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03 - New Discoveries at Jamestown by John L. Cotter, J. Paul Hudson · New Discoveries at Jamestown

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  Speaker 1: visit LibriVox dot org. This recording is by Mark Smith
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  Speaker 1: of Simpsonville, South Carolina. New Discoveries at Jamestown by John L.
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  Speaker 1: Cotter and J. Paul Hudson, Part two, Daily Life at
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  Speaker 1: Jamestown three hundred years ago, as Revealed by Recovered Objects
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  Speaker 1: by J. Paul Hudson, Museum Curator, Colonial National Historical Park.
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  Speaker 1: Here is a quote, hitherto they historians have depended too
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  Speaker 1: much upon manuscript evidences. Perhaps the day is not distant
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  Speaker 1: when the social historian, whether he is writing about the
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  Speaker 1: New England Puritans, or the Pennsylvania Germans, or the rice
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  Speaker 1: planters of Southern Carolina, will look underground as well as
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  Speaker 1: in the archive for his evidence. End of by doctor T. J. Wertenbaker.
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  Speaker 1: Archaeological explorations at Jamestown, Virginia, sight of the first successful
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  Speaker 1: English colony in the New World, have brought to light
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  Speaker 1: thousands of colonial period artifacts which were used by the
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  Speaker 1: Virginia settlers from sixteen oh seven until sixteen ninety nine.
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  Speaker 1: A study of these ancient objects, which were buried under
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  Speaker 1: the soil at Jamestown for many decades, reveal in many
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  Speaker 1: ways how the English colonists lived on a small wilderness
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  Speaker 1: island over three hundred years ago. Artifacts on earth include
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  Speaker 1: pottery and glassware, clay pipes, building materials and handwrought hardware,
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  Speaker 1: tools and farm implements, weapons, kitchen utensils and fireplace accessories, furniture, hardware,
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  Speaker 1: lighting devices, eating and drinking vessels, tableware, costume accessories and footwear,
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  Speaker 1: medical equipment, horse gear, coins and weights, and many items
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  Speaker 1: relating to household in town industries, transportation, trade, and fishing.
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  Speaker 1: These artifacts provide invaluable information concerning the everyday life and
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  Speaker 1: manners of the first Virginia settlers. A brief description of
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  Speaker 1: many of them is given on the following pages. Excavated
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  Speaker 1: artifacts revealed that the Jamestown columnists built their houses in
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  Speaker 1: the same style as those they knew in England insofar
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  Speaker 1: as local materials permitted. There were differences, however, for they
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  Speaker 1: were in a land replete with vast forests and untapped
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  Speaker 1: natural resources close at hand, which they used to advantage.
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  Speaker 1: The Virginia known to the first settlers was a carpenter's
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  Speaker 1: paradise and consequently the early buildings were the work of
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  Speaker 1: artisans in wood. The first rude shelters, the split wood fencing,
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  Speaker 1: the clappered roof, puncheon floors, cupboards, benches, stools, and wood
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  Speaker 1: plows are all examples of skilled working with wood houses.
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  Speaker 1: Timber at Jamestown was plentiful, so many houses, especially in
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  Speaker 1: the early years, were of frame construction. During the first
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  Speaker 1: decade or so, house construction reflected a primitive use found
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  Speaker 1: ready at hand, such as saplings for a sort of framing,
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  Speaker 1: and use of branches, leafage, bark and animal skins during
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  Speaker 1: these early years when the settlers were having such a
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  Speaker 1: difficult time staying alive, mud walls, wattle and daub, and
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  Speaker 1: coarse marsh grass thatch were used. Out of these years
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  Speaker 1: of improvising, construction with squared posts and later with quarterings
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  Speaker 1: studs came into practice. There was probably little thought of
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  Speaker 1: plastering walls during the first two decades, and when plastering
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  Speaker 1: was adopted, clay or clay mixed with oyster shell line
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  Speaker 1: was first used. The early floors were of clay, and
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  Speaker 1: such floors continued to be used in the humbler dwellings
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  Speaker 1: throughout the sixteen hundreds. It can be assumed that most
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  Speaker 1: of the dwellings or shelters of the Jamestown settlers, certainly
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  Speaker 1: until about sixteen thirty, had a rough and primitive appearance.
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  Speaker 1: After Jamestown had attained some degree of permanency, many houses
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  Speaker 1: were built of brick. It is quite clear from documentary
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  Speaker 1: records and archaeological remains that the Columnists not only made
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  Speaker 1: their own brick, but that the process, as well as
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  Speaker 1: the finished products, followed closely the English method. Four brickkilns
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  Speaker 1: were discovered on Jamestown Island during archaeological explorations. Illustration caption
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  Speaker 1: an early Jamestown house conjectural sketch by Sidney E. King
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  Speaker 1: and of caption. Another illustration caption a brick house at
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  Speaker 1: jamis about sixteen forty conjectural sketch by Sydney E. King.
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  Speaker 1: End of caption. Another illustration caption. The majority of the
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  Speaker 1: locks and keys used in the early houses were imported
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  Speaker 1: from England. End of caption. Another illustration caption a few
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  Speaker 1: seventeenth century handwrought hinges in the Jamestown collection. End of caption.
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  Speaker 1: Building hardware. While some of the hand wrought hardware found
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  Speaker 1: that Jamestown was made in the colony, most of it
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  Speaker 1: was imported from England. Types of building hardware on Earthed
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  Speaker 1: include an excellent assortment of nails, spikes, stables, locks, keys, hinges, pintils,
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  Speaker 1: shutter fasteners, bolts, hasps, latches, door knockers, door pulls, foot scrapers,
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  Speaker 1: gutter supports, wall anchors, and ornamental hardware. In many Indians
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  Speaker 1: US this is each type is represented by several varieties.
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  Speaker 1: Citing two examples, there are more than twenty kinds of
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  Speaker 1: nails and at least fifteen different kinds of hinges in
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  Speaker 1: the collection. Illustration caption some nails, spikes, staples, and other
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  Speaker 1: iron hardware used at Jamestown over three hundred years ago.
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  Speaker 1: End of caption. Another illustration caption. Some Jamestown houses had
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  Speaker 1: leaded glass wrought iron window casements similar to the one
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  Speaker 1: shown here. Courtesy the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
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  Speaker 1: and of caption. It is believed that wooden hardware was
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  Speaker 1: used on many of the early houses windows. A few
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  Speaker 1: glass window panes may have been made in the Jamestown
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  Speaker 1: glass factory, which was spelled in sixteen oh eight. Most
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  Speaker 1: of the window glass used in the Colony, however, was
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  Speaker 1: shipped from England. Many of the early panes used were
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  Speaker 1: diamond shaped, known as quarrels, and were held in place
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  Speaker 1: by means of slotted lead strips known as cayns. The
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  Speaker 1: window frames used in a few of the Jamestown houses
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  Speaker 1: were hand wrought iron casements. Most of the Humbler dwellings
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  Speaker 1: had no glass panes in the windows. The window openings
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  Speaker 1: were closed by batten shutters operated by hinges of wood
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  Speaker 1: and fitted with wooden fastening devices. Wall and fireplace tile.
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  Speaker 1: Most of the hand painted tiles used at Jamestown for
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  Speaker 1: decorating walls in fireplaces were imported from Holland. A few
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  Speaker 1: were made in England, made of a light buff clay
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  Speaker 1: and known as delftware. The tiles on Earth are decorated
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  Speaker 1: in blue, with a conventionalized design in each corner and
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  Speaker 1: a central picture or motif covered with a tin glaze.
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  Speaker 1: The majority of tiles found measure about five inches square
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  Speaker 1: by three ace inch thick. The edges are beveled, permitting
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  Speaker 1: them to be set very closely together at the glaze surface.
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  Speaker 1: The attractively decorated tiles added a touch of beauty to
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  Speaker 1: a few Jamestown interiors roofing materials. Four kinds of roofing
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  Speaker 1: materials have been excavated. Plain flat earthenware tiles, curved earthenware
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  Speaker 1: pan tiles, slate, and wooden shingles. The plain tiles were
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  Speaker 1: made in Jamestown brick kilns, and it is possible that
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  Speaker 1: some of the s curved red pen tiles were also
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  Speaker 1: made locally. Slate was brought over from England, whereas most
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  Speaker 1: of the shingles were rived from native cedar and oak logs.
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  Speaker 1: Other materials used in roofing included bark, marsh, grass and reeds,
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  Speaker 1: thatch and boards. Sod appears to have been used on
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  Speaker 1: some of the very early houses. Lime lime from mortar
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  Speaker 1: plaster and ornamental plaster was made in crude lime kilns
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  Speaker 1: at Jamestown from calcined oyster shells. The oyster shells came
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  Speaker 1: from the James River. Illustration caption a wrought iron window
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  Speaker 1: casement on earth near an early seventeenth century building site.
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  Speaker 1: End of caption. Another illustration caption wall or fireplace tiles
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  Speaker 1: found at Jamestown, which were made in Holland. The blue
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  Speaker 1: designs and pictures were painted on a white background. End
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  Speaker 1: of caption. Illustration caption. Kinds of roofing materials excavated include
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  Speaker 1: flat tiles shown here, curved pan tiles, slate, and shingles.
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  Speaker 1: End of caption. Illustration caption. Ornamental plaster was used in
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  Speaker 1: a few buildings for enhancing the beauty of both the
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  Speaker 1: interior and exterior. End of caption. Illustration caption the interior
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  Speaker 1: of a small Jamestown house about sixteen fifty. Although the
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  Speaker 1: painting is conjectural, many items shown pottery, glassware, fireplaced tools,
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  Speaker 1: and the kitchen accessories were unearthed on this historic island.
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  Speaker 1: Painting by Sydney E. King and of caption. Plaster and mortar.
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  Speaker 1: Plaster and mortar have been found at Jamestown in abundance.
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  Speaker 1: It appears that the majority of brick houses and many
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  Speaker 1: frame structures had plastered walls and ceilings after sixteen thirty five.
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  Speaker 1: Some plaster found had been whitewashed, while other plaster bore
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  Speaker 1: its natural whitish gray color. Mortar was found wherever brick
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  Speaker 1: foundations were located. The plaster and mortar used at Jamestown
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  Speaker 1: was made from oyster shell, lime, sand, and clay. Ornamental
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  Speaker 1: plaster work. Ornamental plaster was found in a few of
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  Speaker 1: the excavations. The plaster work was done in raised ornamental
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  Speaker 1: designs used for enhancing the beauty of both the interior
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  Speaker 1: and exterior of a building. Designs that have been found
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  Speaker 1: include Roman numerals, letters, mottoes, crests, veined leaves, rosettes, flowers,
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  Speaker 1: geometric designs, a lion, and a face or mask. Many
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  Speaker 1: fragments of molded plaster cornices have also been excavated. Broken
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  Speaker 1: oyster shells are distinguishable in the decorated plaster work, indicating
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  Speaker 1: that the parjetting was done at Jamestown. House furnishings busy
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  Speaker 1: conquering of stubborn wilderness. The first Jamestown settlers had only
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  Speaker 1: a few things to make their houses cozy and cheerful.
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  Speaker 1: In most cases, their worldly goods consisted of a few
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  Speaker 1: cooking utensils, a change of clothing, a weapon or two,
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  Speaker 1: and a few pieces of homemade furniture. However, between sixteen
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  Speaker 1: oh seven and sixteen twelve, George Percy was generously outfitted
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  Speaker 1: with some necessities, as well as much fine apparel and
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  Speaker 1: numerous luxury items, including a feather bed by his brother,
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  Speaker 1: the ninth Earl of Northumberland, as published records of the
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  Speaker 1: Earl's expenditures for George show other persons of gentle birth
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  Speaker 1: and position quite probably enjoyed similar goods. After the early
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  Speaker 1: years of hardship had passed, the colonists began to acquire
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  Speaker 1: possessions for a more pleasant living, and by sixteen fifty
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  Speaker 1: the better houses were equipped with most of the necessities
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  Speaker 1: of life of those times, as well as a few
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  Speaker 1: luxuries of comfortable living furniture. Very little furniture was brought
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  Speaker 1: over from England during the early years of the colony.
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  Speaker 1: Perhaps a few chests and bible boxes were imported, but
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  Speaker 1: most of the large pieces of furniture such as tables, chairs, bedsteads,
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  Speaker 1: chests of drawers, cupboards, benches, and cradles would have been
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  Speaker 1: made in Virginia. Woods commonly used included pine, cedar, walnut, maple,
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  Speaker 1: and oak. Illustration caption furniture, sure hardware and accessories found.
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  Speaker 1: Much of the furniture used in the Jamestown houses was
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  Speaker 1: made in Virginia. End of caption. Furniture, hardware and accessories
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  Speaker 1: excavated at Jamestown include hinges, locks, drawer pools, chest handles,
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  Speaker 1: escutcheon plates, upholstering, tacks, hasps, and finials. Most of the
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  Speaker 1: furniture hardware is of brass, probably used after sixteen fifty.
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  Speaker 1: Since much of it is skillfully decorated, it is believed
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  Speaker 1: that it once was attached to furniture of high quality.
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  Speaker 1: Furniture used during the first two decades of the settlement, however,
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  Speaker 1: must have been simple with little or no ornamentation. Lighting devices.
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  Speaker 1: The candle, made of either tallow or bayberry wax, was
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  Speaker 1: the standard lighting device at Jamestown. Pine torches were often
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  Speaker 1: used out of doors, and rush lights and candlewood were
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  Speaker 1: undoubtedly used in the Humbler dwellings during the very early
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  Speaker 1: years of the settlement. Candlesticks on earth that Jamestown include
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  Speaker 1: a large brass pricket holder, one made of English scraffito ware,
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  Speaker 1: several incomplete earthenware holders, and parts of delftware candlesticks. Many
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  Speaker 1: fragments of brass and iron candlesticks, as well as a
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  Speaker 1: few candle snuffers, have also been recovered. Illustration caption. Both
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  Speaker 1: brass and pottery candlesticks have been found. The candle was
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  Speaker 1: the standard lighting device during the seventeenth century. End of caption.
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  Speaker 1: Fireplace successories the fireplace around which the family gathered, was
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  Speaker 1: one of the most important features in the Jamestown home.
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  Speaker 1: Its fire offered warmth and winter, afforded light at night,
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  Speaker 1: and cooked the family meals during the day. An oven,
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  Speaker 1: usually found at the back or at one side of
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  Speaker 1: the fireplace, baked the family bread and other foods. About
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  Speaker 1: the fireplace, many home chores were carried out, including spinning
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  Speaker 1: and sewing, and not far from the glow of the
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  Speaker 1: burning logs, the children learned their daily lessons and received
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  Speaker 1: their early religious training. Social activities were enjoyed about the hearth,
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  Speaker 1: especially during the long winter evenings and when a member
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  Speaker 1: of the family was ill. The fireplace and its successories
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  Speaker 1: were in constant use. The fireplace was the first place
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  Speaker 1: visited by the housewife in the early morning, and was
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  Speaker 1: usually the last place where she performed her household duties
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  Speaker 1: late at night. A fine assortment of fireplace tools and
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  Speaker 1: accessories have been found at Jamestown, including iron tongs, shovels
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  Speaker 1: and irons, parts of brass warming pans, and a large
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  Speaker 1: fragment from a cast iron fireback. One early seventeenth century
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  Speaker 1: and iron recovered is attractively decorated with the cherubs head
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  Speaker 1: in relief. Illustration caption a few fireplace tools on earth
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  Speaker 1: at Jamestown. End of caption. Another illustration caption an early
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  Speaker 1: seventeenth century and iron in the Jamestown collection. Note the
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  Speaker 1: cherub's head near the base. End of caption. Cooking utensils
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  Speaker 1: and accessories. A large and varied assorpment of cooking utensils
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  Speaker 1: and kitchen accessories have been excavated, including kettles, pots, pans, skillets,
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  Speaker 1: frying pans, toasters, broilers, griddles, skimmers, skewers, spits, ladles, pothooks, trammels, cranes, trivets, cleavers,
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  Speaker 1: knives and forks, sieves, and collanders. While only a few
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  Speaker 1: are complete, others are almost complete or at least easily recognizable.
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  Speaker 1: During the early years of the colony, people in England
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  Speaker 1: who planned to emigrate to Jamestown were advised to bring
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  Speaker 1: the following household implements one iron pot, one kettle, one
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  Speaker 1: large frying pan, one grid iron, two skillets, one spit, platters, dishes,
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  Speaker 1: spoons of wood. With the exception of the wooden items,
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  Speaker 1: all of the utensils listed have been excavated. Illustration caption
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  Speaker 1: a wrought iron trammel, used for hanging a pot from
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  Speaker 1: a fireplaced crane. The adjustable hook made it possible to
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  Speaker 1: raise or lower the pot. End of caption. Illustration caption
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  Speaker 1: an iron pot and pot fragment unearthed at Jamestown, types
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  Speaker 1: used during the seventeenth century. End of caption illustration caption.
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  Speaker 1: Many earthenware vessels found were used for cooking purposes, including
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  Speaker 1: baking dishes, three legged pots, and covered pots. End of
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  Speaker 1: caption illustration caption a few kitchen utensils and accessories excavated
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  Speaker 1: at Jamestown. A ladle, brass pan, knife blades, fork, kettle fragments, spout,
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  Speaker 1: collander fragments, and pothooks. And of caption illustration caption a
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  Speaker 1: family enjoying a meal about sixteen fifty. Many of the
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  Speaker 1: eating and drinking vessels portrayed, together with much of the tableware,
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  Speaker 1: are types which have been excavated conjectural sketch by Sydney E.
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  Speaker 1: King and of caption table accessories. In the small houses
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  Speaker 1: at Jamestown, the kitchen also served as the dining room
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  Speaker 1: during the early years. Many settlers probably ate with wooden
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  Speaker 1: spoons out of wooden bowls and trenchers, and drank from
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  Speaker 1: mugs made of horn, wood or leather. As the colony
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  Speaker 1: became well established, these crude utensils and vessels were used
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  Speaker 1: less frequently and were gradually replaced with ones made of pottery, metalware,
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  Speaker 1: and glassware. None of the perishable woodenware, horn, or leather
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  Speaker 1: items have been found at Jamestown, but a large assortment
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  Speaker 1: of more durable objects used at the table have been recovered.
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  Speaker 1: Space permits only brief descriptions of the more common types
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  Speaker 1: unearthed knives, forks, and spoons. The table knives found at
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  Speaker 1: Jamestown vary in length from six and three eight inches
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  Speaker 1: to eight and a quarter inches. Most of them have
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  Speaker 1: either bone or ivory handles, although three have embossed brass handles,
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  Speaker 1: and one found in a late seventeenth century well has
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  Speaker 1: an exquisite handle of banded agate. The forks in the
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  Speaker 1: collection also have bone or ivory handles, the majority displaying
• 19:45
  Speaker 1: two steel prongs or tines. The number of prongs, however,
• 19:49
  Speaker 1: is no positive identification of any particular period, as many
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  Speaker 1: English forks of the mid seventeenth century had three prongs
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  Speaker 1: and a few head four prongs. Types of spoons excavated
• 20:02
  Speaker 1: include seal heads, slipped ends, Puritans and triffids. The majority
• 20:09
  Speaker 1: were made of either pewter or Latin metal, a brass
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  Speaker 1: like alloy, although three in the collection were made of silver.
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  Speaker 1: The earliest spoons found have rounded bowls and six sided
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  Speaker 1: stems handles, whereas those made after sixteen fifty usually have
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  Speaker 1: oval bowls and flat four sided handles. One of the
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  Speaker 1: silver spoons with rounded bowl and slipped end bears the
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  Speaker 1: initials of its owner WC slash E on slipped end
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  Speaker 1: of the handle. This spoon appears to have been made
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  Speaker 1: between sixteen hundred and sixteen twenty five and is still
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  Speaker 1: in excellent condition. The most important spoon in the Jamestown collection,
• 20:51
  Speaker 1: and one of the most significant objects excavated, is an
• 20:54
  Speaker 1: incomplete pewter spoon, a variant of the trifid or split
• 20:59
  Speaker 1: end type during the sixteen fifty to sixteen ninety period.
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  Speaker 1: Impressed on the handle in the trefoil finial of the
• 21:07
  Speaker 1: stem is the mark of the maker, giving his name,
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  Speaker 1: the Virginia town where he worked, and the year he
• 21:13
  Speaker 1: started business. This is the sole surviving touch or mark
• 21:18
  Speaker 1: of an American pewterer of the seventeenth century. The complete
• 21:23
  Speaker 1: legend encircling a heart reads Joseph Copeland slash sixteen seventy
• 21:29
  Speaker 1: five slash Chuckatuck. Chuckatuck is a small Virginia village in
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  Speaker 1: Nansimon County, about thirty miles southeast of Jamestown. Joseph Copeland
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  Speaker 1: later moved to Jamestown, where he was caretaker of the
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  Speaker 1: State House from sixteen eighty eight to sixteen ninety one.
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  Speaker 1: He may have made pewter in Virginia's first capital. His
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  Speaker 1: matchless spoon, found in the old Jamestown soil, is the
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  Speaker 1: oldest dated peace of American made pewter. In existence pottery
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  Speaker 1: and porcelain, The largest and most representative collection of seventeenth
• 22:05
  Speaker 1: century European and early American pottery which has been excavated
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  Speaker 1: in America is on exhibition at Jamestown. Thousands of fragments
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  Speaker 1: of colorful types have been found, and by the exercise
• 22:18
  Speaker 1: of extreme care and patients, museum technicians have pieced together
• 22:23
  Speaker 1: many early specimens. These examples reveal the kinds of pottery
• 22:27
  Speaker 1: used in the Wilderness Settlement over three centuries ago. Included
• 22:33
  Speaker 1: in this ceramic collection are pitchers, bowls, jugs, cups, mugs, porringers,
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  Speaker 1: milk pans, jars, plates and dishes, pots and platters. These
• 22:46
  Speaker 1: were used at the table as well as for the
• 22:48
  Speaker 1: storage of foods and for other purposes. While some of
• 22:52
  Speaker 1: the utilitarian earthenware was made at Jamestown, most of the
• 22:56
  Speaker 1: pottery that has been found was imported from England. Many
• 23:01
  Speaker 1: types also came from other European countries, including Germany, Holland, Italy, Spain,
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  Speaker 1: and Portugal. One kind of mayolica may have been made
• 23:11
  Speaker 1: in Mexico, while the few fragments of porcelain recovered were
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  Speaker 1: made in China. Because of the great variety and importance
• 23:19
  Speaker 1: of the ceramic collection, a few of the more representative
• 23:23
  Speaker 1: types will be described briefly. Illustration caption a few knives, forks,
• 23:29
  Speaker 1: and spoons on earthed at Jamestown. End of caption. Illustration caption.
• 23:35
  Speaker 1: The pewter spoon handled at the top, unearthed at Jamestown,
• 23:39
  Speaker 1: is the oldest dated piece of American pewter in existence.
• 23:43
  Speaker 1: It was made by Joseph Copeland of Chuckatuck, Virginia, in
• 23:46
  Speaker 1: sixteen seventy five. The spoon on the bottom is a
• 23:49
  Speaker 1: conjectural restoration of Copeland's specimen. End of caption. Illustration caption
• 23:57
  Speaker 1: A few examples of leg glazed earthenware made inn in
• 24:00
  Speaker 1: England during the seventeenth century. All were unearthed at Jamestown.
• 24:05
  Speaker 1: End of caption. Illustration caption examples of leg glaze earthenware
• 24:11
  Speaker 1: made at Jamestown about sixteen forty to sixteen fifty. Illustration
• 24:16
  Speaker 1: caption English graffito or scratchedware, one of the most colorful
• 24:20
  Speaker 1: types of pottery, unearthed at Jamestown. End of caption. Illustration
• 24:26
  Speaker 1: caption English slip decorated ware. Although made in England mainly
• 24:31
  Speaker 1: for local consumption, many attractive examples were shipped to Virginia
• 24:35
  Speaker 1: during the seventeenth century. End of caption. Lead glaze earthenware.
• 24:41
  Speaker 1: Most of these vessels were made for utilitarian purposes and
• 24:45
  Speaker 1: were usually glazed only on the inside. While some were
• 24:49
  Speaker 1: made at Jamestown, the majority were imported from England. One type,
• 24:53
  Speaker 1: a grit tempered earthenware, was manufactured in North Devonshire. Another kind,
• 24:59
  Speaker 1: a hard fired earthenware, was also made in England. At
• 25:03
  Speaker 1: least two distinct types of local made earthenware have been found,
• 25:07
  Speaker 1: and as many examples have well proportioned shapes and attractive designs.
• 25:12
  Speaker 1: It is evident that they were not fashioned by a
• 25:14
  Speaker 1: young apprentice, but by a trained potter who took pride
• 25:18
  Speaker 1: in shaping his wares. English graffidoware a slipware. This colorful pottery,
• 25:26
  Speaker 1: beautifully decorated within sized designs, is an English earthenware of
• 25:30
  Speaker 1: red or buff clay on which a slip was applied.
• 25:34
  Speaker 1: Before firing, a decoration was scratched, stippled or cut through
• 25:38
  Speaker 1: the slip, exposing the darker color of the body. The
• 25:43
  Speaker 1: entire piece then received a transparent lead glaze, either clear
• 25:47
  Speaker 1: or covered with an oxide. The English scraffdoware found that
• 25:51
  Speaker 1: Jamestown was made near Barnstaple in North Devonshire, probably after
• 25:56
  Speaker 1: sixteen forty. The reddish brown, floral and geometric designs which
• 26:00
  Speaker 1: decorate the vessels are unusually attractive against colorful yellow backgrounds.
• 26:06
  Speaker 1: Scraffito is an Italian word meaning scratched. English slip decorated ware.
• 26:13
  Speaker 1: This colorful English pottery, which was made for everyday use,
• 26:17
  Speaker 1: is a lead glazed earthenware decorated with a liquid clay
• 26:21
  Speaker 1: or slip. The design was usually dropped or trailed upon
• 26:25
  Speaker 1: the wear from the spout or quill of a slip cup,
• 26:29
  Speaker 1: somewhat in the manner a baker decorates a cake with icing,
• 26:33
  Speaker 1: or it may have been painted over a large area
• 26:35
  Speaker 1: or placed on in molded pads. Although most of the
• 26:39
  Speaker 1: slip decorated ware found that Jamestown was made in England,
• 26:43
  Speaker 1: there is some evidence that a few vessels may have
• 26:45
  Speaker 1: been manufactured in America during the late seventeenth century. English
• 26:51
  Speaker 1: redware with marbled slip decoration. On this type English earthenware,
• 26:56
  Speaker 1: which usually has a red body, the liquid slip was
• 27:00
  Speaker 1: marbled or combed over the surface of the vessel with
• 27:03
  Speaker 1: a toothed instrument of wire or leather to produce the
• 27:06
  Speaker 1: effect of paper marbling. Some in the Jamestown collection appear
• 27:11
  Speaker 1: to have been made as early as sixteen twenty five.
• 27:15
  Speaker 1: Italian meolica mayolica is a word derived from a type
• 27:19
  Speaker 1: of pottery made on the Spanish island of Majorca. The
• 27:23
  Speaker 1: seventeenth century Italian maolica ware found at Jamestown is a
• 27:27
  Speaker 1: red body earthenware with scratched or incised designs, A true
• 27:32
  Speaker 1: scraffito ware somewhat similar in appearance to the English scraffito ware.
• 27:37
  Speaker 1: The desired design was scratched through the cream colored slip,
• 27:41
  Speaker 1: revealing the reddish brown body beneath. On many examples, colorful
• 27:45
  Speaker 1: lines were hamd painted over or near the incised designs,
• 27:50
  Speaker 1: usually in red, yellows and greens, and were covered with
• 27:53
  Speaker 1: the transparent lead glaze. Illustration caption English redware with marks
• 28:00
  Speaker 1: arbald slip decoration, sixteen twenty five to sixteen fifty period
• 28:04
  Speaker 1: or earlier on Earth that Jamestown. End of caption. Illustration
• 28:09
  Speaker 1: caption late seventeenth century Italian meolica bowls excavated at Jamestown.
• 28:16
  Speaker 1: End of caption. Illustration caption a few examples of English
• 28:21
  Speaker 1: delftware in the Jamestown collection. End of caption. Delftware. This
• 28:28
  Speaker 1: is a soft pottery covered with an opaque white tin
• 28:31
  Speaker 1: glaze and decorated with hand painted designs, usually in blues
• 28:36
  Speaker 1: and purples. A few specimens excavated or embellished with pleasing
• 28:40
  Speaker 1: patterns in polychrome colors. Most of the delftware on Earth
• 28:45
  Speaker 1: that Jamestown was made in England, Lambeth, Southwark and Bristol,
• 28:50
  Speaker 1: although a few examples were imported from Holland. Spanish meolica
• 28:56
  Speaker 1: this maolica is a tin glazed earthenware with a soft body,
• 29:00
  Speaker 1: usually buff in color and porous in texture. The colorful
• 29:04
  Speaker 1: decorations were hand painted on the absorbed surface, usually in greens, blues, yellows,
• 29:10
  Speaker 1: and reddish browns against a white background. Some small Spanish
• 29:15
  Speaker 1: jugs in the collection bear very crude, dark red floral
• 29:18
  Speaker 1: designs painted against a cream colored background. A few examples
• 29:23
  Speaker 1: of majolica found that Jamestown are believed to be made
• 29:27
  Speaker 1: in Lisbon, and these usually have designs in blues and
• 29:30
  Speaker 1: dark purples against a white background. Salt glaze stoneware, this
• 29:37
  Speaker 1: common but attractive type of pottery found in many excavations
• 29:40
  Speaker 1: at Jamestown, includes mugs, jars, bottles, tankards and jugs. It
• 29:46
  Speaker 1: is very hardware which was fired at high temperatures and
• 29:50
  Speaker 1: finished with a salt glaze formed by throwing common salt
• 29:54
  Speaker 1: into the furnace. The surface of the body has a
• 29:57
  Speaker 1: pitted appearance resembling an orange peel, and is covered with
• 30:01
  Speaker 1: a thin glass like coating. Most of the salt glazed
• 30:04
  Speaker 1: stoneware on Earth was made in Germany, although a small
• 30:08
  Speaker 1: amount was manufactured in England. Illustration caption colorful Spanish meolica
• 30:14
  Speaker 1: found which appeared to have been made before sixteen fifty.
• 30:18
  Speaker 1: End of caption. Illustration caption a large German stoneware jug
• 30:23
  Speaker 1: on Earth to Jamestown. The date sixteen sixty one appears
• 30:27
  Speaker 1: above the medallion. End of caption. Illustration caption. A few
• 30:33
  Speaker 1: examples of German salt glaze stoneware in the Jamestown collection.
• 30:37
  Speaker 1: All were made during the seventeenth century. End of caption.
• 30:42
  Speaker 1: Illustration caption reconstructed wineglasses and wineglass fragments in the Jamestown collection.
• 30:49
  Speaker 1: End of caption illustration caption Note the maker's marks or
• 30:54
  Speaker 1: seals on the wineglass fragments. Only a few English wineglasses
• 30:59
  Speaker 1: bearing seventeen sentry makers seals have been found in America.
• 31:03
  Speaker 1: End of caption. Metalware eating and drinking vessels. While large
• 31:09
  Speaker 1: numbers of eating and drinking vessels made of pottery have
• 31:12
  Speaker 1: been excavated on Jamestown Island, only a few fragments of
• 31:16
  Speaker 1: utensils made of silver, pewter, brass, and copper were found.
• 31:20
  Speaker 1: Metalware vessels were relatively scarce during the early years of
• 31:24
  Speaker 1: the settlement, and their almost complete absence in the Jamestown
• 31:28
  Speaker 1: collection may be attributed to the fact that not many
• 31:32
  Speaker 1: of them were discarded regardless of their worn condition. Only
• 31:36
  Speaker 1: a few metal handles from mugs and cups and a
• 31:40
  Speaker 1: small number of pewter plate fragments have been excavated, Although
• 31:45
  Speaker 1: no complete specimens of domestic silver and pewter eating and
• 31:48
  Speaker 1: drinking vessels were found. Seventeenth century records and inventories indicate
• 31:53
  Speaker 1: that many Jamestown families owned such wares, especially after sixteen thirty,
• 31:59
  Speaker 1: including cups, beakers, dishes, salts, salvers, tankards, porringers, bowls, and plates.
• 32:08
  Speaker 1: It is of interest that two goldsmiths, two refiners, and
• 32:11
  Speaker 1: a jeweler arrived at Jamestown in sixteen oh eight aboard
• 32:15
  Speaker 1: the supply ship Phoenix. Although John Smith related that these
• 32:19
  Speaker 1: artisans never had occasion to exercise their craft, it is
• 32:24
  Speaker 1: possible that they made a few metal objects, such as
• 32:27
  Speaker 1: spoons in the capital city glass drinking vessels. Glass was
• 32:33
  Speaker 1: made at Jamestown in sixteen oh eight to sixteen oh
• 32:35
  Speaker 1: nine and again in sixteen twenty one to twenty four.
• 32:39
  Speaker 1: It was, in all probability the first commodity made by
• 32:42
  Speaker 1: the English in a factory in the New World. Many
• 32:46
  Speaker 1: glass fragments were found at the furnace site, but none
• 32:49
  Speaker 1: was large enough to reveal what specific glass objects were
• 32:53
  Speaker 1: made there. It appears that drinking glasses may have been
• 32:56
  Speaker 1: among the items manufactured. Of the glass drinking vessels on
• 33:01
  Speaker 1: Earth to Jamestown were made in England, although a few
• 33:04
  Speaker 1: were manufactured in Germany, Italy and the Low Countries. In
• 33:08
  Speaker 1: the collection are fragments from goblets, speakers, bowls, and wineglasses.
• 33:13
  Speaker 1: Four of the English wineglass stems, bear maker seals, rare
• 33:17
  Speaker 1: marks seldom found on English drinking vessels, glass, wine and
• 33:23
  Speaker 1: gym bottles. These comprise a large and important part of
• 33:27
  Speaker 1: the Jamestown collection. Literally thousands of glass fragments from these
• 33:32
  Speaker 1: bottles have been unearthed, and by diligent and patient work,
• 33:35
  Speaker 1: a few complete wine and gin bottles have been beaced together.
• 33:40
  Speaker 1: The glass wine bottles were made in England. The oldest excavated,
• 33:44
  Speaker 1: made between sixteen forty and sixteen sixty, has spherical bodies
• 33:48
  Speaker 1: and tall necks. Those made between sixteen sixty and sixteen
• 33:52
  Speaker 1: eighty have cup shaped bodies with short necks. Of the
• 33:56
  Speaker 1: period between sixteen eighty and seventeen hundred, then the neck
• 34:00
  Speaker 1: is very short and the body is wide and squat.
• 34:04
  Speaker 1: Insofar as is known, no glass wine bottles were used
• 34:08
  Speaker 1: in Jamestown before sixteen forty. Illustration caption glass wine bottles
• 34:14
  Speaker 1: on earth at Jamestown, ranging in date from sixteen forty
• 34:17
  Speaker 1: to sixteen ninety. Thousands of fragments of these bottles have
• 34:21
  Speaker 1: been recovered. End of caption. Illustration caption an assortment of
• 34:27
  Speaker 1: glass bottle seals in the Jamestown collection. Some of the
• 34:30
  Speaker 1: wealthy planners had their initials or other ornamental device stamped
• 34:34
  Speaker 1: on the shoulders of the wine bottles which they ordered
• 34:37
  Speaker 1: from England. End of caption. Illustration caption. This Dutch gym
• 34:43
  Speaker 1: bottle excavated at Jamestown was imported from Holland. End of caption.
• 34:49
  Speaker 1: About sixteen fifty, the practice of affixing glass seals or
• 34:53
  Speaker 1: buttons on the shoulders of English wine bottles was begun.
• 34:57
  Speaker 1: The seal was inscribed with a name or an initials,
• 35:00
  Speaker 1: or a date, sometimes a coat of arms or a
• 35:03
  Speaker 1: crest or other device or ornament. Many of these glass
• 35:07
  Speaker 1: bottle seals have been found at Jamestown. As a rule,
• 35:11
  Speaker 1: only the wealthy and influential planters had seals stamped on
• 35:15
  Speaker 1: their wine bottles. Gin bottles found at Jamestown are tall
• 35:19
  Speaker 1: and square with thin glass sides imported from Holland. Many
• 35:23
  Speaker 1: were made as early as sixteen twenty five. One gin
• 35:27
  Speaker 1: bottle was miraculously unearthed, intact and not as much as
• 35:31
  Speaker 1: a chip or crack was found on this three hundred
• 35:34
  Speaker 1: year old fragile specimen. Food storage vessels and facilities. Many
• 35:41
  Speaker 1: earthenware jars, pots, bowls, and jugs excavated at Jamestown were
• 35:46
  Speaker 1: used for the storage of foods. Wooden and wicker containers
• 35:50
  Speaker 1: were also used, although because of their perishable nature none
• 35:54
  Speaker 1: was unearthed. Seventeenth century inventories list many of these perishable
• 35:59
  Speaker 1: storage items, including casks, barrels, hogsheads, tubs, bins, and baskets.
• 36:06
  Speaker 1: Leather bottles were also mentioned in a few early records.
• 36:10
  Speaker 1: Illustration caption earthenware vessels used for the storage of foods.
• 36:15
  Speaker 1: Some were made of Jamestown, some were imported from England
• 36:18
  Speaker 1: and of caption. Illustration caption harvesting ice. About sixteen fifty,
• 36:25
  Speaker 1: archaeological excavations revealed that ice houses were built on the
• 36:28
  Speaker 1: historic island over three hundred years ago. Painting by Sydney E. King.
• 36:33
  Speaker 1: End of caption. A brick lined storage compartment was found
• 36:38
  Speaker 1: in the cellar below floor level of one of the
• 36:41
  Speaker 1: seventeenth century buildings. It was used, undoubtedly for the storage
• 36:45
  Speaker 1: of such easily spoiled foods as milk, cheese, eggs, and cream.
• 36:50
  Speaker 1: Wine too, was probably kept in bottles in the cool compartment,
• 36:54
  Speaker 1: as many broken bottles were found inside. An extremely important
• 36:59
  Speaker 1: discovery was a large, deep ice storage pit, believed to
• 37:03
  Speaker 1: be the only seventeenth century ice pit which has been
• 37:06
  Speaker 1: excavated in Virginia. The conjectural painting on page forty eight
• 37:10
  Speaker 1: shows its probable appearance when in use about sixteen fifty.
• 37:14
  Speaker 1: Ice storage pits held dairy products, meats, and other spoilable foods,
• 37:19
  Speaker 1: as well as ice. Pond Ice was usually cut and
• 37:23
  Speaker 1: stored in the pit in late winter. Sometimes it lasted
• 37:26
  Speaker 1: until late summer or early autumn. Clothing and footwear the
• 37:33
  Speaker 1: Jamestown settlers of the middle class were usually dressed in
• 37:36
  Speaker 1: hard wearing, rough clothes made of homespun material, with a
• 37:40
  Speaker 1: slightly better and perhaps more colorful costume for Sunday and
• 37:44
  Speaker 1: holiday wear. In sixteen twenty two, each Englishman who planned
• 37:49
  Speaker 1: to emigrate to Jamestown was advised to supply himself with
• 37:52
  Speaker 1: a following wearing apparel one mammoth cap, a flat round cap,
• 37:58
  Speaker 1: three falling bands, a neck band or collar of a
• 38:01
  Speaker 1: shirt which turned down over the shoulders, three shirts, one waistcoat,
• 38:07
  Speaker 1: one suit of canvas, a suit made of coarse cloth
• 38:11
  Speaker 1: such as cotton, hemp toe, or jute, one suit of frieze,
• 38:16
  Speaker 1: a woolen fabric with a nap, one suit of cloth,
• 38:21
  Speaker 1: three pair of Irish stockings, four pair of shoes, one
• 38:25
  Speaker 1: pair of garters, one dozen of points. A point was
• 38:30
  Speaker 1: a tie or string ending with an anglet, and used
• 38:34
  Speaker 1: to join parts of a costume as doublet in hose.
• 38:38
  Speaker 1: The women wore plain frocks and petticoats, although a few
• 38:42
  Speaker 1: of the wealthy ladies owned silk, satin, and velvet dresses.
• 38:46
  Speaker 1: Bodices as a rule were long pointed, and skirts were
• 38:50
  Speaker 1: full and long. Perhaps the most unique items of wearing
• 38:54
  Speaker 1: apparel recovered at Jamestown. Wore several leather shoe soles and
• 38:58
  Speaker 1: two almost complete shoes found in a dirt lined well
• 39:01
  Speaker 1: in association with artifacts of the sixteen twenty five to
• 39:05
  Speaker 1: sixteen fifty period. Illustration caption for everyday use that Jamestown
• 39:11
  Speaker 1: settlers wore hard wearing clothes made of homespun cloth conjectural
• 39:16
  Speaker 1: sketch by Sidney E. King. End of caption. Other objects
• 39:21
  Speaker 1: unearthed relating to wearing apparel and costume accessories include an
• 39:25
  Speaker 1: excellent assortment of buckles, buttons, and brass islets. Items in
• 39:30
  Speaker 1: the collection which were used in the mending of clothes
• 39:32
  Speaker 1: include needles, pins, and thimbles, both brass and silver. Illustration
• 39:38
  Speaker 1: caption A leather shoe and several leather shoe soles were
• 39:42
  Speaker 1: uncovered in an early seventeenth century well. And of caption
• 39:48
  Speaker 1: illustration caption a few buckles and buttons in the Jamestown collection.
• 39:53
  Speaker 1: Many are over three hundred years old. End of caption
• 39:57
  Speaker 1: illustration caption homespunk clothes were seldom discarded. The many pins, needles,
• 40:03
  Speaker 1: and thimbles found revealed that mending was a never ending
• 40:06
  Speaker 1: chore for the busy housewife. And of caption illustration caption
• 40:12
  Speaker 1: an assortment of carpenter's tools on Earth to Jamestown. Most
• 40:16
  Speaker 1: of them were used over three centuries ago. And of
• 40:19
  Speaker 1: caption illustration caption. The Jamestown cooper was a busy craftsman.
• 40:26
  Speaker 1: Many barrels, hogsheads, and casks were needed in the colony,
• 40:30
  Speaker 1: and large quantities of barrel staves were made for shipping
• 40:33
  Speaker 1: to England. Painting by sydney E King, and of caption
• 40:39
  Speaker 1: and of this section