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The First Salute: Eleven Guns That Announced a New Nation · Plausibly Live - The Dave Bowman Show Podcast

0:25
From the on air across America newsroom.
0:27
I'm Alex Ross and this is your Morning News update.
0:30
A federal appeals court has ruled in favor of Missouri's
0:33
Republican drawn congressional map.
0:35
The ruling is paused until September 28th to allow another
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Supreme Court appeal. Missouri used the contested
0:42
districts during its August primary, but absentee ballots
0:45
have already been issued under the state's older map.
0:47
The British nuclear powered submarine HMS Anson has arrived
0:51
in WA for the first maintenance activity involving a British
0:55
marine there. Approximately 100 Australian,
0:58
British and American personnel will participate as the Allies
1:01
prepare for expanded AUCUS operations.
1:04
Thousands of flights were delayed or cancelled Monday
1:06
after a communications circuit failed at an FAA facility in
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Philadelphia. A backup fiber line had been
1:12
severed during construction in New Jersey.
1:14
Operations resumed Monday evening.
1:16
China has added two drug precursor chemicals to export
1:20
controls covering shipments to the United States, Mexico and
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Canada, and the Seahawks expect quarterback Sam Darnold to
1:26
return to practice Wednesday. His status for Sunday's game
1:30
against Washington has not been decided.
1:32
For the On Air Across America network, I'm Alex Ross.
1:59
Well, good morning, good evening or good afternoon, wherever you
2:02
are, whatever you do. A lot of things happening in the
2:04
world today, most of them are far beyond our control, you
2:07
might say. So perhaps it's time to take a
2:09
pause and thought about life, thought about the laws of
2:12
gravity, history, the American Revolution.
2:16
Don't touch that dial. Just try to hear me out for a
2:18
little while. Text the number.
2:20
Text show. Text the show number.
2:24
It's early, folks. 209565 Dave, 209-565-3283. e-mail remains
2:32
Dave at the Dave bowmanshow.com. A low qui codicio.
2:39
Stand up. Tell those who oppose liberty.
2:40
Don't tread on me. So things have changed, as I
2:46
told you they would. We're obviously no longer on
2:52
radio with this. It's a weird thing on a Tuesday.
2:58
Monday nights, I'm so used to going to bed at like 6-7
3:00
o'clock. That's up to almost almost
3:04
midnight. And Mary, I'm up early anyway.
3:08
Oh well. So after Bill retired, we had
3:12
there were multiple posts about it and I, you know, it's just
3:16
someone posted on there and pardon me, I don't remember who
3:19
it was right now. I'm sorry, posted on there.
3:22
Great. Now I'll never know who won the
3:24
American Revolution. You Sir, you get the Gold Star
3:29
for the Internet today. Just that's the best.
3:32
That's the best quote I've heard and I've heard in a long time.
3:35
Best comment. Now I'll never know who won the
3:38
American Revolution. Yes, you will.
3:40
And the reason you will is because all right, we're not on
3:44
the radio, but Dave's history continues here and it's possible
3:49
kind of depends on how things go with Bill's podcast.
3:52
It's possible that we will be back on that as well.
3:55
Who knows? Podcasts are different field and
4:00
radio and you got to you got to make it work.
4:05
And so that's, you know, he's not going to have three hours
4:07
anymore. So we'll, we'll make, we'll get
4:10
something worked out. And, and if it doesn't work out
4:13
there, it will work out here. So there you go.
4:16
I mean, not going anywhere. I'm, I'm still here.
4:20
And you can always join us. 209565 Dave is the text machine.
4:25
And of course, as I said, e-mail Dave at the Dave bowmanshow.com
4:28
and check us on online at the Dave bowmanshow.com.
4:34
It was November 16th, 1776, and there were two things happening
4:40
at the same time. They were 1800 miles apart, and
4:45
one appeared to confirm that the American Revolution was
4:48
approaching its end. We talked about this before.
4:52
The other offered the first faint indication that the
4:56
rebellion might just be something that Britain could no
4:59
longer contain. In New York, British and Hessian
5:03
troops were attacking Fort Washington.
5:05
We talked about this couple weeks ago.
5:08
It was the last major American position on Manhattan Island,
5:12
and Colonel Robert Maga and his Garrison were surrounded by an
5:15
overwhelming force. Before the day would end, he
5:18
would surrender. Nearly 3000 Americans would be
5:21
killed, wounded or taken prisoner.
5:23
The overwhelming majority of them taken prisoner marched into
5:26
a captivity from which they would not return.
5:30
But at the same time, far to the South, about 1800 miles South, a
5:34
small American Brig that's a type of ship was approaching the
5:39
Dutch island of Saint Eustacius in the Caribbean.
5:44
It's said that she was carrying a copy of the Declaration of
5:47
Independence. Whether she was or not, who
5:50
knows. And she flew the colonial
5:53
colors, which are not the not the Betsy Ross flag that you
5:58
that you're familiar with, but the 13 red stripes, red and
6:02
white stripes, along with the Union Jack in the in the field.
6:07
When she entered the harbor, she fired her 13 guns.
6:11
Well, she had more than 13 guns. She would fire 13 guns.
6:14
And this this takes some explanation here because it in
6:18
sailing days, that's how you in in fact, today it still happens
6:22
on occasion, a ship will in a report, it will fire a gun as a
6:27
salute. And the number of guns you fire
6:30
says a lot about the salute. In this particular case, this,
6:34
this small ship fired 13 guns once, one for each of the the
6:38
new states from the walls of the Dutch fortress above the harbor,
6:43
11 guns answered. So in other words, they saluted
6:48
us back. Now the important thing to keep
6:51
in mind is you don't do that unless you are acknowledging
6:58
that the original salute was valid.
7:02
On November 19, sixteenth 1776, Britain demonstrated that it
7:06
could destroy an American army, but at the same time the guns of
7:11
a Dutch fortress suggested the Britain may no longer be able to
7:14
control that American Revolution.
7:17
Barbara Tuckman would use this in her book, this contrast.
7:22
She would she would use that to tell the story.
7:27
And her purpose was not simply to tell the story of a
7:29
ceremonial exchange of cannon fire.
7:31
She would use that moment to take the revolution out of the
7:35
familiar geography of Boston, NY, New England, and put it on
7:42
the world stage where the much larger world of Atlantic
7:46
commerce and European rivalry would suddenly become something
7:51
meaningful. This American Revolution, in
7:54
Tuckman's telling, was never exclusively a contest between
7:57
Britain and its 13 colonies. And I think that that's
8:01
absolutely true. It never was just a war between
8:07
the two of us. It, it couldn't have been
8:09
because the very existence of the of the commerce and the way
8:15
things worked in that era were indicative of the fact that this
8:19
was going to be, as we called it, the Second World War.
8:23
The international setting would eventually become very decisive.
8:27
France would formally recognize the United States and enter the
8:29
war in 1778. That would bring in French
8:32
soldiers, money, weapons and warships that would become
8:35
essential to the American victory.
8:37
But before the French alliance, and before Benjamin Franklin
8:41
became the celebrated American diplomat at Versailles, Dutch
8:46
merchants were already helping to keep the rebellion supplied.
8:51
The Americans desperately needed that assistance because in
8:54
November of 1776, independence was much more impressive on
9:00
parchment than it was in reality and certainly on the
9:05
battlefield. As we've talked about, you can
9:08
declare independence, but you got to be able to actually back
9:12
it up. And so far we had not been able
9:16
to do so. Those first four months of the
9:19
revolution found the found us very close to falling.
9:25
We had been driven from Long Island.
9:27
We had military enlistments were expiring.
9:32
We didn't have the supplies we needed.
9:34
We withdrew from White Plains and in New York, the another
9:38
defeat, there was zero major European powers that had
9:42
formally recognized the United States.
9:47
That's an important consideration when the fall of
9:50
Fort Washington happens and the retreat from Fort Lee.
9:54
Because of that fall of Fort Washington, we had a we had a
10:00
signed declaration, but it was functionally unenforceable.
10:05
We, we just couldn't do anything.
10:09
We desperately needed a not just an ally, we desperately needed
10:17
assistance. And Dutch merchants, As it turns
10:20
out, we're already helping to keep the Revolution supplies
10:25
supplied. We desperately needed that
10:27
assistance because, as we said, we just weren't getting the job
10:31
done. The Continental Army was losing
10:34
men, weapons, tents, blankets, ammunition, and most
10:37
importantly, its confidence. And it was losing people because
10:40
enlistments were expiring. Congress had declared that we
10:44
were a new nation, that we existed, but to this point, no
10:47
formal power had actually recognized it.
10:51
And so we were looking for that weakness in the in the in the
10:55
British system, the British commercial system.
10:57
A declaration can't make gunpowder.
11:00
It can't weave sales, can't forge cannon, can't produce
11:04
muskets, can't put clothes on an army.
11:07
It can't finance the government. Most importantly, it can't
11:10
establish credit in foreign markets.
11:12
If we can't do all those things, independence is just a
11:15
statement. It's not reality now.
11:17
The Netherlands is a small country, still a small country
11:20
today that had created an extraordinary merchant and
11:26
maritime empire. You don't, if you're not really
11:30
familiar with the Dutch empires and the Dutch commercial stuff,
11:34
it's, it's worth a look, it's worth a study because while they
11:38
never become the dominant country, they're always involved
11:43
in things and they're always, you know, creating some, some
11:48
issues, particularly for Britain.
11:51
The 17th. During the 17th century, Dutch
11:53
merchants, financiers and sailors had built a trading
11:56
network that extended across Europe, Africa, Asia, the
11:59
Caribbean and of course, the Americas.
12:04
Dutch prosperity relied on ships, credits, insurance,
12:08
banking, the ability to carry goods between nations that could
12:12
not or would not directly trade with one another.
12:15
It's where they made their bones is OK.
12:19
You two countries don't like each other, but you want each
12:21
other's goods, so we'll do it. There was also a long history in
12:28
Dutch philosophy, in Dutch interest of a freedom of
12:32
navigation and the trading rights of neutral countries.
12:35
It wasn't just a philosophical commitment, by the way, it was
12:38
the foundation of their very prosperity.
12:43
When larger powers attempt to restrict commerce, Dutch
12:47
merchants would just find ways around it.
12:49
And that's what we had to have. We had to have that
12:55
vulnerability in a British commercial system.
13:00
There's also a long history of commercial and naval rivalry
13:02
between the Netherlands and England.
13:04
They had fought a series of wars back in the 1600s, and by 1776
13:09
the Dutch Republic was no longer at the height of its power, but
13:14
it was still there. It remained deeply connected to
13:17
the Atlantic commerce, and many of them resented British efforts
13:22
to dictate where neutral vessels could sail, sail, and with whom
13:26
they could trade. And all this helps explain how 1
13:29
Little Dutch Island would become indispensable to the American
13:33
Revolution. St.
13:36
Eustaceous Island, commonly called Stacia, lies in the
13:42
northeastern side of the Caribbean.
13:44
It's just a small island. It's only a few miles long.
13:47
It doesn't have extensive agriculture, nor does it have a
13:52
great military Fort or anything like that.
13:54
It's not important because of its size, population, or even
13:58
natural resources. It's important because it has a
14:00
great harbor and its status is a Freeport.
14:05
Goods from Europe, North America, Africa and the
14:08
Caribbean all pass through its warehouses.
14:11
British, French, Spanish, Dutch and even American merchants
14:15
could conduct business there. And that's the key.
14:19
Cargoes could be unloaded from one ship, sold to a neutral
14:21
merchant, recorded under new ownership, loaded aboard another
14:25
vessel and then went sent on its way.
14:29
Embargoes, wartime restrictions, Imperial trade regulations.
14:33
Let's all become really flexible once the merchandise reaches
14:39
station. Along the waterfront stands rows
14:43
of warehouses filled with sugar, tobacco, cloth, manufactured
14:46
goods, anything you can imagine. European goods are flowing in,
14:51
American agriculture products are flowing out.
14:54
And behind it all stands merchants, insurers, ship
14:58
owners, creditors and officials who understand that neutrality
15:01
could be profitable. And that is what matters.
15:06
The volume of trade moving through this small island seems
15:09
wildly disproportionate to its size.
15:11
I mean, it just is. And St.
15:13
Eustacius would become one of the great commercial clearing
15:15
houses of the Atlantic. And it acquired A fitting
15:19
nickname, the Golden Rock. Now there's a temptation to
15:26
romanticize this as a sanctuary of free trade and the heroic
15:31
supplier of American struggle for liberty.
15:34
True, it's a little more complicated and nuanced.
15:36
Of course there were slaves, there was plantation slavery,
15:41
and many of the commodities passing through the harbor were
15:43
produced by enslaved labor elsewhere.
15:47
Human beings were also part of the human of the Atlantic
15:50
commercial system. That St.
15:52
Eustacius benefited from that contradiction, of course,
15:56
belongs in the story. Because a revolution proclaiming
16:00
natural lives rights started obtaining material through an
16:05
economic world deeply entangled with slavery, St.
16:09
Eustacius could assist a movement for American liberty
16:12
while participating in the denial of liberty to thousands
16:15
of others. History does not become less
16:16
important when it come, when its contradictions are acknowledged,
16:20
it actually becomes more honest. And that's part of the the issue
16:25
here. And so this revolution, which
16:28
requires a vulnerability in the British commercial system, is
16:34
happening. America needs gunpowder, muskets
16:37
and cannon, cloth supplies, foreign credit.
16:40
The British have a professional army, they've got the Royal
16:43
Navy, and they have a closed international commercial system.
16:50
And then you have this island, St.
16:52
Eustacius, which just sits out there by itself, quietly, the
16:57
golden rock, as everything sort of revolves around it.
17:02
And of course, it's to this island that a small ship, having
17:08
left Delaware in October, named the Andrew Doria, arrives on
17:13
November 16th, the very same day that Fort Washington falls.
17:19
And it's here, but things begin to take a different course.
18:02
Forget what you memorized, let's talk about what actually
18:05
happened. This is Dave does History.
18:10
Welcome back to ZAI Dave 209565 Dave is the text machine.
18:14
You want to join us? So into this harbor sails the
18:22
Andrew Doria, not the Andrea Doria.
18:25
The Andrew Doria. She is a small vessel by by our
18:31
standards. She's a converted colonial naval
18:34
warship. Her captain is a guy by the name
18:36
of Isaac Robinson. And supposedly she carried a
18:40
copy of the Declaration of Independence.
18:41
We don't know that for a fact. That's that's one of those
18:44
things that has built through the years.
18:47
Maybe she did, maybe she didn't. Who cares, right?
18:50
I mean, the big scheme of things doesn't really matter.
18:54
The idea was out there, and certainly St.
18:56
Eustace's had already seen it. Her mission was simply to obtain
19:00
supplies from the Dutch Caribbean.
19:03
The flag she flew was not the one that we're most familiar
19:06
with, of course, the the Betsy Ross flag, although it did
19:09
resemble it. It had in fact, the 13 stripes,
19:13
red and white stripes. But in the field, it had the a,
19:18
a Union Jack that was considered to be the continental colors.
19:25
It's a, it's an interesting idea to put what you put on Jack.
19:29
We don't have time to go into vexedology here and talk about
19:31
flag design and those sorts of things.
19:33
Symbolically, it was saying we're kind of look at the
19:37
Hawaiian flag folks. It kind of says, yes, we're part
19:41
of you, but we're not. And into the harbor sails the
19:46
ship Stacia. The Golden Rock is officially
19:50
neutral territory and and it's controlled, of course, by the
19:52
Dutch government. It's a Freeport where merchants
19:56
from rival empires can bypass commercial restrictions, conduct
20:00
clandestine business, including, by the way, giving weapons,
20:05
gunpowder, tobacco, material to the to the Americans, and then
20:11
get it there without, you know, having to put up with a lot of
20:14
British crap. In the process of all this, this
20:20
ship, the Andrew Dorius sailing into the harbour.
20:23
There she passes a Fort known Fort Ordange, which is Fort
20:27
Orange in in English. Orange being the Dutch national
20:32
colour, as you may or may not know if you've ever watched
20:35
their their soccer team, of course you probably do know
20:38
that, but Orange, for some reason the Dutch really like
20:42
that colour and I've not gone into history to figure out why.
20:46
As the ship sails in, Captain Robinson fires 13 guns upon
20:52
entering the harbor. What that means is that this
20:55
vessel represents the United States.
20:57
We are 13 sovereign states. We are 13 independent States and
21:03
we don't work for Britain anymore.
21:06
We don't belong to Britain anymore.
21:08
The governor guy by the name of Johannes de Graf watching this
21:12
from the Fort has to make a decision.
21:17
He has two paths that he can follow.
21:19
Path A which is the believe it or not the more common path
21:23
which is just to ignore it. If you ignore the signal
21:27
official, and I know this sounds weird to us today, but in in
21:32
1776 this was highly meaningful. If you just ignore the symbol,
21:37
you don't defend the British who are also standing there
21:39
watching, and you essentially say, well, you can claim to be
21:43
13 states, but you're not. The second path, path B is to
21:49
answer the signal. If you do that, you publicly
21:53
acknowledge that this ship is representing something that it
22:00
claims to represent. You're publicly acknowledging
22:03
the authority of that flag. Course this is going to piss off
22:07
the British. So what do you do if you're
22:12
Governor Johann de Graaff? He decided and ordered the
22:18
salute to be responded to as the as the Andradoria fires 1 cannon
22:26
for each of the 13 states, 13 rounds.
22:30
And again, these are just blanks.
22:32
They're not. There's no cannonballs involved
22:34
here. The governor responds with 11.
22:38
Why 2 fewer? Well, returning the salute with
22:40
two fewer guns was the exact contemporary domestic diplomatic
22:44
protocol for that era for acknowledging republics.
22:48
And remember the Netherlands, Holland is one of the older
22:53
republics around. They understand this.
22:56
And so when they fire 11 back, which is 2 less, they are, they
23:00
are following the diplomatic rules of the day to actually
23:04
acknowledge this. And for the first time in
23:06
history, the American flag had been officially answered by a
23:10
foreign government. This is incredible.
23:16
The publish, the this is a public acknowledgement of the
23:19
American flag. It's an official courtesy
23:21
extended by the Dutch colonial government, which means that
23:24
he's representing the Dutch government.
23:27
It's also a signal that the Andrew Doria has standing to
23:30
conduct business, meaning she can, you can deal with her.
23:35
It's a huge, just an unbelievably big to symbolic
23:38
victory. What it does not mean, however,
23:41
is that formal negotiations or formal recognition of the formal
23:47
diplomatic recognition of the United States by Holland.
23:50
It doesn't mean that. It does not mean that we have a
23:54
military alliance. It is not a declaration of war
24:01
against Britain, nor is it a guarantee of a Dutch state
24:04
support for independence. But the graph had done something
24:09
very dangerous. He treated the vessel as having
24:13
standing to be saluted. And if you start treating stuff
24:18
with standing, well, as you know, in the in the court
24:21
system, this is a huge deal because as it turns out, if you
24:26
don't have standing, you can't really negotiate.
24:28
But if you do have standing, you can.
24:32
And what Degraff had done was grant America standing.
24:36
And that's the first step to independent.
24:39
Well, it's not the first step to independence, but it's the first
24:41
step to an international recognition of that
24:44
independence. Stay with us, We'll be right
24:46
back. The past doesn't need to be
25:21
rewritten, it needs to be read. This is Dave does History.
25:27
Welcome back to Zai Dave. Yes, I need to take breaks.
25:30
I got to and I drink some coffee.
25:34
It's early in the morning folks. It really is not as early as it
25:39
was when I would get up at 2:00 in the morning to do this with
25:40
Bill, but it is it is pretty early.
25:43
So as we left you, the cannon smoke was drifting away over
25:49
State Eustacious Harbor and officially the Dutch government,
25:56
the Dutch colonial government at Saint Eustacius had granted the
25:59
Andradoria official status, the first salute, as it were.
26:04
And Barbara Tuchman's book, by the way, is fantastic.
26:06
If you haven't read it, you should.
26:10
But now it activates this, this recognition activates a massive
26:17
clandestine, although I would challenge that.
26:20
I don't know that this was all that secret, to be honest with
26:23
you. I don't.
26:26
I've never, I've never bought that argument that everything
26:28
was done in secret. It may have been done officially
26:31
in secret, but everybody knew what was going on.
26:36
It creates the supply chain loop.
26:38
America ships tobacco in commodities to Saint Eustacia,
26:41
which then transfers them to Europe, which then sends stuff
26:46
back, gunpowder, muskets and cloth, which come back to Saint
26:50
Eustacious and then they go back to America.
26:55
It's it's a fantastic system and it and it works really well.
27:00
The those 11 guns set that off. Those 11 guns in response said,
27:05
yeah, we'll, we'll go ahead and do this.
27:08
Now. The problem for the Dutch is
27:10
this whole thing for the Dutch is driven by a, a mix.
27:12
It's, it's a very complex story. Holland, the Netherlands and
27:16
England's relationship is really weird it throughout history.
27:22
I mean, 50 years from now, we're going to be dealing with other
27:26
things. And remember 100 years from now
27:28
we're going to be dealing with with other stuff with between
27:31
Britain and Holland. But prior to this, they had
27:33
fought multiple wars. And one of the things that had
27:37
embarrassed Britain over and over again is the the, the Dutch
27:40
kept beating them in naval battles.
27:42
It's it's pretty funny to read about.
27:44
But there is an ideological sympathy for liberty in Holland,
27:49
the Netherlands, remember, they are a Republic.
27:51
They are one of the republics that we will look to when we are
27:54
trying to divine our Republic at the Constitutional Convention.
28:00
They believe in defense of neutral trading rights.
28:03
They're in competition with London and the sheer profit
28:08
margin makes it worth it. The commercial profit, the
28:11
resentment of Britain, all create this environment where
28:15
it's worth it to the Dutch to do this, especially at Saint
28:18
Eustacius. Why wouldn't they?
28:23
London understands the the British that are standing there
28:27
watching us and communicating eventually back to London.
28:30
They understand that the Dutch are arming British subjects in
28:33
revolt for profit. That's the way they see it.
28:35
Hey, you're giving people who are revolting against us guns
28:40
and weapons, and we're not. We don't like that.
28:44
That leads to the temporary recall of Governor de Graaff to
28:49
explain his conduct officially to the to the Dutch government,
28:53
although they don't really mind. But you got to play these
28:57
diplomatic games, especially in a world where communication is
29:01
so slow. It takes time to explain these
29:07
things. The British are not happy.
29:10
Governor de Graaff gets recalled.
29:12
But these, these eleven shots, these 11 salutes foreshadow a
29:18
globalized war. You get the first salute in
29:21
1776, November of 1776, but by 1778, you've got France
29:26
involved, declaring war in 1779, something we don't talk about
29:30
enough. I'm going to just say that point
29:33
blank. Spain declares war on England
29:36
now. Spain does not, like France,
29:40
ally itself with us, but they do declare war on England and they
29:44
do participate on the North American continent in in combat
29:49
in the American Revolution. And their aid is unfortunately
29:54
not always recognized by us. And we should recognize Spain
29:58
and its involvement in our American Revolution because it's
30:01
questionable how well we would have done without them.
30:06
By 1780, Britain will declare war on Holland, the Dutch
30:10
Republic, blaming armed neutrality disputes.
30:14
And this is where by 1780, King George is having a huge problem.
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He keeps telling Parliament this is just a rebellion.
30:22
It's just a rebellion. It's just a rebellion.
30:23
But by 1780, it's a World War. It's a repeat of 17.
30:28
It's 1763 all over again, and in 1781 the British will actually
30:35
send an expedition to Saint Eustaceous to capture the
30:38
island. They will destroy the rebel
30:41
supply line and of course destroy any possibility of of us
30:46
getting that there. But the problem is, it's 1781 by
30:48
that point and Cornwallis is in trouble.
30:54
The revolution survives because diplomacy and economics
30:57
reinforce the battlefield. That's just reality.
31:02
On November 16th, 1776, Pillar 1 was crumbling at Fort
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Washington. But 1800 miles away, the guns of
31:09
Fort Orange were secretly reinforcing the American
31:13
Revolution and making it so that things would hold together.
31:18
You had a political column, you had an economic column, you had
31:21
a diplomatic column. And it was being reinforced by
31:23
that. the United States had not yet won its independence.
31:25
But for a few moments, in a Caribbean harbor, a foreign
31:30
authority looked upon the American flag and said, you know
31:33
what, we're with you. November 16th, 1776 was one of
31:40
the darkest days of the American Revolution.
31:43
Fort Washington had fallen, 3000 prisoners taken.
31:46
You're on that same day, 1800 miles away.
31:52
This foreign harbor, the Fort at at Fort Orange, acknowledges the
31:58
fact that we exist. Britain still possesses the
32:01
stronger army, the greater Navy, the larger empire, but it no
32:05
longer possesses complete control over the meaning of the
32:10
American Revolution. In a harbor on the Golden Rock,
32:14
the rebellion had presented itself as a nation and foreign
32:17
officials had answered in kind. And the American Revolution
32:23
would never be the same again. Take the time right now.
32:27
Tell the people that matter in your life you love them very
32:29
much. You'd miss them if they weren't
32:30
there. So don't pass up those
32:31
opportunities. You don't want to have that
32:33
regret. Plausibly live.
32:35
I'm Dave Bowman and we'll see you next time right here, the
32:38
plausibly live The Dave Bowman Show on the On Air Across
32:42
America network.