer
24:09
Speaker 1: from cardiovascular disease, because they definitely do, it's just under
24:13
Speaker 1: different circumstances it appears than men. Yeah, it's pretty interesting.
24:17
Speaker 1: So let's talk about the beginning of the study, right, Yeah,
24:21
Speaker 1: So they recruited people between the ages of thirty and
24:23
Speaker 1: fifty nine initially because that is the window where you
24:26
Speaker 1: might develop c D d UM and they they thought
24:30
Speaker 1: by recruiting people in this range, they would also get
24:33
Speaker 1: a certain amount of people that are already have this
24:36
Speaker 1: uh appearing like these symptoms appearing right. They didn't though.
24:41
Speaker 1: Actually it turned out that they had to actually go
24:43
Speaker 1: recruit people who had cardiovascular disease already and put them
24:48
Speaker 1: into this study themselves, I think, because people probably that
24:52
Speaker 1: maybe we're on that track, don't volunteer for studies like this. Well.
24:56
Speaker 1: They also it wasn't a very random sample, especial at
25:00
Speaker 1: first because they initially got participants through um word of
25:05
Speaker 1: mouth at like civic groups and clubs. So so the
25:10
Speaker 1: presence of a social network or a certain type of
25:12
Speaker 1: social network, we just kind of does away with randomness
25:16
Speaker 1: right out of the gate. And they ended up recruiting
25:20
Speaker 1: other people outside of like these groups and civic civic
25:23
Speaker 1: clubs and all that, who initially formed a large part
25:26
Speaker 1: of the study. UM cohort to make it a little
25:29
Speaker 1: more random, and I guess they were successful because it
25:32
Speaker 1: seems like the idea of it being not very random
25:37
Speaker 1: or not very representative sample of the whole um isn't
25:41
Speaker 1: really discussed any longer. So I guess they took care
25:43
Speaker 1: of it by the inclusion of the additional I think
25:45
Speaker 1: like seven people. Yeah, so they the idea was that
25:49
Speaker 1: you would come in every two years to give um
25:53
Speaker 1: your medical history updated, to get updated, to have your physical,
25:58
Speaker 1: to get you all your labs done. And they thought
26:01
Speaker 1: at the time like, there's probably they were smart enough
26:03
Speaker 1: to know that there's probably not one thing this causing CBD.
26:06
Speaker 1: So collecting all this history from all these people over time,
26:10
Speaker 1: and initially it was going to be twenty years, but
26:12
Speaker 1: as you will learn, it's still going on today, which
26:15
Speaker 1: is amazing. Um, they can really get a robust sampling
26:20
Speaker 1: of people and time from kind of all walks of
26:24
Speaker 1: life once they started being more inclusive. Yeah, and they
26:27
Speaker 1: can watch the disease develop or not develop. And since
26:30
Speaker 1: they do like a really they did a phenomenal baseline
26:34
Speaker 1: exam and Chuck, actually, I saw and the very original
26:38
Speaker 1: inception or conception of the study was that they were
26:41
Speaker 1: going to do a baseline exam and then a second
26:44
Speaker 1: follow up three to five years later and that was it.
26:46
Speaker 1: But luckily they had the foresight to be like, no, no no, no,
26:48
Speaker 1: let's keep this thing going and keep a rolling. Baby,
26:50
Speaker 1: I'm feeling hot, right. So they were by doing this
26:55
Speaker 1: baseline exam and saying, you know, do you smoke, how
26:58
Speaker 1: much read meet you? How much do you drink? How
27:00
Speaker 1: much exercise do you get? How often do you go parasailing? Like? Um,
27:05
Speaker 1: like how many kids do you have? What were your
27:07
Speaker 1: parents medical histories? Like? By getting this really great baseline exam,
27:12
Speaker 1: they had an idea of all the different factors that
27:15
Speaker 1: could come into play when it comes to cardiovascular disease.
27:19
Speaker 1: And then with these follow up exams every two years,
27:22
Speaker 1: they would find people as the as they got the
27:24
Speaker 1: disease or didn't get the disease, and then they could
27:26
Speaker 1: go back and look and say, well, this person has
27:29
Speaker 1: cardiovascular disease and they smoke and they have diabetes, and uh,
27:34
Speaker 1: their parents had a stroke. They're dead at a stroke
27:37
Speaker 1: and they just had a stroke. So they started to
27:40
Speaker 1: see from all of this data, it was basically like
27:42
Speaker 1: you know how data, big data is just enormous right now.
27:46
Speaker 1: That's basically what the Heart Institute did in Boston University
27:50
Speaker 1: just went and set up camp in this town and
27:52
Speaker 1: they started collecting as much data as they possibly could,
27:55
Speaker 1: and then they set about sorting through it and publishing
27:58
Speaker 1: papers based on the finding. Yeah, and you mentioned the
28:01
Speaker 1: cohort earlier there, and I'm just gonna go ahead and say,
28:05
Speaker 1: each of these cohort names is a great band name.
28:08
Speaker 1: All of them a blanket. That's a blanket, great band name. Statement.
28:12
Speaker 1: So the initial you said when they went out and
28:14
Speaker 1: got another seven forty people, who and those are the
28:18
Speaker 1: people who had the early signs of CBD. Yeah, they
28:22
Speaker 1: were included in there. Okay, that's the Framing Him Cohort.
28:25
Speaker 1: That's everybody. That's the first group. Okay, all of the
28:28
Speaker 1: first group combined was the Framing Him Cohort. That's a
28:32
Speaker 1: that's kind of an emo folkey band. Then in seventy
28:35
Speaker 1: one they said, you know what, these people are having kids.
28:39
Speaker 1: So what would be awesome is if we started studying
28:41
Speaker 1: these children and their lifetimes and they were known as
28:45
Speaker 1: the Offspring Cohort. So that's like an offspring cover band. Okay,
28:50
Speaker 1: that's terrible. I thought, it's not bad. What what was offspring?
28:53
Speaker 1: I don't even know. Oh, remember you got to keep
28:56
Speaker 1: them separated. I do remember that song that was had
29:00
Speaker 1: a couple of good songs. Yeah, and I think the guy,
29:02
Speaker 1: if I'm not mistaken, and I'm not thinking of Milo
29:05
Speaker 1: from the Descendants, Um, this was the guy from Offspring
29:09
Speaker 1: went on to get like a PhD in like biochemistry
29:14
Speaker 1: or nuclear physics or something really impressive. Interesting, Yeah, I was.
29:19
Speaker 1: I'm so I have no idea about any of that genre,
29:22
Speaker 1: whatever that genre is. I'm not sure what that is either.
29:25
Speaker 1: The Offspring were kind of their own thing. Yeah, but
29:28
Speaker 1: isn't it a part of just the whole Like what
29:31
Speaker 1: was that tour like the Vans Warped Tour and that
29:34
Speaker 1: all that stuff. I know nothing about any of those bands.
29:38
Speaker 1: I'll bet they were on Warped Tour now that you
29:40
Speaker 1: mentioned it. They were not definitely not a part of
29:44
Speaker 1: what was Lilith Fair No, no, but ironically they did
29:49
Speaker 1: go to a couple of dates just as audience member
29:52
Speaker 1: probably so. Alright, So the Offspring cohort were the kids.
29:56
Speaker 1: That was about fifty of them, and then they included
29:59
Speaker 1: their spouse is um which was a big deal because,
30:02
Speaker 1: like I said, adding the kids allowed to look for
30:06
Speaker 1: hereditary functions as far as CBD goes. And then the
30:10
Speaker 1: spouses just gave that extra layer of examination when they
30:14
Speaker 1: weren't related, right, Yeah, so it's almost like a built
30:18
Speaker 1: in control group as far as um looking at hereditary
30:22
Speaker 1: stuff goes. Right. And then that was also like I've
30:25
Speaker 1: seen it remarked on, man, my brain is a little
30:30
Speaker 1: broken to day. But um, the having adding the kids
30:35
Speaker 1: as a second cohort was was just a stroke of
30:38
Speaker 1: genius because even before they had any idea that we
30:41
Speaker 1: were going to be able to easily examine genes and
30:45
Speaker 1: d n A, they they started building this this study
30:50
Speaker 1: data that can be mined now for genetic stuff thanks
30:55
Speaker 1: to these guys foresight by adding this offspring cohort. That
31:00
Speaker 1: pretty cool. Uh. The first omni cohort first of three,
31:06
Speaker 1: those are all three good band names. And this was
31:10
Speaker 1: when they started getting that diversity. They said, hey, maybe
31:13
Speaker 1: we should sort of officially include this and break this out.
31:17
Speaker 1: So that was made up of about five hundred people
31:20
Speaker 1: of Native American descent, African American descent, Hispanic, Indian, Asian,
31:24
Speaker 1: and Pacific islander right first. And I guess second and
31:29
Speaker 1: third omni cohorts, And that was that's surprising to me
31:34
Speaker 1: that it took that long when they knew out of
31:36
Speaker 1: the gate that it wasn't representative of America as a whole. Yeah,
31:39
Speaker 1: I mean it's that's not to say that they didn't
31:41
Speaker 1: have any of those people in the study, but they
31:43
Speaker 1: officially recruited more. Isn't that right? That's my impression. Yeah, okay, Yeah,
31:48
Speaker 1: I don't know that the original cohort was entirely white,
31:52
Speaker 1: but I from what I understand, it was so so
31:56
Speaker 1: majority white that it was not representative of of America
32:00
Speaker 1: population wise. And by the way, Omni Cohort that's obviously
32:04
Speaker 1: a E d M band that would probably tour with
32:08
Speaker 1: like the Crystal Method or something like that. Uh. And
32:11
Speaker 1: then finally the third generation Cohort or Gin three, which
32:16
Speaker 1: is their album title, that started in two thousand two,
32:20
Speaker 1: and I think they're expected to shut that one down
32:23
Speaker 1: next year. That I thought was really weird. Why shut
32:26
Speaker 1: any of them down? Might not be like, we're gonna
32:28
Speaker 1: follow you to the grave, man, Yeah, we might even
32:31
Speaker 1: dig you up in ten years after you're dead in
32:34
Speaker 1: case we figure out something new to do with you,
32:36
Speaker 1: you know. Yeah, And these are kids who had at
32:40
Speaker 1: least one parent in the offspring cohort? Is that right? Okay?
32:46
Speaker 1: And then there's another one called the offspring spousal cohort,
32:52
Speaker 1: the new offspring spouse cohort. Right, that's a that's just
32:56
Speaker 1: a weird one. Yeah, they're getting a little meta. Yeah, So, um,
33:01
Speaker 1: the new offspring spouse cohort is made up of spouses who,
33:05
Speaker 1: for whatever reasons, weren't part of the original offspring cohort
33:10
Speaker 1: and have at least two kids in the Gen three cohort?
33:15
Speaker 1: Is that correct? It gets a little wonky, But but
33:18
Speaker 1: the point is is they're like adding more and more
33:20
Speaker 1: people in the town. As the town's getting bigger and
33:23
Speaker 1: as the town's getting more diverse, they're they're making the
33:25
Speaker 1: study reflect this population more and more with the hopes
33:29
Speaker 1: that it's going to reflect America more and more. And
33:31
Speaker 1: they again this the study designers and and directors have
33:36
Speaker 1: always known that this isn't just like a perfect snapshot
33:39
Speaker 1: of America. Um, there's always been criticisms of it, and UM,
33:43
Speaker 1: I don't know, you want to take a break before
33:45
Speaker 1: we get into those, Okay, we will do that right
33:47
Speaker 1: after this. Okay, so I said, we're going to get
34:18
Speaker 1: into criticisms, but first we should probably talk about some
34:21
Speaker 1: of the successes, right yeah. And like I said earlier
34:25
Speaker 1: that so much of what we learned from this UM
34:27
Speaker 1: today seems just so brainless. But it's important to remember
34:31
Speaker 1: that before this, I mean, you still even though you think, like, yeah,
34:36
Speaker 1: you smoke cigarettes, you're going to increase your risk of
34:38
Speaker 1: heart disease. It seems like such such a second nature
34:41
Speaker 1: thing to know now, But until you have actual scientific proof,
34:45
Speaker 1: you can't say something like that. And this study gave
34:48
Speaker 1: us a lot of these things that we take for
34:50
Speaker 1: granted now as obvious and proved them came out of
34:54
Speaker 1: this study in particular, And and cigarettes was a big one.
34:58
Speaker 1: I read in this article. I can't remember where it
35:01
Speaker 1: came from, Chuck, I sent to you where um they
35:03
Speaker 1: were talking about how one of the reasons why cardiovascular
35:07
Speaker 1: disease spiked in the forties was because they were giving
35:11
Speaker 1: free cigarettes out to all of the g I s
35:14
Speaker 1: during World War Two. They had like an endless supply
35:16
Speaker 1: of free cigarettes over there, and that they think that
35:19
Speaker 1: directly led to a rise in the in depths from
35:23
Speaker 1: cardiovascular disease. So, but no one knew for sure. Some
35:27
Speaker 1: people probably suspected. Every once in a while a newspaper
35:30
Speaker 1: would quote them. They would be called a crack potter
35:33
Speaker 1: and by somebody else in the in the article, and
35:36
Speaker 1: that would be that. Right. So these guys went to
35:39
Speaker 1: town like establishing a link between smoking and cardiovascular disease.
35:44
Speaker 1: They tried very very hard to um connect diet in
35:48
Speaker 1: cardiovascular disease and had very mixed results, so much so
35:52
Speaker 1: that some of their early work in that realm was
35:55
Speaker 1: just went unpublished. For the most part, they just kind
35:58
Speaker 1: of were like, uh, we'd don't understand this, so we're
36:01
Speaker 1: not gonna include this. But some of the other ones
36:03
Speaker 1: were stroke. Like, um, if you have cardiovascular disease, are
36:07
Speaker 1: at a much higher risk for stroke. Nobody knew that
36:10
Speaker 1: conclusively before. Yeah, they confirmed that things like cholesterol and
36:14
Speaker 1: blood pressure abnormalities increase your risk. UM, irregular heartbeat, atrial
36:20
Speaker 1: fibrillation increases your risk five times menopause. Yeah, that was
36:27
Speaker 1: a that was a big one, super big one. Um,
36:29
Speaker 1: here's here's one, Like, seriously, this was figured out in
36:33
Speaker 1: this study that um, physical activity decreases your risk for
36:37
Speaker 1: cardiovascular disease, while lower physical activity and obesity increases your risk.
36:43
Speaker 1: Like again, this is stuff that we're like, of course,
36:46
Speaker 1: who doesn't know that, well, American in the world didn't
36:49
Speaker 1: know that until Framing a Heart Study actually published its results. Yeah,
36:54
Speaker 1: here's one that. Um, if you're in your forties and
36:57
Speaker 1: you go to get a physical, there's a pretty to
37:00
Speaker 1: get a chance. At some point after your labs, your
37:03
Speaker 1: doctor will talk to you about your f R S score.
37:06
Speaker 1: You're Framing Him risk score. It is still widely used
37:09
Speaker 1: today as the standard. And that is the very sad
37:12
Speaker 1: moment where your doctor says you have this much of
37:17
Speaker 1: a percentage risk of of developing heart disease within ten
37:22
Speaker 1: years from this state. They tell you have a hundred
37:25
Speaker 1: and three risk. You say, well, what can it go
37:28
Speaker 1: up to and they say a hundred Yeah, that's not good. Um,
37:32
Speaker 1: so there's the Framing HUM risk score is based on
37:35
Speaker 1: a bunch of different risk factors. And by the way,
37:38
Speaker 1: the term risk factor was coined from the Framing Him
37:41
Speaker 1: Heart study, So that's another thing it gave to the world. Uh.
37:45
Speaker 1: Your risk factors are based on your age, your gender,
37:49
Speaker 1: total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, whether you have diabetes or not,
37:54
Speaker 1: whether you smoke or not, and your systolic blood pressure.
37:57
Speaker 1: You put all this together, each of those gets a score.
38:00
Speaker 1: You can come up with a really really good indicator
38:04
Speaker 1: of whether you're going to come down with a cardio
38:06
Speaker 1: of vascular disease in ten years. If you're a white guy, um,
38:11
Speaker 1: to a lesser extent, if you're an African American guy,
38:14
Speaker 1: to a much lesser extent, if you're a woman of
38:17
Speaker 1: I think any um ethnicity. Do you get a piscol
38:20
Speaker 1: every year? I try to. It's been Oh it hasn't
38:24
Speaker 1: been a year yet. I'm just under a year right now,
38:26
Speaker 1: but I need to find a new doctor. Are you.
38:28
Speaker 1: Uh how's your cholesterol? It's great man? My family dude?
38:33
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, is that it runs high? Well? I mean
38:36
Speaker 1: I certainly do don't do myself any favors with my
38:38
Speaker 1: weight in my diet, but me, my brother, and my
38:41
Speaker 1: sister are all on cholesterol medication. Oh is that right? Statens?
38:46
Speaker 1: Is that what it's called? And and my brother like
38:48
Speaker 1: is in great shape, and so's my sister. So it's
38:51
Speaker 1: ah yeah, I mean it's just a totally Bryant family tradition,
38:56
Speaker 1: just naturally high cholesterol. Huh. Well, I mean my dementia
39:00
Speaker 1: runs in my family, so I'm toast one way or another.
39:03
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, I mean it's basically you look at your
39:05
Speaker 1: family history and spin the big wheel. What's gonna kill me? Right,
39:10
Speaker 1: It's like common medical science, finally care for mine. Let's
39:13
Speaker 1: go with that one first. Well, thank god for statins there,
39:16
Speaker 1: you know now my cholesterol is great. So I since
39:20
Speaker 1: I went last went to the doctor, I've begun to
39:23
Speaker 1: introduce butter into my diet way more than I ever
39:26
Speaker 1: had before. But I love yes, of course, Um like
39:30
Speaker 1: a really if it has like a picture of an
39:32
Speaker 1: Amish person on the cover of the package, go with
39:35
Speaker 1: that butter butter. Yeah, And I actually I read a
39:38
Speaker 1: taste test on maybe rancor or something like that of
39:43
Speaker 1: butters and apparently the ones that are like a pound
39:48
Speaker 1: really don't taste much better than like Carrie gold that
39:51
Speaker 1: you get at the grocery store just about any grocery store.
39:55
Speaker 1: So I found like that's good. I'm not really missing
39:57
Speaker 1: out on anything. Um, I'll just eat more cheese butter
40:01
Speaker 1: and just like a little bit of butter on some
40:03
Speaker 1: bread is a really like delightful little treat um ten
40:07
Speaker 1: times a day. So I'm actually really interested to see
40:10
Speaker 1: what my cholesterol is like this year. I'm I'm basically
40:13
Speaker 1: just performing a test on myself right now. Well, and
40:15
Speaker 1: they've learned so much in the past like ten years
40:18
Speaker 1: or so about good fats and bad fats and low
40:22
Speaker 1: fat foods really not being all they're cracked up to be,
40:25
Speaker 1: because then they're packed with other things that are bad
40:27
Speaker 1: for you, especially high freak toose coins from Yeah it's good,
40:30
Speaker 1: we go with a good uh local butter called banner butter.
40:35
Speaker 1: Mm hmm, it's it's good and you know, who knows
40:38
Speaker 1: if it tastes a better, but it's it's locally made,
40:41
Speaker 1: so that's always nice. Is it made from those doomed
40:43
Speaker 1: goats across the street from you know, we just fed
40:45
Speaker 1: them yesterday though, did you did you go? I'm so
40:48
Speaker 1: sorry for what's going to happen to you know we.
40:50
Speaker 1: I don't think they're doomed. I think they are are
40:53
Speaker 1: being raised again and sent to Jamaica. Not for food
40:58
Speaker 1: for what for for milk and cheese to raise people's spirits. Well,
41:05
Speaker 1: they certainly do that, those goats playing. But yeah, it's
41:09
Speaker 1: not like every goat has to be eaten to have worth. No,
41:12
Speaker 1: I agree. I'm just saying they're also milked in there cheese.
41:21
Speaker 1: We save all our Emily is a juicing theme now.
41:23
Speaker 1: So we have a lot of um green scraps now,
41:27
Speaker 1: so we just save them all and then about two
41:29
Speaker 1: times a week we'll we'll take the kid over there
41:32
Speaker 1: and feed the goats and it's pretty fun. They bray
41:34
Speaker 1: at us now when we leave our house. Oh yeah,
41:36
Speaker 1: they're like, can't you bring that over here? Pretty boomed? Yeah,
41:39
Speaker 1: they love it. So you guys have green scraps. Let
41:42
Speaker 1: me give you a little piece of advice to pass
41:43
Speaker 1: along to Emily. One word, but I'm going to pronounce
41:46
Speaker 1: it like to Vita mix. Oh dude, we've had a
41:51
Speaker 1: a mix for like ten years. Is that what you use? Yeah,
41:53
Speaker 1: you should have scraps. You gotta throw all that stuff
41:55
Speaker 1: in there so you get the fiber too. Now we
41:59
Speaker 1: we don't throw like the butt end of the celery
42:01
Speaker 1: stalk in there. Okay, all right, stuff like that. I
42:04
Speaker 1: got to because you know there's like there's like juicers
42:07
Speaker 1: that just extract the juice and leave all of the fiber.
42:11
Speaker 1: I thought that's what you were talking about. No, no no, no,
42:13
Speaker 1: we well we do two things. We have the Vita
42:14
Speaker 1: mix for a lot of the green smoothies and stuff.
42:18
Speaker 1: But then we are also juicing some of the stuff
42:21
Speaker 1: and uh, we'll give those the juice scraps to the goats.
42:25
Speaker 1: But we we do both like every morning now with
42:28
Speaker 1: some sort of green juice and smoothie. Okay, so you
42:31
Speaker 1: do have like a juice or juicer than two? Right? Yeah? Yeah, okay,
42:35
Speaker 1: I have another piece of advice for you. You're gonna
42:37
Speaker 1: love this one. Get yourself some good mescal it's so
42:41
Speaker 1: hard to find these days. Juice, some cucumber, yeah, you're
42:45
Speaker 1: doing that. A little bit of lime juice which you
42:48
Speaker 1: don't need to run through the juicer, and then some
42:51
Speaker 1: sort of sweetener and thank me later. And and then mescal. Yeah,
42:56
Speaker 1: oh yeah, much as you like, because then we've been
42:59
Speaker 1: drinking the vodka. Uh with her fresh juices fail. Yeah,
43:03
Speaker 1: that goes really well with the two. This is this
43:05
Speaker 1: is a different, This is something different. You know. The
43:07
Speaker 1: mess cow really stands out with the cucumber, makes it pop. Yeah,
43:11
Speaker 1: give it a shot. All right, are we gonna let's
43:15
Speaker 1: bring this homeless up torturing all these poor people who
43:17
Speaker 1: are still listening. I think we got off track with
43:19
Speaker 1: butter and goats, so f rs is what we were
43:25
Speaker 1: talking about. Oh, here's another one. For you. Uh, they've
43:28
Speaker 1: just some little ancillary things they've learned over time, because
43:32
Speaker 1: it's not just about CBD. They've learned about things like
43:35
Speaker 1: um depression and stress and anxiety, sleep apnea for one,
43:40
Speaker 1: increasing a risk of stroke. And then they gave a
43:43
Speaker 1: really uh ingenious thing when they just said, hey, we've
43:48
Speaker 1: got all these people over this big chunk of time,
43:51
Speaker 1: so why don't we start seeing if people will give
43:54
Speaker 1: us a little bit of brain matter upon death and
43:57
Speaker 1: we can start looking into things like Alzheimer's and dementia. Yeah,
44:01
Speaker 1: and they've actually found recently, at least in the framing
44:03
Speaker 1: and population, dementia's going down, which hopefully means that it's
44:07
Speaker 1: going down in the larger population as well. But yeah,
44:10
Speaker 1: they have all this study data and they say, well,
44:12
Speaker 1: let's start mining it for other diseases as well. And
44:15
Speaker 1: it's becoming not just a gold standard for cardiovascular disease,
44:19
Speaker 1: but for like other neurological diseases as well, and eventually,
44:23
Speaker 1: almost certainly it will become the gold standard for genetic
44:27
Speaker 1: investigations into diseases as well. Yeah, And like we've been
44:32
Speaker 1: talking about the lack of diversity over the like, basically
44:35
Speaker 1: this is really good results for white dudes. They have
44:38
Speaker 1: since over the years included other calculators for minority groups.
44:42
Speaker 1: For women, Uh, the f risk calculator is for British
44:46
Speaker 1: minority groups. The Reynolds Risk score has been developed for women. Uh.
44:51
Speaker 1: And I think a couple of others too, where they've
44:54
Speaker 1: tried to take all this data and then tailor it
44:57
Speaker 1: to a specific group. They've also found that people who
45:01
Speaker 1: go on vacation to have lower incidences of cardiovascular disease.
45:05
Speaker 1: So remember to vacate at least twice a year. Uh.
45:11
Speaker 1: What else? Oh that thing about dating people who look
45:13
Speaker 1: like you? That was interesting. Yeah, I guess they saw
45:16
Speaker 1: that in the initial cohort, a lot of people, a
45:20
Speaker 1: lot of married couples looked alike. And they think that
45:23
Speaker 1: people were preferentially seeking out people about their height, their weight, um,
45:27
Speaker 1: maybe their hair color, who knows, but that that's largely
45:30
Speaker 1: gone away in the second and third cohorts. I also
45:34
Speaker 1: read an article that UM said that they found that
45:37
Speaker 1: human evolution is still going on. They're noticing that each
45:41
Speaker 1: generation of women is slightly shorter, slightly pump plumper, and
45:45
Speaker 1: I'm talking like a tenth of an inch shorter and
45:48
Speaker 1: something like a half of a pound heavier, but that
45:51
Speaker 1: they this is traditionally tied to UM being able to
45:56
Speaker 1: easy more easily UM have live births, another way to
46:02
Speaker 1: put his having kids, because a lot easier to have kids, right,
46:07
Speaker 1: is wrong with me? Um? So they think that this
46:12
Speaker 1: is like as they're seeing in in framing evolution still
46:15
Speaker 1: in place, which very much contradicts what a lot of
46:17
Speaker 1: people have long said, which is humans took ourselves out
46:20
Speaker 1: of evolution a while back when we started intervening in
46:23
Speaker 1: medicine and things like that. So that just the this
46:27
Speaker 1: cool pictures of humanity that this is provided. It's pretty sweet,
46:32
Speaker 1: pretty pretty great study. Actually it is, and hopefully this
46:35
Speaker 1: will be I know they had a little trouble getting
46:38
Speaker 1: extended funding at one point, and they had some private
46:41
Speaker 1: institutions that stepped up, some kind of unusual ones like
46:45
Speaker 1: Oscar Meyer, and I believe that one of the cigarette companies, right,
46:48
Speaker 1: and then Nixon eventually he got out the checkbook and
46:53
Speaker 1: wrote him a big fat check, probably probably the thing
46:56
Speaker 1: that he's most known for his president too, I think,
46:59
Speaker 1: so continuing the framing Him heart study, I read that
47:02
Speaker 1: he got out the checkbook or or twisted the arm
47:05
Speaker 1: of the National Heart Institute. Um, because one of the
47:08
Speaker 1: early champions of the Heart Study was Nixon's personal doctor,
47:13
Speaker 1: and that's how it all went down. He's like, turn
47:16
Speaker 1: your head and cough and give us fifty million dollars.
47:20
Speaker 1: You got anything else? Nope, Well, we could probably just
47:23
Speaker 1: talk about framing him for days, but we're gonna stop now.
47:26
Speaker 1: I would urge you to go read I'm not even
47:28
Speaker 1: sure when it was written, but a CBS Sunday Morning
47:31
Speaker 1: article from maybe like the early two thousand's about framing
47:35
Speaker 1: him and the Heart Study, and it really just kind
47:36
Speaker 1: of gives you a picture of the people there. And
47:38
Speaker 1: then I also saw when that was critical of it
47:40
Speaker 1: that was pretty interesting, called framing him follies on something
47:44
Speaker 1: called protein power dot com. Um, just go read them both.
47:47
Speaker 1: You'll enjoy it. Uh. And since I said you'll enjoy it,
47:50
Speaker 1: it's time for listener, ma'am. I'm gonna call this follow
47:55
Speaker 1: up on the beach near the Hearst Castles a couple
47:59
Speaker 1: of week to go. We talked about the when I
48:01
Speaker 1: went and I thought I didn't think there are Walrus's.
48:04
Speaker 1: I just couldn't remember what they were, and they are,
48:06
Speaker 1: in fact elephant seals. I said they were sea lions.
48:09
Speaker 1: That was wrong. Oh that's right, you did say sea lions.
48:12
Speaker 1: Well that's right. Um. Hey, guys, listen to the show
48:14
Speaker 1: on Walrus's and Chuck referred to the beach near Herst Castle.
48:18
Speaker 1: They call it Piedras Blanca's Elephant Seal Rock Rookery. I
48:24
Speaker 1: think it's funny that you had mentioned that because for
48:25
Speaker 1: our honeymoon last June, my husband and I stayed in
48:28
Speaker 1: Oceano for a week near Pismo Beach, and one of
48:32
Speaker 1: our activities for a day was to go to Hearst
48:34
Speaker 1: Castle and Elephant Seal Beach. Of course, hers Castle was amazing.
48:37
Speaker 1: I still haven't been in there. I need to check
48:39
Speaker 1: that out. Uh. You know that one party scene at
48:42
Speaker 1: in Billy Madison was filmed at Hurst Castle. Yeah, I
48:45
Speaker 1: never saw that. Still. Um. Getting to see the architectural
48:50
Speaker 1: history and artifacts that reside there were great. But the beach, unfortunately,
48:53
Speaker 1: on that particularly, was pretty quiet. I think it was
48:55
Speaker 1: a nap time by the time we got there, because
48:57
Speaker 1: most of them are sleeping or adjusting and going back
49:00
Speaker 1: to sleep. Well, it's still fun to see him. It's
49:03
Speaker 1: not like they're out there with with the beach ball.
49:06
Speaker 1: Like in cartoons, it's fun. It's fun to be overpowered
49:10
Speaker 1: by their stench when you're down wind of that massive elephant.
49:13
Speaker 1: That uh. There were a few males that started an altercation,
49:16
Speaker 1: but that ended pretty quickly and wasn't all that noisy.
49:18
Speaker 1: I think the most interesting thing on that day, besides
49:20
Speaker 1: seeing them up close, he was watching them sleep in
49:23
Speaker 1: the water. First, I got a little nervous because I
49:25
Speaker 1: wasn't sure if they were alive, but after several minutes
49:28
Speaker 1: of watching one of them, it moved once the waves
49:31
Speaker 1: pushed it close enough to the rocks. However, if you
49:34
Speaker 1: do suggest people to go there, please tell them to
49:36
Speaker 1: be aware there are no feeding of the squirrel signs.
49:39
Speaker 1: There was a group of preteens that didn't regard the
49:42
Speaker 1: sign and literally got chased by a big, fat squirrel.
49:45
Speaker 1: It was hilarious to watch, but a little scary. Thanks
49:48
Speaker 1: for the show. I hope you're doing well. Keep up
49:50
Speaker 1: the work. And that is Morrigan body and Morgan actually
49:54
Speaker 1: just emailed back when I told her she was going
49:57
Speaker 1: to be on and said, o MG, no way for exclamations.
50:02
Speaker 1: Thanks smiley face emoji, and then she inserted I guess
50:07
Speaker 1: her or previous surname Morgan Meyer's body. Okay, way to go, Morgan.
50:14
Speaker 1: Thanks for the emojis and the exclamation points to all
50:17
Speaker 1: for it. If you have a story you want to
50:21
Speaker 1: straighten us out with, you can tweet to us at
50:23
Speaker 1: josh um Clark or at s Y s K podcast.
50:26
Speaker 1: You can also go on to Facebook dot com slash
50:29
Speaker 1: Charles W. Chuck Bryant. You can also visit Facebook dot
50:32
Speaker 1: com slash stuff you Should Know. Send us an email
50:34
Speaker 1: to Stuff Podcast at how stuff Works dot com, and
50:37
Speaker 1: join us at our home on the web, stuff you
50:39
Speaker 1: should Know dot com. For more on this and thousands
50:46
Speaker 1: of other topics, is it how stuff Works dot com