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Okay, but how do chickadees never forget? · Okay, But... Birds

• 0:00
  We
• 0:00
  found
• 0:00
  genes
• 0:01
  that
• 0:01
  in
• 0:01
  humans
• 0:02
  have
• 0:02
  been
• 0:02
  related
• 0:02
  to
• 0:03
  obsessive
• 0:03
  compulsive
• 0:04
  disorder.
• 0:05
  And
• 0:05
  in
• 0:05
  humans,
• 0:06
  we
• 0:06
  label
• 0:07
  OCD
• 0:07
  as
• 0:08
  something
• 0:08
  that
• 0:09
  requires
• 0:10
  maybe
• 0:10
  treatment.
• 0:11
  But
• 0:11
  if
• 0:11
  you
• 0:11
  think
• 0:11
  about
• 0:12
  chickadees
• 0:12
  in
• 0:12
  Alaska,
• 0:13
  if
• 0:14
  all
• 0:14
  they
• 0:14
  have
• 0:14
  to
• 0:14
  do
• 0:15
  is
• 0:15
  find
• 0:15
  and
• 0:16
  hide
• 0:16
  seeds,
• 0:16
  that's
• 0:16
  an
• 0:17
  interesting
• 0:17
  thing
• 0:17
  to
• 0:17
  think
• 0:18
  about
• 0:18
  too,
• 0:18
  that
• 0:18
  these
• 0:19
  things
• 0:19
  we
• 0:19
  characterize
• 0:20
  as
• 0:21
  conditions
• 0:21
  in
• 0:21
  humans,
• 0:22
  under
• 0:23
  the
• 0:23
  right
• 0:23
  conditions
• 0:23
  could
• 0:24
  be
• 0:24
  really,
• 0:24
  really
• 0:24
  beneficial.
• 0:49
  You
• 0:49
  know
• 0:50
  that
• 0:50
  moment
• 0:50
  when
• 0:50
  you
• 0:50
  walk
• 0:50
  into
• 0:51
  a
• 0:51
  room
• 0:51
  and
• 0:51
  instantly
• 0:52
  forget
• 0:52
  why
• 0:52
  you're
• 0:53
  there?
• 0:53
  Or
• 0:54
  when
• 0:54
  your
• 0:54
  phone
• 0:54
  vanishes,
• 0:55
  only
• 0:55
  to
• 0:55
  turn
• 0:56
  up
• 0:56
  in
• 0:56
  the
• 0:56
  fridge?
• 0:57
  That's
• 0:58
  me.
• 0:58
  A
• 0:59
  couple
• 0:59
  of
• 0:59
  years
• 0:59
  ago,
• 0:59
  my
• 1:00
  memory
• 1:00
  failed
• 1:00
  me
• 1:00
  in
• 1:00
  a
• 1:01
  more
• 1:01
  brutal
• 1:01
  way.
• 1:01
  I
• 1:02
  wear
• 1:02
  a
• 1:02
  ring
• 1:02
  my
• 1:02
  dad
• 1:03
  and
• 1:03
  stepmom
• 1:03
  gave
• 1:03
  me
• 1:04
  when
• 1:04
  I
• 1:04
  finished
• 1:04
  my
• 1:04
  PhD.
• 1:05
  The
• 1:06
  band
• 1:06
  was
• 1:06
  my
• 1:06
  grandfather's,
• 1:07
  and
• 1:07
  they
• 1:07
  replaced
• 1:07
  the
• 1:08
  stone
• 1:08
  with
• 1:08
  opal
• 1:08
  and
• 1:09
  ironstone.
• 1:09
  Opal
• 1:10
  is
• 1:10
  my
• 1:10
  birthstone.
• 1:11
  After
• 1:11
  a
• 1:12
  picnic
• 1:12
  in
• 1:12
  the
• 1:12
  park
• 1:12
  with
• 1:12
  friends,
• 1:13
  this
• 1:13
  ring
• 1:13
  was
• 1:13
  just
• 1:14
  gone.
• 1:15
  Nowhere.
• 1:16
  Not
• 1:16
  in
• 1:16
  the
• 1:16
  house,
• 1:17
  the
• 1:17
  car,
• 1:17
  the
• 1:17
  cooler.
• 1:18
  I
• 1:18
  remembered
• 1:19
  fidgeting
• 1:19
  with
• 1:19
  it,
• 1:20
  but
• 1:20
  had
• 1:20
  zero
• 1:20
  memory
• 1:21
  of
• 1:21
  taking
• 1:21
  it
• 1:21
  off.
• 1:22
  Eventually,
• 1:23
  I
• 1:23
  had
• 1:23
  to
• 1:23
  accept
• 1:23
  that
• 1:24
  this
• 1:24
  ring
• 1:24
  was
• 1:25
  gone.
• 1:26
  Fast
• 1:26
  forward
• 1:26
  more
• 1:26
  than
• 1:27
  a
• 1:27
  year
• 1:27
  later,
• 1:27
  my
• 1:27
  partner
• 1:28
  texts
• 1:28
  me
• 1:28
  a
• 1:28
  photo
• 1:29
  and
• 1:29
  it's
• 1:30
  this
• 1:30
  ring.
• 1:30
  He'd
• 1:31
  found
• 1:31
  it
• 1:31
  in
• 1:31
  a
• 1:31
  closet
• 1:32
  in
• 1:32
  a
• 1:32
  bag
• 1:32
  of
• 1:33
  cords
• 1:33
  and
• 1:33
  charging
• 1:34
  cables.
• 1:34
  I
• 1:35
  have
• 1:35
  absolutely
• 1:35
  no
• 1:36
  memory
• 1:36
  of
• 1:36
  putting
• 1:36
  it
• 1:36
  there.
• 1:37
  None.
• 1:38
  But
• 1:38
  imagine
• 1:38
  if
• 1:39
  my
• 1:39
  survival
• 1:39
  depended
• 1:40
  on
• 1:40
  not
• 1:40
  doing
• 1:40
  stuff
• 1:41
  like
• 1:41
  that.
• 1:41
  If
• 1:42
  misplacing
• 1:42
  just
• 1:43
  a
• 1:43
  few
• 1:43
  snacks
• 1:43
  meant
• 1:44
  I
• 1:44
  might
• 1:44
  not
• 1:44
  make
• 1:44
  it
• 1:44
  through
• 1:44
  the
• 1:45
  winter.
• 1:46
  That's
• 1:46
  basically
• 1:46
  the
• 1:47
  daily
• 1:47
  reality
• 1:47
  for
• 1:47
  a
• 1:48
  chickadee.
• 1:48
  Which
• 1:48
  brings
• 1:49
  us
• 1:49
  to
• 1:49
  today's
• 1:50
  question.
• 1:51
  Okay,
• 1:51
  but
• 1:51
  how
• 1:51
  do
• 1:52
  chickadees
• 1:52
  never
• 1:52
  forget?
• 1:53
  To
• 1:54
  help
• 1:54
  us
• 1:54
  unpack
• 1:54
  that,
• 1:54
  I'm
• 1:55
  talking
• 1:55
  with
• 1:55
  Dr.
• 1:55
  Vladimir
• 1:56
  Pravasudov,
• 1:56
  a
• 1:57
  professor
• 1:57
  in
• 1:57
  the
• 1:57
  Department
• 1:57
  of
• 1:58
  Biology
• 1:58
  at
• 1:59
  the
• 1:59
  University
• 1:59
  of
• 1:59
  Nevada,
• 2:00
  Reno,
• 2:00
  who
• 2:00
  has
• 2:01
  spent
• 2:01
  decades
• 2:01
  chasing
• 2:02
  these
• 2:02
  little
• 2:02
  geniuses
• 2:03
  through
• 2:03
  forests
• 2:04
  and
• 2:04
  right
• 2:04
  into
• 2:05
  the
• 2:05
  lab.
• 2:06
  These
• 2:06
  tiny,
• 2:07
  charismatic
• 2:07
  puffballs,
• 2:08
  the
• 2:08
  ones
• 2:08
  you
• 2:09
  hear
• 2:09
  with
• 2:09
  that
• 2:09
  cheery
• 2:09
  chickadee
• 2:10
  Dee
• 2:10
  Dee,
• 2:11
  are
• 2:11
  professional
• 2:12
  hoarders.
• 2:13
  In
• 2:13
  late
• 2:13
  summer
• 2:14
  and
• 2:14
  fall,
• 2:14
  they
• 2:14
  hide
• 2:15
  seeds
• 2:15
  all
• 2:15
  over
• 2:15
  their
• 2:16
  territories.
• 2:17
  Not
• 2:17
  dozens
• 2:18
  of
• 2:18
  spots,
• 2:18
  thousands
• 2:20
  little
• 2:20
  caches
• 2:20
  wedged
• 2:21
  under
• 2:21
  moss,
• 2:22
  behind
• 2:22
  bark,
• 2:23
  tucked
• 2:23
  into
• 2:23
  cracks
• 2:24
  so
• 2:24
  narrow
• 2:24
  you'd
• 2:24
  need
• 2:25
  tweezers.
• 2:26
  Weeks
• 2:26
  later,
• 2:26
  in
• 2:26
  sub
• 2:27
  zero
• 2:27
  temperatures,
• 2:28
  they
• 2:28
  go
• 2:28
  back
• 2:28
  and
• 2:28
  find
• 2:29
  them.
• 2:29
  Not
• 2:30
  somewhere
• 2:30
  over
• 2:30
  there,
• 2:31
  the
• 2:31
  exact
• 2:31
  spot.
• 2:32
  Imagine
• 2:33
  remembering
• 2:33
  the
• 2:33
  location
• 2:34
  of
• 2:34
  thousands
• 2:35
  of
• 2:35
  identical
• 2:35
  post
• 2:35
  it
• 2:36
  notes
• 2:36
  you
• 2:36
  scatter
• 2:36
  throughout
• 2:37
  a
• 2:37
  forest.
• 2:38
  That's
• 2:38
  a
• 2:38
  typical
• 2:38
  Tuesday
• 2:39
  for
• 2:39
  a
• 2:39
  chickadee,
• 2:40
  all
• 2:40
  with
• 2:40
  a
• 2:40
  brain
• 2:41
  a
• 2:41
  little
• 2:41
  bigger
• 2:41
  than
• 2:42
  a
• 2:42
  chickpea.
• 2:43
  So
• 2:43
  what's
• 2:44
  going
• 2:44
  on
• 2:44
  here?
• 2:44
  How
• 2:45
  are
• 2:45
  chickadees
• 2:45
  running
• 2:45
  one
• 2:46
  of
• 2:46
  the
• 2:46
  most
• 2:46
  precise
• 2:47
  filing
• 2:47
  systems
• 2:47
  in
• 2:47
  the
• 2:47
  animal
• 2:48
  kingdom
• 2:48
  while
• 2:48
  the
• 2:48
  rest
• 2:49
  of
• 2:49
  us
• 2:49
  can't
• 2:49
  even
• 2:49
  remember
• 2:50
  our
• 2:50
  Netflix
• 2:50
  passwords.
• 2:51
  For
• 2:52
  chickadees,
• 2:52
  forgetting
• 2:53
  isn't
• 2:53
  just
• 2:53
  inconvenient.
• 2:54
  It
• 2:54
  can
• 2:55
  be
• 2:55
  life
• 2:55
  or
• 2:55
  death.
• 2:56
  Natural
• 2:57
  selection
• 2:57
  has
• 2:57
  pushed
• 2:57
  their
• 2:58
  memory
• 2:58
  to
• 2:58
  superhero
• 2:59
  levels.
• 3:00
  And
• 3:00
  this
• 3:00
  isn't
• 3:01
  just
• 3:01
  about
• 3:01
  practice.
• 3:01
  Their
• 3:02
  brains
• 3:02
  literally
• 3:03
  differ.
• 3:03
  The
• 3:04
  hippocampus,
• 3:04
  the
• 3:05
  part
• 3:05
  of
• 3:05
  the
• 3:05
  brain
• 3:05
  linked
• 3:05
  to
• 3:06
  spatial
• 3:06
  memory,
• 3:07
  is
• 3:07
  physically
• 3:07
  larger
• 3:08
  in
• 3:08
  chickadees
• 3:08
  from
• 3:09
  colder,
• 3:09
  tougher
• 3:09
  climates
• 3:10
  than
• 3:10
  than
• 3:10
  in
• 3:10
  those
• 3:10
  from
• 3:11
  milder
• 3:11
  areas
• 3:11
  or
• 3:12
  lower
• 3:12
  elevations.
• 3:13
  Same
• 3:13
  species,
• 3:14
  same
• 3:15
  song,
• 3:15
  same
• 3:16
  look,
• 3:16
  but
• 3:17
  different
• 3:17
  brains
• 3:18
  tuned
• 3:18
  to
• 3:18
  different
• 3:19
  winters.
• 3:20
  For
• 3:20
  chickadees,
• 3:20
  memory
• 3:21
  isn't
• 3:21
  just
• 3:21
  a
• 3:21
  skill.
• 3:22
  It's
• 3:22
  a
• 3:22
  survival
• 3:23
  strategy
• 3:23
  written
• 3:24
  into
• 3:24
  anatomy.
• 3:25
  Because
• 3:25
  chickadees
• 3:26
  live
• 3:26
  across
• 3:26
  such
• 3:27
  a
• 3:27
  broad
• 3:27
  range,
• 3:27
  from
• 3:28
  relatively
• 3:28
  gentle
• 3:29
  southern
• 3:29
  forests
• 3:29
  to
• 3:30
  brutal
• 3:30
  northern
• 3:30
  winters,
• 3:31
  they've
• 3:31
  become
• 3:32
  this
• 3:32
  natural
• 3:33
  experiment
• 3:33
  in
• 3:33
  climate,
• 3:34
  cognition
• 3:34
  and
• 3:34
  adaptation.
• 3:35
  They're
• 3:36
  not
• 3:36
  just
• 3:36
  adorable
• 3:37
  feeder
• 3:37
  birds,
• 3:37
  although
• 3:38
  they
• 3:38
  are
• 3:38
  among
• 3:38
  the
• 3:38
  most
• 3:39
  adorable.
• 3:39
  There
• 3:40
  are
• 3:40
  case
• 3:40
  studies
• 3:40
  in
• 3:40
  how
• 3:41
  the
• 3:41
  environment
• 3:41
  literally
• 3:42
  writes
• 3:42
  itself
• 3:42
  into
• 3:43
  the
• 3:43
  brain.
• 3:44
  So
• 3:44
  the
• 3:44
  next
• 3:44
  time
• 3:44
  you
• 3:44
  see
• 3:44
  a
• 3:45
  chickadee
• 3:45
  at
• 3:45
  your
• 3:45
  feeder,
• 3:46
  imagine
• 3:46
  the
• 3:46
  invisible
• 3:47
  map
• 3:47
  it's
• 3:47
  carrying
• 3:47
  around
• 3:48
  in
• 3:48
  its
• 3:48
  head.
• 3:49
  Each
• 3:49
  visit,
• 3:49
  it
• 3:49
  grabs
• 3:50
  a
• 3:50
  single
• 3:50
  seed,
• 3:50
  usually
• 3:51
  black
• 3:51
  oil
• 3:51
  sunflower
• 3:52
  seeds,
• 3:52
  if
• 3:52
  you're
• 3:52
  wondering,
• 3:53
  and
• 3:53
  flies
• 3:54
  off
• 3:54
  to
• 3:54
  tuck
• 3:54
  it
• 3:54
  somewhere
• 3:55
  in
• 3:55
  your
• 3:55
  yard.
• 3:56
  Seed
• 3:56
  after
• 3:56
  seed,
• 3:57
  cache
• 3:57
  after
• 3:57
  cache.
• 3:58
  Thousands
• 3:58
  of
• 3:58
  tiny
• 3:59
  coordinates
• 4:00
  stitched
• 4:00
  into
• 4:00
  that
• 4:00
  tiny
• 4:01
  brain.
• 4:01
  After
• 4:02
  the
• 4:02
  break,
• 4:02
  we'll
• 4:02
  chat
• 4:03
  with
• 4:03
  Dr.
• 4:03
  Vladimir
• 4:03
  Pravasudov
• 4:04
  to
• 4:04
  dig
• 4:05
  into
• 4:05
  how
• 4:05
  they
• 4:05
  pull
• 4:05
  this
• 4:06
  off,
• 4:06
  what
• 4:06
  it
• 4:07
  means
• 4:07
  for
• 4:07
  understanding
• 4:07
  memory
• 4:08
  more
• 4:08
  broadly,
• 4:08
  and
• 4:09
  how
• 4:09
  that
• 4:09
  brain
• 4:09
  environment
• 4:10
  dance
• 4:10
  might
• 4:10
  change
• 4:11
  with
• 4:11
  the
• 4:11
  climate.
• 4:12
  Stay
• 4:12
  tuned.
• 4:18
  Welcome
• 4:19
  to
• 4:19
  the
• 4:19
  podcast,
• 4:19
  Vladimir.
• 4:20
  It's
• 4:20
  great
• 4:20
  to
• 4:20
  have
• 4:20
  you
• 4:21
  here.
• 4:21
  I
• 4:22
  thought
• 4:22
  it
• 4:22
  would
• 4:22
  be
• 4:22
  fun
• 4:22
  to
• 4:22
  start
• 4:23
  off
• 4:23
  by
• 4:23
  just
• 4:23
  talking
• 4:23
  about
• 4:24
  what
• 4:24
  I
• 4:24
  remember
• 4:25
  about
• 4:25
  the
• 4:25
  first
• 4:26
  time
• 4:26
  you
• 4:26
  and
• 4:26
  I
• 4:26
  talked
• 4:26
  about
• 4:27
  spatial
• 4:27
  memory.
• 4:28
  It
• 4:28
  was
• 4:29
  after
• 4:29
  I'd
• 4:29
  been
• 4:29
  invited
• 4:30
  by
• 4:30
  one
• 4:30
  of
• 4:31
  your
• 4:31
  previous
• 4:31
  students
• 4:31
  and
• 4:32
  one
• 4:32
  of
• 4:32
  our
• 4:32
  guests
• 4:33
  on
• 4:33
  the
• 4:33
  podcast
• 4:33
  this
• 4:34
  season,
• 4:34
  Dr.
• 4:34
  Carrie
• 4:34
  Branch,
• 4:35
  to
• 4:36
  give
• 4:36
  a
• 4:36
  talk
• 4:36
  at
• 4:36
  the
• 4:36
  University
• 4:37
  of
• 4:37
  Nevada,
• 4:37
  Reno,
• 4:38
  about
• 4:38
  some
• 4:38
  of
• 4:39
  my
• 4:39
  work
• 4:39
  exploring
• 4:39
  the
• 4:40
  genetic
• 4:40
  basis
• 4:40
  of
• 4:41
  plumage
• 4:41
  color
• 4:41
  variation
• 4:42
  in
• 4:42
  birds.
• 4:42
  Right.
• 4:43
  And
• 4:43
  I
• 4:43
  remember
• 4:44
  after
• 4:44
  the
• 4:44
  talk,
• 4:44
  we
• 4:45
  met
• 4:45
  and
• 4:45
  you
• 4:45
  asked
• 4:46
  me
• 4:46
  if
• 4:46
  I
• 4:46
  thought
• 4:47
  we
• 4:47
  would
• 4:47
  be
• 4:47
  able
• 4:48
  to
• 4:48
  use
• 4:48
  some
• 4:48
  of
• 4:48
  those
• 4:48
  same
• 4:49
  techniques,
• 4:49
  so
• 4:49
  sequencing
• 4:50
  whole
• 4:50
  genomes
• 4:51
  and
• 4:51
  relating
• 4:52
  variation
• 4:53
  to
• 4:53
  whole
• 4:53
  genomes
• 4:54
  to
• 4:54
  study
• 4:54
  chickadee
• 4:55
  memory.
• 4:55
  And
• 4:55
  I'm
• 4:56
  pretty
• 4:56
  sure
• 4:56
  my
• 4:56
  response
• 4:57
  was,
• 4:57
  I
• 4:58
  don't
• 4:58
  think
• 4:58
  we
• 4:58
  can
• 4:58
  do
• 4:59
  that
• 5:00
  well.
• 5:00
  Hi.
• 5:00
  So
• 5:01
  my
• 5:02
  recollection,
• 5:02
  I
• 5:02
  think,
• 5:03
  was
• 5:03
  we've
• 5:03
  been
• 5:03
  working
• 5:03
  on
• 5:04
  cognition
• 5:04
  for
• 5:04
  quite
• 5:04
  a
• 5:04
  while,
• 5:05
  and
• 5:05
  I
• 5:06
  had
• 5:06
  these
• 5:06
  ideas
• 5:06
  about
• 5:07
  selection
• 5:07
  and
• 5:07
  generally
• 5:08
  acting
• 5:08
  on
• 5:09
  spatial
• 5:09
  memory
• 5:09
  and
• 5:09
  food
• 5:10
  caching
• 5:10
  birds.
• 5:11
  And
• 5:11
  we
• 5:12
  published
• 5:12
  a
• 5:12
  number
• 5:12
  of
• 5:13
  papers,
• 5:13
  but
• 5:13
  we
• 5:13
  consistently
• 5:14
  were
• 5:14
  getting
• 5:14
  criticism
• 5:15
  that
• 5:15
  we
• 5:15
  don't
• 5:15
  know
• 5:16
  if
• 5:16
  things
• 5:16
  are
• 5:16
  heritable
• 5:17
  or
• 5:17
  they
• 5:17
  don't
• 5:17
  have
• 5:18
  the
• 5:18
  genetics.
• 5:18
  And
• 5:19
  our
• 5:19
  previous
• 5:20
  attempt
• 5:20
  to
• 5:20
  find
• 5:20
  a
• 5:21
  collaborator
• 5:21
  kind
• 5:21
  of
• 5:21
  failed.
• 5:22
  Nobody
• 5:22
  really
• 5:22
  wanted
• 5:22
  to
• 5:22
  get
• 5:23
  in
• 5:23
  there
• 5:23
  saying
• 5:23
  that
• 5:23
  there's
• 5:24
  just
• 5:24
  nothing
• 5:24
  to
• 5:24
  look.
• 5:25
  And
• 5:25
  that's
• 5:25
  how
• 5:25
  it
• 5:26
  started.
• 5:26
  Yeah,
• 5:26
  that's
• 5:27
  how
• 5:27
  it
• 5:27
  started.
• 5:29
  I
• 5:29
  remember
• 5:29
  after
• 5:30
  the
• 5:30
  talk
• 5:30
  chatting
• 5:31
  about
• 5:31
  the
• 5:31
  possibilities
• 5:32
  and
• 5:32
  going
• 5:32
  through,
• 5:33
  well,
• 5:33
  you
• 5:33
  know,
• 5:34
  maybe
• 5:34
  this
• 5:35
  trade
• 5:35
  is
• 5:35
  too
• 5:35
  complex.
• 5:36
  We're
• 5:36
  not
• 5:36
  going
• 5:36
  to
• 5:36
  be
• 5:36
  able
• 5:37
  to
• 5:37
  understand
• 5:37
  the
• 5:37
  genetics,
• 5:38
  but
• 5:38
  why
• 5:38
  don't
• 5:38
  we
• 5:38
  try
• 5:38
  anyways?
• 5:39
  And
• 5:39
  now
• 5:39
  we've
• 5:40
  published
• 5:40
  multiple
• 5:41
  papers
• 5:41
  about
• 5:41
  the
• 5:42
  genetics
• 5:42
  of
• 5:42
  spatial
• 5:43
  memory.
• 5:43
  But
• 5:43
  we
• 5:43
  could
• 5:43
  only
• 5:44
  get
• 5:44
  to
• 5:45
  that
• 5:45
  point
• 5:45
  in
• 5:46
  our
• 5:46
  collaboration
• 5:47
  because
• 5:47
  of
• 5:47
  all
• 5:47
  the
• 5:47
  amazing
• 5:48
  work,
• 5:48
  as
• 5:48
  you
• 5:48
  just
• 5:49
  mentioned,
• 5:49
  that
• 5:49
  you
• 5:49
  guys
• 5:49
  had
• 5:49
  been
• 5:50
  doing
• 5:50
  for
• 5:50
  now.
• 5:51
  I
• 5:51
  mean,
• 5:51
  now
• 5:51
  it's
• 5:52
  been
• 5:52
  over
• 5:52
  a
• 5:52
  decade.
• 5:53
  But
• 5:54
  measuring
• 5:54
  something
• 5:55
  like
• 5:55
  memory
• 5:56
  or
• 5:56
  spatial
• 5:56
  memory
• 5:57
  in
• 5:57
  wild
• 5:57
  free
• 5:58
  living
• 5:58
  birds
• 5:58
  is
• 5:59
  incredibly
• 6:00
  difficult.
• 6:00
  And
• 6:00
  it
• 6:00
  would
• 6:01
  be
• 6:01
  really
• 6:01
  awesome
• 6:02
  if
• 6:02
  you
• 6:02
  could
• 6:02
  share
• 6:02
  how
• 6:03
  you
• 6:03
  came
• 6:04
  up
• 6:04
  with
• 6:04
  the
• 6:04
  idea
• 6:05
  to
• 6:05
  do
• 6:05
  that
• 6:05
  and
• 6:06
  then
• 6:06
  actually
• 6:06
  were
• 6:07
  able
• 6:07
  to
• 6:07
  do
• 6:07
  that.
• 6:08
  Right,
• 6:08
  right.
• 6:09
  Because
• 6:09
  when
• 6:09
  actually
• 6:09
  when
• 6:09
  I
• 6:10
  started
• 6:10
  all
• 6:11
  this
• 6:11
  work
• 6:11
  even
• 6:11
  more
• 6:12
  years
• 6:12
  ago,
• 6:13
  classically
• 6:13
  people
• 6:14
  working
• 6:14
  in
• 6:14
  the
• 6:14
  lab.
• 6:14
  And
• 6:15
  I've
• 6:15
  done
• 6:15
  some
• 6:15
  of
• 6:15
  the
• 6:16
  initial
• 6:16
  kind
• 6:16
  of
• 6:16
  pioneer
• 6:17
  work
• 6:17
  on
• 6:17
  this
• 6:17
  by
• 6:17
  comparing
• 6:18
  birds
• 6:19
  from
• 6:19
  different
• 6:19
  populations,
• 6:20
  by
• 6:20
  bringing
• 6:20
  them
• 6:20
  in
• 6:20
  the
• 6:20
  lab.
• 6:21
  But
• 6:21
  I
• 6:21
  wasn't
• 6:21
  quite
• 6:22
  happy.
• 6:22
  Of
• 6:22
  course,
• 6:22
  obviously
• 6:23
  A,
• 6:23
  you
• 6:23
  cannot
• 6:24
  look
• 6:24
  at
• 6:24
  fitness,
• 6:24
  you
• 6:25
  cannot
• 6:25
  look
• 6:25
  at
• 6:25
  survival
• 6:26
  of
• 6:26
  birds
• 6:26
  in
• 6:26
  the
• 6:26
  lab,
• 6:27
  and
• 6:27
  B,
• 6:27
  still
• 6:27
  testing
• 6:28
  wild
• 6:28
  animals
• 6:28
  in
• 6:29
  the
• 6:29
  lab,
• 6:29
  I
• 6:29
  still
• 6:30
  feel
• 6:30
  that
• 6:31
  they're
• 6:31
  not
• 6:31
  quite
• 6:32
  really
• 6:33
  showing
• 6:34
  what
• 6:34
  they
• 6:34
  are
• 6:34
  capable
• 6:35
  of.
• 6:35
  But
• 6:35
  of
• 6:35
  course
• 6:36
  it's
• 6:36
  hard.
• 6:36
  How
• 6:36
  do
• 6:36
  you
• 6:36
  study
• 6:37
  things
• 6:37
  in
• 6:37
  the
• 6:37
  wild?
• 6:38
  And
• 6:38
  it's
• 6:38
  kind
• 6:38
  of
• 6:38
  also,
• 6:38
  there's
• 6:39
  a
• 6:39
  long
• 6:39
  story
• 6:39
  to
• 6:39
  this
• 6:40
  because
• 6:40
  I
• 6:40
  remember
• 6:40
  a
• 6:40
  long
• 6:40
  time
• 6:41
  ago
• 6:41
  actually
• 6:42
  when
• 6:42
  I
• 6:42
  was
• 6:42
  still
• 6:42
  at
• 6:42
  UC
• 6:43
  Davis,
• 6:43
  I
• 6:43
  was
• 6:43
  a
• 6:43
  research
• 6:43
  faculty
• 6:44
  and
• 6:44
  I
• 6:45
  met
• 6:45
  Eli
• 6:45
  Bridge,
• 6:45
  who's
• 6:46
  also
• 6:46
  a
• 6:46
  really
• 6:47
  long
• 6:47
  term
• 6:47
  collaborator
• 6:48
  who
• 6:48
  was
• 6:48
  very
• 6:49
  interested
• 6:49
  in
• 6:49
  RFID
• 6:50
  technology.
• 6:50
  And
• 6:50
  back
• 6:51
  then
• 6:51
  he
• 6:51
  asked
• 6:51
  me
• 6:52
  would
• 6:52
  I
• 6:52
  be
• 6:52
  interested
• 6:52
  in
• 6:52
  testing
• 6:53
  something
• 6:53
  with
• 6:53
  chickadees?
• 6:54
  And
• 6:54
  I
• 6:54
  said
• 6:54
  yeah.
• 6:55
  And
• 6:55
  I
• 6:55
  had
• 6:55
  a
• 6:55
  very
• 6:55
  simple
• 6:56
  idea
• 6:56
  that
• 6:56
  I
• 6:56
  wanted
• 6:56
  to
• 6:57
  implement
• 6:57
  and
• 6:57
  that
• 6:57
  was
• 6:58
  basically
• 6:58
  using
• 6:58
  kind
• 6:58
  of
• 6:59
  standard
• 6:59
  lab
• 6:59
  design,
• 7:00
  or
• 7:00
  an
• 7:00
  animal
• 7:01
  is
• 7:01
  trained
• 7:01
  to
• 7:01
  learn
• 7:02
  one
• 7:02
  out
• 7:03
  of
• 7:03
  multiple
• 7:03
  rewarding
• 7:04
  locations
• 7:05
  and
• 7:05
  see
• 7:05
  if
• 7:06
  that
• 7:06
  we
• 7:06
  could
• 7:06
  actually
• 7:07
  bring
• 7:07
  it
• 7:07
  to
• 7:07
  the
• 7:08
  field.
• 7:08
  The
• 7:09
  beauty
• 7:09
  of
• 7:09
  chickadees
• 7:09
  is
• 7:10
  they're
• 7:10
  always
• 7:10
  hungry.
• 7:12
  They
• 7:12
  definitely
• 7:12
  are.
• 7:13
  They're
• 7:13
  living
• 7:13
  on
• 7:13
  the
• 7:13
  edge
• 7:14
  in
• 7:14
  the
• 7:14
  winter
• 7:15
  and
• 7:15
  they're
• 7:15
  caching,
• 7:16
  which
• 7:16
  means
• 7:16
  that
• 7:16
  they
• 7:17
  have
• 7:17
  enormous
• 7:17
  motivation
• 7:18
  to
• 7:18
  go
• 7:18
  to
• 7:18
  the
• 7:18
  feeders
• 7:19
  even
• 7:19
  when
• 7:19
  they
• 7:20
  are
• 7:20
  not
• 7:20
  hungry.
• 7:21
  Which
• 7:21
  is
• 7:21
  very
• 7:21
  different
• 7:21
  from
• 7:22
  the
• 7:22
  lab
• 7:22
  because
• 7:22
  in
• 7:22
  the
• 7:23
  lab
• 7:23
  chickadees
• 7:24
  actually
• 7:24
  wouldn't
• 7:24
  cash
• 7:25
  as
• 7:25
  much.
• 7:25
  They
• 7:25
  don't
• 7:25
  have
• 7:26
  the
• 7:26
  same
• 7:26
  motivation.
• 7:27
  And
• 7:27
  so
• 7:27
  actually
• 7:27
  in
• 7:28
  the
• 7:28
  lab
• 7:28
  cognitive
• 7:28
  test,
• 7:29
  they
• 7:29
  lose
• 7:29
  motivation
• 7:30
  very
• 7:30
  quickly
• 7:30
  after
• 7:31
  just
• 7:31
  getting
• 7:31
  a
• 7:31
  couple
• 7:31
  of
• 7:31
  seeds
• 7:32
  of
• 7:32
  rework
• 7:32
  in
• 7:33
  the
• 7:33
  field
• 7:33
  that's
• 7:33
  not
• 7:33
  happening.
• 7:34
  And
• 7:34
  so
• 7:35
  we
• 7:35
  kind
• 7:35
  of
• 7:35
  initially
• 7:36
  started
• 7:36
  thinking
• 7:37
  about
• 7:37
  developing
• 7:38
  things
• 7:38
  more
• 7:38
  like
• 7:38
  an
• 7:39
  orat,
• 7:39
  almost
• 7:39
  like
• 7:40
  a
• 7:40
  radial
• 7:40
  maze
• 7:41
  type
• 7:41
  of
• 7:41
  things
• 7:41
  where
• 7:41
  one
• 7:42
  of
• 7:42
  the
• 7:42
  feeder
• 7:42
  will
• 7:42
  be
• 7:42
  providing
• 7:43
  food,
• 7:43
  but
• 7:44
  the
• 7:44
  RFID
• 7:44
  will
• 7:45
  control
• 7:45
  it.
• 7:45
  So
• 7:45
  in
• 7:45
  other
• 7:46
  words,
• 7:46
  we
• 7:46
  can
• 7:46
  program
• 7:47
  only
• 7:47
  one
• 7:47
  feeder
• 7:48
  that
• 7:48
  will
• 7:48
  give
• 7:48
  food.
• 7:49
  And
• 7:49
  every
• 7:49
  feeder
• 7:50
  records
• 7:50
  locations.
• 7:51
  So
• 7:51
  RFID
• 7:52
  is
• 7:52
  a
• 7:52
  radio
• 7:52
  frequency
• 7:53
  identification
• 7:54
  system.
• 7:55
  So
• 7:55
  it's
• 7:55
  using
• 7:56
  P
• 7:56
  tag,
• 7:56
  so
• 7:57
  it's
• 7:57
  a
• 7:57
  passive
• 7:57
  integrated
• 7:58
  transponder
• 7:58
  that
• 7:59
  is
• 7:59
  on
• 7:59
  the
• 7:59
  animal.
• 8:00
  Most
• 8:00
  people
• 8:00
  probably
• 8:00
  are
• 8:01
  familiar
• 8:01
  with
• 8:01
  this
• 8:01
  from
• 8:01
  pets.
• 8:02
  Like
• 8:02
  a
• 8:02
  dog.
• 8:03
  You'll
• 8:03
  put
• 8:03
  a
• 8:03
  chip
• 8:03
  in
• 8:03
  your
• 8:04
  dog
• 8:04
  or
• 8:04
  in
• 8:04
  a
• 8:04
  cat,
• 8:05
  and
• 8:05
  if
• 8:05
  it
• 8:05
  gets
• 8:05
  lost,
• 8:06
  somebody
• 8:06
  will
• 8:06
  basically
• 8:07
  scan
• 8:07
  it
• 8:07
  and
• 8:08
  will
• 8:08
  immediately
• 8:10
  get
• 8:10
  the
• 8:10
  identification
• 8:11
  of
• 8:11
  the
• 8:11
  animal.
• 8:12
  The
• 8:12
  beauty
• 8:12
  of
• 8:13
  that
• 8:13
  thing
• 8:13
  is
• 8:13
  it's
• 8:13
  small,
• 8:14
  it
• 8:14
  doesn't
• 8:14
  require
• 8:14
  a
• 8:15
  power
• 8:15
  source.
• 8:16
  So
• 8:16
  rfid,
• 8:16
  or
• 8:17
  radio
• 8:17
  frequency
• 8:18
  identification
• 8:18
  board,
• 8:19
  which
• 8:19
  is
• 8:19
  a
• 8:19
  computer
• 8:20
  board,
• 8:20
  is
• 8:21
  the
• 8:21
  one
• 8:21
  that
• 8:21
  actually
• 8:22
  is
• 8:22
  connected
• 8:22
  to
• 8:22
  the
• 8:22
  antenna,
• 8:24
  which
• 8:24
  is
• 8:24
  built
• 8:25
  into
• 8:25
  the
• 8:25
  feeder
• 8:25
  antenna
• 8:27
  and
• 8:27
  the
• 8:27
  perch.
• 8:28
  So
• 8:28
  when
• 8:28
  the
• 8:28
  bird
• 8:28
  lands
• 8:29
  on
• 8:29
  the
• 8:29
  perch,
• 8:29
  it
• 8:29
  reads
• 8:30
  immediately
• 8:30
  the
• 8:30
  individual
• 8:31
  id,
• 8:31
  which
• 8:31
  is
• 8:32
  on
• 8:32
  the
• 8:32
  leg
• 8:32
  band,
• 8:34
  kind
• 8:34
  of
• 8:34
  incorporated.
• 8:35
  So
• 8:35
  every
• 8:35
  time
• 8:35
  bird
• 8:36
  lands,
• 8:36
  we
• 8:36
  know
• 8:36
  exactly
• 8:37
  who
• 8:37
  landed
• 8:37
  on
• 8:38
  each
• 8:38
  feeder,
• 8:39
  we
• 8:39
  know
• 8:39
  the
• 8:40
  timing,
• 8:40
  precise
• 8:40
  timing,
• 8:41
  they're
• 8:41
  all
• 8:41
  coordinated,
• 8:42
  they're
• 8:42
  connected
• 8:43
  through
• 8:43
  gps.
• 8:44
  So
• 8:44
  there's
• 8:44
  a
• 8:44
  perfect
• 8:45
  timing
• 8:45
  across
• 8:45
  all
• 8:46
  eight
• 8:46
  feeders.
• 8:47
  We
• 8:47
  are
• 8:47
  using
• 8:47
  eight
• 8:47
  feeders
• 8:48
  and
• 8:49
  like
• 8:49
  I
• 8:49
  said,
• 8:49
  we
• 8:49
  programmed
• 8:50
  that
• 8:50
  each
• 8:50
  bird
• 8:51
  only
• 8:51
  have
• 8:51
  one
• 8:51
  rewarding
• 8:52
  feeder.
• 8:52
  And
• 8:53
  the
• 8:53
  bird
• 8:53
  don't
• 8:53
  know
• 8:53
  that
• 8:54
  obviously
• 8:54
  at
• 8:54
  the
• 8:54
  beginning.
• 8:55
  And
• 8:55
  when
• 8:55
  they
• 8:56
  start
• 8:56
  exploring,
• 8:56
  they'll
• 8:57
  go
• 8:57
  to
• 8:57
  every
• 8:57
  theater
• 8:57
  until
• 8:58
  they
• 8:58
  hit
• 8:58
  the
• 8:58
  one
• 8:58
  that
• 8:58
  gives
• 8:59
  them
• 8:59
  food.
• 9:00
  And
• 9:00
  then
• 9:00
  next
• 9:00
  time
• 9:01
  they
• 9:01
  come
• 9:01
  back,
• 9:01
  if
• 9:01
  they
• 9:01
  use
• 9:02
  memory,
• 9:02
  they
• 9:02
  should
• 9:02
  make
• 9:03
  fewer
• 9:03
  errors
• 9:04
  or
• 9:04
  they
• 9:04
  should
• 9:05
  visit
• 9:05
  theaters
• 9:06
  that
• 9:06
  are
• 9:06
  not
• 9:06
  rewarding
• 9:07
  fewer
• 9:07
  times.
• 9:08
  And
• 9:08
  then
• 9:09
  we
• 9:09
  just
• 9:09
  run
• 9:09
  it
• 9:09
  for
• 9:09
  four
• 9:10
  days.
• 9:10
  They
• 9:10
  literally
• 9:11
  pick
• 9:11
  a
• 9:11
  seat,
• 9:11
  take
• 9:11
  a
• 9:12
  few
• 9:12
  seconds,
• 9:12
  fly
• 9:12
  immediately
• 9:13
  away.
• 9:13
  They
• 9:14
  cache
• 9:14
  or,
• 9:15
  or
• 9:15
  eat
• 9:16
  that
• 9:16
  seed,
• 9:16
  take
• 9:16
  several
• 9:16
  minutes,
• 9:17
  then
• 9:17
  they
• 9:17
  come
• 9:17
  back
• 9:17
  and
• 9:18
  it's
• 9:18
  a
• 9:18
  second
• 9:18
  trial.
• 9:19
  And
• 9:19
  the
• 9:19
  birds
• 9:19
  can
• 9:19
  run
• 9:20
  anywhere
• 9:20
  between
• 9:21
  50
• 9:22
  to
• 9:22
  sometimes
• 9:23
  1000
• 9:23
  trials
• 9:25
  in
• 9:25
  a
• 9:25
  four
• 9:26
  day
• 9:26
  period,
• 9:27
  depending
• 9:27
  on
• 9:27
  the
• 9:27
  winter.
• 9:28
  And
• 9:28
  then
• 9:28
  we
• 9:28
  can
• 9:28
  estimate
• 9:29
  the
• 9:29
  reduction
• 9:30
  number
• 9:30
  of
• 9:30
  errors
• 9:30
  and
• 9:31
  we're
• 9:31
  controlling
• 9:31
  for
• 9:31
  the
• 9:32
  number
• 9:32
  of
• 9:32
  trials.
• 9:33
  And
• 9:33
  that
• 9:33
  gives
• 9:33
  us
• 9:33
  a
• 9:34
  very
• 9:34
  good
• 9:34
  estimate
• 9:35
  of
• 9:35
  their
• 9:35
  cognitive
• 9:36
  abilities.
• 9:36
  Yeah,
• 9:37
  so
• 9:37
  you
• 9:37
  came
• 9:38
  up
• 9:38
  with
• 9:38
  this
• 9:38
  amazing
• 9:38
  system
• 9:38
  and
• 9:39
  yai
• 9:39
  tell
• 9:39
  us
• 9:39
  a
• 9:39
  little
• 9:39
  bit
• 9:40
  about
• 9:40
  that.
• 9:40
  Because
• 9:40
  it's
• 9:40
  one
• 9:41
  thing
• 9:41
  to
• 9:41
  measure
• 9:41
  a
• 9:41
  behavior,
• 9:42
  and
• 9:42
  it's
• 9:43
  another
• 9:43
  to
• 9:43
  actually
• 9:44
  understand
• 9:44
  that
• 9:45
  the
• 9:45
  behavior
• 9:45
  you're
• 9:45
  measuring
• 9:46
  is
• 9:46
  Relevant.
• 9:47
  It's
• 9:47
  very
• 9:47
  difficult
• 9:48
  to
• 9:48
  design
• 9:48
  experiments
• 9:49
  that
• 9:49
  actually
• 9:50
  measure
• 9:50
  the
• 9:51
  thing
• 9:51
  you
• 9:51
  really
• 9:51
  care
• 9:52
  about.
• 9:52
  And
• 9:52
  that
• 9:52
  is
• 9:53
  linked
• 9:53
  to
• 9:53
  something
• 9:53
  like
• 9:54
  survival.
• 9:54
  Right.
• 9:55
  So
• 9:55
  the
• 9:55
  first
• 9:55
  thing
• 9:56
  for
• 9:56
  us
• 9:56
  was
• 9:56
  to
• 9:56
  see
• 9:56
  if
• 9:57
  we
• 9:57
  actually
• 9:57
  see
• 9:58
  variation.
• 9:58
  If
• 9:58
  all
• 9:59
  animals
• 9:59
  are
• 10:00
  showing
• 10:00
  differences
• 10:00
  and
• 10:01
  they
• 10:01
  do,
• 10:01
  there's
• 10:01
  a
• 10:01
  tremendous
• 10:02
  variation
• 10:02
  in
• 10:03
  how
• 10:03
  well
• 10:03
  animals
• 10:04
  do
• 10:04
  that.
• 10:04
  Then
• 10:04
  the
• 10:05
  other
• 10:05
  interesting
• 10:05
  thing,
• 10:05
  which
• 10:06
  sometimes
• 10:06
  scientists
• 10:06
  don't
• 10:07
  necessarily
• 10:07
  do,
• 10:07
  because
• 10:08
  we're
• 10:08
  interested
• 10:08
  specifically
• 10:09
  in
• 10:09
  spatial
• 10:09
  memory,
• 10:10
  it's
• 10:10
  very
• 10:10
  critical
• 10:11
  because
• 10:11
  when
• 10:11
  people
• 10:11
  do
• 10:11
  it
• 10:12
  in
• 10:12
  the
• 10:12
  lab,
• 10:12
  they
• 10:13
  always
• 10:13
  involve
• 10:13
  controls.
• 10:14
  In
• 10:14
  other
• 10:15
  words,
• 10:15
  we
• 10:15
  want
• 10:15
  to
• 10:15
  make
• 10:15
  sure
• 10:15
  that
• 10:15
  they're
• 10:16
  using
• 10:16
  space
• 10:16
  and
• 10:16
  not
• 10:17
  something
• 10:17
  else.
• 10:18
  In
• 10:18
  our
• 10:18
  case,
• 10:18
  in
• 10:18
  our
• 10:19
  first
• 10:19
  year,
• 10:19
  we
• 10:19
  actually
• 10:20
  rotated
• 10:20
  the
• 10:20
  entire
• 10:21
  design.
• 10:21
  Once
• 10:21
  birds
• 10:22
  learned
• 10:22
  which
• 10:22
  feeder
• 10:23
  gives
• 10:23
  them
• 10:23
  food,
• 10:23
  we
• 10:24
  rotated
• 10:24
  the
• 10:24
  whole
• 10:25
  array
• 10:25
  180
• 10:25
  degrees.
• 10:26
  And
• 10:27
  that
• 10:27
  allows
• 10:27
  us
• 10:27
  to
• 10:27
  see
• 10:28
  birds
• 10:28
  are
• 10:28
  following
• 10:28
  the
• 10:29
  same
• 10:29
  feeder
• 10:30
  that
• 10:30
  they
• 10:30
  somehow
• 10:31
  can
• 10:31
  identify,
• 10:32
  or
• 10:32
  they
• 10:32
  use
• 10:33
  space.
• 10:33
  And
• 10:33
  we've
• 10:33
  confirmed
• 10:34
  they're
• 10:34
  definitely
• 10:34
  using
• 10:34
  space.
• 10:35
  Oh,
• 10:35
  cool.
• 10:36
  The
• 10:36
  next
• 10:36
  step
• 10:36
  was
• 10:37
  to
• 10:37
  see
• 10:37
  if
• 10:37
  that
• 10:37
  variation
• 10:38
  that
• 10:38
  we
• 10:38
  are
• 10:38
  detecting
• 10:39
  is,
• 10:40
  like
• 10:40
  you
• 10:40
  said,
• 10:40
  relevant.
• 10:41
  And
• 10:41
  we
• 10:41
  looked
• 10:41
  at
• 10:42
  the
• 10:42
  survival
• 10:42
  of
• 10:43
  specifically
• 10:43
  the
• 10:43
  first
• 10:44
  year
• 10:44
  birds,
• 10:44
  the
• 10:44
  juvenile
• 10:45
  birds
• 10:45
  that
• 10:46
  hatched
• 10:46
  that
• 10:46
  year
• 10:46
  and
• 10:47
  went
• 10:47
  through
• 10:47
  their
• 10:47
  first
• 10:47
  winter.
• 10:48
  And
• 10:49
  basically
• 10:49
  we
• 10:49
  measured
• 10:51
  this
• 10:51
  spatial
• 10:51
  cognition
• 10:52
  in
• 10:52
  as
• 10:52
  many
• 10:52
  birds
• 10:52
  we
• 10:53
  can,
• 10:53
  and
• 10:53
  then
• 10:53
  we
• 10:53
  saw
• 10:54
  how
• 10:54
  many
• 10:54
  of
• 10:54
  them
• 10:54
  actually
• 10:54
  survived
• 10:55
  until
• 10:56
  the
• 10:56
  last
• 10:57
  year.
• 10:58
  And
• 10:58
  chickadees
• 10:59
  are
• 10:59
  highly
• 10:59
  resident.
• 10:59
  They
• 10:59
  don't
• 11:00
  go
• 11:00
  anywhere.
• 11:00
  They
• 11:00
  spend
• 11:00
  their
• 11:00
  entire
• 11:01
  lives
• 11:01
  in
• 11:01
  the
• 11:01
  same
• 11:01
  places.
• 11:02
  In
• 11:03
  our
• 11:03
  case,
• 11:03
  they
• 11:03
  don't
• 11:04
  show
• 11:04
  any
• 11:04
  altitudinal
• 11:04
  migrations
• 11:05
  at
• 11:05
  all.
• 11:06
  And
• 11:06
  so,
• 11:07
  yeah,
• 11:07
  and
• 11:07
  then
• 11:07
  the
• 11:08
  very
• 11:08
  first
• 11:08
  study
• 11:09
  with
• 11:09
  Ben
• 11:09
  Sonnenberg,
• 11:10
  we
• 11:10
  showed
• 11:10
  that
• 11:11
  the
• 11:11
  birds
• 11:11
  that
• 11:11
  did
• 11:11
  better
• 11:12
  actually
• 11:13
  are
• 11:13
  more
• 11:13
  likely
• 11:13
  to
• 11:13
  survive,
• 11:14
  and
• 11:14
  the
• 11:14
  birds
• 11:14
  that
• 11:15
  did
• 11:15
  worse
• 11:15
  were
• 11:16
  disappearing
• 11:16
  and
• 11:16
  dying.
• 11:17
  And
• 11:18
  another
• 11:18
  really
• 11:18
  cool
• 11:19
  thing,
• 11:19
  we
• 11:19
  actually
• 11:19
  showed
• 11:19
  that
• 11:19
  the
• 11:20
  birds
• 11:20
  don't
• 11:20
  change
• 11:20
  their
• 11:21
  cognition.
• 11:21
  The
• 11:21
  birds
• 11:22
  that
• 11:22
  were
• 11:22
  measured
• 11:22
  in
• 11:22
  the
• 11:22
  year
• 11:22
  one
• 11:23
  first
• 11:23
  winter,
• 11:24
  when
• 11:24
  we
• 11:24
  retested
• 11:25
  them
• 11:25
  after
• 11:25
  they
• 11:25
  survived,
• 11:26
  they
• 11:26
  actually
• 11:26
  showed
• 11:26
  exactly
• 11:27
  the
• 11:27
  same
• 11:28
  thing,
• 11:28
  which
• 11:28
  was
• 11:29
  confirmed
• 11:29
  later
• 11:29
  on
• 11:30
  with
• 11:30
  the
• 11:30
  paper
• 11:30
  that
• 11:30
  we
• 11:30
  published
• 11:31
  in
• 11:31
  Science
• 11:31
  this
• 11:31
  last
• 11:32
  year.
• 11:32
  When
• 11:32
  you
• 11:33
  follow
• 11:33
  birds
• 11:33
  for
• 11:33
  multiple
• 11:34
  years,
• 11:34
  and
• 11:34
  we've
• 11:35
  shown
• 11:35
  that
• 11:35
  we
• 11:36
  are
• 11:36
  measuring
• 11:36
  something
• 11:36
  that's
• 11:37
  a
• 11:37
  property
• 11:37
  of
• 11:37
  the
• 11:37
  bird,
• 11:38
  and
• 11:39
  it's
• 11:39
  not
• 11:39
  really
• 11:39
  changing
• 11:40
  with
• 11:41
  time
• 11:41
  or
• 11:41
  experience
• 11:42
  with
• 11:42
  our
• 11:42
  race.
• 11:43
  They
• 11:43
  just
• 11:44
  shown
• 11:44
  this
• 11:44
  very
• 11:44
  flat
• 11:45
  line
• 11:45
  kind
• 11:45
  of
• 11:45
  across
• 11:46
  multiple
• 11:46
  years.
• 11:47
  Also
• 11:47
  showed
• 11:48
  that
• 11:48
  not
• 11:48
  only
• 11:48
  the
• 11:48
  survival
• 11:49
  of
• 11:49
  juveniles
• 11:50
  is
• 11:50
  affected,
• 11:51
  but
• 11:51
  actually
• 11:51
  the
• 11:51
  entire
• 11:52
  longevity.
• 11:52
  We
• 11:52
  showed
• 11:53
  that
• 11:53
  birds
• 11:53
  with
• 11:54
  better
• 11:54
  cognition
• 11:54
  live,
• 11:54
  on
• 11:55
  average,
• 11:55
  two
• 11:55
  years
• 11:56
  longer.
• 11:56
  Yeah.
• 11:57
  If
• 11:57
  you
• 11:57
  have
• 11:57
  between
• 11:57
  six
• 11:58
  and
• 11:58
  eight
• 11:58
  chicks
• 11:58
  a
• 11:58
  year,
• 11:59
  living
• 11:59
  two
• 11:59
  more
• 11:59
  years
• 12:00
  is
• 12:00
  quite
• 12:00
  a
• 12:00
  few
• 12:01
  more
• 12:01
  chicks
• 12:01
  to
• 12:01
  put
• 12:01
  out
• 12:02
  into
• 12:02
  the
• 12:02
  world.
• 12:02
  Right?
• 12:03
  Right.
• 12:03
  It's
• 12:04
  really
• 12:04
  amazing
• 12:04
  that
• 12:05
  you've
• 12:05
  been
• 12:05
  Able
• 12:05
  to
• 12:05
  figure
• 12:06
  out
• 12:06
  how
• 12:06
  to
• 12:06
  measure
• 12:06
  this
• 12:07
  trait
• 12:07
  in
• 12:07
  the
• 12:07
  wild,
• 12:07
  link
• 12:08
  it
• 12:08
  to
• 12:08
  survival,
• 12:09
  tell
• 12:09
  that
• 12:09
  there's
• 12:10
  variation
• 12:10
  in
• 12:10
  the
• 12:10
  trait.
• 12:11
  And
• 12:11
  this
• 12:11
  is
• 12:11
  all
• 12:11
  within
• 12:11
  one
• 12:12
  species.
• 12:12
  Within
• 12:12
  mountain
• 12:12
  chickadees
• 12:13
  in
• 12:13
  the
• 12:13
  Sierra
• 12:14
  Nevada,
• 12:15
  I
• 12:15
  think
• 12:16
  chickadees
• 12:16
  are
• 12:17
  this
• 12:17
  really
• 12:17
  familiar
• 12:17
  species
• 12:18
  in
• 12:18
  North
• 12:18
  America.
• 12:19
  Whether
• 12:19
  it's
• 12:19
  mountain
• 12:19
  chickadees
• 12:20
  or
• 12:20
  black
• 12:20
  capped
• 12:21
  chickadees
• 12:21
  or
• 12:22
  Carolina
• 12:22
  chickadees,
• 12:23
  most
• 12:23
  of
• 12:23
  us
• 12:23
  live
• 12:24
  with
• 12:24
  them
• 12:24
  in
• 12:24
  our
• 12:24
  backyards.
• 12:25
  I'm
• 12:26
  wondering,
• 12:26
  do
• 12:26
  we
• 12:27
  know
• 12:27
  within
• 12:28
  a
• 12:28
  season
• 12:29
  how
• 12:29
  many
• 12:30
  things
• 12:30
  they're
• 12:31
  caching
• 12:31
  within
• 12:31
  their
• 12:32
  territory?
• 12:32
  Given
• 12:32
  that
• 12:33
  they're
• 12:33
  caching
• 12:33
  these
• 12:33
  seeds
• 12:34
  individually,
• 12:34
  sometimes
• 12:35
  under
• 12:35
  bark,
• 12:36
  is
• 12:36
  there
• 12:36
  a
• 12:36
  way
• 12:36
  to
• 12:36
  know
• 12:37
  that?
• 12:37
  Or
• 12:37
  do
• 12:37
  we
• 12:37
  have
• 12:37
  estimates
• 12:38
  on
• 12:38
  really
• 12:39
  how
• 12:40
  much
• 12:40
  caching
• 12:40
  an
• 12:41
  individual
• 12:41
  is
• 12:41
  doing
• 12:41
  in
• 12:42
  a
• 12:42
  given
• 12:42
  year?
• 12:42
  We
• 12:43
  actually
• 12:43
  do
• 12:43
  because
• 12:44
  that's
• 12:44
  how
• 12:44
  the
• 12:44
  whole
• 12:44
  field
• 12:44
  kind
• 12:45
  of
• 12:45
  started.
• 12:45
  Because
• 12:45
  the
• 12:46
  very,
• 12:46
  I
• 12:46
  mean
• 12:47
  the
• 12:47
  very
• 12:47
  first
• 12:47
  studies
• 12:47
  were
• 12:48
  done
• 12:48
  by
• 12:48
  Germany,
• 12:49
  I
• 12:49
  believe
• 12:49
  by
• 12:49
  Lou
• 12:50
  De.
• 12:50
  But
• 12:50
  the
• 12:50
  classical
• 12:51
  work
• 12:51
  on
• 12:51
  foot
• 12:51
  caching
• 12:52
  was
• 12:52
  done
• 12:52
  by
• 12:52
  Swain
• 12:52
  Hawftorne,
• 12:53
  who
• 12:54
  was
• 12:54
  kind
• 12:54
  of
• 12:54
  a
• 12:54
  big
• 12:55
  hero
• 12:55
  of
• 12:55
  scientific
• 12:56
  of
• 12:56
  mine
• 12:56
  when
• 12:56
  I
• 12:56
  was
• 12:57
  still
• 12:57
  an
• 12:57
  undergrad
• 12:58
  or
• 12:58
  from
• 12:59
  Norway,
• 12:59
  who
• 12:59
  published
• 13:00
  the
• 13:00
  very
• 13:00
  initial
• 13:01
  series
• 13:01
  of
• 13:01
  papers
• 13:02
  talking
• 13:02
  about
• 13:02
  caching
• 13:03
  circles
• 13:03
  of
• 13:03
  food
• 13:03
  and
• 13:04
  European
• 13:04
  kind
• 13:04
  of
• 13:05
  like
• 13:05
  chickadee
• 13:05
  species
• 13:05
  and
• 13:06
  willow
• 13:06
  tits,
• 13:06
  encrusted
• 13:07
  tits
• 13:07
  and
• 13:07
  coal
• 13:08
  tits.
• 13:08
  And
• 13:09
  he
• 13:09
  showed
• 13:09
  that
• 13:10
  these
• 13:10
  individual
• 13:10
  birds
• 13:11
  can
• 13:11
  catch
• 13:11
  up
• 13:11
  to
• 13:12
  hundreds,
• 13:12
  some
• 13:13
  thousand
• 13:13
  individual
• 13:14
  items
• 13:14
  per
• 13:15
  year.
• 13:15
  Wow.
• 13:15
  And
• 13:16
  that's
• 13:16
  kind
• 13:16
  of
• 13:16
  what
• 13:16
  initiated
• 13:17
  my
• 13:17
  initial,
• 13:18
  piqued
• 13:18
  my
• 13:18
  interest
• 13:19
  on
• 13:19
  that
• 13:19
  when
• 13:19
  I
• 13:20
  was
• 13:20
  doing
• 13:20
  my
• 13:20
  master's
• 13:21
  degree
• 13:21
  and
• 13:22
  I
• 13:22
  was
• 13:22
  working
• 13:22
  with
• 13:22
  Siberian
• 13:23
  tits
• 13:23
  and
• 13:23
  willow
• 13:24
  tits,
• 13:24
  which
• 13:24
  again
• 13:24
  kind
• 13:24
  of
• 13:24
  like
• 13:25
  chickadees
• 13:26
  and
• 13:26
  far
• 13:26
  north.
• 13:27
  And
• 13:27
  I
• 13:27
  was
• 13:28
  basically
• 13:28
  following
• 13:29
  them
• 13:29
  with
• 13:29
  the
• 13:29
  stopwatch
• 13:30
  day
• 13:31
  in,
• 13:31
  day
• 13:31
  out
• 13:31
  for
• 13:32
  hours
• 13:32
  and
• 13:32
  hours
• 13:32
  of
• 13:32
  time
• 13:33
  and
• 13:33
  simply
• 13:33
  recording
• 13:34
  every
• 13:34
  time
• 13:34
  they
• 13:34
  catch
• 13:34
  food,
• 13:35
  how
• 13:35
  long
• 13:36
  time
• 13:36
  it
• 13:36
  takes,
• 13:36
  how
• 13:36
  much
• 13:36
  to
• 13:37
  eat.
• 13:37
  And
• 13:38
  then
• 13:38
  I
• 13:38
  kind
• 13:38
  of
• 13:39
  tried
• 13:39
  to
• 13:39
  estimate
• 13:40
  giving
• 13:40
  the
• 13:40
  amount
• 13:40
  of
• 13:41
  time
• 13:41
  that
• 13:41
  they
• 13:41
  have
• 13:41
  and
• 13:42
  the
• 13:42
  frequency
• 13:43
  with
• 13:43
  which
• 13:43
  they
• 13:43
  find
• 13:43
  food
• 13:44
  and
• 13:44
  cash
• 13:44
  food.
• 13:45
  And
• 13:45
  I
• 13:45
  was
• 13:46
  able
• 13:46
  to
• 13:46
  estimate
• 13:46
  that
• 13:46
  over
• 13:47
  the
• 13:47
  year
• 13:47
  an
• 13:47
  individual
• 13:48
  Siberian
• 13:49
  kit
• 13:49
  can
• 13:49
  catch
• 13:49
  almost
• 13:50
  up
• 13:50
  to
• 13:50
  half
• 13:50
  a
• 13:50
  million
• 13:51
  individual
• 13:52
  food
• 13:52
  items.
• 13:52
  Half
• 13:53
  a
• 13:53
  million.
• 13:54
  Wow,
• 13:55
  that's
• 13:55
  incredible.
• 13:56
  And
• 13:56
  they're
• 13:56
  doing
• 13:56
  this
• 13:57
  every
• 13:57
  year
• 13:57
  because.
• 13:58
  They'Re,
• 13:58
  they're
• 13:59
  doing
• 13:59
  it
• 13:59
  every
• 13:59
  year.
• 13:59
  They're
• 13:59
  depleting
• 14:00
  the
• 14:00
  food
• 14:00
  cache
• 14:00
  over
• 14:01
  the
• 14:01
  winter
• 14:01
  and
• 14:01
  then
• 14:02
  replenishing
• 14:03
  it
• 14:03
  every
• 14:03
  year.
• 14:04
  That's
• 14:04
  incredible.
• 14:05
  I
• 14:05
  think
• 14:06
  even
• 14:06
  tens
• 14:07
  of
• 14:07
  things
• 14:07
  are
• 14:07
  easy
• 14:07
  to
• 14:08
  lose
• 14:08
  track
• 14:08
  of
• 14:08
  in
• 14:08
  your
• 14:09
  house,
• 14:09
  let
• 14:09
  alone
• 14:10
  500
• 14:11
  or
• 14:11
  100,000
• 14:12
  hidden
• 14:12
  individual
• 14:13
  seeds
• 14:13
  in
• 14:13
  your
• 14:13
  territory.
• 14:14
  Oh
• 14:15
  man,
• 14:15
  that's
• 14:15
  so
• 14:15
  fascinating.
• 14:16
  Before
• 14:17
  we
• 14:17
  keep
• 14:17
  going,
• 14:17
  let's
• 14:18
  take
• 14:18
  a
• 14:18
  quick
• 14:18
  break.
• 14:22
  We
• 14:22
  haven't
• 14:22
  talked
• 14:22
  about
• 14:23
  this
• 14:23
  yet,
• 14:23
  but
• 14:23
  there's
• 14:24
  like
• 14:24
  a
• 14:24
  specific
• 14:24
  special
• 14:25
  part
• 14:25
  of
• 14:25
  the
• 14:26
  chickadee
• 14:26
  brain
• 14:26
  that
• 14:26
  really
• 14:27
  matters
• 14:27
  for
• 14:28
  their
• 14:28
  spatial
• 14:29
  memory.
• 14:29
  And
• 14:29
  your
• 14:29
  research
• 14:30
  and
• 14:30
  others
• 14:30
  has
• 14:31
  shown
• 14:31
  that
• 14:31
  the
• 14:32
  harshness
• 14:32
  of
• 14:32
  the
• 14:33
  climate
• 14:33
  that
• 14:33
  a
• 14:33
  chickadee
• 14:34
  lives
• 14:34
  in,
• 14:34
  whether
• 14:34
  that's
• 14:35
  higher
• 14:35
  latitude
• 14:36
  or
• 14:36
  higher
• 14:36
  elevation,
• 14:37
  really
• 14:37
  does
• 14:37
  have
• 14:37
  an
• 14:37
  influence
• 14:38
  on
• 14:38
  its
• 14:39
  brain
• 14:39
  structure.
• 14:41
  And
• 14:41
  I
• 14:41
  was
• 14:41
  wondering
• 14:41
  if
• 14:42
  you
• 14:42
  talk
• 14:42
  to
• 14:42
  us
• 14:42
  a
• 14:42
  little
• 14:42
  bit
• 14:43
  about
• 14:43
  your
• 14:44
  studies
• 14:44
  in
• 14:44
  that
• 14:45
  context
• 14:45
  and
• 14:46
  this
• 14:46
  the
• 14:46
  hippocampus
• 14:47
  and
• 14:47
  why
• 14:48
  it's
• 14:48
  so
• 14:48
  relevant
• 14:48
  for
• 14:49
  what
• 14:49
  we're
• 14:49
  talking
• 14:49
  about.
• 14:50
  Right.
• 14:50
  So
• 14:50
  actually
• 14:50
  also
• 14:51
  again,
• 14:51
  their
• 14:51
  initial
• 14:52
  work
• 14:52
  that
• 14:53
  kind
• 14:53
  of
• 14:53
  drew
• 14:53
  attention
• 14:54
  to
• 14:54
  that
• 14:54
  whole
• 14:54
  idea
• 14:55
  and
• 14:55
  that
• 14:55
  hypothesis
• 14:56
  that
• 14:56
  was
• 14:56
  named
• 14:57
  the
• 14:57
  adaptive
• 14:57
  specialization
• 14:58
  hypothesis
• 14:59
  by
• 15:00
  John
• 15:00
  Krebs
• 15:00
  and
• 15:01
  David
• 15:01
  Cherry
• 15:02
  at
• 15:02
  Oxford.
• 15:03
  Right.
• 15:04
  And
• 15:04
  they
• 15:04
  initially
• 15:05
  compared
• 15:06
  multiple
• 15:06
  species.
• 15:06
  They
• 15:07
  basically
• 15:07
  compared
• 15:07
  species
• 15:08
  of
• 15:08
  store
• 15:08
  food,
• 15:09
  cash
• 15:09
  food,
• 15:10
  and
• 15:10
  not
• 15:10
  cash
• 15:11
  food.
• 15:11
  And
• 15:11
  they
• 15:12
  showed
• 15:12
  that
• 15:12
  the
• 15:12
  species
• 15:13
  on
• 15:13
  a
• 15:13
  species
• 15:14
  level
• 15:14
  of
• 15:14
  cash
• 15:14
  food
• 15:15
  have
• 15:15
  significantly
• 15:16
  larger
• 15:16
  hippocampus
• 15:17
  compared
• 15:17
  to
• 15:18
  species
• 15:18
  that
• 15:18
  don't
• 15:18
  catch
• 15:19
  food.
• 15:20
  And
• 15:20
  they're
• 15:21
  the
• 15:21
  ones
• 15:21
  that
• 15:21
  gave
• 15:21
  rise
• 15:21
  to
• 15:22
  that
• 15:22
  idea
• 15:22
  that
• 15:23
  the
• 15:23
  food
• 15:23
  caching
• 15:24
  species
• 15:24
  will
• 15:24
  evolve
• 15:25
  this
• 15:25
  adaptive
• 15:25
  specialization
• 15:26
  by
• 15:27
  evolving
• 15:27
  a
• 15:28
  much
• 15:28
  larger
• 15:28
  area
• 15:29
  of
• 15:29
  the
• 15:29
  brains
• 15:30
  called
• 15:30
  the
• 15:30
  hippocampus
• 15:31
  caching.
• 15:32
  Why
• 15:32
  it's
• 15:32
  important
• 15:32
  because
• 15:33
  it's
• 15:33
  important
• 15:33
  for
• 15:33
  them
• 15:33
  to
• 15:34
  survive
• 15:34
  the
• 15:34
  winter.
• 15:35
  So
• 15:35
  obviously
• 15:35
  the
• 15:35
  winter
• 15:36
  is
• 15:36
  harsher,
• 15:37
  meaning
• 15:37
  colder,
• 15:38
  longer,
• 15:39
  more
• 15:39
  snow
• 15:39
  and
• 15:40
  caches
• 15:40
  are
• 15:40
  more
• 15:40
  essential.
• 15:41
  They're
• 15:41
  more
• 15:41
  important.
• 15:42
  So
• 15:42
  if
• 15:42
  they
• 15:42
  don't
• 15:42
  get
• 15:42
  them
• 15:43
  again,
• 15:43
  if
• 15:43
  a
• 15:43
  black
• 15:43
  capped
• 15:44
  chickadee
• 15:44
  in
• 15:44
  Alaska
• 15:45
  doesn't
• 15:45
  find
• 15:45
  food
• 15:45
  cache,
• 15:46
  it
• 15:46
  doesn't
• 15:46
  have
• 15:47
  much
• 15:47
  time
• 15:48
  because
• 15:48
  the
• 15:48
  day
• 15:48
  is
• 15:48
  short.
• 15:49
  There's
• 15:49
  not
• 15:49
  very
• 15:49
  much
• 15:50
  time
• 15:50
  for
• 15:50
  them
• 15:50
  to
• 15:50
  find
• 15:51
  it.
• 15:51
  And
• 15:51
  so
• 15:51
  there
• 15:51
  should
• 15:52
  be
• 15:52
  very
• 15:52
  strong
• 15:52
  selection
• 15:53
  pressure
• 15:53
  on
• 15:54
  it.
• 15:54
  While
• 15:54
  if
• 15:54
  the
• 15:54
  bird
• 15:55
  lives
• 15:55
  in
• 15:55
  a
• 15:55
  more
• 15:55
  relaxed
• 15:55
  environment,
• 15:56
  like
• 15:56
  for
• 15:56
  a
• 15:56
  black
• 15:57
  capped
• 15:57
  chickadee
• 15:57
  somewhere
• 15:58
  around
• 15:58
  Seattle
• 15:58
  in
• 15:59
  Washington
• 15:59
  state,
• 16:00
  it
• 16:00
  actually
• 16:00
  never
• 16:01
  gets
• 16:01
  cold.
• 16:01
  Right.
• 16:02
  And
• 16:02
  so
• 16:02
  the
• 16:02
  bird
• 16:02
  may
• 16:02
  have
• 16:03
  lots
• 16:03
  of
• 16:03
  second
• 16:03
  chances
• 16:04
  to
• 16:05
  kind
• 16:05
  of
• 16:05
  find
• 16:05
  something
• 16:06
  and
• 16:06
  survive.
• 16:06
  That's
• 16:07
  how
• 16:07
  it
• 16:07
  all
• 16:07
  started.
• 16:07
  And
• 16:08
  so
• 16:08
  we
• 16:08
  started
• 16:08
  by
• 16:08
  comparing
• 16:09
  birds
• 16:09
  from
• 16:10
  Alaska
• 16:10
  and
• 16:10
  actually
• 16:11
  Colorado,
• 16:11
  but
• 16:11
  we
• 16:12
  use
• 16:12
  them
• 16:12
  from
• 16:12
  Fort
• 16:12
  Collins,
• 16:13
  from
• 16:13
  the
• 16:13
  low
• 16:13
  level,
• 16:14
  kind
• 16:14
  of
• 16:14
  at
• 16:15
  low
• 16:15
  elevations.
• 16:16
  And
• 16:16
  we
• 16:17
  showed
• 16:17
  that
• 16:17
  indeed
• 16:18
  Alaska
• 16:18
  birds
• 16:19
  have
• 16:19
  a
• 16:19
  lot
• 16:19
  bigger
• 16:19
  hippocampi
• 16:21
  with
• 16:21
  many
• 16:21
  more
• 16:22
  neurons.
• 16:22
  On
• 16:23
  a
• 16:23
  subground,
• 16:23
  we
• 16:23
  compared
• 16:24
  10
• 16:24
  populations.
• 16:25
  We
• 16:25
  actually
• 16:25
  look
• 16:25
  at
• 16:25
  the
• 16:25
  whole
• 16:26
  range,
• 16:26
  pretty
• 16:26
  much
• 16:27
  most
• 16:27
  of
• 16:27
  the
• 16:27
  continent
• 16:28
  of
• 16:28
  North
• 16:28
  America.
• 16:29
  And
• 16:29
  we
• 16:29
  looked
• 16:30
  specifically
• 16:30
  at
• 16:31
  the
• 16:31
  climate
• 16:32
  both
• 16:32
  longitudinally
• 16:33
  and
• 16:33
  latitudinally.
• 16:34
  So
• 16:34
  we
• 16:34
  can
• 16:34
  control
• 16:34
  for
• 16:34
  day
• 16:35
  length.
• 16:35
  Because
• 16:35
  if
• 16:35
  you
• 16:36
  go
• 16:36
  and
• 16:36
  look
• 16:36
  at
• 16:36
  Maine
• 16:37
  and
• 16:37
  Minnesota,
• 16:38
  they
• 16:38
  will
• 16:38
  have
• 16:38
  much
• 16:39
  harsher
• 16:39
  winters,
• 16:39
  much
• 16:40
  colder
• 16:40
  winters,
• 16:40
  more
• 16:41
  snow
• 16:41
  than
• 16:41
  birds
• 16:42
  in
• 16:42
  Seattle.
• 16:43
  Even
• 16:43
  the
• 16:43
  birds
• 16:44
  in
• 16:44
  Seattle
• 16:44
  will
• 16:44
  have
• 16:44
  the
• 16:44
  same
• 16:44
  day
• 16:45
  length
• 16:45
  in
• 16:45
  the
• 16:45
  Winter
• 16:46
  as
• 16:46
  birds
• 16:47
  in
• 16:48
  Minnesota
• 16:49
  for
• 16:49
  example.
• 16:50
  And
• 16:50
  so
• 16:50
  basically
• 16:51
  when
• 16:51
  we
• 16:51
  compare
• 16:51
  10
• 16:52
  populations,
• 16:52
  we
• 16:53
  saw
• 16:53
  an
• 16:53
  absolutely
• 16:54
  beautiful
• 16:55
  pattern
• 16:55
  that
• 16:55
  was
• 16:56
  very
• 16:56
  clear.
• 16:56
  So
• 16:57
  in
• 16:57
  other
• 16:57
  words,
• 16:57
  the
• 16:57
  more
• 16:58
  harsh
• 16:58
  environment,
• 16:59
  the
• 16:59
  bigger
• 16:59
  the
• 16:59
  hippocampus,
• 17:00
  the
• 17:00
  more
• 17:00
  neurons
• 17:01
  they
• 17:01
  have
• 17:02
  and
• 17:02
  actually
• 17:02
  the
• 17:02
  higher
• 17:03
  neurogenesis
• 17:03
  rates
• 17:04
  they
• 17:04
  have,
• 17:04
  which
• 17:04
  is
• 17:05
  pretty
• 17:05
  impressive.
• 17:05
  And
• 17:06
  we
• 17:06
  sample
• 17:06
  birds
• 17:07
  directly
• 17:07
  in
• 17:07
  the
• 17:07
  wild
• 17:08
  without
• 17:08
  any
• 17:08
  captivity
• 17:09
  kind
• 17:09
  of
• 17:11
  effect.
• 17:11
  So
• 17:11
  these
• 17:12
  birds
• 17:12
  are
• 17:12
  non
• 17:12
  migratory
• 17:13
  and
• 17:13
  yet
• 17:13
  they
• 17:13
  have
• 17:13
  very
• 17:14
  different
• 17:14
  brain
• 17:15
  size
• 17:15
  or
• 17:15
  hippocampal
• 17:16
  size
• 17:16
  in
• 17:17
  different
• 17:17
  climates.
• 17:18
  And
• 17:18
  of
• 17:18
  course
• 17:18
  it
• 17:18
  could
• 17:18
  be
• 17:19
  triggered
• 17:19
  by
• 17:20
  local
• 17:20
  experiences
• 17:21
  and
• 17:21
  environment.
• 17:21
  And
• 17:22
  we
• 17:22
  followed
• 17:22
  up
• 17:22
  by
• 17:23
  conducting
• 17:23
  a
• 17:23
  common
• 17:24
  garden
• 17:24
  experiment
• 17:25
  where
• 17:25
  again
• 17:25
  my
• 17:25
  postdoc
• 17:26
  Tim
• 17:26
  Roth
• 17:27
  went
• 17:27
  to
• 17:27
  Alaska
• 17:27
  and
• 17:28
  Colorado
• 17:28
  and
• 17:28
  actually.
• 17:28
  Oh
• 17:29
  actually
• 17:29
  in
• 17:29
  Kansas
• 17:30
  and
• 17:30
  found
• 17:30
  the
• 17:30
  nest.
• 17:31
  And
• 17:31
  we
• 17:31
  hand
• 17:31
  reared
• 17:32
  this
• 17:32
  chickadees
• 17:33
  before
• 17:33
  they
• 17:34
  even
• 17:34
  fledged
• 17:35
  from
• 17:35
  their
• 17:35
  nest.
• 17:35
  So
• 17:35
  they
• 17:36
  couldn't
• 17:36
  see
• 17:36
  anything.
• 17:37
  And
• 17:37
  they
• 17:38
  were
• 17:38
  at
• 17:38
  the
• 17:39
  same
• 17:39
  lab,
• 17:40
  the
• 17:40
  same
• 17:40
  cages
• 17:41
  and
• 17:41
  then
• 17:41
  the
• 17:41
  difference
• 17:42
  were
• 17:42
  very
• 17:42
  big.
• 17:43
  The
• 17:43
  same
• 17:43
  difference
• 17:43
  basically
• 17:44
  were
• 17:44
  maintained.
• 17:45
  Yeah,
• 17:45
  and
• 17:45
  that's
• 17:46
  super
• 17:46
  important
• 17:46
  in
• 17:46
  the
• 17:47
  context
• 17:47
  of
• 17:48
  the
• 17:48
  trait
• 17:49
  and
• 17:49
  whether
• 17:49
  it
• 17:50
  is
• 17:50
  genetically
• 17:50
  controlled
• 17:51
  or
• 17:51
  plastic.
• 17:52
  By
• 17:53
  doing
• 17:53
  that,
• 17:53
  by
• 17:53
  raising
• 17:54
  those
• 17:54
  birds
• 17:54
  from
• 17:55
  Alaska
• 17:55
  and
• 17:55
  other
• 17:55
  places
• 17:56
  in
• 17:56
  a
• 17:57
  common
• 17:57
  garden
• 17:57
  together,
• 17:58
  you
• 17:58
  were
• 17:58
  able
• 17:59
  to
• 17:59
  show
• 17:59
  that.
• 18:00
  Yes,
• 18:01
  it's
• 18:02
  not
• 18:02
  an
• 18:03
  experience
• 18:04
  dependent
• 18:04
  plasticity.
• 18:05
  Could
• 18:06
  you
• 18:06
  talk
• 18:06
  a
• 18:06
  little
• 18:06
  bit
• 18:06
  about
• 18:06
  what
• 18:06
  you
• 18:07
  think
• 18:07
  the
• 18:07
  trade
• 18:08
  offs
• 18:08
  or
• 18:08
  the
• 18:08
  costs
• 18:09
  might
• 18:09
  be
• 18:09
  for
• 18:10
  having
• 18:11
  really
• 18:11
  good
• 18:11
  spatial
• 18:11
  memory?
• 18:12
  I
• 18:12
  mean.
• 18:12
  Right.
• 18:12
  Well,
• 18:13
  I
• 18:13
  mean
• 18:13
  generally
• 18:13
  cost
• 18:14
  of
• 18:14
  brain
• 18:14
  maintaining
• 18:15
  brain
• 18:15
  tissues
• 18:16
  is
• 18:16
  high.
• 18:16
  We
• 18:16
  already
• 18:17
  kind
• 18:17
  of
• 18:17
  know
• 18:17
  that.
• 18:17
  Right.
• 18:18
  So
• 18:18
  in
• 18:18
  that
• 18:18
  way
• 18:19
  any
• 18:20
  cost
• 18:20
  of
• 18:21
  generating
• 18:21
  this
• 18:21
  neural
• 18:22
  tissue
• 18:22
  and
• 18:22
  maintaining
• 18:22
  larger
• 18:23
  hippocampus
• 18:23
  could
• 18:24
  be
• 18:24
  higher
• 18:24
  trade
• 18:24
  offs.
• 18:25
  It's
• 18:25
  an
• 18:25
  interesting
• 18:25
  question
• 18:25
  because
• 18:26
  I
• 18:26
  don't
• 18:26
  think
• 18:26
  there's
• 18:26
  a
• 18:27
  very
• 18:27
  clear
• 18:27
  thing.
• 18:27
  Our
• 18:28
  work
• 18:28
  potentially
• 18:29
  suggests
• 18:29
  that
• 18:30
  there
• 18:30
  may
• 18:30
  be
• 18:30
  trade
• 18:31
  off
• 18:31
  with
• 18:31
  flexibility.
• 18:32
  In
• 18:33
  other
• 18:33
  words,
• 18:33
  when
• 18:33
  an
• 18:34
  individual
• 18:34
  has
• 18:34
  very
• 18:35
  strong
• 18:35
  memories,
• 18:36
  that
• 18:36
  individual
• 18:37
  may
• 18:37
  be,
• 18:38
  it
• 18:38
  may
• 18:38
  be
• 18:38
  harder
• 18:38
  for
• 18:39
  that
• 18:39
  individual
• 18:39
  to
• 18:39
  give
• 18:39
  up
• 18:39
  those
• 18:40
  memories
• 18:40
  and
• 18:40
  learn
• 18:40
  new
• 18:40
  information
• 18:41
  or
• 18:41
  exchange
• 18:42
  the
• 18:42
  memories.
• 18:42
  Yeah,
• 18:43
  I
• 18:43
  think
• 18:43
  it's
• 18:43
  important
• 18:44
  to
• 18:44
  remember
• 18:45
  context.
• 18:45
  The
• 18:45
  environmental
• 18:46
  context
• 18:46
  within
• 18:47
  which
• 18:47
  anything
• 18:47
  is
• 18:48
  operating
• 18:48
  is
• 18:48
  super
• 18:49
  important
• 18:49
  for
• 18:50
  the
• 18:50
  value
• 18:50
  of
• 18:50
  that
• 18:51
  trait.
• 18:51
  So
• 18:51
  like
• 18:51
  yeah,
• 18:52
  in
• 18:52
  Alaska
• 18:52
  if
• 18:53
  all
• 18:53
  you're
• 18:53
  doing
• 18:53
  is
• 18:53
  caching
• 18:54
  and,
• 18:54
  and
• 18:54
  then
• 18:55
  you
• 18:55
  survive
• 18:55
  because
• 18:55
  of
• 18:56
  that,
• 18:56
  that's
• 18:56
  great.
• 18:56
  But
• 18:56
  if
• 18:57
  you
• 18:57
  don't
• 18:57
  need
• 18:57
  to
• 18:57
  be
• 18:58
  doing
• 18:58
  that
• 18:58
  in
• 18:59
  Washington,
• 18:59
  near
• 19:00
  Seattle,
• 19:01
  then
• 19:02
  yeah,
• 19:02
  you
• 19:02
  can
• 19:02
  be
• 19:02
  more
• 19:02
  flexible.
• 19:03
  And
• 19:03
  I
• 19:03
  think
• 19:04
  humans
• 19:04
  don't
• 19:04
  always
• 19:04
  think
• 19:05
  about
• 19:05
  context
• 19:05
  and
• 19:06
  variation
• 19:06
  and
• 19:06
  how
• 19:07
  that
• 19:07
  can
• 19:07
  change
• 19:08
  both
• 19:09
  across
• 19:10
  environments,
• 19:11
  but
• 19:11
  through
• 19:11
  evolutionary
• 19:12
  time.
• 19:13
  Right,
• 19:13
  right.
• 19:13
  For
• 19:13
  example,
• 19:14
  we
• 19:14
  found
• 19:14
  that
• 19:14
  high
• 19:15
  elevation
• 19:15
  chickadees,
• 19:16
  which
• 19:16
  have
• 19:16
  better
• 19:17
  memory
• 19:17
  and
• 19:17
  bigger
• 19:17
  hippocampi,
• 19:18
  they're
• 19:18
  much
• 19:19
  less
• 19:19
  aggressive.
• 19:19
  So
• 19:20
  if
• 19:20
  you
• 19:20
  actually
• 19:20
  pit
• 19:20
  them
• 19:20
  up
• 19:20
  against
• 19:21
  Each
• 19:21
  other
• 19:21
  from
• 19:21
  low
• 19:21
  elevation,
• 19:22
  they're
• 19:23
  always
• 19:23
  losing
• 19:23
  fights.
• 19:24
  Even
• 19:24
  the
• 19:24
  big
• 19:24
  bird
• 19:25
  will
• 19:25
  lose
• 19:25
  to
• 19:25
  the
• 19:26
  smallest.
• 19:26
  Actually,
• 19:26
  on
• 19:27
  the
• 19:27
  Wanawa
• 19:27
  experiment
• 19:28
  published
• 19:28
  by
• 19:28
  Cary
• 19:28
  Branch
• 19:29
  and
• 19:29
  David
• 19:29
  Kozlowski,
• 19:30
  we
• 19:30
  had
• 19:30
  the
• 19:30
  smallest
• 19:31
  bird,
• 19:31
  smallest
• 19:32
  male
• 19:32
  from
• 19:32
  low
• 19:32
  elevation
• 19:33
  who
• 19:33
  beat
• 19:33
  everybody
• 19:33
  up.
• 19:34
  Really.
• 19:34
  He
• 19:35
  was
• 19:35
  the
• 19:35
  most
• 19:35
  aggressive.
• 19:36
  He
• 19:36
  was
• 19:36
  the
• 19:36
  most
• 19:37
  aggressive.
• 19:37
  And
• 19:37
  then
• 19:38
  Kerry
• 19:38
  followed
• 19:38
  this
• 19:38
  with
• 19:39
  a
• 19:39
  mirror
• 19:39
  aggression
• 19:40
  test
• 19:40
  when
• 19:40
  they
• 19:40
  were
• 19:40
  basically
• 19:41
  exposed
• 19:41
  to
• 19:41
  the
• 19:41
  mirror.
• 19:42
  And
• 19:42
  we've
• 19:42
  confirmed
• 19:43
  that
• 19:43
  birds
• 19:43
  from
• 19:43
  high
• 19:44
  elevation
• 19:44
  also
• 19:44
  much
• 19:45
  less
• 19:45
  aggressive,
• 19:45
  which
• 19:46
  is
• 19:46
  also
• 19:46
  interesting
• 19:47
  because
• 19:47
  if
• 19:47
  these
• 19:47
  birds
• 19:47
  were
• 19:48
  to
• 19:48
  move
• 19:48
  down
• 19:48
  to
• 19:48
  low
• 19:49
  elevation,
• 19:49
  whereas
• 19:50
  milder,
• 19:50
  they
• 19:50
  actually
• 19:51
  would
• 19:51
  lose.
• 19:51
  They
• 19:51
  would
• 19:51
  lose
• 19:52
  in
• 19:52
  the
• 19:52
  dominance
• 19:53
  context.
• 19:53
  And
• 19:54
  so
• 19:54
  they
• 19:54
  may
• 19:54
  not
• 19:54
  do
• 19:55
  very
• 19:55
  well.
• 19:55
  Is
• 19:56
  this
• 19:56
  like
• 19:56
  a
• 19:56
  bird
• 19:56
  fighting
• 19:57
  ring?
• 19:57
  How
• 19:57
  do
• 19:57
  you
• 19:58
  test
• 19:58
  the
• 19:59
  aggression
• 20:00
  of
• 20:00
  a,
• 20:00
  of
• 20:00
  a
• 20:00
  chickadee?
• 20:01
  Which,
• 20:01
  I
• 20:01
  mean,
• 20:01
  we've
• 20:02
  all
• 20:02
  seen
• 20:02
  a
• 20:02
  defeater,
• 20:02
  But
• 20:02
  I
• 20:03
  think
• 20:03
  maybe
• 20:03
  our
• 20:03
  listeners
• 20:04
  don't
• 20:04
  know
• 20:04
  that
• 20:04
  chickadees
• 20:05
  are
• 20:05
  actually
• 20:05
  quite
• 20:05
  feisty
• 20:06
  little
• 20:06
  birds.
• 20:07
  The
• 20:07
  way
• 20:07
  we
• 20:07
  test
• 20:07
  them,
• 20:08
  obviously
• 20:08
  you
• 20:08
  need
• 20:08
  to
• 20:08
  test
• 20:09
  them
• 20:09
  within
• 20:09
  the
• 20:09
  same
• 20:09
  sex.
• 20:09
  So
• 20:10
  we
• 20:10
  tested
• 20:10
  the
• 20:10
  males
• 20:11
  specifically.
• 20:11
  Otherwise
• 20:11
  we
• 20:12
  already
• 20:12
  know
• 20:12
  the
• 20:13
  differences.
• 20:14
  And
• 20:14
  then
• 20:14
  for
• 20:14
  the
• 20:14
  test,
• 20:15
  we
• 20:15
  basically
• 20:16
  we
• 20:16
  put
• 20:16
  them
• 20:16
  in
• 20:16
  a
• 20:16
  room
• 20:16
  in
• 20:17
  experimental
• 20:17
  arena
• 20:18
  for
• 20:18
  a
• 20:19
  very
• 20:19
  brief
• 20:19
  time.
• 20:19
  When
• 20:19
  two
• 20:20
  birds
• 20:20
  are
• 20:20
  released
• 20:20
  simultaneously
• 20:21
  in
• 20:21
  the
• 20:21
  arena
• 20:22
  and
• 20:22
  we
• 20:22
  are
• 20:22
  watching
• 20:23
  what's
• 20:23
  happening
• 20:24
  and
• 20:24
  they
• 20:24
  settle
• 20:25
  the
• 20:25
  domino
• 20:25
  square
• 20:26
  very
• 20:26
  quickly.
• 20:27
  And
• 20:27
  then
• 20:27
  for
• 20:27
  the
• 20:27
  mirror,
• 20:27
  we
• 20:28
  also,
• 20:28
  we're
• 20:28
  letting
• 20:28
  them
• 20:28
  in
• 20:28
  the
• 20:29
  experimental
• 20:29
  room
• 20:29
  and
• 20:30
  we
• 20:30
  have
• 20:30
  a
• 20:30
  mirror
• 20:31
  right
• 20:31
  across
• 20:31
  on
• 20:31
  the
• 20:31
  perch.
• 20:32
  And
• 20:32
  chickadees
• 20:33
  do
• 20:33
  not
• 20:33
  have.
• 20:33
  It
• 20:34
  looks
• 20:34
  like
• 20:34
  the
• 20:34
  self
• 20:35
  recognition.
• 20:36
  And
• 20:36
  they
• 20:37
  always
• 20:37
  attack
• 20:37
  mirror.
• 20:38
  So
• 20:38
  when
• 20:38
  they
• 20:38
  see
• 20:38
  their
• 20:39
  own
• 20:39
  reflection
• 20:39
  in
• 20:39
  the
• 20:39
  mirror,
• 20:40
  they
• 20:40
  actually
• 20:40
  charge
• 20:41
  at
• 20:41
  the
• 20:41
  mirror.
• 20:41
  They
• 20:42
  go
• 20:42
  in
• 20:42
  there
• 20:42
  and
• 20:42
  then
• 20:43
  we
• 20:43
  measure
• 20:43
  how
• 20:43
  frequently
• 20:44
  they
• 20:44
  attack
• 20:44
  the
• 20:44
  mirror.
• 20:45
  And.
• 20:45
  And
• 20:45
  that
• 20:45
  kind
• 20:45
  of
• 20:46
  is
• 20:46
  index
• 20:46
  of
• 20:47
  aggression.
• 20:47
  Yeah,
• 20:47
  it
• 20:47
  would
• 20:48
  be
• 20:48
  very
• 20:48
  difficult
• 20:48
  to
• 20:48
  do
• 20:48
  that
• 20:49
  in
• 20:49
  the
• 20:49
  field.
• 20:49
  Although
• 20:49
  maybe
• 20:50
  our
• 20:50
  listeners
• 20:50
  are
• 20:50
  getting
• 20:51
  ideas
• 20:51
  about
• 20:51
  Gladiator
• 20:52
  3
• 20:52
  featuring
• 20:53
  chickadees,
• 20:53
  but
• 20:53
  with
• 20:54
  more
• 20:54
  positive
• 20:54
  outcomes.
• 20:55
  One
• 20:56
  of
• 20:56
  the
• 20:56
  things
• 20:56
  I
• 20:56
  thought
• 20:56
  was
• 20:56
  really
• 20:57
  interesting
• 20:57
  is
• 20:57
  that
• 20:57
  the
• 20:57
  genes
• 20:58
  we
• 20:58
  were
• 20:58
  finding
• 20:58
  related
• 20:59
  to
• 20:59
  variation
• 21:00
  in
• 21:00
  spatial
• 21:00
  memory
• 21:01
  had
• 21:01
  direct
• 21:01
  connections
• 21:02
  to
• 21:03
  axon
• 21:04
  growth
• 21:04
  and
• 21:04
  neuron
• 21:06
  development
• 21:06
  and
• 21:06
  stuff.
• 21:07
  But
• 21:07
  the
• 21:07
  one
• 21:07
  that
• 21:08
  I
• 21:08
  don't
• 21:08
  know,
• 21:08
  I
• 21:08
  always
• 21:08
  think
• 21:08
  of
• 21:08
  in
• 21:09
  the
• 21:09
  context
• 21:09
  of
• 21:10
  these
• 21:10
  trade
• 21:11
  offs
• 21:11
  is
• 21:11
  that
• 21:11
  we
• 21:12
  found
• 21:12
  genes
• 21:12
  that
• 21:13
  in
• 21:13
  humans
• 21:13
  have
• 21:14
  been
• 21:14
  related
• 21:14
  to
• 21:14
  obsessive
• 21:15
  compulsive
• 21:16
  disorder.
• 21:17
  And
• 21:17
  in
• 21:17
  humans,
• 21:18
  we
• 21:18
  label
• 21:18
  OCD
• 21:19
  as
• 21:20
  something
• 21:20
  that
• 21:21
  requires
• 21:21
  maybe
• 21:22
  treatment.
• 21:22
  But
• 21:23
  if
• 21:23
  you
• 21:23
  think
• 21:23
  about
• 21:23
  chickadees
• 21:24
  in
• 21:24
  Alaska,
• 21:25
  if
• 21:26
  all
• 21:26
  they
• 21:26
  have
• 21:26
  to
• 21:26
  do
• 21:26
  is
• 21:27
  find
• 21:27
  and
• 21:27
  hide
• 21:28
  seeds,
• 21:28
  that's
• 21:28
  an
• 21:28
  interesting
• 21:29
  thing
• 21:29
  to
• 21:29
  think
• 21:29
  about
• 21:30
  too,
• 21:30
  that
• 21:30
  these
• 21:30
  things
• 21:31
  we
• 21:31
  characterize
• 21:31
  as
• 21:32
  conditions
• 21:33
  in
• 21:33
  humans
• 21:34
  under
• 21:34
  the
• 21:35
  right
• 21:35
  conditions
• 21:35
  could
• 21:35
  be
• 21:36
  really,
• 21:36
  really
• 21:36
  beneficial.
• 21:37
  Okay.
• 21:38
  So
• 21:39
  we've
• 21:39
  reached
• 21:39
  the
• 21:39
  part
• 21:40
  of
• 21:40
  the
• 21:40
  show
• 21:40
  that
• 21:41
  we
• 21:41
  call
• 21:41
  that's
• 21:42
  BS
• 21:43
  or
• 21:43
  bird
• 21:43
  stuff,
• 21:44
  where
• 21:44
  our
• 21:44
  guest
• 21:45
  gets
• 21:45
  to
• 21:45
  demystify
• 21:46
  something
• 21:46
  about
• 21:47
  birds
• 21:47
  that
• 21:48
  they
• 21:48
  think
• 21:48
  we
• 21:48
  should
• 21:49
  all
• 21:49
  know.
• 21:49
  Vladimir,
• 21:50
  what
• 21:50
  do
• 21:50
  you
• 21:51
  want
• 21:51
  to
• 21:51
  call
• 21:51
  BS
• 21:52
  On?
• 21:53
  Well,
• 21:53
  again,
• 21:53
  it's
• 21:54
  as
• 21:54
  far
• 21:54
  as
• 21:55
  bird.
• 21:55
  It's
• 21:55
  not
• 21:55
  true
• 21:56
  bs,
• 21:56
  but
• 21:56
  it's
• 21:57
  one
• 21:58
  of
• 21:58
  those
• 21:58
  things
• 21:58
  that
• 21:58
  have
• 21:59
  taken
• 21:59
  kind
• 21:59
  of
• 22:00
  a
• 22:01
  place
• 22:02
  in
• 22:02
  public
• 22:03
  media
• 22:03
  and
• 22:03
  in
• 22:04
  literature
• 22:05
  which
• 22:05
  is
• 22:05
  overused.
• 22:06
  And
• 22:06
  it's
• 22:06
  one
• 22:06
  of
• 22:06
  this.
• 22:07
  There's
• 22:07
  one
• 22:07
  study
• 22:08
  a
• 22:08
  while
• 22:08
  ago
• 22:08
  which
• 22:09
  the
• 22:09
  same
• 22:09
  author
• 22:10
  did
• 22:10
  kind
• 22:10
  of
• 22:10
  replicate,
• 22:11
  but
• 22:11
  not
• 22:11
  quite
• 22:11
  the
• 22:12
  same
• 22:12
  by
• 22:12
  suggesting
• 22:12
  that
• 22:13
  chickadees
• 22:13
  grow
• 22:14
  the
• 22:14
  hippocampus
• 22:15
  every
• 22:15
  fall
• 22:15
  by
• 22:16
  30,
• 22:16
  40%
• 22:17
  when
• 22:17
  they're
• 22:17
  caching
• 22:18
  food,
• 22:18
  and
• 22:18
  then
• 22:19
  they
• 22:19
  shrink
• 22:19
  their
• 22:19
  brains
• 22:20
  back.
• 22:20
  And
• 22:20
  that
• 22:21
  idea
• 22:21
  was
• 22:21
  very
• 22:21
  popular
• 22:22
  and
• 22:22
  it
• 22:22
  is
• 22:22
  still
• 22:22
  very
• 22:23
  popular.
• 22:24
  And
• 22:24
  at
• 22:24
  the
• 22:24
  initial
• 22:25
  study
• 22:25
  that
• 22:25
  actually
• 22:26
  didn't
• 22:26
  look
• 22:26
  at
• 22:26
  the
• 22:26
  same
• 22:27
  individuals,
• 22:27
  they
• 22:27
  simply
• 22:28
  sampled
• 22:29
  relatively
• 22:30
  small
• 22:30
  sample
• 22:30
  sizes
• 22:31
  of
• 22:31
  these
• 22:31
  birds.
• 22:32
  And
• 22:32
  when
• 22:33
  that
• 22:33
  study
• 22:33
  was
• 22:33
  published,
• 22:34
  initially,
• 22:35
  why?
• 22:35
  Obvious
• 22:35
  reasons,
• 22:36
  it
• 22:36
  stirred
• 22:36
  a
• 22:36
  lot
• 22:36
  of
• 22:36
  interest
• 22:37
  because
• 22:37
  that's
• 22:37
  amazing.
• 22:38
  If
• 22:38
  they
• 22:38
  were
• 22:38
  to
• 22:38
  do
• 22:38
  this,
• 22:39
  then
• 22:39
  the
• 22:40
  lots
• 22:40
  of
• 22:40
  labs
• 22:41
  started
• 22:41
  trying
• 22:41
  to
• 22:41
  replicate
• 22:42
  these
• 22:42
  results
• 22:43
  and
• 22:43
  they
• 22:43
  couldn't.
• 22:44
  Everything
• 22:44
  we
• 22:44
  see
• 22:45
  suggests
• 22:45
  that
• 22:45
  number
• 22:46
  one
• 22:46
  neurons
• 22:46
  is
• 22:46
  incredibly
• 22:48
  stable,
• 22:48
  which
• 22:49
  means
• 22:49
  to
• 22:50
  me
• 22:50
  at
• 22:50
  least,
• 22:50
  that
• 22:51
  it
• 22:51
  seems
• 22:52
  that
• 22:52
  that
• 22:52
  number
• 22:52
  is
• 22:53
  definitely
• 22:53
  controlled
• 22:53
  by
• 22:53
  some
• 22:54
  genetic
• 22:54
  program,
• 22:55
  that
• 22:55
  basically
• 22:56
  developmental
• 22:56
  program
• 22:57
  that
• 22:57
  kind
• 22:57
  of
• 22:57
  builds
• 22:57
  this
• 22:58
  volume
• 22:59
  itself.
• 22:59
  Volume
• 22:59
  can
• 23:00
  change
• 23:00
  because
• 23:01
  of
• 23:01
  neuronal,
• 23:02
  because
• 23:02
  of
• 23:02
  dendritic
• 23:03
  pruning
• 23:04
  expansions,
• 23:05
  but
• 23:05
  that's
• 23:05
  not
• 23:05
  the
• 23:06
  same
• 23:06
  as
• 23:06
  literally
• 23:07
  growing
• 23:07
  a
• 23:07
  bigger
• 23:07
  thing.
• 23:08
  And
• 23:09
  I
• 23:09
  wish
• 23:09
  that
• 23:09
  media
• 23:10
  would
• 23:10
  kind
• 23:10
  of
• 23:10
  tone
• 23:10
  it
• 23:10
  down
• 23:11
  because
• 23:12
  it's
• 23:13
  not
• 23:13
  quite
• 23:14
  supportive.
• 23:14
  I
• 23:15
  mean,
• 23:15
  it's.
• 23:15
  Yeah,
• 23:15
  it's
• 23:15
  an
• 23:15
  attractive
• 23:16
  story
• 23:16
  to
• 23:16
  tell,
• 23:17
  but
• 23:17
  without
• 23:17
  having
• 23:17
  the
• 23:18
  same
• 23:18
  measures
• 23:19
  from
• 23:19
  the
• 23:19
  same
• 23:19
  individual,
• 23:20
  which
• 23:20
  haven't
• 23:20
  been
• 23:21
  done,
• 23:21
  we
• 23:21
  can't.
• 23:21
  We
• 23:21
  can't
• 23:22
  really
• 23:22
  address
• 23:22
  that
• 23:23
  question.
• 23:23
  And
• 23:23
  all
• 23:23
  the
• 23:24
  evidence
• 23:24
  points
• 23:24
  to
• 23:24
  that
• 23:25
  not
• 23:25
  being
• 23:25
  the
• 23:25
  case.
• 23:25
  Well,
• 23:26
  I
• 23:26
  want
• 23:26
  to
• 23:26
  thank
• 23:27
  you
• 23:27
  so
• 23:27
  much
• 23:27
  for
• 23:27
  joining
• 23:27
  us,
• 23:28
  Vladimir.
• 23:28
  It's
• 23:28
  been
• 23:28
  really
• 23:28
  great
• 23:29
  to
• 23:29
  us
• 23:29
  join
• 23:29
  chat.
• 23:30
  Thank
• 23:30
  you
• 23:30
  for
• 23:30
  inviting
• 23:30
  me.
• 23:31
  This
• 23:31
  has
• 23:31
  been
• 23:32
  really
• 23:32
  fun.
• 23:32
  So
• 23:33
  good
• 23:33
  luck
• 23:33
  with
• 23:33
  the
• 23:33
  field
• 23:34
  season.
• 23:34
  Thanks
• 23:35
  for
• 23:35
  joining
• 23:35
  us.
• 23:36
  Thank
• 23:36
  you
• 23:36
  very
• 23:36
  much.
• 23:40
  Okay.
• 23:41
  Birds
• 23:41
  are
• 23:41
  dinosaurs.
• 23:42
  And
• 23:42
  around
• 23:42
  here
• 23:42
  we
• 23:42
  like
• 23:43
  our
• 23:43
  snacks.
• 23:43
  So
• 23:43
  we
• 23:44
  end
• 23:44
  each
• 23:44
  of
• 23:44
  our
• 23:44
  episodes
• 23:45
  with
• 23:45
  a
• 23:45
  dinosaur
• 23:45
  nugget.
• 23:46
  Today's
• 23:46
  is
• 23:47
  about
• 23:47
  chickadee
• 23:47
  memory
• 23:48
  and
• 23:48
  how
• 23:48
  amazing
• 23:49
  it
• 23:49
  is.
• 23:50
  On
• 23:50
  an
• 23:50
  annual
• 23:50
  basis,
• 23:51
  chickadees
• 23:52
  remember
• 23:52
  the
• 23:52
  individual
• 23:53
  locations
• 23:54
  of
• 23:54
  hundreds
• 23:54
  of
• 23:55
  thousands
• 23:55
  of
• 23:55
  seeds.
• 23:56
  And
• 23:56
  their
• 23:56
  ability
• 23:57
  to
• 23:57
  do
• 23:57
  this
• 23:57
  is
• 23:58
  directly
• 23:58
  tied
• 23:58
  to
• 23:59
  environmental
• 23:59
  harshness.
• 24:00
  In
• 24:00
  places
• 24:01
  like
• 24:01
  Alaska
• 24:02
  with
• 24:02
  really
• 24:02
  cold
• 24:03
  and
• 24:03
  snowy
• 24:03
  winters,
• 24:04
  chickadees
• 24:05
  probably
• 24:05
  remember
• 24:06
  the
• 24:06
  locations
• 24:06
  of
• 24:07
  up
• 24:07
  to
• 24:07
  500,000
• 24:08
  seeds.
• 24:09
  While
• 24:09
  down
• 24:09
  here
• 24:10
  in
• 24:10
  Colorado
• 24:11
  where
• 24:11
  our
• 24:11
  winters
• 24:11
  are
• 24:12
  less
• 24:12
  harsh,
• 24:12
  it
• 24:12
  may
• 24:13
  only
• 24:13
  be
• 24:13
  only
• 24:14
  150,000
• 24:15
  seeds.
• 24:17
  So
• 24:17
  the
• 24:17
  next
• 24:17
  time
• 24:18
  you
• 24:18
  lose
• 24:18
  your
• 24:18
  keys,
• 24:19
  remember
• 24:20
  a
• 24:20
  chickadee
• 24:21
  would
• 24:21
  never.
• 24:22
  That's
• 24:23
  a
• 24:23
  wrap
• 24:23
  on
• 24:23
  our
• 24:23
  episode.
• 24:23
  Okay,
• 24:24
  but
• 24:24
  how
• 24:24
  did
• 24:24
  Chickadees
• 24:25
  never
• 24:25
  forget?
• 24:26
  If
• 24:26
  you
• 24:26
  liked
• 24:26
  this
• 24:27
  episode,
• 24:27
  leave
• 24:27
  us
• 24:27
  a
• 24:28
  comment
• 24:28
  like
• 24:28
  and
• 24:28
  subscribe.
• 24:29
  We'll
• 24:29
  catch
• 24:29
  you
• 24:30
  next
• 24:30
  time.
• 24:30
  Bye.
• 24:36
  Okay,
• 24:36
  But...
• 24:37
  Birds
• 24:37
  is
• 24:38
  hosted
• 24:38
  by
• 24:38
  Scott
• 24:38
  Taylor
• 24:39
  with
• 24:39
  production
• 24:40
  and
• 24:40
  creative
• 24:40
  by
• 24:41
  Zach
• 24:41
  Karl.